macOS Sequoia (15) support end of life

[tyler-yankee]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

Per https://drake.mit.edu/stable.html: "Drake intends to support the two most recent versions of Ubuntu LTS and macOS on an ongoing basis." With Golden Gate (27) soon to be released, we will no longer be supporting Sequoia (15) moving forward.

Describe the solution you'd like

Remove Sequoia from our documentation, notate its removal in our end of life documentation, turn off CI for it (switching its packaging jobs to Tahoe, etc). Then clean up the code (removing any compat hacks or fixing "once we have Tahoe" TODOs).

Additional context

Prior removals: Sonoma #23440, Ventura #21978

Current production job lists:

Sequoia

• mac-arm-sequoia-clang-cmake-nightly-packaging
• mac-arm-sequoia-clang-wheel-continuous-release
• mac-arm-sequoia-clang-bazel-nightly-everything-release
• mac-arm-sequoia-clang-wheel-nightly-release
• mac-arm-sequoia-clang-cmake-otherbinder-nightly-packaging
• mac-arm-sequoia-clang-bazel-continuous-release
• mac-arm-sequoia-clang-cmake-nightly-release
• mac-arm-sequoia-clang-cmake-nightly-everything-release

Tahoe

• mac-arm-tahoe-clang-bazel-nightly-everything-release
• mac-arm-tahoe-clang-cmake-nightly-release
• mac-arm-tahoe-clang-bazel-continuous-release
• mac-arm-tahoe-clang-cmake-nightly-everything-release

mac-arm-sequoia-clang-bazel-experimental-release runs pre-merge.

Checklist

1. Document current status Do this first, before making any changes

• (To the extent it isn't documented above) Document current split of Sequoia vs Tahoe jobs to use as reference when Golden Gate is added

2. Switch Sequioia-only jobs to Tahoe (excluding wheel/packaging/staging) Complete in any order, at any time

• drake doc: Switch macOS examples from Sequoia to Tahoe. Notably this does NOT include updating the officially supported version OR updating the release playbook
• Switch pre-merge job to Tahoe
• Update D-E-E to Tahoe

3. Switch packaging, wheel and staging jobs to Tahoe Coordinate with release schedule, deploy last 3 changes together

• drake-jenkins-jobs: Add Tahoe experimental packaging and wheel jobs (if don't exist, do this first)
• drake-jenkins-jobs: Move packaging and wheel jobs to Tahoe
• drake-ci: Switch packaging to Tahoe
• drake: Update release playbook, download_release_candidate.py, and other documentation

4. Remove Sequoia Support Coordinate with Sequoia "end of life" date, implement one at a time, in order

• drake doc: Remove Sequoia from list of supported platforms
• drake-jenkins-jobs: Remove remaining Sequoia jobs (at this point there shouldn't be any Sequoia-only jobs)
• drake-ci: Remove remaining mentions of Sequoia
• drake: Remove remaining Sequoia compatibility hacks / Tahoe+ TODOS

[tyler-yankee]

As we did for adding Tahoe, I'll file a separate issue to track Golden Gate support.

[tyler-yankee]

Remove remaining Sequoia compatibility hacks / Tahoe+ TODOS

FWIW I think we made it through the Sequoia/Tahoe cycle pretty unscathed without any compat issues to handle here (even for drake-ci). We can double check again at the end.