pl2html

A fast, secure, and zero-dependency HTML engine for Polars.

pl2html compiles Polars DataFrame and LazyFrame workflows natively into HTML table structures entirely inside the Polars expression engine. By leveraging parallelized Rust memory environments, it bypasses slow Python row loops (.map_elements), making it an incredibly lightweight alternative to styling engines like great_tables or pandas .style.

Features

• 🚀 Native Polars Performance: Runs entirely inside the Polars expression graph. Streamable and lazy-execution friendly.
• 🛡️ Injection-Safe by Default: Automatically neutralizes sequential HTML injection vectors using a lookahead-free, native escaping algorithm.
• 🎨 Advanced Formatting Toolkit: Human-readable display rules for numbers, integers, currencies, percentages, scientific notations, bytes, and booleans running entirely in Rust.
• ➡️ Multicolumn Support: All formatting and substitution functions accept a single column string or an iterable list of columns automatically.
• 🌗 Conditional Styling & Color Scales: Native linear interpolation pipelines to generate multi-segment background color heatmaps by value or percentile rank.
• 🌌 Auto-Contrast Accessibility: Dynamic text foreground switches (#000000 vs #FFFFFF) calculated via WCAG relative luminance algorithms on the fly.
• 📦 Afraid of Bloat? Zero Dependencies: Cleaned of heavy packages like numpy or matplotlib. It runs entirely on pure Python and Polars.

---

Installation

pip install pl2html

---

Quick Start

1. Basic HTML Rendering with Auto-Escaping

By default, pl2html infers datatypes to securely render human-readable tables. Strings are escaped, and integers/floats automatically get localized thousands separators.

import polars as pl
from pl2html.compiler import to_html

df = pl.DataFrame(
    {
        'company': ["<script>alert('malicious')</script> Corp", 'Acme Inc.'],
        'revenue': [1420500, -50200],
        'margin': [0.0451, -0.0512],
    }
)

# Compiles safely to a Polars LazyFrame containing the HTML output
html_table_string = to_html(df)

print(html_table_string)

Output:

company	revenue	margin
<script>alert('malicious')</script> Corp	1,420,500	0.045
Acme Inc.	-50,200	-0.051

2. Rich Data Formatting (Natively Vectorized)

pl2html exposes high-performance formatting expressions designed to prepare columns simultaneously before passing them to to_html. Every function natively supports passing lists of multiple columns at once.

import polars as pl
from pl2html.compiler import to_html
from pl2html import formats as fmt

df = pl.DataFrame(
    {
        "asset_a": [5400600, 2100],
        "asset_b": [45100000, -850000],
        "growth": [0.1256, -0.024],
        "is_active": [True, False],
        "status_code": [0, 404]
    }
)

# Format multiple financial asset columns compactly in one pass using lists
df_f = df.with_columns(
    fmt.fmt_integer(["asset_a", "asset_b"], compact=True, compact_system="financial"),
    fmt.fmt_percent("growth", decimals=1),
    fmt.fmt_tf("is_active", tf_style="check-mark"),
    fmt.sub_zero("status_code", zero_text="OK")
)

html = to_html(df_f)

3. Advanced Styling via Native Attributes (attrs)

Instead of embedding hacky structural HTML tags in your data, use the attrs parameter to inject dynamic CSS attributes purely. Use data_color or rank_color to construct high-performance heatmaps.

import polars as pl
from pl2html.compiler import to_html
from pl2html.styles import data_color, rank_color

df = pl.DataFrame(
    {
        'employee': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'David'],
        'performance_score': [98.5, 42.0, 81.2, 12.0],
        'utilization': [0.02, 0.41, 0.78, 0.22],
    }
)

styles = {}

# 1. Color Heatmap by Absolute Value (Custom 3-color palette with auto-contrast text)
styles.update(
    data_color(
        column='performance_score',
        palette=['#ff7675', '#fdcb6e', '#00b894'],
        auto_contrast=True
    )
)

# 2. Color Heatmap by Percentile Rank Order (Continuous interpolation)
styles.update(
    rank_color(
        column='utilization',
        palette=['#000000', '#FFFFFF'],
        descending=False,
        auto_contrast=True
    )
)

html_table = to_html(df, attrs=styles)

Output (github may override table colors, but they are there):

employee	performance_score	utilization
Alice	98.5	0.92
Bob	42.0	0.41
Charlie	81.2	0.78
David	12.0	0.22

---

Architecture & Module Layout

The library is explicitly divided into three decoupled layers:

1. Core Compiler (compiler.py)

Responsible for reading the dataframe schema, iterating horizontally over visible columns, and joining tokens into structural row arrays natively in Rust.

• Exposed via to_html(df, *, attrs=None, exclude_columns=None).
• Automatically assigns high-performance format fallbacks:
  • is_integer(): Applies thousands separator reversals.
  • is_float(): Automatically base-truncates decimal positions and breaks layout chunks smoothly.
  • Catchall: Direct pass through _escape_polars_string() to secure against cross-site scripting (XSS).

2. Format Expressions (formats.py)

Contains native string-shaping expression generators wrapped in a @_multicolumn macro to cleanly display large datasets without dropping into slow Python loops.

• fmt_number() / fmt_integer(): Supports precision rounding, thousands separators, accounting parentheses, and financial/engineering compact suffixing (K, M, B vs k, M, G).
• fmt_percent() / fmt_currency(): Optimized wrappers handling percentage scaling and currency masking.
• fmt_scientific(): Natively parses mantissas and exponents with flexible styling (x10n, e, E) and forced signs.
• fmt_bytes(): Dynamically maps byte magnitudes to decimal (kB, MB) or binary (KiB, MiB) notations.
• fmt_tf(): Transforms booleans to presets (arrows, check-mark, circles) with native na_val null overrides.
• sub_missing() / sub_zero(): Clean conditional data substitution expressions for nulls and exact zeros.

3. Style Utilities (styles.py)

Generates structural Polars expression payloads mapped to specific HTML style attributes.

• data_color(column, palette, domain=None, auto_contrast=True): Evaluates column boundaries (.min() / .max()) at evaluation time and maps row values via piece-wise linear RGB interpolation.
• rank_color(column, palette, descending=False, auto_contrast=True): Replaces absolute numerical scaling with ordinal percentile ranks to smooth out heavily skewed datasets or extreme outliers.

Every style output returns a clean nested dictionary structure ({column: {attribute: expression}}) to feed directly into to_html(attrs=...).

---

Security

pl2html passes untrusted data arrays through a strict sequential escaping chain natively in Rust:

.str.replace_all('&', '&')
.str.replace_all('<', '&lt;')
.str.replace_all('>', '&gt;')
.str.replace_all('"', '&quot;')
.str.replace_all("'", '&#x27;')

Design Inspiration & Why This Library Exists

Most of the API design and formatting parameters in this library are heavily inspired by great-tables. If you are looking for detailed descriptions or conceptual overviews of specific formatting arguments, the great-tables reference documentation serves as an excellent companion guide.

However, this library was born out of distinct architectural and environment constraints:

• Zero Overhead Styling: While great-tables is incredibly feature-rich, it often produces dense HTML styles and boilerplate structures that were unnecessary for the target use cases. This library optimizes for minimal, highly clean HTML output.
• Modern Python Compatibility (Py 3.14+): great-tables pulls in heavy external dependencies, including binary wheels like multimark. At the time of development, these dependencies did not support Python 3.14 (see multimark #3). To unblock workflows and maintain an ultra-lightweight, future-proof stack with zero complex binary dependencies, this native, Rust-backed Polars formatter was built from the ground up.