Calibration for Automated Lidars and Ceilometers (Rayleigh & cloud)

The Python package calibration provides Rayleigh (molecular) and liquid-cloud calibration of ceilometers and lidars used in the MeteoSwiss / E-PROFILE network. Includes water-vapour correction for 910 nm instruments, six selectable molecular-window detection methods, and a suite of analysis / validation scripts for the E-PROFILE ALC paper.

Features

• Multi-instrument support: CHM15k, CHM8k, CL51, CL61, Mini-MPL, and more
• Water-vapour correction (mandatory for 910 nm): spectral two-way WV absorption from CAMS monthly means + HITRAN cross-section LUT; nights without matching CAMS are excluded (flag −4), never silently skipped
• Six molecular-window detection methods (selectable via molecular_method in options.json):
  • main = E-PROF v1.1 — original E-PROFILE method
  • improved = E-PROF v1.2 — aerosol-robust grid search (production default)
  • optimal = E-PROF v2 — temporal aerosol rejection + layer flagging
  • calipso, earlinet, bellini — alternative reference methods
• Liquid-cloud calibration (cloud/): Python port of MATLAB O'Connor method, bit-for-bit validated; reads E-PROFILE L2 or Cloudnet CL61 raw; mandatory WV correction
• Kalman smoothing bridge: shells out to run_kalman_from_matlab.py to produce a smoothed daily lidar constant
• Three input data levels: L1 (rcs_0), L2 daily, L2 monthly (see Input data level)
• CF-compliant output: CSV (<WMO>_<id>_cl.csv) + optional NetCDF4

Critical operational constraints

• apply_wv_correction must stay = 1 in options.json (production). Never calibrate 910 nm without a valid matching-month CAMS file — no fallback.
• molecular_method defaults to "improved" (E-PROF v1.2) in production. Do not change without re-running the long-run validation.
• molecular_source stays "standard" (US Standard Atmosphere 1976) for production.

Installation

This project is managed with uv (PEP 621 / hatchling). From the repo root:

uv pip install -e ".[plotting]"     # editable install incl. optional plot deps
# or set up a fully managed environment:  uv sync

Plain pip works too if you prefer: pip install -e ".[plotting]".

Required: Python ≥ 3.9, NumPy, SciPy, netCDF4, pandas
Optional: matplotlib (plots), scipy.ndimage (smoothing)

Quick Start

from calibration import calibrate_rayleigh, CalibrationOptions, InstrumentInfo
from calibration.config import InstrumentType

options = CalibrationOptions.from_json("options.json")
info = InstrumentInfo(site_name="Payerne", wmo_id="0-20000-0-06610",
                      identifier="A", instrument_type=InstrumentType.CHM15k,
                      latitude=46.82, longitude=6.95, altitude=491)
calibrate_rayleigh("20240115", info, options)

Configuration

Key options.json fields

Field	Default	Description
molecular_method	"improved"	Molecular-window detection method (see Methods section)
apply_wv_correction	1	Must stay 1 — WV correction for 910 nm
molecular_source	"standard"	Atmospheric profile source ("standard" or "cams")
cams_folder	"D:/CAMS/"	Path to CAMS monthly NetCDF files
abs_cs_lookup_table	(path)	HITRAN WV cross-section LUT
data_level	"L1"	Input data level (L1, L2_daily, L2_monthly)
folder_root	—	Root of input data archive
hour_min / hour_max	20 / 4	Nighttime window (UTC)
z_low_cloud	4000	Max cloud height for clear-night selection (m)
LRaer	52	Aerosol lidar ratio assumed in molecular window (sr)
threshold_quality	15	Max rel. error (%) to accept a calibration

Input data level

data_level selects which product is read; folder_root must point to the matching archive:

data_level	Variable	Layout	Example root
L1 (default)	rcs_0	<WMO>/YYYY/MM/L1_<WMO>_<id><YYYYMMDD>.nc	D:/E-PROFILE_L1
L2_daily	attenuated_backscatter_0 + calibration_constant_0	<WMO>/YYYY/MM/L2_<WMO>_<id><YYYYMMDD>.nc	D:/E-PROFILE_L2_2021-2025
L2_monthly	attenuated_backscatter_0 + calibration_constant_0	<WMO>/YYYY/L2_<WMO>_<id><YYYYMM>.nc	A:/E-PROFILE_L2_monthly
RAW	instrument-native (CL61 beta_att, CHM beta_raw)	<WMO>/YYYYMMDD/*.nc or <WMO>/YYYYMMDD.nc	R:/CL61/RAW_cloudnet_dl

For L2 levels: rcs = attenuated_backscatter_0 × calibration_constant_0 × 1e-6. The 1e-6 matches the MATLAB reference; stored β_att is always micro-scaled (1E-6/(m·sr)) regardless of the units attribute. Height variable can be range, height, or altitude (ASL — subtracted from station_altitude to get AGL).

Molecular window methods (E-PROF versioning)

Key	Label	Description
main	E-PROF v1.1	Original E-PROFILE grid-search method
improved	E-PROF v1.2	Aerosol-robust grid search; production default
optimal	E-PROF v2	Temporal aerosol rejection + per-layer flagging; highest precision, lower yield
calipso	CALIPSO-type	Fixed high-altitude molecular window
earlinet	EARLINET/SCC-type	SCC-style window search
bellini	Bellini/ALICENET	ALICENET gradient-based window
eprof_v10	E-PROF v1.0	Pre-a4e7140 baseline (sign-error in Rayleigh slope); for historical comparison only — not selectable in production

METHODS_DISPLAY in validation/compare_molecular_methods.py is the ordered tuple used for display/aggregation (includes eprof_v10). METHODS in calibration/rayleigh/molecular_methods.py lists only the live-selectable methods.

Long-run results (14 sites, full archive): optimal is most precise (robust CV 10–14 %); improved best balances precision and yield; main has the highest yield (57 %) but noisiest nights; calipso highest yield (79 %) but weakest signal-selectivity. See the reports in doc/reports/ (figures under C:\DATA\Projects\202606_E-PROFILE_calibration\figs_paper_validation\molecular_methods_longrun\).

Algorithm overview

1. Data loading: L1 rcs_0, or L2 reconstructed, or RAW instrument signal
2. Fog exclusion: profiles with vertical_visibility set → excluded (ceilometer fog flag)
3. Nighttime selection: 20:00–04:00 UTC (configurable)
4. Clear-night filtering: remove profiles with low clouds or precipitation
5. Water-vapour correction (910 nm only): compute two-way T²_wv(r) from CAMS monthly q/T/lnsp + HITRAN LUT (water_vapor_correction/water_vapor.py); divide RCS; skip night if no CAMS (flag −4)
6. Atmospheric model: US Standard Atmosphere 1976 (or CAMS for molecular density)
7. Molecular calculation: Bucholtz (1995) β_mol(λ, z)
8. Molecular window detection: selected method (see Methods section)
9. Rayleigh fit: linear regression signal vs β_mol in the window
10. Validation: slope method vs Klett cross-check
11. Output: append to <WMO>_<id>_cl.csv (date, flag, lidar_constant, uncertainty, …)

Flag meanings

Flag	Meaning
1	Successful calibration
0.5	Partially clear night (some clouds removed)
0	No data available
−1	Not a clear night
−2	Signal not proportional to molecular scattering (fog night)
−3	Poor agreement between calibration methods
−4	Missing WV data (CAMS); 910 nm night skipped — no fallback
−5	RCS contains only NaN values
−6	Uncertainty exceeds calibration value
−7	Negative Rayleigh fit slope
−8	Rayleigh fit intercept exceeds slope

Repository layout

calibration/         installable package (public API unchanged)
├── config.py  plotting.py  main.py    shared config, plotting, CLI entry point
├── rayleigh/                molecular calibration: calibration.py, rayleigh_fit.py,
│                            atmosphere.py, molecular_methods.py
├── io/                      data_loader.py (L1/L2/RAW readers) + output.py (CSV/NetCDF)
├── water_vapor_correction/  water_vapor.py (spectral two-way WV transmission)
├── cloud/       cloud/calibration.py (liquid-cloud O'Connor method)
└── data/                    standard_atmosphere_US_1976_50km.csv (package data)
scripts/        runnable calibration runners + data/ (acquisition) + doc_tools/
validation/     comparison / sensitivity / reproduction studies  (validation/README.md)
examples/       Jupyter quick-start notebooks  (examples/README.md)
tests/          pytest suite
doc/            reference papers, method descriptions, reports/  (doc/README.md)
lost_and_found/ one-off R&D scratch + old logs (unmaintained)

options.json and instruments.json stay at the repo root (read from the working directory — run scripts from the repo root). Figures and result archives are written outside the repo to C:\DATA\Projects\202606_E-PROFILE_calibration.

Key source files

Core package (calibration/)

Module	Purpose
rayleigh/calibration.py	Main calibration pipeline; calls WV correction, molecular calc, window detection
rayleigh/molecular_methods.py	Six molecular-window detection methods
rayleigh/atmosphere.py	Standard-atmosphere loader + Bucholtz molecular properties
rayleigh/rayleigh_fit.py	Molecular-window grid search + lidar-constant fit
water_vapor_correction/water_vapor.py	WV two-way transmission from CAMS; port of MATLAB wv_t2eff + compute_wv_transmission
cloud/calibration.py	Liquid-cloud calibration (O'Connor method); bit-for-bit vs MATLAB
io/data_loader.py	Multi-level reader (L1/L2/RAW/Cloudnet CL61); fog-flag threading
io/output.py	CF-compliant CSV + NetCDF writers

The public API is re-exported from the top level — from calibration import calibrate_rayleigh, CalibrationOptions, InstrumentInfo, ... is unchanged.

Scripts & studies

Location	Contents
scripts/	Calibration runners: run_all_l2monthly.py, run_calibration.py, run_targeted_rayleigh.py, calibrate_cloudnet_cl61.py, run_lindenberg_cl61_cal.py
scripts/data/	Data acquisition & prep: Cloudnet downloads, build_l2_manifest.py, build_cop_lookup.py, converters
validation/	Method comparison, MATLAB↔Python parity, long-run & sensitivity studies (see validation/README.md)
examples/	Quick-start notebooks (see examples/README.md)

Test suite (tests/)

File	Coverage
test_water_vapor.py	WV vs MATLAB refs + atmoslib; validates geopotential, level-order invariance
test_cloud_calibration_vs_matlab.py	Cloud calib bit-for-bit vs MATLAB (max rel diff 1.4e-5)
test_calibration.py, test_methods_smoke.py	Config / atmosphere unit tests; molecular-methods smoke test

Output

Primary output: CSV at C:\DATA\Projects\202606_E-PROFILE_calibration\E-PROFILE_calibration_rayleigh\fullcal_all\<WMO>_<id>\<WMO>_<id>_cl.csv (the output root is configured per script and via options.folder_output)

Column	Description
date	Night date (YYYYMMDD)
flag	Success flag (1 = ok, 0.5 = partial, negative = failure)
lidar_constant	Daily lidar constant C_L
uncertainty	Calibration uncertainty (same units as C_L)
bottom_height	Bottom of molecular window (m AGL)
top_height	Top of molecular window (m AGL)
message	Human-readable status message

References

• Bucholtz, A. (1995). Rayleigh-scattering calculations for the terrestrial atmosphere. Applied Optics, 34(15), 2765–2773.
• Wiegner, M., & Geiß, A. (2012). Aerosol profiling with the Jenoptik ceilometer CHM15kx. AMT, 5(8), 1953–1964.
• Wiegner, M., & Gasteiger, J. (2015). Correction of water vapor absorption for aerosol remote sensing with ceilometers. AMT, 8(9), 3971–3984. [Spectral WV correction basis]
• Hopkin, E., et al. (2019). A robust automated technique for operational calibration of ceilometers using the integrated backscatter from overcast stratocumulus. AMT, 12(7), 4131–4147. [Cloud calibration O'Connor method]
• E-PROFILE Programme: https://e-profile.eu

Changelog

2026-06 — OmB (observation − CAMS aerosol) redesign

E-PROFILE aerosol-processing recommendation, applied to the OmB diagnostic (calibration/omb/):

• 5-min pre-average of the calibrated attenuated backscatter (reproduces the L2 cadence), then a top-2 km SNR screen (drop gates with signal < snr_min·σ; σ = robust 1.4826·MAD of the de-range-corrected signal β/r² over the top noise_top_m = 2 km — the instrument noise floor, C_L-invariant), then a morphological opening of the 2-D (5min-time × range) keep mask (scipy.ndimage.binary_opening) to delete isolated/transient speckle. The opening removes the one-sided cut's positive-noise tail, which otherwise biased O−B high and growing with altitude.
• CAMS matching is a ±15 min window centred on each CAMS step (was forward 3 h).
• Period statistics keep altitudes valid in ≥ valid_frac_min = 25 % of CAMS steps; interpolation onto the CAMS levels is gap-capped (interp_max_gap_m = 300 m) so large flagged gaps are not bridged → valid_frac is honest and drawn on a second x-axis of the median-profile panel.
• Vaisala fog/precip: a non-NaN vertical_visibility (CL31/CL51/CL61 report it instead of a cloud base under fog/strong precipitation) is treated as a low cloud base in io/l1_window.py (np.fmin with the cloud base); CHM15k (vor) / Mini-MPL unaffected.
• The observation pcolor now shows all data with a translucent grey wash where flagged (cloud / SNR / morphology) plus cloud-base markers.
• Files: omb/omb.py, omb/figures.py, incremental.py, io/l1_window.py. The OmB cache (_omb_cache.npz) schema gained obsfull__* / cloud_base / full_srcs → rebuild OmB caches from scratch (cannot append to old caches).

2026 — uv packaging + package rename

• Switched packaging from Poetry to uv / PEP 621 (pyproject.toml [project] + hatchling build backend); removed setup.py. Install with uv pip install -e ".[plotting]".
• Renamed the import package rayleigh_calibration → calibration (it does both Rayleigh and cloud calibration). Method subpackages are now rayleigh/ and cloud/ (the latter was cloud_calibration/; its module is cloud/calibration.py). The distribution and CLI command are now eprofile-calibration. Public imports become from calibration import ….

2026 — repository reorganization

• Package split into themed subpackages: rayleigh/ (calibration, fit, atmosphere, molecular methods), io/ (readers + writers), water_vapor_correction/, cloud/; shared config.py / plotting.py / main.py stay at the package top level. The public API (from calibration import …) is unchanged.
• US Standard Atmosphere 1976 table shipped as package data (calibration/data/); load_standard_atmosphere(None, grid) resolves it regardless of the working directory.
• Loose scripts sorted into scripts/ (runners + data/), validation/ (studies), examples/ (notebooks) and lost_and_found/ (R&D scratch + logs); root test_*.py consolidated into tests/.
• Figures and result archives moved out of the repo to C:\DATA\Projects\202606_E-PROFILE_calibration; hardcoded output paths in the scripts updated accordingly.

2026

• WV correction added (water_vapor.py): spectral two-way T²_wv from CAMS + HITRAN LUT; mandatory for 910 nm (flag −4 on missing CAMS, no fallback). Effect: Payerne CL61 Feb-28 C_L +20 %.
• Six molecular methods (molecular_methods.py): main/improved/optimal/calipso/earlinet/bellini; selectable via molecular_method in options.json.
• E-PROF versioning: main→v1.1, improved→v1.2, optimal→v2; historical baseline eprof_v10 (pre-sign-error) tracked in METHODS_DISPLAY for paper comparison.
• Cloud calibration port (cloud/calibration.py): bit-for-bit vs MATLAB O'Connor; reads E-PROFILE L2 and Cloudnet CL61 RAW; full WV correction included.
• Fog exclusion: vertical_visibility threaded through all readers; flagged profiles excluded from Rayleigh + cloud calibration.
• RAW data level: native instrument reader for CHM15k β_raw and Cloudnet CL61 β_att day-folders/daily files.
• Cloudnet CL61 pipeline: download → homogenize → calibrate scripts for Lindenberg and Hyytiala (ACTRIS-Cloudnet API).
• Long-run validation: 14 sites (10 CHM15k + 4 Mini-MPL), full archive, 7 methods; results in figs_paper_validation/molecular_methods_longrun/.
• Sign-error fix (commit a4e7140): corrected sign convention in Rayleigh slope; all post-fix CSVs in fullcal_all/.

v1.0.2 (2026)

• Complete rewrite with AI

v1.0.1 (2024)

• Complete rewrite with modern Python practices; type hints, dataclasses, vectorised calculations.

v1.0.0 (2015–2024)

• Original E-PROFILE implementation by hem.