ci: add Linux workflow to run test_components on push to main/dev

[mattcapa]

Adds a GitHub Actions workflow that builds and runs the test_components
unit-test target on Linux for every push and pull request targeting
main and dev (plus manual workflow_dispatch).

Description:

• Runs on ubuntu-latest.
• Installs build prerequisites (build-essential, ninja, gfortran,
  autotools, pkg-config, Python 3.11, etc.).
• Bootstraps the vendored vcpkg at external/vcpkg.
• Caches vcpkg-built dependencies in the GitHub Actions cache via
  VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES=x-gha,readwrite, so subsequent runs are fast.
• Configures with the default CMake preset (tests enabled, heavy
  optional modules off).
• Builds only the test_components target to keep CI lean.
• Runs ctest --output-on-failure -R '^test_components$'.
• Uploads build/Testing/** logs as an artifact when the job fails.

Triggers:

• push to main, dev
• pull_request targeting main, dev
• Manual dispatch from the Actions tab