chore(#148): FastAPIの型/スタイル規約をruff・mypy・CIで機械的に強制する

[bobtaroh]

概要

FastAPIの型/スタイル規約（Annotated形式）を ruff・mypy・CI で機械的に強制するハーネスを整備する。

詳細

• ruff の FAST002 を有効化し、今後 Depends(...) 等を旧形式で書くと自動検出されるようにする（refactor(#148): FastAPI の依存/パラメータを Annotated 形式に統一 #213 のAnnotated化を継続的に強制するハーネス）
• mypy / ruff format のエラー・差分をゼロにし、server/scripts/verify.sh を新規追加してゲート化（ruff check / ruff format / mypy / FastAPI import+OpenAPI生成スモークを一括実行）
• CI (ci_server.yml) は従来 uv sync のみで lint/型チェックが一切実行されていなかったため、verify.sh 実行ステップを追加
• .claude/rules/backend.md に Annotated化・DI引数の並び順・検証方法のルールを明文化

mypy修正の内訳:

• firebase_admin: 型スタブ未配布のため ignore_missing_imports を設定
• nanoid: types-nanoid を dev 依存に追加
• notification.py: ループ変数名の使い回し（RowMapping/dict で r を共用）を item にリネームして解消
• trips.py/pages.py/blocks.py の一覧取得系: list[Model] を list[Schema] として返す不変性エラーを mypy 推奨の Sequence に変更して解消（response_model がシリアライズを担うため実行時挙動は変化なし）

Base ブランチは #213 です。#213 マージ後に develop へのdiffのみになります。

動作確認

• server/scripts/verify.sh — 全項目 (ruff check / ruff format / mypy / smoke) パス

確認項目

• 動作確認を実施している
• issueはPRページ右下のDevelopmentからissueが紐づいている

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 noreply@anthropic.com

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📒 Files selected for processing (15)

• .claude/rules/backend.md
• .github/workflows/ci_server.yml
• server/app/cruds/blocks.py
• server/app/cruds/notification.py
• server/app/cruds/pages.py
• server/app/cruds/trips.py
• server/app/notification_content.py
• server/app/oidc.py
• server/app/routers/blocks.py
• server/app/routers/pages.py
• server/app/routers/trips.py
• server/app/schemas/location.py
• server/app/schemas/trip.py
• server/pyproject.toml
• server/scripts/verify.sh

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[kuu13580]

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@kuu13580: I will re-review the changes in #214.

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[bobtaroh]

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