feat: bump deps and fix errors.Cause()

[franklinkim]

Description

Bump dependencies and migrate from github.com/pkg/errors to github.com/foomo/go/errors for consistent error handling across the codebase. Also fix OpenTelemetry log provider deprecations and normalize HTTP header capitalization.

Type of Change

• 🐛 Bug fix
• ✨ New feature
• 💥 Breaking change
• 📝 Documentation
• ♻️ Refactoring
• 🏃‍➡️ Performance
• ✅ Tests
• 🔐 Security
• 🔧 Build/CI

Related Issues

• closes Fix: replace pkg/errors.Cause() with a bounded rootCause #305

Changes

• Replace github.com/pkg/errors with github.com/foomo/go/errors for Cause() calls
• Update OpenTelemetry log provider: global.GetLoggerProvider() → otel.GetLoggerProvider()
• Update OpenTelemetry log provider setter: global.SetLoggerProvider() → otel.SetLoggerProvider()
• Add nil checks in RecordError() and RecordSpanError() to avoid nil pointer dereferences
• Normalize HTTP request header from X-Request-Id to X-Request-ID
• Update all Go module dependencies to latest versions

Checklist

• My code adheres to the coding and style guidelines of the project.
• I have performed a self-review of my own code.
• I have commented on my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas.
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation.