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Job crafting

A living systematic review

Short url: https://ebmgt.github.io/job-crafting/

Definitions

  • "Job crafting" is "self-initiated behaviours that employees take to shape, mold, and change their jobs" (van Leeuwen, 2022)​ Another definition is, "workers actively change the actual or perceived characteristics of their jobs in order to better match the demands placed on them and the resources available" (Topa and Aranda-Carmena, 2022 PMID 36232011). Another description is "improving person-job fit" (Kuijpers, 2019 PMID 31829662).
  • "Collaborative job crafting" is "[workers] can jointly determine how to modify the work to meet their shared goals" (Topa and Aranda-Carmena, 2022 PMID 36232011)​
  • "Team job crafting" is the “extent to which team members combine efforts to increase structural and social job resources as well as challenging job demands, and to decrease their hindering job demands” (Dejong et al. J J Appl Psychol. 2024 PMID 39325376
  • Job crafting can be combined with "knowledge sharing", such as Googler2Googler (G2) in which the organization helps disseminate successful job crafting.

Measurement of the occurence of job crafting

Kuijpers (2019 PMID 31829662) states the following targets or goals of the individual exist and can be measured by the survey of Kooij (2017, PMID 28277726). Crafting towards:

  • Strengths of the individual
  • Interests of the individual
  • Development of the individual
  • Efficiency of the work process via adoption crafting (not part of Kuijpers's model) is the "active and goal-directed use of technology and other sources of knowledge to optimize the work process and is more aimed at doing the job more efficiently than at realizing one’s potential." (Kooij, 2017 PMID 28277726)

Petrou (Petrou et al., 2012 DOI: 10.1002/job.1783), alternatively proposed the Job Crafting Scale which measures the following targets or goals of the individual

  • Challenges (increasing)
  • Resources (increasing)
  • Demands (reduction)

Tims (Tims, 2012 DOI 10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009) Dutch job crafting scale (JCS) based on the job demands-resources model (Demerouti, 2001 PMID 11419809) measures: increasing social job resources, increasing structural job resources, increasing challenging job demands, and decreasing hindering job demands.

  • Demands, hindering (decreasing hindering job demands)
  • Demands, challenging (increasing challenging job demands)
  • Resources, social
  • Resources, structural

Clinical summary: Our original objective of this meta-analysis was to measure the impact of job crafting on burnout. Two studies of emotional exhaustion with less than 200 total subjects suggests a 'moderate' reduction with a standized mean difference (SMD) of -0.49 (interpreting SMDs); however, this insignificant in the small population studied. Additional results are below.

Heterogeneity of results as measured by I2 'might not be important' at 0% for all outcomes; however very wide confidence intervals reflect the small number of studies and subjects.

Meta-regression of common modulators (year of publication, study size, event rate in the control groups) has not been done due to the small number of studies.

This review updates previously published meta-analysis(es).(citation[s] below)

Acknowledgement: we acknowledge the essential work by the authors of the prior systematic review(s) listed below.

Methods overview: This repository is an openMetaAnalysis that combines methods of scoping, rapid, and living systematic reviews. This analysis updates one or more previously published review(s) below. A comparison of studies included in this review compared to prior reviews are in the table, reconciliation of trials included with prior meta-analyses/. Newer studies included are listed in the references below. Rationale for newer studies excluded may be listed at the end of the references.

Results: Details of the studies included are in the:

The forest plot for the primary outcomes are below. Additional forest plots of secondary analyses may be available. Principle results Principle results Principle results Principle results

References:

Systematic review(s)

Most recent review at time of last revision of this repository

  1. Lai AY, Wee KZ, Frimpong JA. Proactive behaviors and health care workers: A systematic review. Health Care Manage Rev. 2024 PMID: 38757911.
  2. Cohen C, Pignata S, Bezak E, Tie M, Childs J. Workplace interventions to improve well-being and reduce burnout for nurses, physicians and allied healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2023 Jun 29;13(6):e071203. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071203. PMID: 37385740.
  3. Björk JM, Bolander P, Forsman AK. Bottom-Up Interventions Effective in Promoting Work Engagement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol. 2021;12:730421. PMID: 34566819
  4. Oprea BT, Barzin L, Vîrgă D, Iliescu D, Rusu A. Effectiveness of job crafting interventions: a meta-analysis and utility analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 2019 Nov 2;28(6):723–741. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2019.1646728 we have limited our review to studies within this review that were in a healthcare setting
  5. Devotto RP, Wechsler SM. Job Crafting Interventions: Systematic Review. Temas Psicol. 2019;27(2):371–383. DOI: 10.9788/TP2019.2-06
  6. Rudolph CW, Katz IM, Lavigne KN, Zacher H. Job crafting: A meta-analysis of relationships with individual differences, job characteristics, and work outcomes. Journal of vocational behavior. 2017 Oct 1;102:112-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.05.008 The authors did not have any studies from healthcare

Randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies

New studies not included in the most recent review above

NA

Studies included in the review(s) above

  1. El-Gazar HE, Abdelhafez S, Ibrahim N, Shawer M, Zoromba MA. Effect of Job Crafting Intervention Program on Harmonious Work Passion and Career Commitment among Nurses: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Mrayyan MT, editor. Journal of Nursing Management. 2023 Jul 13;2023:1–14. DOI: 10.1155/2023/9623866
  2. Gordon HJ, Demerouti E, Le Blanc PM, Bakker AB, Bipp T, Verhagen MAMT. Individual job redesign: Job crafting interventions in healthcare. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2018 Feb;104:98–114. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.07.002 We extracted emotional exhaustion results from the original trial as this outcome was not reported by Oprea
  3. Kuijpers E, Kooij DTAM, van Woerkom M. Align your job with yourself: The relationship between a job crafting intervention and work engagement, and the role of workload. J Occup Health Psychol. 2020 Feb;25(1):1–16. PMID: 31829662
  4. Van Wingerden JV, Bakker AB, Derks D. A test of a job demands-resources intervention. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 2016 Apr 11;31(3):686–701. doi: 10.1108/JMP-03-2014-0086

Trial(s) undergoing review

From Harbridge:

  1. Baghdadi et al., 2020. DOI 10.1111/jonm.13141

From PubMed weekly alerts:

  1. Yue FY, Wang SJ, Du Y, Sun FY, Wang YP, Guo YF. Effects of a Nurse-Manager Dualistic Intervention (NMDI) Program on Work Engagement and Job Crafting of ICU Burnout Nurses: A Quasi-Experimental Study. J Nurs Manag. 2024. PMID: 40224753. From PubMed alert, 2025-04-15
  2. Kowalski L, Finnes A, Koch S, Bujacz A. Optimizing Intervention Components of a Preventive Stress Management mHealth Intervention for Health Care Workers: Experimental Factorial Study. JMIR Form Res. 2025 Aug 25;9:e71032. doi: 10.2196/71032. PMID: 41078177. From PubMed alert, 2025-10-14
  3. Delgadillo J, Laker V, Simmonds-Buckley M, Davis B, Furlong-Silva J, Keeble S, Davis O, Southgate A, Royal P, Lucock M, Booth G, Ludbrook J, McDonagh M, Webb C, Tyson-Adams H, Moon J, Thwaites R. Randomized controlled trial of job crafting as a digital health intervention for occupational burnout in psychological therapists. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2026 Apr;94(4):245-251. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000992. PMID: 42080863. From PubMed alert 2026-05-05

Studies excluded - selected list of important studies

  1. Kooij D, van Woerkom M, Wilkenloh J, Dorenbosch L, Denissen J. A Job Crafting Intervention Study: Increasing Person-Job Fit of Aging Workers. The Gerontologist. 2016 Nov 1;56(Suppl_3):295. DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw162.1201 Not in healthcare delivery
  2. Petrou P, Demerouti E, Peeters MC, Schaufeli WB, Hetland J. Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2012 Nov;33(8):1120-41. DOI 10.1002/job.1783 Not an interventional study
  3. Kooij DTAM, van Woerkom M, Wilkenloh J, Dorenbosch L, Denissen JJA. Job crafting towards strengths and interests: The effects of a job crafting intervention on person-job fit and the role of age. J Appl Psychol. 2017 Jun;102(6):971-981. doi: 10.1037/apl0000194. PMID: 28277726. Not in healthcare delivery
  4. Pérez-Marqués M, Letona-Ibañez O, Amillano A, Carrasco M, Martínez-Rodríguez S. Effects of three personal resources interventions on employees’ burnout. Sci Rep. 2023 Dec 6;13(1):21530. PMCID: PMC10700343 No results for healthcare sites
  5. Sakuraya A, Shimazu A, Imamura K, Kawakami N. Effects of a Job Crafting Intervention Program on Work Engagement Among Japanese Employees: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychol. 2020;11:235. PMCID: PMC7047874 No results for healthcare sites
  6. Topa G, Aranda-Carmena M. Job Crafting in Nursing: Mediation between Work Engagement and Job Performance in a Multisample Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 5;19(19):12711. PMCID: PMC9566469 Study results presented as correlations rather than effect sizes
  7. Dyrbye LN, West CP, Richards ML, Ross HJ, Satele D, Shanafelt TD. A randomized, controlled study of an online intervention to promote job satisfaction and well-being among physicians. Burnout Research. 2016 Sep 1;3(3):69-75. The intervention was not job crafting but focused more on exercises to build resiliency
  8. Dubbelt L, Demerouti E, Rispens S. The value of job crafting for work engagement, task performance, and career satisfaction: longitudinal and quasi-experimental evidence. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 2019 May 4;28(3):300-14.No results for healthcare sites
  9. Van den Heuvel M, Demerouti E, Peeters MC. The job crafting intervention: Effects on job resources, self‐efficacy, and affective well‐being. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology. 2015 Sep;88(3):511-32. DOI: [10.1111/joop.12128(http://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12128).No results for healthcare sites
  10. Wang H, Li P, Chen S. The Impact of Social Factors on Job Crafting: A Meta-Analysis and Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Oct 30;17(21):8016. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17218016. PMID: 33143286; PMCID: PMC7662365. No results for outcomes of job crdafting.
  11. Harbridge R, Ivanitskaya L, Spreitzer G, Boscart V. Psychological empowerment and job crafting among registered nurses working in public health: A quantitative study. Appl Nurs Res. 2023 Feb;69:151649. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151649. Epub 2022 Dec 14. PMID: 36635019. Exclude as cross-sectional
  12. Zhang HL, Liu JH, Ma WJ, Xu XL, Guo XL, Lang HJ. The relationship between job crafting and work engagement among nurses in China: A latent profile analysis. Nurs Open. 2024 Oct;11(10):e70007. doi: 10.1002/nop2.70007. PMID: 39437201. Exclude as cross-sectional
  13. Ghazzawi R, Chasiotis A, Bender M, Daouk-Öyry L, Baumann N. Up for the challenge: Power motive congruence drives nurses to craft their jobs and experience well-being. PLoS One. 2024 Oct 3;19(10):e0310717. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310717. PMID: 39361592 Alerted by Google Scholar again 2026-03-27. Exclude as cross-sectional without a control group
  14. Bakker AB. Job crafting among health care professionals: The role of work engagement. J Nurs Manag. 2018 Apr;26(3):321-331. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12551. Epub 2017 Oct 9. PMID: 28990295. Exclude as cross-sectional without a control group
  15. Frögéli E, Rudman A, Ljótsson B, Gustavsson P. Preventing Stress-Related Ill Health Among New Registered Nurses by Supporting Engagement in Proactive Behaviors-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2020 Jun;17(3):202-212. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12442. Epub 2020 Jun 27. PMID: 32592439. Exclude as not job crafting and not outcomes needed
  16. de Jong JP, De Clippeleer I, De Vos A. Enhancing team crafting through proactive motivation: An intervention study. J Appl Psychol. 2024 Sep 26. doi: 10.1037/apl0001220. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39325376.No results for healthcare sites
  17. Song D, Zhao J, Wu H, Ji X. The impact of work-family conflict on job burnout among community social workers in China. PLoS One. 2025 Mar 12;20(3):e0301614. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301614. PMID: 40072969 Cross-sectional, not quasiexperimental
  18. Xiong X, Huang X, Shi C, Xu Z, Rao X. Work engagement among new nurses in China: a latent profile analysis. BMJ Open. 2025 Mar 12;15(3):e087497. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087497. PMID: 40074257 Cross-sectional, not quasiexperimental
  19. Llorente-Alonso, et al., 2021; DOI 10.3390/jcm10081614 Cross-sectional, not quasiexperimental
  20. Miller, 2015; https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1363 Cross-sectional, not quasiexperimental
  21. Oldham & Hackman, 2010; DOI 10.1002/job.678 A commentary, not a study
  22. Wrzesniewski & Dutton, 2001 DOI 10.5465/amr.2001.4378011 Not an interventional study
  23. van Leeuwen EH, Knies E, van Rensen ELJ, Taris TW. Stimulating Employability and Job Crafting Behaviour of Physicians: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 May 6;19(9):5666. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095666. PMID: 35565061. Outcome measures not usable for our analysis, exclude
  24. Ibrahim AM, Zaghamir DEF, Elsehrawy MG, et al. Impact of job crafting and work engagement on the mental and physical health of palliative care nurses. BMC Nurs. 2025 Apr 10;24(1):404. PMID: 40211286 Has our outcomes, but is an observational study

Systematic review(s) excluded - selected list of important review(s)

  1. Holman D, Escaffi‐Schwarz M, Vasquez CA, Irmer JP, Zapf D. Does job crafting affect employee outcomes via job characteristics? A meta‐analytic test of a key job crafting mechanism. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2024 Mar;97(1):47-73. No results for healthcare sites

Systematic review(s) undergoing review.

  1. Lai AY, Wee KZ, Frimpong JA. Proactive behaviors and health care workers: A systematic review. Health Care Manage Rev. 2024 Jul-Sep 01;49(3):239-251. doi: 10.1097/HMR.0000000000000409. Epub 2024 May 17. PMID: 38757911.

Cited by

This repository is cited by:

  1. WikiDoc contributors. Pending content page. WikiDoc. Nov 9, 2014. Available at: http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/This_topic. Accessed November 9, 2014.

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