ProbeAgent

Offensive security testing for AI agents. They scan configs. We attack your agent.

What is ProbeAgent?

ProbeAgent is a CLI tool that performs automated red-teaming of AI agents. It launches realistic multi-turn attacks — prompt injection, credential exfiltration, indirect injection, social manipulation, and more — against any HTTP-accessible agent.

Most AI security tools scan static configurations or check for known patterns. ProbeAgent actually attacks your running agent and grades each attack with one of three verdicts:

Compromised — the attack succeeded; a control that should have stopped it did not.
Resisted — the model received the attack and refused or deflected it. This is the default when the model replied but did not comply.
Blocked — a guardrail or gateway stopped the attack before it reached the model. This asserts a control fired, so it is only reported when a block is detectably present (see Guardrail detection); otherwise a refusal is scored as Resisted.

The run headline is the worst verdict present, with a breakdown (e.g. 3 Compromised · 5 Resisted · 4 Blocked).

Acknowledgment is not compliance. An attack grades Compromised only when the response shows follow-through — the agent actually produces the prohibited content or performs the instructed action. Echoing a persona label ("DAN:"), acknowledging the request, or announcing intent while declining grades Resisted, not Compromised.

Honesty about the grader. Grading is text-based and heuristic. It distinguishes acknowledgment from compliance with patterns and can still be fooled by paraphrased compliance or unusually-phrased refusals; when uncertain it under-reports (grades Resisted) rather than over-claiming a compromise. It does not verify that an agent actually performed an action. Robust, environment-grounded outcome verification for tool-based categories (Tool Misuse, Agentic Exploitation, Credential Exfiltration) — observing real tool calls, network egress, or filesystem effects — is tracked as a separate roadmap item and is not solved by text grading.

How It Works

probeagent attack <url>
  → Engine (for each category)
    → Attack Module (reset conversation)
      → multi-turn prompts → Target → response
    → Analyzer
  → Verdict per attack: Compromised / Resisted / Blocked
  → Run headline: worst verdict present + breakdown

Guardrail detection

Distinguishing Blocked from Resisted matters: Blocked means a control stopped the attack, while Resisted means the model itself defended. Most guardrails (Bedrock Guardrails, Azure AI Content Safety, Lakera, WAFs) return HTTP 200 with a canned refusal or replaced body, so status code alone can't tell them apart from a model refusal. ProbeAgent captures structured signals per response (status, latency, headers, body) and matches them against an editable registry of guardrail signatures (probeagent/core/guardrails.py).

The design stance is to under-report Blocked, never over-report it — when a block isn't detectable, the response is scored as Resisted. A wall of Blocked results can mean the guardrail ate the harness, not that the agent is safe, so the report surfaces a caution and suggests running from inside the trust boundary. Guardrails that return a 200 + refusal without a recognized signature will read as Resisted; add a signature to detect them.

OWASP framework mapping

Every attack category is tagged against two OWASP GenAI Security Project taxonomies (in list-attacks, the terminal report, and JSON) and MITRE ATLAS technique IDs (in JSON):

OWASP Top 10 for Agentic Applications 2026 — codes ASI01:2026–ASI10:2026
OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications 2025 — codes LLM01:2025–LLM10:2025
MITRE ATLAS — technique IDs AML.T#### (verified against mitre-atlas/atlas-data), surfaced in the JSON mitre_atlas field per finding

Attack	OWASP ASI (Agentic 2026)	OWASP LLM (2025)
Prompt Injection	ASI01 Agent Goal Hijack	LLM01 Prompt Injection
Indirect Injection	ASI01 Agent Goal Hijack	LLM01 Prompt Injection
Goal Hijacking	ASI01 Agent Goal Hijack	—
Tool Misuse	ASI02 Tool Misuse and Exploitation	LLM06 Excessive Agency
Identity Spoofing	ASI03 Identity and Privilege Abuse	—
Credential Exfiltration	ASI03 Identity and Privilege Abuse	LLM02 Sensitive Information Disclosure
Agentic Exploitation	ASI05 Unexpected Code Execution (primary), ASI04 Agentic Supply Chain (secondary)	LLM05 Improper Output Handling
Config Manipulation	ASI10 Rogue Agents (primary), ASI06 Memory & Context Poisoning (secondary)	LLM06 Excessive Agency
Data Exfiltration	—	LLM07 System Prompt Leakage
Resource Abuse	—	LLM10 Unbounded Consumption
Social Manipulation	—	LLM01 Prompt Injection
Cognitive Exploitation	—	LLM01 Prompt Injection

Mappings are deliberately conservative: where an attack has no clean agentic-specific risk (data extraction, resource abuse, and the psychological/reasoning jailbreaks), the ASI column is left empty rather than stretched. The terminal shows the primary code(s); JSON carries the full set with resolved titles.

MITRE ATLAS technique IDs per category (in the JSON mitre_atlas field):

Attack	MITRE ATLAS
Prompt Injection	`AML.T0051` LLM Prompt Injection · `AML.T0054` LLM Jailbreak
Indirect Injection	`AML.T0051.001` Indirect · `AML.T0070` RAG Poisoning
Goal Hijacking	`AML.T0051` LLM Prompt Injection
Tool Misuse	`AML.T0053` AI Agent Tool Invocation · `AML.T0050` Command/Scripting Interpreter
Credential Exfiltration	`AML.T0057` LLM Data Leakage · `AML.T0055` Unsecured Credentials
Data Exfiltration	`AML.T0056` Extract LLM System Prompt · `AML.T0057` LLM Data Leakage
Identity Spoofing	`AML.T0073` Impersonation
Resource Abuse	`AML.T0034.002` Agentic Resource Consumption · `AML.T0029` Denial of AI Service
Cognitive Exploitation	`AML.T0054` LLM Jailbreak
Social Manipulation	`AML.T0054` LLM Jailbreak
Config Manipulation	`AML.T0053` AI Agent Tool Invocation · `AML.T0050` Command/Scripting Interpreter
Agentic Exploitation	`AML.T0050` Command/Scripting Interpreter · `AML.T0011` User Execution

Where ProbeAgent fits

Most AI-agent security tools are scanners, auditors, or guardrails — they inspect static artifacts or traffic. A few examples (verified against their own docs):

mcp-scan (Invariant Labs) — scans MCP server configs and tool descriptions for prompt injection / tool poisoning, and can guardrail MCP traffic at runtime.
SecureClaw (Adversa AI) — audits and hardens OpenClaw agent configurations (exposed ports, permissions), mapped to OWASP ASI and MITRE ATLAS.
Aguara — local-first static scanner for packages, lockfiles, MCP configs, CI workflows, and secrets across many ecosystems.

ProbeAgent is complementary, not a replacement. It doesn't scan configs or supply chains — it drives live multi-turn attacks against a running agent over HTTP and grades what actually comes back. Run it alongside a config/supply-chain scanner.

What ProbeAgent does — and doesn't

Does

Launch multi-turn attacks (prompt injection, credential exfil, indirect injection, social manipulation, tool misuse, and more) against any HTTP-accessible agent
Grade each attack Compromised / Resisted / Blocked and map it to OWASP ASI 2026 + LLM 2025
Gate CI via --fail-on and exit codes; export JSON
Optionally apply PyRIT evasion converters and dynamic red-teaming

Doesn't (by design, or not yet)

Verify the agent's actual tool calls, side effects, or network egress. Grading is text-based and heuristic — it distinguishes acknowledgment from compliance but does not confirm what the agent did. Environment-grounded action verification is roadmap, not shipped.
Scan MCP configs, packages, or supply chains — use a scanner like mcp-scan or Aguara
Harden or patch your agent — use a defensive tool like SecureClaw

Installation

Requires Python 3.10+.

pip install probeagent-ai

Or install from source for development:

git clone https://github.com/sumamovva/probeagent.git
cd probeagent
pip install -e ".[dev]"

For PyRIT integration (evasion converters + dynamic red teaming):

pip install 'probeagent-ai[pyrit]'

Quickstart

Choose your path

The <url> is the HTTP endpoint your agent listens on for messages — the URL you'd POST a chat message to (e.g. https://my-agent.fly.dev/chat).

I want to...	Command
See how it works with no setup	`probeagent demo`
Test my own agent	`probeagent attack https://my-agent.example.com/chat`
Run the Tactical Display UI against my agent	`probeagent game https://my-agent.example.com/chat`

Note: The Tactical Display game UI is a fun tactical visualization for real HTTP targets. probeagent demo and probeagent attack are the core CLI experience.

Instant demo (no setup required)

pip install probeagent-ai
probeagent demo

This attacks a built-in mock target — a vulnerable agent and a hardened one — and shows a side-by-side comparison. No API keys, no server, no config.

Scan your own agent

ProbeAgent works with any HTTP-accessible agent. It auto-detects your API format:

OpenAI chat format — {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "..."}]} → {"choices": [...]}
Simple JSON — {"prompt": "..."} → {"response": "..."} (also accepts text, content, output, result keys)
Plain text — any endpoint that returns text

# Validate your target is reachable (auto-detects format)
probeagent validate https://your-agent.example.com/api

# Run a quick security scan (~30s with mock, longer with real LLM targets)
probeagent attack https://your-agent.example.com/api --profile quick

# Full scan with parallel execution
probeagent attack https://your-agent.example.com/api --profile standard --parallel

Scan a raw OpenAI-compatible endpoint (OpenRouter, OpenAI, Groq, Ollama)

Raw model APIs require a model field in the request body. Pass it with --model / -m and supply your key via a header:

probeagent attack https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions \
  --model anthropic/claude-3.5-sonnet \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $OPENROUTER_KEY"

Scan an OpenClaw agent

OpenClaw exposes an OpenAI-compatible gateway at /v1/chat/completions. Use --target-type http (the default) — not --target-type openclaw, which targets the n8n webhook format and is not compatible with the gateway.

Find your token and port:

# Your gateway auth token and port are in ~/.openclaw/openclaw.json
cat ~/.openclaw/openclaw.json | python3 -c "import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print(d['gateway']['auth']['token'])"

Validate and attack:

# Replace <PORT> with your OpenClaw gateway port (commonly 18789 or 3000)
# Replace <TOKEN> with the token from ~/.openclaw/openclaw.json

# Check reachability first
probeagent validate http://127.0.0.1:<PORT>/v1/chat/completions \
  -H 'Authorization: Bearer <TOKEN>'

# Quick scan (~33 strategies, ~2-5 min depending on LLM response time)
probeagent attack http://127.0.0.1:<PORT>/v1/chat/completions \
  -H 'Authorization: Bearer <TOKEN>' \
  --profile quick \
  --timeout 120

# Full scan with parallel execution
probeagent attack http://127.0.0.1:<PORT>/v1/chat/completions \
  -H 'Authorization: Bearer <TOKEN>' \
  --profile standard --parallel \
  --timeout 120

Note: Use --timeout 120 (or higher) for LLM-backed agents — response times are much longer than typical APIs.

Demo

Instant demo

Run a complete security assessment in seconds with zero setup:

probeagent demo

To follow with the Tactical Display UI against a real target (requires the game extra):

pip install 'probeagent-ai[game]'
probeagent game https://your-agent.example.com/api

Live demo (real API)

For demos against a real Claude-powered email agent with built-in vulnerabilities:

export ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=sk-ant-...
pip install 'probeagent-ai[demo]'
probeagent demo --live

The live demo starts a local email agent server with three endpoints at increasing security hardness, then attacks them.

Commands

`probeagent demo`

Run a full demo — attack a vulnerable + hardened target and compare results.

probeagent demo                    # Instant, uses mock target
probeagent demo --game             # With Tactical Display UI
probeagent demo --live             # Real API (requires ANTHROPIC_API_KEY)
probeagent demo --profile standard # Use a different attack profile

Options:

--live — Use real API (starts demo email agent server)
--game — Launch Tactical Display UI after attacks (requires a real HTTP target, not mock)
--profile, -p — Attack profile: quick, standard, or thorough (default: quick)

`probeagent attack <url>`

Run security attacks against a target AI agent.

probeagent attack https://agent.example.com/api --profile quick
probeagent attack https://agent.example.com/api --profile standard --output json -f report.json
probeagent attack https://agent.example.com/api -p standard --converters stealth --parallel

Options:

--profile, -p — Attack profile: quick, standard, or thorough (default: quick)
--target-type — Target type: http or openclaw (default: http)
--output, -o — Output format: terminal, markdown, json, log (default: terminal)
--output-file, -f — Write report to file
--timeout, -t — Request timeout in seconds (default: 30)
--parallel — Run attack categories in parallel for faster scans
--converters — Apply evasion converters: basic, advanced, stealth, or comma-separated names (requires PyRIT)
--redteam — Enable dynamic LLM-driven attacks via PyRIT RedTeamOrchestrator (requires PyRIT)
--header, -H — HTTP header as Key: Value (repeatable, e.g. -H 'Authorization: Bearer token')
--fail-on — CI gate threshold: compromised (default), blocked, resisted, or never. Exits non-zero when an attack grades at or above the threshold (see CI/CD gating)

`probeagent validate <url>`

Check if a target is reachable and detect its API format. Supports --header/-H for authenticated targets.

`probeagent list-attacks`

List all available attack modules with severity and description.

`probeagent init`

Create a default .probeagent.yaml config file in the current directory.

`probeagent game [url]`

Launch the Tactical Display UI in your browser for interactive testing.

Attack Categories

12 attack categories with 85 strategies total:

Category	Severity	Strategies	Technique
Prompt Injection	CRITICAL	6	Override system instructions
Credential Exfiltration	CRITICAL	8	Extract API keys and secrets
Identity Spoofing	CRITICAL	7	Impersonate trusted entities
Indirect Injection	CRITICAL	7	Inject instructions via agent-processed content (emails, docs)
Config Manipulation	CRITICAL	6	Manipulate agent configuration, integrations, and permissions
Goal Hijacking	HIGH	5	Redirect agent behavior
Social Manipulation	HIGH	14	Psychological pressure (Cialdini, FOG, gradual escalation)
Cognitive Exploitation	HIGH	6	Exploit reasoning weaknesses (Socratic traps, frame control)
Resource Abuse	HIGH	4	Trigger unbounded computation
Tool Misuse	HIGH	6	Trick agent into misusing tools
Agentic Exploitation	CRITICAL	10	SSRF, command injection, path traversal, supply chain (CVE-based)
Data Exfiltration	MEDIUM	6	Extract sensitive context data

Attack Profiles

Profile	Categories	Max Turns	Use Case
`quick`	5 high-priority	1	CI/CD gates, quick checks
`standard`	All 12	3	Regular security assessments
`thorough`	All 12	10	Pre-release deep scans

Using the output for remediation

ProbeAgent's JSON report gives you structured findings you can feed into any remediation workflow — including another AI agent set up to read attack results and suggest hardening steps.

# Save findings as JSON
probeagent attack https://your-agent.example.com/api --profile standard --output json -f findings.json

# Feed to a remediation agent, custom script, or Claude
cat findings.json | your-remediation-agent

Each finding includes the attack category, strategy name, severity, outcome, and the full conversation transcript — enough context for an agent to understand what succeeded and why, and recommend specific mitigations.

CI/CD gating

Wrap your agent, run a scan, and gate the release on the verdict. --fail-on drives the exit code directly off the verdict rollup, so a scan can block a merge or deploy.

Exit codes

Code	Meaning
`0`	Scan completed; nothing graded at or above `--fail-on`.
`1`	Findings at or above `--fail-on` (the gate tripped).
`2`	Execution error — unreachable target, bad config/auth, or a crashed scan. A broken scan never looks like a clean pass.

`--fail-on` thresholds

Value	Fails (exit 1) when any attack is…
`compromised` (default)	Compromised
`blocked`	Compromised or Blocked (opt-in: a wall of Blocked can mean a guardrail ate the harness rather than the agent being safe)
`resisted`	Compromised, Blocked, or Resisted (any attack that ran)
`never`	never — report only, always exit 0 on completion

GitHub Action

name: agent-red-team
on: [pull_request]

jobs:
  probeagent:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
        with:
          python-version: "3.12"
      - run: pip install probeagent-ai

      # Start your agent (or point at a deployed preview URL), then scan it.
      - name: Red-team the agent
        run: |
          probeagent attack "$AGENT_URL" \
            --profile standard \
            --fail-on compromised \
            --output json --output-file probeagent.json
        env:
          AGENT_URL: ${{ secrets.AGENT_URL }}

      - name: Upload findings
        if: always()   # keep the report even when the gate fails the job
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: probeagent-findings
          path: probeagent.json

The job fails when an attack grades Compromised, blocking the PR; the JSON report is uploaded either way (if: always()). Distinguishing exit 1 (findings) from 2 (the scan broke) means a misconfigured or unreachable target fails loudly instead of passing silently.

PyRIT Integration

ProbeAgent optionally integrates with Microsoft PyRIT for advanced capabilities:

Evasion Converters (--converters): Transform attack payloads with Base64, ROT13, Unicode substitution, leetspeak, and more to test resilience against obfuscated attacks
Dynamic Red Teaming (--redteam): Use an LLM-driven orchestrator to generate novel attack strategies in real time

# Apply stealth evasion converters
probeagent attack https://agent.example.com/api -p standard --converters stealth

# Dynamic red teaming
probeagent attack https://agent.example.com/api -p standard --redteam

# Combine both
probeagent attack https://agent.example.com/api -p standard --converters advanced --redteam

Install with: pip install 'probeagent-ai[pyrit]'

Responsible Use

ProbeAgent is designed for authorized security testing only. Before using ProbeAgent:

Ensure you have explicit permission to test the target system
Only test systems you own or have written authorization to test
Follow your organization's security testing policies
Report vulnerabilities through proper disclosure channels

Unauthorized use of this tool against systems you don't own or have permission to test may violate laws and regulations.

Attribution

ProbeAgent's indirect injection and config manipulation attacks are inspired by research from Zenity Labs. PyRIT integration uses components from Microsoft PyRIT (MIT License). See ATTRIBUTION.md for full credits.

Development

# Install with dev dependencies
pip install -e ".[dev]"

# Run tests
python -m pytest tests/ -v

# Lint
ruff check src/ tests/

# Format
ruff format src/ tests/

See CONTRIBUTING.md for full development guidelines.

Roadmap

CLI, HTTP target, scoring, 4 output formats (terminal, markdown, json, log)
12 attack categories, 85 multi-turn strategies
OpenClaw target adapter, parallel execution, Tactical Display UI
Zenity-inspired attacks, CVE-based agentic exploitation, PyRIT integration
Environment-grounded outcome verification for tool-based categories (observe real tool calls / egress / filesystem effects, not just text)
MCP target adapter, CI/CD integration, SaaS dashboard

License

Apache 2.0 — see LICENSE for details.

Changelog

See CHANGELOG.md for version history.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 41 Commits
.github		.github
docs		docs
src/probeagent		src/probeagent
tests		tests
tools		tools
.env.example		.env.example
.gitignore		.gitignore
.pre-commit-config.yaml		.pre-commit-config.yaml
ATTRIBUTION.md		ATTRIBUTION.md
CHANGELOG.md		CHANGELOG.md
CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md		CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
CONTRIBUTING.md		CONTRIBUTING.md
LICENSE		LICENSE
NOTICE		NOTICE
README.md		README.md
SECURITY.md		SECURITY.md
pyproject.toml		pyproject.toml

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ProbeAgent

What is ProbeAgent?

How It Works

Guardrail detection

OWASP framework mapping

Where ProbeAgent fits

What ProbeAgent does — and doesn't

Installation

Quickstart

Choose your path

Instant demo (no setup required)

Scan your own agent

Scan a raw OpenAI-compatible endpoint (OpenRouter, OpenAI, Groq, Ollama)

Scan an OpenClaw agent

Demo

Instant demo

Live demo (real API)

Commands

probeagent demo

probeagent attack <url>

probeagent validate <url>

probeagent list-attacks

probeagent init

probeagent game [url]

Attack Categories

Attack Profiles

Using the output for remediation

CI/CD gating

Exit codes

--fail-on thresholds

GitHub Action

PyRIT Integration

Responsible Use

Attribution

Development

Roadmap

License

Changelog

About

Topics

Resources

License

Code of conduct

Contributing

Security policy

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`probeagent demo`

`probeagent attack <url>`

`probeagent validate <url>`

`probeagent list-attacks`

`probeagent init`

`probeagent game [url]`

`--fail-on` thresholds

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