🍇 Graphics programming resources

A searchable list of real-time graphics programming resources to help with programming.

❓ Why read this doc?

This document contains a large list of real-time graphics programming resources I found from some googling. This document is incredibly useful when conducting research before implementing a graphics technique in code as:

• There are so many unique ways different tech demos and games tackle the same graphics problems.
• Many techniques are also buried in the web, so having a consolidated searchable list helps immensely.

🔮 Possible future improvements

• Combine similar headings from different repos together
• Use git submodules and file embedding to scrape up to date information

📃 Table of contents

1. Kosua
2. Graphics programming virtual meetup (GPVM)
3. Books
4. Real-time rendering portal

🔥 Kosua

https://gist.github.com/kosua20/a337366c6fd2871f73022da8e69e8b76

Table of Contents

• Render
  • Animation
  • Antialiasing
  • Blending
  • Compression
  • Dithering
  • Dof
  • Geometry
  • Gpu
  • Hdr
  • Lens flare
  • Lighting
  • Lod
  • Motion blur
  • Normal mapping
  • Path tracing
  • Pipeline
  • Point cloud
  • Postprocess
  • Procedural
  • Rasterization
  • Ray tracing
  • Raymarching
  • Sampling
  • Screenspace
  • Sdf
  • Shader
  • Shadow
  • Snow
  • Stereogram
  • Swapchain
  • Vfx
  • Visibility
  • Volumetric
  • Water
• Gpu
  • Debug
  • Dx12
  • Hardware
  • Maths
  • Performance
  • Pipeline
  • Security
  • Shader
  • Thread
  • Vulkan
  • Webgpu
• Prog
  • Arm
  • Assembly
  • Build
  • Demoscene
  • Font
  • Fun
  • Hardware
  • Kinect
  • Memory
  • Multithread
  • Reverse engineering
  • Security
  • Tutorial
• Retro
  • Dreamcast
  • Glide
  • Nintendo
  • Sony
  • Techno
  • Vectrex
  • Video

Render

Animation

Skinning

• https://blog.traverseresearch.nl/ray-tracing-animated-crowds-bc0e775c74ad

Antialiasing

• http://advances.realtimerendering.com/s2017/DecimaSiggraph2017.pdf
• https://bartwronski.com/2014/03/15/temporal-supersampling-and-antialiasing/
• http://behindthepixels.io/assets/files/TemporalAA.pdf
• https://blog.codinghorror.com/fast-approximate-anti-aliasing-fxaa/
• https://community.arm.com/graphics/b/blog/posts/temporal-anti-aliasing
• https://de45xmedrsdbp.cloudfront.net/Resources/files/TemporalAA_small-59732822.pdf
• http://developer.download.nvidia.com/assets/gamedev/files/sdk/11/FXAA_WhitePaper.pdf
• http://developer.download.nvidia.com/gameworks/events/GDC2016/msalvi_temporal_supersampling.pdf
• http://hacksoflife.blogspot.com/2011/04/so-many-aa-techniques-so-little-time.html
• https://juandiegomontoya.github.io/porting_fsr2.html
• http://media.steampowered.com/apps/valve/2015/Alex_Vlachos_Advanced_VR_Rendering_GDC2015.pdf
• https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/dynamic-resolution-rendering-article
• http://stevekarolewics.com/articles/anti-ghosting-taa.html
• http://www.dice.se/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/GDC11_DX11inBF3_Public.pdf
• https://www.elopezr.com/temporal-aa-and-the-quest-for-the-holy-trail/
• http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1022970/Temporal-Reprojection-Anti-Aliasing-in
• http://www.geeks3d.com/20110405/fxaa-fast-approximate-anti-aliasing-demo-glsl-opengl-test-radeon-geforce/
• http://www.geforce.com/whats-new/articles/introducing-the-geforce-gtx-680-gpu#fxaa
• http://www.iryoku.com/smaa/
• https://www.rastergrid.com/blog/gpu-tech/2021/10/multisampling-primer/

Blending

• https://github.com/dtrebilco/PreMulAlpha
• https://tylerxhobbs.com/essays/2017/a-generative-approach-to-simulating-watercolor-paints

Compression

• http://aras-p.info/texts/CompactNormalStorage.html
• https://bartwronski.com/2017/04/02/small-float-formats-r11g11b10f-precision/
• https://shaneycg.github.io/ducktales-remastered-texture-compression/
• http://www.intrinsic-engine.com/reverse-z-cheat-sheet/
• http://www.reedbeta.com/blog/understanding-bcn-texture-compression-formats/
• https://www.yosoygames.com.ar/wp/2018/03/vertex-formats-part-1-compression/

Dithering

• https://bartwronski.com/2016/10/30/dithering-in-games-mini-series/
• https://blog.frost.kiwi/GLSL-noise-and-radial-gradient/
• https://loopit.dk/banding_in_games.pdf
• http://www.visualextract.com/posts/color-banding/

Dof

• https://blog.voxagon.se/2018/05/04/bokeh-depth-of-field-in-single-pass.html

Geometry

• https://dubiousconst282.github.io/2024/10/03/voxel-ray-tracing/
• https://jglrxavpok.github.io/2024/01/19/recreating-nanite-lod-generation.html
• https://jglrxavpok.github.io/2024/08/21/recreating-nanite-raytracing.html
• https://jms55.github.io/posts/2024-06-09-virtual-geometry-bevy-0-14/
• https://nickmcd.me/2021/04/04/high-performance-voxel-engine/
• https://people.engr.tamu.edu/schaefer/research/iso_simplicial.pdf
• https://themaister.net/blog/2024/01/17/modernizing-granites-mesh-rendering/
• https://www.jakelow.com/blog/hobby-curves
• https://www.willusher.io/graphics/2024/04/22/webgpu-marching-cubes

Gpu

• https://poniesandlight.co.uk/reflect/bitonic_merge_sort/

Sorting

• https://linebender.org/wiki/gpu/sorting/

Hdr

• https://bartwronski.com/2016/08/29/localized-tonemapping/
• http://filmicworlds.com/blog/minimal-color-grading-tools/
• https://john-chapman.github.io/2017/08/23/dynamic-local-exposure.html
• https://wolf.nereid.pl/posts/image-viewer/#fnref:26

Lens flare

• http://bitsquid.blogspot.com/2017/07/physically-based-lens-flare.html
• http://john-chapman-graphics.blogspot.com/2013/02/pseudo-lens-flare.html

Lighting

• https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/ab0d594b-da79-4402-88ca-3811b39745e6/content

Brdf

• http://blog.selfshadow.com/publications/s2013-shading-course/rad/s2013_pbs_rad_notes.pdf
• http://blog.selfshadow.com/publications/s2015-shading-course/rad/s2015_pbs_rad_slides.pdf
• https://blog.selfshadow.com/publications/s2017-shading-course/imageworks/s2017_pbs_imageworks_slides_v2.pdf
• https://blog.selfshadow.com/publications/s2020-shading-course/patry/slides/
• https://blog.tobias-franke.eu/2014/03/30/notes_on_importance_sampling.html
• https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/%7Etzli/cse272/homework1.pdf
• https://dassaultsystemes-technology.github.io/EnterprisePBRShadingModel/spec-2021x.md.html
• http://filmicworlds.com/blog/optimizing-ggx-shaders-with-dotlh/
• https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.md.html
• http://graphicrants.blogspot.com/2013/08/specular-brdf-reference.html
• https://schuttejoe.github.io/post/ggximportancesamplingpart1/
• https://seblagarde.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/pi-or-not-to-pi-in-game-lighting-equation/
• http://www.codinglabs.net/article_physically_based_rendering_cook_torrance.aspx

Gi

• https://basesandframes.wordpress.com/2016/05/11/spherical-harmonic-lighting-the-gritty-details/
• http://copypastepixel.blogspot.com/2017/04/real-time-global-illumination.html?m=1
• https://extremeistan.wordpress.com/2014/05/11/realtime-global-illumination-techniques-collection/
• https://grahamhazel.com/blog/2017/12/22/converting-sh-radiance-to-irradiance/
• https://handmade.network/p/75/monter/blog/p/7421-engine_work__ddgi_light_probe_depth_data_compression#23186
• https://imdoingitwrong.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/spherical-harmonics-wtf/
• http://intro-to-restir.cwyman.org/
• http://madebyevan.com/shaders/lightmap/
• https://mynameismjp.wordpress.com/2016/10/09/new-blog-series-lightmap-baking-and-spherical-gaussians/
• https://mynameismjp.wordpress.com/2016/10/09/sg-series-part-6-step-into-the-baking-lab/
• https://ndotl.wordpress.com/2018/08/29/baking-artifact-free-lightmaps/
• http://patapom.com/blog/SHPortal/
• http://simonstechblog.blogspot.com/2013/01/implementing-voxel-cone-tracing.html
• https://www.sjbrown.co.uk/posts/ambient-and-directional-lighting-in-spherical-harmonics/
• https://www.slideshare.net/DICEStudio/style-and-gameplay-in-the-mirrors-edge
• http://xlgames-inc.github.io/posts/sphericalharmonics1/

Ibl

• http://blog.hvidtfeldts.net/index.php/2012/10/image-based-lighting/
• https://chetanjags.wordpress.com/2015/08/26/image-based-lighting/
• https://elalish.blogspot.com/2020/11/environment-lighting.html
• https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/parallax-corrected-cubemapping-with-any-cubemap/
• https://seblagarde.wordpress.com/2012/06/10/amd-cubemapgen-for-physically-based-rendering/
• https://seblagarde.wordpress.com/2012/09/29/image-based-lighting-approaches-and-parallax-corrected-cubemap/
• http://www.trentreed.net/blog/physically-based-shading-and-image-based-lighting/
• http://xlgames-inc.github.io/posts/improvedibl/

Light

• http://blog.magnum.graphics/guest-posts/area-lights-with-ltcs/
• https://ciechanow.ski/lights-and-shadows/
• http://www.elopezr.com/rendering-line-lights/

Shading

• http://artisaverb.info/PBT.html
• http://blog.selfshadow.com/2011/07/22/specular-showdown/
• https://ivokabel.github.io/2018/05/15/rendering-layered-materials.html
• http://renderwonk.com/publications/s2010-shading-course/hoffman/s2010_physically_based_shading_hoffman_a_notes.pdf
• https://seblagarde.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/course_notes_moving_frostbite_to_pbr_v32.pdf
• https://seblagarde.wordpress.com/tag/physically-based-rendering/
• http://www.alexandre-pestana.com/physically-based-rendering-viewer/
• http://www.crytek.com/download/2014_03_25_CRYENGINE_GDC_Schultz.pdf
• https://www.khronos.org/webgl/wiki_1_15/images/2016-07-28_WebGL_BOF_PBR.pdf

Lod

• https://shaderbits.com/blog/octahedral-impostors/

Motion blur

• http://john-chapman-graphics.blogspot.com/2013/01/per-object-motion-blur.html

Normal mapping

• http://apoorvaj.io/exploring-bump-mapping-with-webgl.html
• http://blog.selfshadow.com/publications/blending-in-detail/
• https://casual-effects.com/research/McGuire2005Parallax/index.html
• https://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2012/10/Tatarchuk-ParallaxOcclusionMapping-Sketch-print.pdf
• https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-Lighting/Parallax-Mapping
• https://marmosetco.tumblr.com/post/81245981087
• http://sunandblackcat.com/tipFullView.php?l=eng&topicid=28

Path tracing

• https://graphics.pixar.com/library/RendermanTog2018/paper.pdf

Pipeline

• https://anki3d.org/gpu-driven-rendering-in-anki-a-high-level-overview/
• https://blog.traverseresearch.nl/an-update-to-our-render-graph-17ca4154fd23
• http://diaryofagraphicsprogrammer.blogspot.com/2018/03/triangle-visibility-buffer.html
• http://filmicworlds.com/blog/visibility-buffer-rendering-with-material-graphs/
• https://forum.beyond3d.com/threads/modern-textureless-deferred-rendering-techniques.57611/
• https://github.com/AmanSachan1/WebGL-Clustered-Deferred-Forward-Plus#webgl-clustered-deferred-and-forward-shading
• https://golden-mandolin-675.notion.site/How-Does-Unreal-Engine-5-2-Render-a-Cube-52dbdfdc78b3426da99908e7ba552b89
• http://leifnode.com/2015/05/tiled-deferred-shading/
• https://web.archive.org/web/20240808035830if_/https://hanecci.hatenadiary.org/entry/20130818/p1
• https://wickedengine.net/2018/01/10/optimizing-tile-based-light-culling/
• https://www.aortiz.me/2018/12/21/CG.html
• https://www.elopezr.com/a-macro-view-of-nanite/

Shading

• https://therealmjp.github.io/posts/light-indexed-deferred-rendering/
• https://www.cse.chalmers.se/~uffe/clustered_shading_preprint.pdf
• https://www.realtimerendering.com/blog/deferred-lighting-approaches/

Point cloud

• https://www.magnopus.com/blog/how-we-render-extremely-large-point-clouds

Postprocess

• https://blog.maximeheckel.com/posts/on-crafting-painterly-shaders/

Procedural

Vegetation

• https://medium.com/@kacper.szwajka842/gpu-run-time-procedural-placement-on-terrain-cc874e39bbfb

Rasterization

• http://chrishecker.com/Miscellaneous_Technical_Articles
• https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/02/10/optimizing-the-basic-rasterizer/
• https://github.com/ssloy/tinyrenderer/wiki
• https://media.contentapi.ea.com/content/dam/ea/seed/presentations/seed-coverage-bitmasks-mittring.pdf
• http://www.cbloom.com/3d/techdocs/pipeline.txt
• https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/rasterization-practical-implementation/visibility-problem-depth-buffer-depth-interpolation

Ray tracing

• http://blog.hvidtfeldts.net/index.php/category/raytracing/
• https://blog.yiningkarlli.com/2018/10/bidirectional-mipmap.html
• https://diharaw.github.io/post/adventures_in_hybrid_rendering/
• https://gist.github.com/h3r2tic/ba39300c2b2ca4d9ca5f6ff22350a037
• http://hughsk.io/fragment-foundry/chapters/01-hello-world.html
• http://jamie-wong.com/2016/07/15/ray-marching-signed-distance-functions/
• https://reindernijhoff.net/2019/03/wolfenstein-raytracing-on-using-webgl1/
• https://www.osar.fr/notes/logspherical/
• https://www.tylermw.com/throwing-shade/

Raymarching

• https://jarllarsson.github.io/gen/gunkraymarcher.html

Sampling

• https://bartwronski.com/2021/02/15/bilinear-down-upsampling-pixel-grids-and-that-half-pixel-offset/
• https://bartwronski.com/2020/04/14/bilinear-texture-filtering-artifacts-alternatives-and-frequency-domain-analysis/
• https://bassser.tumblr.com/post/11626074256/reconstructing-position-from-depth-buffer
• https://blog.demofox.org/2016/02/22/gpu-texture-sampler-bezier-curve-evaluation/
• https://blog.demofox.org/2019/06/25/generating-blue-noise-textures-with-void-and-cluster/
• https://blog.demofox.org/2017/05/29/when-random-numbers-are-too-random-low-discrepancy-sequences/
• http://c0de517e.blogspot.com/2016/02/downsampled-effects-with-depth-aware.html
• https://eleni.mutantstargoat.com/hikiko/depth-aware-upsampling-3-1/
• https://extremelearning.com.au/how-to-generate-uniformly-random-points-on-n-spheres-and-n-balls/
• https://extremelearning.com.au/unreasonable-effectiveness-of-quasirandom-sequences/
• http://graphicrants.blogspot.com/2013/12/tone-mapping.html
• http://holger.dammertz.org/stuff/notes_HammersleyOnHemisphere.html
• https://indieburg.com/blog/posts/20200110-mip-map-folding
• https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2023/12/17/a-gentler-introduction-to-restir/
• https://lisyarus.github.io/blog/posts/multiple-importance-sampling.html
• http://lousodrome.net/blog/light/2017/01/03/intersection-of-a-ray-and-a-cone/
• https://merlin3d.wordpress.com/2018/10/04/correlated-multi-jittered-sampling-on-gpu/
• http://rastergrid.com/blog/2010/09/efficient-gaussian-blur-with-linear-sampling/
• https://surma.dev/things/ditherpunk/
• https://thomasdeliot.wixsite.com/blog/single-post/2020/03/30/Biquadratic-interpolation-with-independent-sample-weights
• https://vec3.ca/bicubic-filtering-in-fewer-taps/
• https://www.gamedevs.org/uploads/fast-extraction-viewing-frustum-planes-from-world-view-projection-matrix.pdf
• https://www.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents/fast-fourier-transform-for-image-processing-in-directx-11-541444.pdf
• http://www.johncostella.com/magic/
• https://www.reedbeta.com/blog/hash-functions-for-gpu-rendering/

Screenspace

Ao

• https://frictionalgames.blogspot.com/2014/01/tech-feature-ssao-and-temporal-blur.html
• http://john-chapman-graphics.blogspot.com/2013/01/ssao-tutorial.html
• https://ktstephano.github.io/rendering/stratusgfx/svsm
• https://mtnphil.wordpress.com/2013/06/26/know-your-ssao-artifacts/
• https://panoskarabelas.com/posts/screen_space_shadows/
• http://www.derschmale.com/2013/12/20/an-alternative-implementation-for-hbao-2/

Reflection

• https://andrew-pham.blog/2019/07/31/screen-space-reflections/
• https://bartwronski.com/2014/03/23/gdc-follow-up-screenspace-reflections-filtering-and-up-sampling/
• http://hacksoflife.blogspot.com/2020/10/a-tip-for-hiz-ssr-parametric-t-tracing.html
• https://joostdevblog.blogspot.com/2020/10/screen-space-reflections-in-blightbound.html
• https://lukas-hermanns.info/download/bachelorthesis_ssct_lhermanns.pdf
• http://remi-genin.fr/blog/screen-space-plane-indexed-reflection-in-ghost-recon-wildlands/
• http://roar11.com/2015/07/screen-space-glossy-reflections/
• https://sakibsaikia.github.io/graphics/2016/12/26/Screen-Space-Reflection-in-Killing-Floor-2.html
• https://sites.google.com/site/monshonosuana/directxの話/directxの話-第149回?authuser=0
• https://sugulee.wordpress.com/2021/01/19/screen-space-reflections-implementation-and-optimization-part-2-hi-z-tracing-method/
• https://www.jpgrenier.org/ssr.html

Ssr

• https://zznewclear13.github.io/posts/screen-space-reflection-en/

Sdf

• https://blog.demofox.org/2016/02/29/fast-voronoi-diagrams-and-distance-dield-textures-on-the-gpu-with-the-jump-flooding-algorithm/
• https://iquilezles.org/articles/
• http://litherum.blogspot.com/2015/02/end-to-end-tour-of-text-rendering.html?m=1
• https://redpenguin101.github.io/html/posts/2025_01_21_voronoi.html

Shader

2d

• https://bgolus.medium.com/the-best-darn-grid-shader-yet-727f9278b9d8

Shadow

• http://developer.download.nvidia.com/SDK/10.5/opengl/src/cascaded_shadow_maps/doc/cascaded_shadow_maps.pdf
• https://developer.nvidia.com/gpugems/gpugems/part-ii-lighting-and-shadows/chapter-14-perspective-shadow-maps-care-and-feeding
• https://efficientshading.com/wp-content/uploads/s2015_shadows.pdf
• https://forums.tigsource.com/index.php?topic=8803.0
• https://lukaskalbertodt.github.io/2023/11/18/tiled-soft-shadow-volumes.html
• https://worldoffries.wordpress.com/2019/03/26/what-good-is-hundreds-of-lights-with-out-hundreds-of-shadows/
• https://www.bendstudio.com/blog/inside-bend-screen-space-shadows/
• http://www.codinglabs.net/tutorial_opengl_deferred_rendering_shadow_mapping.aspx
• https://www.gamedev.net/tutorials/programming/graphics/contact-hardening-soft-shadows-made-fast-r4906/
• http://www.opengl-tutorial.org/intermediate-tutorials/tutorial-16-shadow-mapping/

Snow

• https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1020177/Deformable-Snow-Rendering-in-Batman

Stereogram

• https://developer.nvidia.com/gpugems/GPUGems/gpugems_ch41.html

Swapchain

• https://erfan-ahmadi.github.io/blog/Nabla/fif
• https://marcelbraghetto.github.io/a-simple-triangle/2019/07/27/part-24/
• https://martinfullerblog.wordpress.com/2023/10/11/dynamic-resolution-scaling-drs-implementation-best-practice/
• https://medium.com/@tglaiel/how-to-make-your-game-run-at-60fps-24c61210fe75

Vsync

• https://raphlinus.github.io/ui/graphics/gpu/2021/10/22/swapchain-frame-pacing.html
• https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/code-sample/sample-application-for-direct3d-12-flip-model-swap-chains.html

Vfx

• https://housemarque.com/news/2021/9/15/returnal-vfx-breakdown

Visibility

• https://bazhenovc.github.io/blog/post/gpu-driven-occlusion-culling-slides-lif/
• https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2010/10/17/view-frustum-culling/
• https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2017/11/15/experiments-in-gpu-based-occlusion-culling/
• https://zeuxcg.org/2009/01/31/view-frustum-culling-optimization-introduction/
• https://zeuxcg.org/2009/01/31/view-frustum-culling-optimization-introduction/

Volumetric

• https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.04336
• https://chuckleplant.github.io/2017/05/28/light-shafts.html
• https://ebruneton.github.io/precomputed_atmospheric_scattering/
• https://github.com/ebruneton/clear-sky-models
• https://slsdo.github.io/volumetric-cloud/
• http://www.eugenedeon.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/hitchhiker_v0.3_graphics.pdf
• https://www.guerrilla-games.com/read/the-real-time-volumetric-cloudscapes-of-horizon-zero-dawn
• http://www.thetenthplanet.de/archives/4519

Water

• https://auzaiffe.wordpress.com/2024/08/08/mapping-ffts-to-a-sphere-an-unexpected-journey/
• https://gikster.dev/posts/Ocean-Simulation/
• https://medium.com/@evanwallace/rendering-realtime-caustics-in-webgl-2a99a29a0b2c
• https://seblagarde.wordpress.com/2012/12/10/observe-rainy-world/
• https://web.archive.org/web/20111113000538/http://www.gamasutra.com/gdce/2001/jensen/jensen_04.htm
• https://web.archive.org/web/20180315084809/https://community.eidosmontreal.com/blogs/hitman-ocean-tech
• https://www.fxguide.com/featured/assassins-creed-iii-the-tech-behind-or-beneath-the-action/
• https://www.gamedeveloper.com/programming/mud-and-water-of-spintires-mudrunner#:~:text=THE%20WATER%20OF%20MUDRUNNER

Gpu

• http://betteros.org/tut/graphics1.php
• https://cachemiss.xyz/blog/parallel-reduce-and-scan-on-the-GPU
• https://devblogs.nvidia.com/the-peak-performance-analysis-method-for-optimizing-any-gpu-workload/
• https://developer.samsung.com/game/gpu-framebuffer
• https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/a-trip-through-the-graphics-pipeline-2011-index/
• http://fragmentbuffer.com/gpu-performance-for-game-artists/
• https://gankra.github.io/blah/text-hates-you/
• https://giordi91.github.io/post/vegaisa/
• https://github.com/MattPD/cpplinks/blob/master/comparch.gpu.md
• https://github.com/dolphin-emu/dolphin/blob/master/Source/Core/VideoCommon/DriverDetails.h
• https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2021/04/18/how-to-read-shader-assembly/
• http://latchup.blogspot.com/2016/02/life-of-triangle.html
• http://litherum.blogspot.com/2023/10/implementing-gpus-programming-model-on.html
• https://pixeljetstream.blogspot.com/2015/02/life-of-triangle-nvidias-logical.html
• https://raphlinus.github.io/rust/graphics/gpu/2019/05/08/modern-2d.html
• https://seblagarde.wordpress.com/2014/12/01/inverse-trigonometric-functions-gpu-optimization-for-amd-gcn-architecture/
• http://www.humus.name/Articles/Persson_LowLevelThinking.pdf
• http://www.humus.name/Articles/Persson_LowlevelShaderOptimization.pdf

Debug

• https://vksegfault.github.io/posts/gentle-intro-gpu-inner-workings/

Dx12

• https://alextardif.com/DX12Tutorial.html
• https://digitalerr0r.net/2015/08/19/quickstart-directx-12-programming/
• http://diligentgraphics.com/diligent-engine/architecture/d3d12/
• https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d12/directx-12-programming-guide
• https://www.3dgep.com/learning-directx-12-1/

Hardware

• https://86box.net/2025/02/25/riva128-part-1.html#fnref:mipmap

Maths

• https://theorangeduck.com/page/closed-form-matrix-decompositions

Performance

• https://gpu-primitives-course.github.io/

Pipeline

• https://timur.hu/blog/2022/mesh-and-task-shaders

Security

• https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/research/graphics/webgpu_technical_report.md

Shader

Compiler

• https://devlog.hexops.com/2024/building-the-directx-shader-compiler-better-than-microsoft/

Thread

• https://logins.github.io/programming/2020/12/31/RenderThreadJobification.html

Vulkan

• https://alain.xyz/blog/raw-vulkan#overview
• http://anki3d.org/porting-anki-to-vulkan/
• https://blog.nap-labs.tech/d0/dfd/md_articles_001_nap_opengl_to_vulkan
• https://github.com/David-DiGioia/vulkan-diagrams
• https://github.com/diharaw/hybrid-rendering
• http://themaister.net/blog/2019/04/20/a-tour-of-granites-vulkan-backend-part-3/
• https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/2016-uk-chapter-moving-to-vulkan/Moving-to-Vulkan_Khronos-UK_May16.pdf
• https://zeux.io/2019/07/17/serializing-pipeline-cache/
• https://zeux.io/2020/02/27/writing-an-efficient-vulkan-renderer/

Webgpu

• https://floooh.github.io/2023/10/16/sokol-webgpu.html

Prog

• https://anotherproducer.com/online-tools-for-musicians/midi-cc-list/
• http://breno.sarmen.to/midi_documentation/list.html
• http://cocoamine.net/blog/2015/03/20/replacing-photoshop-with-nsstring/
• http://eastfarthing.com/blog/2020-09-14-decoder/
• https://github.com/cameronswinoga/yabfc/wiki/Generating-executable-files-from-scratch
• https://github.com/nothings/single_file_libs
• https://github.com/nothings/stb
• https://github.com/syoyo/tinyexr
• https://graphitemaster.github.io/fibers/
• http://hamelot.io/visualization/using-ffmpeg-to-convert-a-set-of-images-into-a-video/
• https://jackschaedler.github.io/handwriting-recognition/
• http://littleosbook.github.io/#introduction
• https://medium.com/retronator-magazine/pixels-and-voxels-the-long-answer-5889ecc18190
• http://mikeos.sourceforge.net/write-your-own-os.html
• https://nickfever.com/Music/midi-cc-list
• https://raphlinus.github.io/curves/2021/03/11/bezier-fitting.html
• https://redsweater.com/blog/2083/the-power-of-plist
• http://si.org/projects/project1/index.html
• https://sonnati.wordpress.com/2014/06/20/h265-part-i-technical-overview/
• http://tfpsly.free.fr/bookmarks.html
• http://utf8everywhere.org/
• https://viewsourcecode.org/snaptoken/kilo/index.html
• http://web.eecs.umich.edu/~sugih/courses/eecs487/glfw-howto/
• https://zetcode.com/gui/winapi/

Arm

• https://blog.yiningkarlli.com/2021/05/porting-takua-to-arm-pt1.html

Assembly

• https://mariokartwii.com/armv8/

Build

• https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2013/07/09/library-order-in-static-linking
• https://mcyoung.xyz/2021/06/01/linker-script/

Demoscene

• https://6octaves.blogspot.com/2017/06/interview-with-japanese-demoscener.html?m=1
• https://alia-traces.github.io/demoscene/metal/pathtracing/2020/07/24/reconstruction.html
• https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1RWzos-3yguFRVSveNPu4vN7b5BQWjcKEjcdrB5u2okE/mobilepresent?slide=id.g3de4468ac9_0_661
• https://gargaj.tumblr.com/post/178117551485/along-for-the-ride-a-reasonably-complex-demo
• https://github.com/runestubbe/Crinkler
• https://in4k.github.io/
• https://medium.com/@jerry.ylilammi/making-of-newton-protocol-e9ccde41af30
• http://www.amietia.com/oscarschair.html
• http://www.lofibucket.com/articles/64k_intro.html

Font

• https://gwern.net/sidenote

Fun

• https://eieio.games/nonsense/game-11-flappy-bird-finder/#fnref:4
• https://www.dangermouse.net/esoteric/piet.html

Hardware

• https://ctf.re/windows/kernel/pcie/tutorial/2023/02/14/pcie-part-1/

Kinect

• http://blog.nelga.com/setup-microsoft-kinect-on-mac-os-x-10-9-mavericks/
• https://github.com/benMcChesney/OF_Kinect_Tutorials

Memory

• https://faultlore.com/blah/deinitialize-me-maybe/
• https://muxup.com/2023q4/storing-data-in-pointers
• https://www.gingerbill.org/series/memory-allocation-strategies/

Multithread

• https://agraphicsguynotes.com/posts/fiber_in_cpp_understanding_the_basics/
• https://poniesandlight.co.uk/reflect/coroutines_job_system/

Reverse engineering

• https://migeel.sk/blog/2023/09/15/reverse-engineering-natively-compiled-dotnet-apps/

Security

• https://axleos.com/exploiting-the-iphone-4-part-1-gaining-entry/
• https://blog.isosceles.com/the-webp-0day/
• https://www.reversemode.com/2023/10/reversing-france-identite-new-french.html

Tutorial

• http://antongerdelan.net/opengl/index.html
• https://catlikecoding.com/unity/tutorials/
• https://cs184.eecs.berkeley.edu/sp23
• http://gameprogrammingpatterns.com/contents.html
• https://learnopengl.com
• https://pomax.github.io/bezierinfo/
• https://thebookofshaders.com
• http://www.cs.uu.nl/docs/vakken/magr/portfolio/
• http://www.essentialmath.com/tutorial.htm
• http://www.lighthouse3d.com
• http://www.opengl-tutorial.org
• https://www.roxlu.com
• https://www.scratchapixel.com

Retro

• http://codetapper.com/amiga/sprite-tricks/
• https://fms-cat.github.io/thump/
• https://mitxela.com/projects/console
• http://skilldrick.github.io/easy6502/#snake

Dreamcast

• http://cadcdev.sourceforge.net/softprj/kos/setup.php
• https://dcemulation.org/?title=Development
• https://dcemulation.org/phpBB/viewtopic.php?f=29&t=51558
• https://dcemulation.org/phpBB/viewtopic.php?f=29&t=99166
• http://dmitry.gr/index.php?r=05.Projects&proj=25.%20VMU%20Hacking

Glide

• https://glide.sourceforge.net
• http://www.gamers.org/dEngine/xf3D/glide/glidepgm.htm

Nintendo

• https://38leinad.wordpress.com/2012/03/03/gameboy-development-on-mac-os-x/
• https://cturt.github.io/cinoop.html
• http://gbdev.gg8.se/wiki/articles/Tutorials
• https://github.com/dekuNukem/Nintendo_Switch_Reverse_Engineering
• https://github.com/devkitPro/libnds
• http://kylehalladay.com/gba.html
• http://libnds.devkitpro.org/videoGL_8h.html
• https://media.ccc.de/v/33c3-8029-the_ultimate_game_boy_talk
• http://members.iinet.net.au/~freeaxs/gbacomp/
• http://n64.icequake.net/doc/n64intro/kantan/step2/index1.html
• http://problemkaputt.de/gbatek.htm
• https://web.archive.org/web/20110415235959/http://home.no:80/neogeo/HOVEDSIDE_INDEX/GBA_HOVEDSIDE_INDEX_ENGELSK/index.html
• http://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/toc.htm
• https://www.cs.rit.edu/~tjh8300/CowBite/CowBiteSpec.htm

Sony

• http://archive.arstechnica.com/reviews/1q00/playstation2/m-ee-1.html
• https://arstechnica.com/features/2000/04/ps2vspc/
• https://basesandframes.wordpress.com/2016/07/25/procedural-rendering-on-ps2/
• https://bitbucket.org/glampert/ps2dev-tests/src/cb6f77908e2fe4f775bfaceba66ba14d93a244c2/source/framework/?at=master
• https://cturt.github.io/freedvdboot.html
• https://cturt.github.io/ps4.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2_technical_specifications
• https://github.com/ps2dev
• http://glampert.com/2015/02-27/ps2-homebrew-setting-up-the-environment/
• http://lukasz.dk/playstation-2-programming/an-introduction-to-ps2dev/
• http://lukasz.dk/playstation-2-programming/archive/
• http://ps2linux.no-ip.info/playstation2-linux.com/projects/3dprotut/index.html
• http://web.archive.org/web/20150725052552/http://www.hsfortuna.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/

Techno

• https://jcs.org/2025/02/26/imacg4k

Vectrex

• https://vandenbran.de/post/2016-02-01-a-modern-toolchain-for-vectrex-development/
• http://www.gametronik.com/site/emulation/vectrex/
• https://www.playvectrex.com/designit/chrissalo/toc.htm

Video

• http://blog.tynemouthsoftware.co.uk/2023/10/how-the-zx81-generates-video.html
• https://pcbjunkie.net/index.php/guides/generating-video-with-a-microcontroller/
• https://www.backoldgaming.com/topic/read/lart-de-la-sync
• https://www.bigmessowires.com/2023/10/04/classic-macintosh-video-signals-demystified-designing-a-mac-to-vga-adapter-with-lm1881/

🔺 Graphics programming virtual meetup list

https://github.com/Graphics-Programming-Virtual-Meetup/resources?tab=readme-ov-file

Table of contents

• Beginner friendly
• Meta-links
• Overview
  • Books
  • Courses
• Advice
• Math
  • Tutorials
  • Books
  • Homogeneous Coordinate
  • Rotation
  • Quaternions
  • Linear Algebra / Matrices
  • Barycentric Coordinates
  • Geometric Algebra
  • Curves and Surfaces
  • Implementing Math Library
  • Circular/Spherical harmonics
  • Geometry
• Ray Tracing
  • Intro to Ray Tracing
  • Ray Tracing Books
  • Ray Tracing Courses
  • Algorithms
  • BVH
  • Sampling & Variance Reduction
  • Intersection
  • Denoising
  • GPU Ray Tracing
• Rasterization
  • Graphics Pipeline
  • Shading Techniques
  • Culling
  • Depth Buffer
  • Software Rasterization
• Graphics Effects
  • Normal Mapping
  • Hash Functions
  • Dithering
  • Shadow
  • Ambient Occlusion
  • Reflection
  • Transparency
  • Ray Marching and SDF
  • Line, Edge, and Outline Drawing
  • Text Rendering
  • Tessellation
  • Voxel Rendering
  • Volume Rendering
  • Dithering
  • Sprite Rendering
  • Atmosphere Scattering
  • Grass Rendering
• PBR
• Textures
  • Mipmapping
  • Texture Compression
  • Texture Bombing
• Shader Programming
• Compute
  • Introduction to compute shader
  • GPU Architecture
  • Parallel Algorithms
  • Atomics
• Color, HDR, and Tone Mapping
• Sampling and anti-aliasing
• Animation
• Geometry
  • Geometry representations
  • Iso-surface methods
  • Libraries
• Physics and Simulation
  • Physics-Based Animation
  • Attractors
  • Optics
• APIs
  • Ray Tracing API
  • OpenGL
  • Vulkan
  • DirectX 12
  • WebGL
  • WebGPU
• System Design
  • Renderer Architecture
  • GPU-driven rendering
• Scene Description
• General Programming
  • Meta-links
  • Engine Development
  • Performance Optimization
  • High-level Programming
  • Game loop
  • Floating-point numbers
  • Memory Allocation & Management
• Tools/libraries
  • Debuggers
  • Profilers
  • Denoiser
• Assets
  • Polygonal Model & Scene
  • Materials
  • Voxel Data

Beginner friendly

Here is a list of resources suitable for beginners, though intermediate or advanced folks can also benefit from them.

• Learn OpenGL - Learn OpenGL is the definitive resource for learning real-time renderer techniques as beginners. Even though it is an OpenGL tutorial, it also teaches rendering techniques at the same time.
• Ray Tracing in One Weekend series - Those three short books explain basic concepts of path tracing and implement a software renderer from scratch.
• 🎥 CMU's introductory to Computer Graphics course - A comprehensive introduction to various topics in computer graphics.
• Catlike Coding - Focuses on C# and shaders in Unity.
• Book Of Shaders - The author introduces shaders from an artistic perspective, and the book covers many topics that more engineering-focused resources such as "Learn OpenGL" won't cover.
• ShaderToy - Huge collection of open source techniques to refer to, ranging from very basic to more advanced topics.

Meta-links

Resources that curate other resources. Some meta links are omitted here if they are mentioned in other categories.

• GPU Optimization for GameDev
• Volumetric Clouds Resources List
• graphics resources
• Awesome Computer Graphics (luisnts)
• Awesome Computer Graphics (waitin2010)
• Fun with Computer Graphics
• Awesome Graphics Libraries - engines & frameworks
• Awesome Computer Vision
• Awesome Gamedev - Lots of graphics-related stuff.
• Physics-Based Animation - Contains learning resources and papers.
• Digital Morphogenesis Resources - Info About Some Different Simulation Techniques
• Graphics Programming Weekly - Article Database
• Graphics Studies Compilation - Adrian Courrèges - Handy compilation of frame breakdown articles
• Readings on Physically Based Rendering - A collection of resources related to PBR rendering
• Computer Graphics Resources Materials for Self Study
• Resources for Beginning Graphics Programming

Overview

Books

• Graphics Codex - Free book that contains chapters on physically-based shading and rendering, coding projects, and reference pages.
• Real-Time Rendering, Fourth Edition
• Fundamentals of Computer Graphics 5th Edition

Courses

• CMU's introductory to Computer Graphics course
• 6.837: Introduction to Computer Graphics (fall 2020)
• Introduction to Computer Graphics - Cem Yuksel

Advice

• Finding Your Home in Game Graphics Programming - Presents a high-level overview of the rendering world and resources for getting started in the different specializations
• Insider guide to tech interviews - An in-depth analysis of the interview process for experienced developers
• Graphics Programming – Where To Start? - Advices and resource recommendation for beginning learner

Math

Tutorials

• 🎥 Math For Game Devs - Video Series from Freya Holmér

Books

• immersive linear algebra - Free online book with interactive figures.
• Mathematics for Computer Graphics
• Mathematics for 3D Game Programming and Computer Graphics, 3rd Edition
• Foundations of Game Engine Development, Volume 1: Mathematics - Introduces math routines with implementations. It also touches Grassman algebra.

Homogeneous Coordinate

• A trip down the graphics pipeline: the homogeneous perspective transform

Rotation

• Gimbal lock confusion - Computer Graphics Stack Exchange

Quaternions

• Visualizing quaternions - A great intereactive introduction/refresher for quaternions. It focuses on intuition rather than mathematical definitions.

Linear Algebra / Matrices

• GPUOpen Matrix Compendium
• 3Blue1Brown Youtube Channel - general math topics, good for linear algebra and calculus.

Barycentric Coordinates

• Barycentric Coordinates - An interactive introduction to Barycentric Coordinates

Geometric Algebra

• Let's remove Quaternions from every 3D Engine - Introduces Rotors in Geometric Algebra.

Curves and Surfaces

• 🎥 The Beauty of Bézier Curves
• Bézier Curves - An interactive explanation and exploration of Bezier curves

Implementing Math Library

• On Vector Math Libraries
• GDC18 - Linear Algebra Upgraded - Designs an affine space type library with distinct vector and point types, and also uses template and union hacks to implement vector swizzling in C++.
• 🎥 CppCon 2018: Valentin Galea “Rapid Prototyping of Graphics Shaders in Modern C++” - Also implemented swizzling with similar techniques.

Circular/Spherical harmonics

• Circular Harmonics: Digging in circles
• Spherical Harmonics for Beginners - Cover the fundamentals of using Spherical Harmonics without delving into the math deeply
• Spherical Harmonics in Graphics: A Brief Overview
• Spherical Harmonics - Insights And Fundamentals
• Spherical Harmonic Lighting
• Stupid Spherical Harmonics (SH) Tricks

Geometry

• Visualizing Delaunay Triangulation
• Point-Based Graphics Metalink

Ray Tracing

Intro to Ray Tracing

• Ray Tracing in One Weekend series
• An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display - Turner Whitted's original Ray Tracing paper.
• 🎥 Lecture 18: Monte Carlo Rendering (CMU 15-462/662) - Including a very good introduction to importance sampling.
• Global Illumination Compendium - overview of ray tracing/path tracing techniques.
• Creating a physically-based path tracer

Ray Tracing Books

• Physically Based Rendering: From Theory To Implementation Third Edition - The definitive book for offline rendering.
• Ray Tracing Gems - Like other "gems" books, it contains standalone chapters on various ray tracing topics.
• Ray Tracing Gems II
• Advanced Global Illumination - An advanced book that focuses on light transport theory.

Ray Tracing Courses

• Dartmouth Rendering Algorithms (Fall21) - The course nicely fills the gap between a Ray Tracing in One Weekend style toy renderer to a more general and fully-fledged renderer that PBRT describes.

Algorithms

• Bidirectional Estimators for Light Transport - Introduces bidirectional path tracing.
• Monte Carlo Methods for Light Transport Simulation - the Academy Award-winning Ph.D. thesis by Eric Veach. It starts from bidirectional light transport algorithms and introduces multiple importance sampling and Metropolis light transport

BVH

• A Survey on Bounding Volume Hierarchies for Ray Tracing - Excellent overview paper on BVH.
• bvh - A modern C++ BVH construction and traversal library - Implements various algorithms for BVH traversal and construction.

Sampling & Variance Reduction

• 🎥 Lecture 19: Variance Reduction (CMU 15-462/662)
• Flavors of Sampling in Ray Tracing
• Stratified Sampling of Spherical Triangles
• Distributing Monte Carlo Errors as a Blue Noise in Screen Space by Permuting Pixel Seeds Between Frames
• A Low-Discrepancy Sampler that Distributes Monte Carlo Errors as a Blue Noise in Screen Space
• Rendering in Real Time with Spatiotemporal Blue Noise Textures series
• What is direct lighting (next event estimation) in a ray tracer?
• Much Ado About Sampling
• Spatiotemporal reservoir resampling for real-time ray tracing with dynamic direct lighting - combines RIS+MIS with reservoir sampling and demonstrates the reservoir merging capability to perform resampling across space and time

Intersection

• Static Object Intersections - Real-Time Rendering Resource Page - A collection of intersection algorithms.

Denoising

• Ray Tracing Denoising - Alain.xyz
• Ray Tracing Filtering - Alain.xyz
• Edge-Avoiding À-Trous Wavelet Transform for fast Global Illumination Filtering - Classic paper that introduces a fast and simple filter for real-time ray tracing denoising

GPU Ray Tracing

See also APIs

• Megakernels Considered Harmful: Wavefront Path Tracing on GPUs

Rasterization

Graphics Pipeline

• A trip through the Graphics Pipeline 2011
• Creative Use of GPU Fixed-Function Hardware

Shading Techniques

• Graphics Pipelines for Young Bloods - Discuss various tradeoffs between different graphics pipeline techniques
• A Primer On Efficient Rendering Algorithms & Clustered Shading - Same as the above article but delves deeper with clustered shading

Culling

• Optimizing Software Occlusion Culling
• Nvidia's gl_occlusion_culling example

Depth Buffer

• Depth Precision Visualized

Software Rasterization

• ssloy/tinyrenderer - A short tutorial on writing a software rasterizer. Be careful that the tutorial has some rough edges.
• A Parallel Algorithm for Polygon Rasterization
• Scratchapixel: Rasterization Stage
• Triangle rasterization in practice
• Optimizing the basic rasterizer
• High-Performance Software Rasterization on GPUs
• Line Rasterization slides, MIT EECS 6.837, Teller and Durand

Graphics Effects

Normal Mapping

• Three Normal Mapping Techniques Explained For the Mathematically Uninclined
• Normal Mapping - Learn OpenGL

Hash Functions

-PCG Family of Hash Functions - Hash Functions for GPU Rendering

Dithering

-Dithering on the GPU - Dithering for aesthetic purposes. -Anisoptera Games - How to Fix Color Banding with Dithering - Dithering for functional purposes (fixing color banding on gradients).

Shadow

• Shadow Mapping - LearnOpenGL
• Percentage-Closer Soft Shadows
• Efficient Shadows from Many Lights
• Reflective Shadow Maps
• Experiments in Hybrid Raytraced Shadows
• 🎥 Michał Olejnik - Raytraced Shadows in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare video presentation
• Using Blue Noise For Raytraced Soft Shadows

Ambient Occlusion

• Learn OpenGL: SSAO
• John Chapman SSAO Tutorial
• Screen Space Ambient Occlusion - Louis Bavoil, Miguel Sainz
• Know your SSAO artifacts
• Practical Realtime Strategies for Accurate Indirect Occlusion

Reflection

• Screen-Space Reflections Explained

Transparency

• Learn OpenGL: OIT
• Compositing digital images
• Visual glBlendFunc + glBlendEquation Tool
• Order independent transparency blog series
  • Part 1
  • Part 2
  • Endgame

Ray Marching and SDF

• Graphics Codex: Ray Marching
• Distant functions for primitives - Inigo Quilez
• soft shadows in raymarched SDFs - 2010

Line, Edge, and Outline Drawing

Triangulated line

• Drawing Lines is Hard - Summarizes the problem of GPU line primitives and introduces techniques for drawing triangulated lines.
• Instanced Line Rendering Part I - Builds on the foundation from "Drawing Lines is Hard" and uses instance rendering to draw lines.
• Instanced Line Rendering Part II: Alpha blending - Continue of the above article, and introduces a way to do alpha-blending with triangulated lines.

Outline

• 5 ways to draw an outline
• The Quest for Very Wide Outlines

Text Rendering

• Learn OpenGL: Text Rendering
• bitmap font renderer

Tessellation

• Tutorial 30: Basic Tessellation

Voxel Rendering

• VoxelSpace

Volume Rendering

• Structured Volume Sampling - MIT-licensed implementation of the Structured Volume Sampling technique, along with a simple framework for comparing other techniques.

Dithering

• Dithering on the GPU - describe a novel algorithm for ordered dithering based on an arbitrary palette

Sprite Rendering

• Modern (Bindless) Sprite Batch for Vulkan (and more!)

Atmosphere Scattering

• Precomputed Atmospheric Scattering
• Precomputed Atmospheric Scattering: a New Implementation

Grass Rendering

• Responsive Real-Time Grass Rendering for General 3D Scenes
• Procedural grass rendering - Outerra - Is an inspiration of the following talk
• 🎥 Procedural Grass in 'Ghost of Tsushima'

PBR

See also Assets/Materials for PBR materials

• Physically Based Rendering in Filament
• PBR - Learn OpenGL
• Everything (or most things) wrong with learnopengl.com/PBR/Theory
• Real Shading in Unreal Engine 4 - discusses the PBR model adopted by Epic Games in their 4th Unreal Engine installment. A large part of Learn OpenGL PBR chapter is adapted from this source
• Crash Course in BRDF Implementation
• Physically Based Shading at Disney
• Deriving Lambertian BRDF from first principles

• Basics of physically-based rendering
• Moving Frostbite to Physically Based Rendering 3.0

Textures

Mipmapping

• Pyramidal Parametrics - The original Mipmap paper.

Texture Compression

• Understanding BCn Texture Compression Formats - describes a family of lossy hardware-based texture compression formats called BCn

Texture Bombing

• GPU Gems Chapter 20. Texture Bombing
• Texture bombing 3 samples - a shader from Inigo Quilez (modified by huwb) that shows how to perform the GPU Gems technique using 3 texture samples instead of 4!
• On Histogram-Preserving Blending for Randomized Texture Tiling - attempts to resolve artifacts you get when blending two textures together (also only using 3 texture samples, plus a lookup table per texture

Shader Programming

• The Book of Shaders
• shadertoy smoothstep demo
• Shader Derivative Functions - Useful for normals.
• How to read shader assembly
• ShaderToy Advanced Tricks

Compute

Introduction to compute shader

• Introduction to Compute Shaders
• More Compute Shaders
• Even more Compute Shaders
• Compute Shader Glossary

GPU Architecture

• 🎥 CIS 565 GPU Programming and Architecture - A course that introduce parallel programming with a Computer Graphics flavor.
• Gentle introduction to GPUs inner workings - This article summarizes some lower-level aspects of how GPU executes. It uses the Vulkan API terminology, but the concept is largely platform-independent.
• GCN – two ways of latency hiding and wave occupancy
• Breaking Down Barriers
• How does a GPU Shader work?
• Compute Shaders: Optimize your engine using compute / Lou Kramer, AMD

• RDNA Architecture Whitepaper
• AMU RDNA2 Performance guide
• The Peak-Performance-Percentage Analysis Method for Optimizing Any GPU Workload
• [video] All the Pipelines - Journey through the GPU

Parallel Algorithms

• Parallel Prefix Sum (Scan) with CUDA
• Thinking Parallel, Part I: Collision Detection on the GPU
• Thinking Parallel, Part II: Tree Traversal on the GPU
• Thinking Parallel, Part III: Tree Construction on the GPU

Atomics

• CUDA Pro Tip: Optimized Filtering with Warp-Aggregated Atomics

Color, HDR, and Tone Mapping

• Supporting Native HDR Monitors - OurMachinery
• Introduction to Color Theory for Games, Art and Tech - Shahriar Shahrabi
• Tone Mapping - Introduces the theory of Tone Mapping and talks about some commonly used Tone Mapping Operators

Sampling and anti-aliasing

See also Ray Tracing/Sampling & Variance Reduction

• A Pixel is not a Little Square! - Classic paper on misconception of "a pixel is a little square." It also serves as an introduction to sampling.
• Basics of Image Resampling
• Computing the Discrepancy with Applications to Supersampling Patterns
• Generating Antialiased Images at Low Sampling Densities
• Temporal Anti Aliasing – Step by Step
• The Accumulation Buffer: Hardware Support for High-Quality Rendering (SIGGRAPH 1990)

Animation

• Learn OpenGL: Skeletal Animation
• 🎥 Animation Programming Basics
• 🎥 Animation Graphs
• Skeletal animation in glTF

Geometry

Geometry representations

• 🎥 Lecture 10: Meshes and Manifolds (CMU 15-462/662) - Great overview, and also spend significant time on the half-edge data structure

Iso-surface methods

• Interactive explanation of marching cubes and dual contouring
• Polygonising a scalar field (Marching Cubes)
• Dual Contouring Tutorial
• The Transvoxel Algorithm

Libraries

• Geometry Central - A modern C++ library of data structures and algorithms for geometry processing, with a particular focus on surface meshes.

Physics and Simulation

Physics-Based Animation

• 🎥 SIGGRAPH University 2019 Course - An Introduction to Physics-Based Animation - A three-hour fast-paced introduction to Physics-Based Animation
• 🎥 CSC417/CSC2549-Physics-based Animation Fall 2021 - Introductory lecture for a course in physics-based animation.

Attractors

• Strange Attractors on the GPU series

Optics

• Make Your Bokeh Fascinating + related SIGGRAPH 2015 Course + Video Recordings

APIs

Ray Tracing API

• The RTX Shader Binding Table Three Ways - Talks about shader binding table with RX12, Vulkan, and Optix
• Chapter 15 "The Shader Binding Table Demystified" of Ray Tracing Gems II - An extension for the above article

OpenGL

• docs.gl - OpenGL API Documentation.
• GLConstantsTranslator - This page has the names of most OpenGL constants with their respective decimal and hex values. It is useful when certain functions return GL constants.

Tutorials

• Learn OpenGL - The highly recommended tutorial.

Meta-links

• Awesome OpenGL - Curated List for OpenGL.

Best Practices

• Using Modern OpenGL to Avoid Common Errors - Talks about using features of post-4.2 OpenGL

Vulkan

• Spec - It is a good idea to keep it open while doing Vulkan Programming.

Tutorials

• Vulkan Guide - The best "Vulkan Tutorial" available.
• 🎥 TU Wien: Vulkan Lecture Series
• vk_mini_path_tracer tutorial - A relatively small tutorial that focuses on path tracing using Vulkan's ray tracing API.
• 3D Graphics Rendering Cookbook

Meta-links

• Awesome Vulkan
• Great Resources - Vulkan Guide

Swapchain & frame resources

• API without Secrets: The Practical Approach to Vulkan* - Part 1 (there is no part 2)

Renderpass & Dynamic Rendering

• VK_KHR_dynamic_rendering tutorial - A tutorial to Vulkan's dynamic rendering extension
• Khronos: Streamlining Render Passes - Introduces the VK_KHR_dynamic_rendering extension.

Bindless/Descriptor indexing

• 🎥 Khronos Talk on Descriptor Indexing
• Vulkan Descriptor Indexing for Mobile
• OurMachinery's Moving The Machinery to Bindless
• Wicked Engine: Bindless Descriptors
• DethRaid's Vulkan Descriptor Indexing
• A note on Descriptor Indexing
• Vulkan Pills 1: Bindless Textures

Synchronization

• TheMaister's Yet another blog explaining Vulkan synchronization
• Understanding Vulkan Synchronization
• Vulkan Timeline Semaphores

Vulkan Compute

• A simple Vulkan Compute example
• Vulkan Subgroup tutorial. AKA wavefronts

Libraries

• vk-bootstrap - Library that simplifies the Vulkan initialization boilerplate.
• VulkanMemoryAllocator - Memory allocation library that simplifies Vulkan memory allocation and provides decent performance.
• volk - Meta-loader for Vulkan that allows you to dynamically load entry points required to use Vulkan. It also simplifies the use of Vulkan extensions.
• SPIRV-Reflect - Can be used to extract descriptors and push constant information from SPIRV.

Performance Best Practice

• Writing an efficient Vulkan renderer

Others

• Vulkan Diagram

DirectX 12

• Reader Question Answered 1 - Learning D3D12 - A roadmap for learning DirectX 12
• Raw DirectX 12 - An introduction to writing a simple Hello Triangle DirectX 12 application.
• Learning DirectX 12
• Direct3D 12 programming guide

Resource Binding & Bindless

• Resource Binding - Direct3D 12 Programming Guide
• Bindless Texturing for Deferred Rendering and Decals
• Binding Bindlessly
• Wicked Engine: Bindless Descriptors

WebGL

• Awesome WebGL

WebGPU

• Spec

Tutorials

• Learn wgpu - Tutorial of WebGPU API using Rust and the wgpu library.

System Design

Renderer Architecture

• 🎥 SIGGRAPH 2021 REAC: Unity Rendering Architecture
• Efficiently rendering glTF models - A case study on how to design a renderer under modern graphics APIs that can take diverse input

GPU-driven rendering

• GPU Driven Rendering - Siggraph 2015

Scene Description

• Siggraph 2019 Hydra - Presentation slides for Hydra, which is an open-source framework to transport live scene graph data to renderers.

General Programming

Meta-links

• Awesome C
• Awesome C++
• Awesome Rust

Engine Development

• Game Engine Architecture (paid book)
• The Shader Permutation Problem - Part 1: How Did We Get Here?
• The Shader Permutation Problem - Part 2: How Do We Fix It?

Performance Optimization

• Algorithms for Modern Hardware - This book contains great info on getting the best performance by looking at the actual hardware.

High-level Programming

• Game Programming Patterns

Game loop

• Game Loop - Game Programming Patterns
• Fix Your Timestep!
• Chapter 8 "The Game Loop and Real-Time Simulation" of Game Engine Architecture

Floating-point numbers

• Onboarding floating-point - A series about floating-point numbers by Mike Acton
• Floating-point in mobile shaders

Memory Allocation & Management

• Memory Allocation Strategies series
• Memory Management section on Pbrt
• The Memory chapter of Game Engine Architecture
• Object Pool chapter of Game Programming Pattern.
• 🎥 CppCon 2017: John Lakos “Local ('Arena') Memory Allocators” [Part1] [Part2]
• 🎥 CppCon 2017: Bob Steagall “How to Write a Custom Allocator”

Tools/libraries

Debuggers

• RenderDoc
• Nvidia Nsight Graphics
• Radeon™ GPU Profiler (AMD)
• Intel® GPA
• SpectorJS (WebGL)

Profilers

A bunch of graphics debuggers above also have profiling capabilities.

• Optick: C++ Profiler For Games
• Tracy Profiler
• Dear Imgui profiler widget

Denoiser

• Optix Denoiser
• FidelityFX-Denoiser
• Open Image AI Denoiser

Assets

Polygonal Model & Scene

• McGuire Computer Graphics Archive - OBJ format scenes.
• ORCA: Open Research Content Archive - Free large graphics scene samples.
• Rendering Resources - Benedikt Bitterli - Scenes in Tungsten, Mitsuba, and pbrt-v3 formats.
• NASA 3D Resources - Some assets of satellites, celestial bodies, etc. Various formats.
• Three Dimensional Scans - some three-dimensional scans of animals and statues.
• Stanford 3D Scanning Repository - a bunch of scanned reconstructions
• The Base Mesh - CC0 mesh collection
• PolyHaven - Public 3d asset library, also CC0
• MIT CSAIL Sample OBJ Models - A couple of models provided by MIT
• Intel Sponza and Graphics Research Samples Library - Intel's revamped high-resolution Sponza model and a couple of related pieces
• KhronosGroup glTF Sample Models
• Quaternius Free Game Assets - Low poly models, CC0

Materials

• ambientCG - Public Domain materials for Physically Based Rendering.
• Physically Based - A database of physically based values for CG artists

Voxel Data

• TU Wien Volume Data - Listed in their collection of publications.
• Open Scientific Visualization Datasets - Large collection of CT scans of various objects.
• Stanford Volume Archive - Several volume datasets (CT/MRI).
• MorphoSource - Enormous library of 2D and 3D data, mesh and voxel, of biological samples and cultural objects.
• Osirix MANIX and other test DICOMs

📔 Books

Jendrik Illner reading list

https://www.jendrikillner.com/post/reading-list/

3D Math Primer for Graphics and Game Development - 2011

https://gamemath.com/

Foundations of game engine development - Mathematics (2016)

https://foundationsofgameenginedev.com/

Foundations of game engine development - Rendering (2019)

https://foundationsofgameenginedev.com/

Real-Time Rendering 4th Edition

https://www.realtimerendering.com/

Ray tracing in a weekend series

https://raytracing.github.io/

PBRT

https://pbrt.org/

Computer Graphics - Principles and Practice

https://www.amazon.com.au/Computer-Graphics-Principles-Practice-Practices/dp/0321399528

Fundamentals of Computer Graphics (2021)

https://www.amazon.com.au/Fundamentals-Computer-Graphics-Steve-Marschner-dp-0367505037/dp/0367505037

ShaderX/GPU Pro/GPU Zen Books

https://www.realtimerendering.com/resources/shaderx/

GPU Gems

https://developer.nvidia.com/gpugems/gpugems/contributors

Raytracing Gems

https://www.realtimerendering.com/raytracinggems/

⌛ Real-time rendering portal

https://www.realtimerendering.com/portal.html

• Contains a list of useful courses, books, conference notes, and more.