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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: forbidden.js\ndescription: API reference for the forbidden.js special file.\nrelated:\n links:\n - app/api-reference/functions/forbidden\nversion: experimental\n---\n\nThe **forbidden** file is used to render UI when the [`forbidden`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/forbidden) function is invoked during authentication. Along with allowing you to customize the UI, Next.js will return a `403` status code.\n\n```tsx filename=\"app/forbidden.tsx\" switcher\nimport Link from 'next/link'\n\nexport default function Forbidden() {\n return (\n
\n
Forbidden \n
You are not authorized to access this resource.
\n
Return Home"
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: forbidden\n00003| description: API Reference for the forbidden function.\n00004| version: experimental\n00005| related:\n00006| links:\n00007| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden\n00008| ---\n00009| \n00010| The `forbidden` function throws an error that renders a Next.js 403 error page. It's useful for handling authorization errors in your application. You can customize the UI using the [`forbidden.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden).\n00011| \n00012| To start using `forbidden`, enable the experimental [`authInterrupts`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/authInterrupts) configuration option in your `next.config.js` file:\n00013| \n00014| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00015| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00016| \n00017| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00018| experimental: {\n00019| authInterrupts: true,\n00020| },\n00021| }\n00022| \n00023| export default nextConfig\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00027| module.exports = {\n00028| experimental: {\n00029| authInterrupts: true,\n00030| },\n00031| }\n00032| ```\n00033| \n00034| `forbidden` can be invoked in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), and [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00035| \n00036| ```tsx filename=\"app/auth/page.tsx\" switcher\n00037| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00038| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00039| \n00040| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00041| const session = await verifySession()\n00042| \n00043| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00044| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00045| forbidden()\n00046| }\n00047| \n00048| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00049| return <>>\n00050| }\n00051| ```\n00052| \n00053| ```jsx filename=\"app/auth/page.js\" switcher\n00054| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00055| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00056| \n00057| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00058| const session = await verifySession()\n00059| \n00060| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00061| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00062| forbidden()\n00063| }\n00064| \n00065| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00066| return <>>\n00067| }\n00068| ```\n00069| \n00070| ## Good to know\n00071| \n00072| - The `forbidden` function cannot be called in the [root layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#root-layout).\n00073| \n00074| ## Examples\n00075| \n00076| ### Role-based route protection\n00077| \n00078| You can use `forbidden` to restrict access to certain routes based on user roles. This ensures that users who are authenticated but lack the required permissions cannot access the route.\n00079| \n00080| ```tsx filename=\"app/admin/page.tsx\" switcher\n00081| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00082| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00083| \n00084| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00085| const session = await verifySession()\n00086| \n00087| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00088| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00089| forbidden()\n00090| }\n00091| \n00092| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00093| return (\n00094| \n00095| Admin Dashboard \n00096| Welcome, {session.user.name}!
\n00097| \n00098| )\n00099| }\n00100| ```\n00101| \n00102| ```jsx filename=\"app/admin/page.js\" switcher\n00103| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00104| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00105| \n00106| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00107| const session = await verifySession()\n00108| \n00109| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00110| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00111| forbidden()\n00112| }\n00113| \n00114| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00115| return (\n00116| \n00117| Admin Dashboard \n00118| Welcome, {session.user.name}!
\n00119| \n00120| )\n00121| }\n00122| ```\n00123| \n00124| ### Mutations with Server Actions\n00125| \n00126| When implementing mutations in Server Actions, you can use `forbidden` to only allow users with a specific role to update sensitive data.\n00127| \n00128| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/update-role.ts\" switcher\n00129| 'use server'\n00130| \n00131| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00132| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00133| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00134| \n00135| export async function updateRole(formData: FormData) {\n00136| const session = await verifySession()\n00137| \n00138| // Ensure only admins can update roles\n00139| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00140| forbidden()\n00141| }\n00142| \n00143| // Perform the role update for authorized users\n00144| // ...\n00145| }\n00146| ```\n00147| \n00148| ```js filename=\"app/actions/update-role.js\" switcher\n00149| 'use server'\n00150| \n00151| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00152| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00153| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00154| \n00155| export async function updateRole(formData) {\n00156| const session = await verifySession()\n00157| \n00158| // Ensure only admins can update roles\n00159| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00160| forbidden()\n00161| }\n00162| \n00163| // Perform the role update for authorized users\n00164| // ...\n00165| }\n00166| ```\n00167| \n00168| ## Version History\n00169| \n00170| | Version | Changes |\n00171| | --------- | ----------------------- |\n00172| | `v15.1.0` | `forbidden` introduced. |\n00173| \n\n(End of file - total 173 lines)\n ",
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: forbidden\n00003| description: API Reference for the forbidden function.\n00004| version: experimental\n00005| related:\n00006| links:\n00007| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden\n00008| ---\n00009| \n00010| The `forbidden` function throws an error that renders a Next.js 403 error page. It's useful for handling authorization errors in your application. You can customize the UI using the [`forbidden.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden).\n00011| \n00012| To start using `forbidden`, enable the experimental [`authInterrupts`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/authInterrupts) configuration option in your `next.config.js` file:\n00013| \n00014| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00015| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00016| \n00017| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00018| experimental: {\n00019| authInterrupts: true,\n00020| },\n00021| }\n00022| \n00023| export default nextConfig\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00027| module.exports = {\n00028| experimental: {\n00029| authInterrupts: true,\n00030| },\n00031| }\n00032| ```\n00033| \n00034| `forbidden` can be invoked in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), and [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00035| \n00036| ```tsx filename=\"app/auth/page.tsx\" switcher\n00037| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00038| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00039| \n00040| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00041| const session = await verifySession()\n00042| \n00043| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00044| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00045| forbidden()\n00046| }\n00047| \n00048| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00049| return <>>\n00050| }\n00051| ```\n00052| \n00053| ```jsx filename=\"app/auth/page.js\" switcher\n00054| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00055| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00056| \n00057| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00058| const session = await verifySession()\n00059| \n00060| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00061| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00062| forbidden()\n00063| }\n00064| \n00065| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00066| return <>>\n00067| }\n00068| ```\n00069| \n00070| ## Good to know\n00071| \n00072| - The `forbidden` function cannot be called in the [root layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#root-layout).\n00073| \n00074| ## Examples\n00075| \n00076| ### Role-based route protection\n00077| \n00078| You can use `forbidden` to restrict access to certain routes based on user roles. This ensures that users who are authenticated but lack the required permissions cannot access the route.\n00079| \n00080| ```tsx filename=\"app/admin/page.tsx\" switcher\n00081| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00082| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00083| \n00084| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00085| const session = await verifySession()\n00086| \n00087| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00088| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00089| forbidden()\n00090| }\n00091| \n00092| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00093| return (\n00094| \n00095| Admin Dashboard \n00096| Welcome, {session.user.name}!
\n00097| \n00098| )\n00099| }\n00100| ```\n00101| \n00102| ```jsx filename=\"app/admin/page.js\" switcher\n00103| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00104| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00105| \n00106| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00107| const session = await verifySession()\n00108| \n00109| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00110| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00111| forbidden()\n00112| }\n00113| \n00114| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00115| return (\n00116| \n00117| Admin Dashboard \n00118| Welcome, {session.user.name}!
\n00119| \n00120| )\n00121| }\n00122| ```\n00123| \n00124| ### Mutations with Server Actions\n00125| \n00126| When implementing mutations in Server Actions, you can use `forbidden` to only allow users with a specific role to update sensitive data.\n00127| \n00128| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/update-role.ts\" switcher\n00129| 'use server'\n00130| \n00131| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00132| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00133| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00134| \n00135| export async function updateRole(formData: FormData) {\n00136| const session = await verifySession()\n00137| \n00138| // Ensure only admins can update roles\n00139| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00140| forbidden()\n00141| }\n00142| \n00143| // Perform the role update for authorized users\n00144| // ...\n00145| }\n00146| ```\n00147| \n00148| ```js filename=\"app/actions/update-role.js\" switcher\n00149| 'use server'\n00150| \n00151| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00152| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00153| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00154| \n00155| export async function updateRole(formData) {\n00156| const session = await verifySession()\n00157| \n00158| // Ensure only admins can update roles\n00159| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00160| forbidden()\n00161| }\n00162| \n00163| // Perform the role update for authorized users\n00164| // ...\n00165| }\n00166| ```\n00167| \n00168| ## Version History\n00169| \n00170| | Version | Changes |\n00171| | --------- | ----------------------- |\n00172| | `v15.1.0` | `forbidden` introduced. |\n00173| \n\n(End of file - total 173 lines)\n ",
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: forbidden\n00003| description: API Reference for the forbidden function.\n00004| version: experimental\n00005| related:\n00006| links:\n00007| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden\n00008| ---\n00009| \n00010| The `forbidden` function throws an error that renders a Next.js 403 error page. It's useful for handling authorization errors in your application. You can customize the UI using the [`forbidden.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden).\n00011| \n00012| To start using `forbidden`, enable the experimental [`authInterrupts`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/authInterrupts) configuration option in your `next.config.js` file:\n00013| \n00014| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00015| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00016| \n00017| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00018| experimental: {\n00019| authInterrupts: true,\n00020| },\n00021| }\n00022| \n00023| export default nextConfig\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00027| module.exports = {\n00028| experimental: {\n00029| authInterrupts: true,\n00030| },\n00031| }\n00032| ```\n00033| \n00034| `forbidden` can be invoked in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), and [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00035| \n00036| ```tsx filename=\"app/auth/page.tsx\" switcher\n00037| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00038| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00039| \n00040| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00041| const session = await verifySession()\n00042| \n00043| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00044| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00045| forbidden()\n00046| }\n00047| \n00048| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00049| return <>>\n00050| }\n00051| ```\n00052| \n00053| ```jsx filename=\"app/auth/page.js\" switcher\n00054| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00055| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00056| \n00057| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00058| const session = await verifySession()\n00059| \n00060| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00061| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00062| forbidden()\n00063| }\n00064| \n00065| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00066| return <>>\n00067| }\n00068| ```\n00069| \n00070| ## Good to know\n00071| \n00072| - The `forbidden` function cannot be called in the [root layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#root-layout).\n00073| \n00074| ## Examples\n00075| \n00076| ### Role-based route protection\n00077| \n00078| You can use `forbidden` to restrict access to certain routes based on user roles. This ensures that users who are authenticated but lack the required permissions cannot access the route.\n00079| \n00080| ```tsx filename=\"app/admin/page.tsx\" switcher\n00081| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00082| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00083| \n00084| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00085| const session = await verifySession()\n00086| \n00087| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00088| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00089| forbidden()\n00090| }\n00091| \n00092| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00093| return (\n00094| \n00095| Admin Dashboard \n00096| Welcome, {session.user.name}!
\n00097| \n00098| )\n00099| }\n00100| ```\n00101| \n00102| ```jsx filename=\"app/admin/page.js\" switcher\n00103| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00104| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00105| \n00106| export default async function AdminPage() {\n00107| const session = await verifySession()\n00108| \n00109| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n00110| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00111| forbidden()\n00112| }\n00113| \n00114| // Render the admin page for authorized users\n00115| return (\n00116| \n00117| Admin Dashboard \n00118| Welcome, {session.user.name}!
\n00119| \n00120| )\n00121| }\n00122| ```\n00123| \n00124| ### Mutations with Server Actions\n00125| \n00126| When implementing mutations in Server Actions, you can use `forbidden` to only allow users with a specific role to update sensitive data.\n00127| \n00128| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/update-role.ts\" switcher\n00129| 'use server'\n00130| \n00131| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00132| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00133| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00134| \n00135| export async function updateRole(formData: FormData) {\n00136| const session = await verifySession()\n00137| \n00138| // Ensure only admins can update roles\n00139| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00140| forbidden()\n00141| }\n00142| \n00143| // Perform the role update for authorized users\n00144| // ...\n00145| }\n00146| ```\n00147| \n00148| ```js filename=\"app/actions/update-role.js\" switcher\n00149| 'use server'\n00150| \n00151| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00152| import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\n00153| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00154| \n00155| export async function updateRole(formData) {\n00156| const session = await verifySession()\n00157| \n00158| // Ensure only admins can update roles\n00159| if (session.role !== 'admin') {\n00160| forbidden()\n00161| }\n00162| \n00163| // Perform the role update for authorized users\n00164| // ...\n00165| }\n00166| ```\n00167| \n00168| ## Version History\n00169| \n00170| | Version | Changes |\n00171| | --------- | ----------------------- |\n00172| | `v15.1.0` | `forbidden` introduced. |\n00173| \n\n(End of file - total 173 lines)\n ",
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: unauthorized\n00003| description: API Reference for the unauthorized function.\n00004| version: experimental\n00005| related:\n00006| links:\n00007| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n00008| ---\n00009| \n00010| The `unauthorized` function throws an error that renders a Next.js 401 error page. It's useful for handling authorization errors in your application. You can customize the UI using the [`unauthorized.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized).\n00011| \n00012| To start using `unauthorized`, enable the experimental [`authInterrupts`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/authInterrupts) configuration option in your `next.config.js` file:\n00013| \n00014| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00015| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00016| \n00017| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00018| experimental: {\n00019| authInterrupts: true,\n00020| },\n00021| }\n00022| \n00023| export default nextConfig\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00027| module.exports = {\n00028| experimental: {\n00029| authInterrupts: true,\n00030| },\n00031| }\n00032| ```\n00033| \n00034| `unauthorized` can be invoked in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), and [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00035| \n00036| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n00037| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00038| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00039| \n00040| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00041| const session = await verifySession()\n00042| \n00043| if (!session) {\n00044| unauthorized()\n00045| }\n00046| \n00047| // Render the dashboard for authenticated users\n00048| return (\n00049| \n00050| Welcome to the Dashboard \n00051| Hi, {session.user.name}.
\n00052| \n00053| )\n00054| }\n00055| ```\n00056| \n00057| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.js\" switcher\n00058| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00059| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00060| \n00061| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00062| const session = await verifySession()\n00063| \n00064| if (!session) {\n00065| unauthorized()\n00066| }\n00067| \n00068| // Render the dashboard for authenticated users\n00069| return (\n00070| \n00071| Welcome to the Dashboard \n00072| Hi, {session.user.name}.
\n00073| \n00074| )\n00075| }\n00076| ```\n00077| \n00078| ## Good to know\n00079| \n00080| - The `unauthorized` function cannot be called in the [root layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#root-layout).\n00081| \n00082| ## Examples\n00083| \n00084| ### Displaying login UI to unauthenticated users\n00085| \n00086| You can use `unauthorized` function to display the `unauthorized.js` file with a login UI.\n00087| \n00088| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n00089| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00090| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00091| \n00092| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00093| const session = await verifySession()\n00094| \n00095| if (!session) {\n00096| unauthorized()\n00097| }\n00098| \n00099| return Dashboard
\n00100| }\n00101| ```\n00102| \n00103| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.js\" switcher\n00104| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00105| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00106| \n00107| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00108| const session = await verifySession()\n00109| \n00110| if (!session) {\n00111| unauthorized()\n00112| }\n00113| \n00114| return Dashboard
\n00115| }\n00116| ```\n00117| \n00118| ```tsx filename=\"app/unauthorized.tsx\" switcher\n00119| import Login from '@/app/components/Login'\n00120| \n00121| export default function UnauthorizedPage() {\n00122| return (\n00123| \n00124| 401 - Unauthorized \n00125| Please log in to access this page.
\n00126| \n00127| \n00128| )\n00129| }\n00130| ```\n00131| \n00132| ```jsx filename=\"app/unauthorized.js\" switcher\n00133| import Login from '@/app/components/Login'\n00134| \n00135| export default function UnauthorizedPage() {\n00136| return (\n00137| \n00138| 401 - Unauthorized \n00139| Please log in to access this page.
\n00140| \n00141| \n00142| )\n00143| }\n00144| ```\n00145| \n00146| ### Mutations with Server Actions\n00147| \n00148| You can invoke `unauthorized` in Server Actions to ensure only authenticated users can perform specific mutations.\n00149| \n00150| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/update-profile.ts\" switcher\n00151| 'use server'\n00152| \n00153| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00154| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00155| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00156| \n00157| export async function updateProfile(data: FormData) {\n00158| const session = await verifySession()\n00159| \n00160| // If the user is not authenticated, return a 401\n00161| if (!session) {\n00162| unauthorized()\n00163| }\n00164| \n00165| // Proceed with mutation\n00166| // ...\n00167| }\n00168| ```\n00169| \n00170| ```js filename=\"app/actions/update-profile.js\" switcher\n00171| 'use server'\n00172| \n00173| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00174| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00175| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00176| \n00177| export async function updateProfile(data) {\n00178| const session = await verifySession()\n00179| \n00180| // If the user is not authenticated, return a 401\n00181| if (!session) {\n00182| unauthorized()\n00183| }\n00184| \n00185| // Proceed with mutation\n00186| // ...\n00187| }\n00188| ```\n00189| \n00190| ### Fetching data with Route Handlers\n00191| \n00192| You can use `unauthorized` in Route Handlers to ensure only authenticated users can access the endpoint.\n00193| \n00194| ```tsx filename=\"app/api/profile/route.ts\" switcher\n00195| import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'\n00196| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00197| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00198| \n00199| export async function GET(req: NextRequest): Promise {\n00200| // Verify the user's session\n00201| const session = await verifySession()\n00202| \n00203| // If no session exists, return a 401 and render unauthorized.tsx\n00204| if (!session) {\n00205| unauthorized()\n00206| }\n00207| \n00208| // Fetch data\n00209| // ...\n00210| }\n00211| ```\n00212| \n00213| ```jsx filename=\"app/api/profile/route.js\" switcher\n00214| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00215| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00216| \n00217| export async function GET() {\n00218| const session = await verifySession()\n00219| \n00220| // If the user is not authenticated, return a 401 and render unauthorized.tsx\n00221| if (!session) {\n00222| unauthorized()\n00223| }\n00224| \n00225| // Fetch data\n00226| // ...\n00227| }\n00228| ```\n00229| \n00230| ## Version History\n00231| \n00232| | Version | Changes |\n00233| | --------- | -------------------------- |\n00234| | `v15.1.0` | `unauthorized` introduced. |\n00235| \n\n(End of file - total 235 lines)\n ",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: unauthorized\ndescription: API Reference for the unauthorized function.\nversion: experimental\nrelated:\n links:\n - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n---\n\nThe `unauthorized` function throws an error that renders a Next.js 401 error page. It's useful for handling authorization errors in your application. You can customize the UI using the [`unauthorized.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized).\n\nTo start using `unauthorized`, enable the experimental [`authInterrupts`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/authInterrupts) configuration option in your `next.config.js` file:\n\n```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n experimental: {\n authInterrupts: true,\n },"
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: unauthorized\n00003| description: API Reference for the unauthorized function.\n00004| version: experimental\n00005| related:\n00006| links:\n00007| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n00008| ---\n00009| \n00010| The `unauthorized` function throws an error that renders a Next.js 401 error page. It's useful for handling authorization errors in your application. You can customize the UI using the [`unauthorized.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized).\n00011| \n00012| To start using `unauthorized`, enable the experimental [`authInterrupts`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/authInterrupts) configuration option in your `next.config.js` file:\n00013| \n00014| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00015| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00016| \n00017| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00018| experimental: {\n00019| authInterrupts: true,\n00020| },\n00021| }\n00022| \n00023| export default nextConfig\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00027| module.exports = {\n00028| experimental: {\n00029| authInterrupts: true,\n00030| },\n00031| }\n00032| ```\n00033| \n00034| `unauthorized` can be invoked in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), and [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00035| \n00036| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n00037| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00038| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00039| \n00040| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00041| const session = await verifySession()\n00042| \n00043| if (!session) {\n00044| unauthorized()\n00045| }\n00046| \n00047| // Render the dashboard for authenticated users\n00048| return (\n00049| \n00050| Welcome to the Dashboard \n00051| Hi, {session.user.name}.
\n00052| \n00053| )\n00054| }\n00055| ```\n00056| \n00057| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.js\" switcher\n00058| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00059| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00060| \n00061| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00062| const session = await verifySession()\n00063| \n00064| if (!session) {\n00065| unauthorized()\n00066| }\n00067| \n00068| // Render the dashboard for authenticated users\n00069| return (\n00070| \n00071| Welcome to the Dashboard \n00072| Hi, {session.user.name}.
\n00073| \n00074| )\n00075| }\n00076| ```\n00077| \n00078| ## Good to know\n00079| \n00080| - The `unauthorized` function cannot be called in the [root layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#root-layout).\n00081| \n00082| ## Examples\n00083| \n00084| ### Displaying login UI to unauthenticated users\n00085| \n00086| You can use `unauthorized` function to display the `unauthorized.js` file with a login UI.\n00087| \n00088| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n00089| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00090| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00091| \n00092| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00093| const session = await verifySession()\n00094| \n00095| if (!session) {\n00096| unauthorized()\n00097| }\n00098| \n00099| return Dashboard
\n00100| }\n00101| ```\n00102| \n00103| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.js\" switcher\n00104| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00105| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00106| \n00107| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00108| const session = await verifySession()\n00109| \n00110| if (!session) {\n00111| unauthorized()\n00112| }\n00113| \n00114| return Dashboard
\n00115| }\n00116| ```\n00117| \n00118| ```tsx filename=\"app/unauthorized.tsx\" switcher\n00119| import Login from '@/app/components/Login'\n00120| \n00121| export default function UnauthorizedPage() {\n00122| return (\n00123| \n00124| 401 - Unauthorized \n00125| Please log in to access this page.
\n00126| \n00127| \n00128| )\n00129| }\n00130| ```\n00131| \n00132| ```jsx filename=\"app/unauthorized.js\" switcher\n00133| import Login from '@/app/components/Login'\n00134| \n00135| export default function UnauthorizedPage() {\n00136| return (\n00137| \n00138| 401 - Unauthorized \n00139| Please log in to access this page.
\n00140| \n00141| \n00142| )\n00143| }\n00144| ```\n00145| \n00146| ### Mutations with Server Actions\n00147| \n00148| You can invoke `unauthorized` in Server Actions to ensure only authenticated users can perform specific mutations.\n00149| \n00150| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/update-profile.ts\" switcher\n00151| 'use server'\n00152| \n00153| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00154| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00155| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00156| \n00157| export async function updateProfile(data: FormData) {\n00158| const session = await verifySession()\n00159| \n00160| // If the user is not authenticated, return a 401\n00161| if (!session) {\n00162| unauthorized()\n00163| }\n00164| \n00165| // Proceed with mutation\n00166| // ...\n00167| }\n00168| ```\n00169| \n00170| ```js filename=\"app/actions/update-profile.js\" switcher\n00171| 'use server'\n00172| \n00173| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00174| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00175| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00176| \n00177| export async function updateProfile(data) {\n00178| const session = await verifySession()\n00179| \n00180| // If the user is not authenticated, return a 401\n00181| if (!session) {\n00182| unauthorized()\n00183| }\n00184| \n00185| // Proceed with mutation\n00186| // ...\n00187| }\n00188| ```\n00189| \n00190| ### Fetching data with Route Handlers\n00191| \n00192| You can use `unauthorized` in Route Handlers to ensure only authenticated users can access the endpoint.\n00193| \n00194| ```tsx filename=\"app/api/profile/route.ts\" switcher\n00195| import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'\n00196| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00197| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00198| \n00199| export async function GET(req: NextRequest): Promise {\n00200| // Verify the user's session\n00201| const session = await verifySession()\n00202| \n00203| // If no session exists, return a 401 and render unauthorized.tsx\n00204| if (!session) {\n00205| unauthorized()\n00206| }\n00207| \n00208| // Fetch data\n00209| // ...\n00210| }\n00211| ```\n00212| \n00213| ```jsx filename=\"app/api/profile/route.js\" switcher\n00214| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00215| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00216| \n00217| export async function GET() {\n00218| const session = await verifySession()\n00219| \n00220| // If the user is not authenticated, return a 401 and render unauthorized.tsx\n00221| if (!session) {\n00222| unauthorized()\n00223| }\n00224| \n00225| // Fetch data\n00226| // ...\n00227| }\n00228| ```\n00229| \n00230| ## Version History\n00231| \n00232| | Version | Changes |\n00233| | --------- | -------------------------- |\n00234| | `v15.1.0` | `unauthorized` introduced. |\n00235| \n\n(End of file - total 235 lines)\n ",
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: unauthorized\n00003| description: API Reference for the unauthorized function.\n00004| version: experimental\n00005| related:\n00006| links:\n00007| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n00008| ---\n00009| \n00010| The `unauthorized` function throws an error that renders a Next.js 401 error page. It's useful for handling authorization errors in your application. You can customize the UI using the [`unauthorized.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized).\n00011| \n00012| To start using `unauthorized`, enable the experimental [`authInterrupts`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/authInterrupts) configuration option in your `next.config.js` file:\n00013| \n00014| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00015| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00016| \n00017| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00018| experimental: {\n00019| authInterrupts: true,\n00020| },\n00021| }\n00022| \n00023| export default nextConfig\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00027| module.exports = {\n00028| experimental: {\n00029| authInterrupts: true,\n00030| },\n00031| }\n00032| ```\n00033| \n00034| `unauthorized` can be invoked in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), and [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00035| \n00036| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n00037| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00038| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00039| \n00040| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00041| const session = await verifySession()\n00042| \n00043| if (!session) {\n00044| unauthorized()\n00045| }\n00046| \n00047| // Render the dashboard for authenticated users\n00048| return (\n00049| \n00050| Welcome to the Dashboard \n00051| Hi, {session.user.name}.
\n00052| \n00053| )\n00054| }\n00055| ```\n00056| \n00057| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.js\" switcher\n00058| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00059| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00060| \n00061| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00062| const session = await verifySession()\n00063| \n00064| if (!session) {\n00065| unauthorized()\n00066| }\n00067| \n00068| // Render the dashboard for authenticated users\n00069| return (\n00070| \n00071| Welcome to the Dashboard \n00072| Hi, {session.user.name}.
\n00073| \n00074| )\n00075| }\n00076| ```\n00077| \n00078| ## Good to know\n00079| \n00080| - The `unauthorized` function cannot be called in the [root layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#root-layout).\n00081| \n00082| ## Examples\n00083| \n00084| ### Displaying login UI to unauthenticated users\n00085| \n00086| You can use `unauthorized` function to display the `unauthorized.js` file with a login UI.\n00087| \n00088| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n00089| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00090| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00091| \n00092| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00093| const session = await verifySession()\n00094| \n00095| if (!session) {\n00096| unauthorized()\n00097| }\n00098| \n00099| return Dashboard
\n00100| }\n00101| ```\n00102| \n00103| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.js\" switcher\n00104| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00105| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00106| \n00107| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n00108| const session = await verifySession()\n00109| \n00110| if (!session) {\n00111| unauthorized()\n00112| }\n00113| \n00114| return Dashboard
\n00115| }\n00116| ```\n00117| \n00118| ```tsx filename=\"app/unauthorized.tsx\" switcher\n00119| import Login from '@/app/components/Login'\n00120| \n00121| export default function UnauthorizedPage() {\n00122| return (\n00123| \n00124| 401 - Unauthorized \n00125| Please log in to access this page.
\n00126| \n00127| \n00128| )\n00129| }\n00130| ```\n00131| \n00132| ```jsx filename=\"app/unauthorized.js\" switcher\n00133| import Login from '@/app/components/Login'\n00134| \n00135| export default function UnauthorizedPage() {\n00136| return (\n00137| \n00138| 401 - Unauthorized \n00139| Please log in to access this page.
\n00140| \n00141| \n00142| )\n00143| }\n00144| ```\n00145| \n00146| ### Mutations with Server Actions\n00147| \n00148| You can invoke `unauthorized` in Server Actions to ensure only authenticated users can perform specific mutations.\n00149| \n00150| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/update-profile.ts\" switcher\n00151| 'use server'\n00152| \n00153| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00154| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00155| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00156| \n00157| export async function updateProfile(data: FormData) {\n00158| const session = await verifySession()\n00159| \n00160| // If the user is not authenticated, return a 401\n00161| if (!session) {\n00162| unauthorized()\n00163| }\n00164| \n00165| // Proceed with mutation\n00166| // ...\n00167| }\n00168| ```\n00169| \n00170| ```js filename=\"app/actions/update-profile.js\" switcher\n00171| 'use server'\n00172| \n00173| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00174| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00175| import db from '@/app/lib/db'\n00176| \n00177| export async function updateProfile(data) {\n00178| const session = await verifySession()\n00179| \n00180| // If the user is not authenticated, return a 401\n00181| if (!session) {\n00182| unauthorized()\n00183| }\n00184| \n00185| // Proceed with mutation\n00186| // ...\n00187| }\n00188| ```\n00189| \n00190| ### Fetching data with Route Handlers\n00191| \n00192| You can use `unauthorized` in Route Handlers to ensure only authenticated users can access the endpoint.\n00193| \n00194| ```tsx filename=\"app/api/profile/route.ts\" switcher\n00195| import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'\n00196| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00197| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00198| \n00199| export async function GET(req: NextRequest): Promise {\n00200| // Verify the user's session\n00201| const session = await verifySession()\n00202| \n00203| // If no session exists, return a 401 and render unauthorized.tsx\n00204| if (!session) {\n00205| unauthorized()\n00206| }\n00207| \n00208| // Fetch data\n00209| // ...\n00210| }\n00211| ```\n00212| \n00213| ```jsx filename=\"app/api/profile/route.js\" switcher\n00214| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n00215| import { unauthorized } from 'next/navigation'\n00216| \n00217| export async function GET() {\n00218| const session = await verifySession()\n00219| \n00220| // If the user is not authenticated, return a 401 and render unauthorized.tsx\n00221| if (!session) {\n00222| unauthorized()\n00223| }\n00224| \n00225| // Fetch data\n00226| // ...\n00227| }\n00228| ```\n00229| \n00230| ## Version History\n00231| \n00232| | Version | Changes |\n00233| | --------- | -------------------------- |\n00234| | `v15.1.0` | `unauthorized` introduced. |\n00235| \n\n(End of file - total 235 lines)\n ",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: unauthorized\ndescription: API Reference for the unauthorized function.\nversion: experimental\nrelated:\n links:\n - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n---\n\nThe `unauthorized` function throws an error that renders a Next.js 401 error page. It's useful for handling authorization errors in your application. You can customize the UI using the [`unauthorized.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized).\n\nTo start using `unauthorized`, enable the experimental [`authInterrupts`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/authInterrupts) configuration option in your `next.config.js` file:\n\n```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n experimental: {\n authInterrupts: true,\n },"
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: authInterrupts\n00003| description: Learn how to enable the experimental `authInterrupts` configuration option to use `forbidden` and `unauthorized`.\n00004| version: canary\n00005| related:\n00006| links:\n00007| - app/api-reference/functions/forbidden\n00008| - app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized\n00009| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden\n00010| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n00011| ---\n00012| \n00013| The `authInterrupts` configuration option allows you to use [`forbidden`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/forbidden) and [`unauthorized`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized) APIs in your application. While these functions are experimental, you must enable the `authInterrupts` option in your `next.config.js` file to use them:\n00014| \n00015| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00016| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00017| \n00018| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00019| experimental: {\n00020| authInterrupts: true,\n00021| },\n00022| }\n00023| \n00024| export default nextConfig\n00025| ```\n00026| \n00027| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00028| module.exports = {\n00029| experimental: {\n00030| authInterrupts: true,\n00031| },\n00032| }\n00033| ```\n00034| \n\n(End of file - total 34 lines)\n ",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: authInterrupts\ndescription: Learn how to enable the experimental `authInterrupts` configuration option to use `forbidden` and `unauthorized`.\nversion: canary\nrelated:\n links:\n - app/api-reference/functions/forbidden\n - app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized\n - app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden\n - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n---\n\nThe `authInterrupts` configuration option allows you to use [`forbidden`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/forbidden) and [`unauthorized`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized) APIs in your application. While these functions are experimental, you must enable the `authInterrupts` option in your `next.config.js` file to use them:\n\n```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n experimental: {\n authInterrupts: true,"
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: authInterrupts\n00003| description: Learn how to enable the experimental `authInterrupts` configuration option to use `forbidden` and `unauthorized`.\n00004| version: canary\n00005| related:\n00006| links:\n00007| - app/api-reference/functions/forbidden\n00008| - app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized\n00009| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden\n00010| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n00011| ---\n00012| \n00013| The `authInterrupts` configuration option allows you to use [`forbidden`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/forbidden) and [`unauthorized`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized) APIs in your application. While these functions are experimental, you must enable the `authInterrupts` option in your `next.config.js` file to use them:\n00014| \n00015| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00016| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00017| \n00018| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00019| experimental: {\n00020| authInterrupts: true,\n00021| },\n00022| }\n00023| \n00024| export default nextConfig\n00025| ```\n00026| \n00027| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00028| module.exports = {\n00029| experimental: {\n00030| authInterrupts: true,\n00031| },\n00032| }\n00033| ```\n00034| \n\n(End of file - total 34 lines)\n ",
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: authInterrupts\n00003| description: Learn how to enable the experimental `authInterrupts` configuration option to use `forbidden` and `unauthorized`.\n00004| version: canary\n00005| related:\n00006| links:\n00007| - app/api-reference/functions/forbidden\n00008| - app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized\n00009| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden\n00010| - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n00011| ---\n00012| \n00013| The `authInterrupts` configuration option allows you to use [`forbidden`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/forbidden) and [`unauthorized`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized) APIs in your application. While these functions are experimental, you must enable the `authInterrupts` option in your `next.config.js` file to use them:\n00014| \n00015| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00016| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00017| \n00018| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00019| experimental: {\n00020| authInterrupts: true,\n00021| },\n00022| }\n00023| \n00024| export default nextConfig\n00025| ```\n00026| \n00027| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00028| module.exports = {\n00029| experimental: {\n00030| authInterrupts: true,\n00031| },\n00032| }\n00033| ```\n00034| \n\n(End of file - total 34 lines)\n ",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: authInterrupts\ndescription: Learn how to enable the experimental `authInterrupts` configuration option to use `forbidden` and `unauthorized`.\nversion: canary\nrelated:\n links:\n - app/api-reference/functions/forbidden\n - app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized\n - app/api-reference/file-conventions/forbidden\n - app/api-reference/file-conventions/unauthorized\n---\n\nThe `authInterrupts` configuration option allows you to use [`forbidden`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/forbidden) and [`unauthorized`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unauthorized) APIs in your application. While these functions are experimental, you must enable the `authInterrupts` option in your `next.config.js` file to use them:\n\n```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n experimental: {\n authInterrupts: true,"
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\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to implement authentication in Next.js\n00003| nav_title: Authentication\n00004| description: Learn how to implement authentication in your Next.js application.\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| Understanding authentication is crucial for protecting your application's data. This page will guide you through what React and Next.js features to use to implement auth.\n00008| \n00009| Before starting, it helps to break down the process into three concepts:\n00010| \n00011| 1. **[Authentication](#authentication)**: Verifies if the user is who they say they are. It requires the user to prove their identity with something they have, such as a username and password.\n00012| 2. **[Session Management](#session-management)**: Tracks the user's auth state across requests.\n00013| 3. **[Authorization](#authorization)**: Decides what routes and data the user can access.\n00014| \n00015| This diagram shows the authentication flow using React and Next.js features:\n00016| \n00017| \n00024| \n00025| The examples on this page walk through basic username and password auth for educational purposes. While you can implement a custom auth solution, for increased security and simplicity, we recommend using an authentication library. These offer built-in solutions for authentication, session management, and authorization, as well as additional features such as social logins, multi-factor authentication, and role-based access control. You can find a list in the [Auth Libraries](#auth-libraries) section.\n00026| \n00027| ## Authentication\n00028| \n00029| \n00030| \n00031| ### Sign-up and login functionality\n00032| \n00033| You can use the [`\n00063| )\n00064| }\n00065| ```\n00066| \n00067| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/signup-form.js\" switcher\n00068| import { signup } from '@/app/actions/auth'\n00069| \n00070| export function SignupForm() {\n00071| return (\n00072| \n00087| )\n00088| }\n00089| ```\n00090| \n00091| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00092| export async function signup(formData: FormData) {}\n00093| ```\n00094| \n00095| ```jsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00096| export async function signup(formData) {}\n00097| ```\n00098| \n00099| #### 2. Validate form fields on the server\n00100| \n00101| Use the Server Action to validate the form fields on the server. If your authentication provider doesn't provide form validation, you can use a schema validation library like [Zod](https://zod.dev/) or [Yup](https://github.com/jquense/yup).\n00102| \n00103| Using Zod as an example, you can define a form schema with appropriate error messages:\n00104| \n00105| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/definitions.ts\" switcher\n00106| import * as z from 'zod'\n00107| \n00108| export const SignupFormSchema = z.object({\n00109| name: z\n00110| .string()\n00111| .min(2, { error: 'Name must be at least 2 characters long.' })\n00112| .trim(),\n00113| email: z.email({ error: 'Please enter a valid email.' }).trim(),\n00114| password: z\n00115| .string()\n00116| .min(8, { error: 'Be at least 8 characters long' })\n00117| .regex(/[a-zA-Z]/, { error: 'Contain at least one letter.' })\n00118| .regex(/[0-9]/, { error: 'Contain at least one number.' })\n00119| .regex(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/, {\n00120| error: 'Contain at least one special character.',\n00121| })\n00122| .trim(),\n00123| })\n00124| \n00125| export type FormState =\n00126| | {\n00127| errors?: {\n00128| name?: string[]\n00129| email?: string[]\n00130| password?: string[]\n00131| }\n00132| message?: string\n00133| }\n00134| | undefined\n00135| ```\n00136| \n00137| ```js filename=\"app/lib/definitions.js\" switcher\n00138| import * as z from 'zod'\n00139| \n00140| export const SignupFormSchema = z.object({\n00141| name: z\n00142| .string()\n00143| .min(2, { error: 'Name must be at least 2 characters long.' })\n00144| .trim(),\n00145| email: z.email({ error: 'Please enter a valid email.' }).trim(),\n00146| password: z\n00147| .string()\n00148| .min(8, { error: 'Be at least 8 characters long' })\n00149| .regex(/[a-zA-Z]/, { error: 'Contain at least one letter.' })\n00150| .regex(/[0-9]/, { error: 'Contain at least one number.' })\n00151| .regex(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/, {\n00152| error: 'Contain at least one special character.',\n00153| })\n00154| .trim(),\n00155| })\n00156| ```\n00157| \n00158| To prevent unnecessary calls to your authentication provider's API or database, you can `return` early in the Server Action if any form fields do not match the defined schema.\n00159| \n00160| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00161| import { SignupFormSchema, FormState } from '@/app/lib/definitions'\n00162| \n00163| export async function signup(state: FormState, formData: FormData) {\n00164| // Validate form fields\n00165| const validatedFields = SignupFormSchema.safeParse({\n00166| name: formData.get('name'),\n00167| email: formData.get('email'),\n00168| password: formData.get('password'),\n00169| })\n00170| \n00171| // If any form fields are invalid, return early\n00172| if (!validatedFields.success) {\n00173| return {\n00174| errors: validatedFields.error.flatten().fieldErrors,\n00175| }\n00176| }\n00177| \n00178| // Call the provider or db to create a user...\n00179| }\n00180| ```\n00181| \n00182| ```js filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00183| import { SignupFormSchema } from '@/app/lib/definitions'\n00184| \n00185| export async function signup(state, formData) {\n00186| // Validate form fields\n00187| const validatedFields = SignupFormSchema.safeParse({\n00188| name: formData.get('name'),\n00189| email: formData.get('email'),\n00190| password: formData.get('password'),\n00191| })\n00192| \n00193| // If any form fields are invalid, return early\n00194| if (!validatedFields.success) {\n00195| return {\n00196| errors: validatedFields.error.flatten().fieldErrors,\n00197| }\n00198| }\n00199| \n00200| // Call the provider or db to create a user...\n00201| }\n00202| ```\n00203| \n00204| Back in your ` `, you can use React's `useActionState` hook to display validation errors while the form is submitting:\n00205| \n00206| ```tsx filename=\"app/ui/signup-form.tsx\" switcher highlight={7,15,21,27-36}\n00207| 'use client'\n00208| \n00209| import { signup } from '@/app/actions/auth'\n00210| import { useActionState } from 'react'\n00211| \n00212| export default function SignupForm() {\n00213| const [state, action, pending] = useActionState(signup, undefined)\n00214| \n00215| return (\n00216| \n00247| )\n00248| }\n00249| ```\n00250| \n00251| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/signup-form.js\" switcher highlight={7,15,21,27-36}\n00252| 'use client'\n00253| \n00254| import { signup } from '@/app/actions/auth'\n00255| import { useActionState } from 'react'\n00256| \n00257| export default function SignupForm() {\n00258| const [state, action, pending] = useActionState(signup, undefined)\n00259| \n00260| return (\n00261| \n00292| )\n00293| }\n00294| ```\n00295| \n00296| > **Good to know:**\n00297| >\n00298| > - In React 19, `useFormStatus` includes additional keys on the returned object, like data, method, and action. If you are not using React 19, only the `pending` key is available.\n00299| > - Before mutating data, you should always ensure a user is also authorized to perform the action. See [Authentication and Authorization](#authorization).\n00300| \n00301| #### 3. Create a user or check user credentials\n00302| \n00303| After validating form fields, you can create a new user account or check if the user exists by calling your authentication provider's API or database.\n00304| \n00305| Continuing from the previous example:\n00306| \n00307| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.tsx\" switcher\n00308| export async function signup(state: FormState, formData: FormData) {\n00309| // 1. Validate form fields\n00310| // ...\n00311| \n00312| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00313| const { name, email, password } = validatedFields.data\n00314| // e.g. Hash the user's password before storing it\n00315| const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(password, 10)\n00316| \n00317| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Auth Library's API\n00318| const data = await db\n00319| .insert(users)\n00320| .values({\n00321| name,\n00322| email,\n00323| password: hashedPassword,\n00324| })\n00325| .returning({ id: users.id })\n00326| \n00327| const user = data[0]\n00328| \n00329| if (!user) {\n00330| return {\n00331| message: 'An error occurred while creating your account.',\n00332| }\n00333| }\n00334| \n00335| // TODO:\n00336| // 4. Create user session\n00337| // 5. Redirect user\n00338| }\n00339| ```\n00340| \n00341| ```jsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00342| export async function signup(state, formData) {\n00343| // 1. Validate form fields\n00344| // ...\n00345| \n00346| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00347| const { name, email, password } = validatedFields.data\n00348| // e.g. Hash the user's password before storing it\n00349| const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(password, 10)\n00350| \n00351| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Library API\n00352| const data = await db\n00353| .insert(users)\n00354| .values({\n00355| name,\n00356| email,\n00357| password: hashedPassword,\n00358| })\n00359| .returning({ id: users.id })\n00360| \n00361| const user = data[0]\n00362| \n00363| if (!user) {\n00364| return {\n00365| message: 'An error occurred while creating your account.',\n00366| }\n00367| }\n00368| \n00369| // TODO:\n00370| // 4. Create user session\n00371| // 5. Redirect user\n00372| }\n00373| ```\n00374| \n00375| After successfully creating the user account or verifying the user credentials, you can create a session to manage the user's auth state. Depending on your session management strategy, the session can be stored in a cookie or database, or both. Continue to the [Session Management](#session-management) section to learn more.\n00376| \n00377| > **Tips:**\n00378| >\n00379| > - The example above is verbose since it breaks down the authentication steps for the purpose of education. This highlights that implementing your own secure solution can quickly become complex. Consider using an [Auth Library](#auth-libraries) to simplify the process.\n00380| > - To improve the user experience, you may want to check for duplicate emails or usernames earlier in the registration flow. For example, as the user types in a username or the input field loses focus. This can help prevent unnecessary form submissions and provide immediate feedback to the user. You can debounce requests with libraries such as [use-debounce](https://www.npmjs.com/package/use-debounce) to manage the frequency of these checks.\n00381| \n00382| \n00383| \n00384| \n00385| \n00386| Here are the steps to implement a sign-up and/or login form:\n00387| \n00388| 1. The user submits their credentials through a form.\n00389| 2. The form sends a request that is handled by an API route.\n00390| 3. Upon successful verification, the process is completed, indicating the user's successful authentication.\n00391| 4. If verification is unsuccessful, an error message is shown.\n00392| \n00393| Consider a login form where users can input their credentials:\n00394| \n00395| ```tsx filename=\"pages/login.tsx\" switcher\n00396| import { FormEvent } from 'react'\n00397| import { useRouter } from 'next/router'\n00398| \n00399| export default function LoginPage() {\n00400| const router = useRouter()\n00401| \n00402| async function handleSubmit(event: FormEvent) {\n00403| event.preventDefault()\n00404| \n00405| const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget)\n00406| const email = formData.get('email')\n00407| const password = formData.get('password')\n00408| \n00409| const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {\n00410| method: 'POST',\n00411| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00412| body: JSON.stringify({ email, password }),\n00413| })\n00414| \n00415| if (response.ok) {\n00416| router.push('/profile')\n00417| } else {\n00418| // Handle errors\n00419| }\n00420| }\n00421| \n00422| return (\n00423| \n00428| )\n00429| }\n00430| ```\n00431| \n00432| ```jsx filename=\"pages/login.jsx\" switcher\n00433| import { FormEvent } from 'react'\n00434| import { useRouter } from 'next/router'\n00435| \n00436| export default function LoginPage() {\n00437| const router = useRouter()\n00438| \n00439| async function handleSubmit(event) {\n00440| event.preventDefault()\n00441| \n00442| const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget)\n00443| const email = formData.get('email')\n00444| const password = formData.get('password')\n00445| \n00446| const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {\n00447| method: 'POST',\n00448| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00449| body: JSON.stringify({ email, password }),\n00450| })\n00451| \n00452| if (response.ok) {\n00453| router.push('/profile')\n00454| } else {\n00455| // Handle errors\n00456| }\n00457| }\n00458| \n00459| return (\n00460| \n00465| )\n00466| }\n00467| ```\n00468| \n00469| The form above has two input fields for capturing the user's email and password. On submission, it triggers a function that sends a POST request to an API route (`/api/auth/login`).\n00470| \n00471| You can then call your Authentication Provider's API in the API route to handle authentication:\n00472| \n00473| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/auth/login.ts\" switcher\n00474| import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n00475| import { signIn } from '@/auth'\n00476| \n00477| export default async function handler(\n00478| req: NextApiRequest,\n00479| res: NextApiResponse\n00480| ) {\n00481| try {\n00482| const { email, password } = req.body\n00483| await signIn('credentials', { email, password })\n00484| \n00485| res.status(200).json({ success: true })\n00486| } catch (error) {\n00487| if (error.type === 'CredentialsSignin') {\n00488| res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials.' })\n00489| } else {\n00490| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Something went wrong.' })\n00491| }\n00492| }\n00493| }\n00494| ```\n00495| \n00496| ```js filename=\"pages/api/auth/login.js\" switcher\n00497| import { signIn } from '@/auth'\n00498| \n00499| export default async function handler(req, res) {\n00500| try {\n00501| const { email, password } = req.body\n00502| await signIn('credentials', { email, password })\n00503| \n00504| res.status(200).json({ success: true })\n00505| } catch (error) {\n00506| if (error.type === 'CredentialsSignin') {\n00507| res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials.' })\n00508| } else {\n00509| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Something went wrong.' })\n00510| }\n00511| }\n00512| }\n00513| ```\n00514| \n00515| \n00516| \n00517| ## Session Management\n00518| \n00519| Session management ensures that the user's authenticated state is preserved across requests. It involves creating, storing, refreshing, and deleting sessions or tokens.\n00520| \n00521| There are two types of sessions:\n00522| \n00523| 1. [**Stateless**](#stateless-sessions): Session data (or a token) is stored in the browser's cookies. The cookie is sent with each request, allowing the session to be verified on the server. This method is simpler, but can be less secure if not implemented correctly.\n00524| 2. [**Database**](#database-sessions): Session data is stored in a database, with the user's browser only receiving the encrypted session ID. This method is more secure, but can be complex and use more server resources.\n00525| \n00526| > **Good to know:** While you can use either method, or both, we recommend using a session management library such as [iron-session](https://github.com/vvo/iron-session) or [Jose](https://github.com/panva/jose).\n00527| \n00528| ### Stateless Sessions\n00529| \n00530| \n00531| \n00532| To create and manage stateless sessions, there are a few steps you need to follow:\n00533| \n00534| 1. Generate a secret key, which will be used to sign your session, and store it as an [environment variable](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables).\n00535| 2. Write logic to encrypt/decrypt session data using a session management library.\n00536| 3. Manage cookies using the Next.js [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) API.\n00537| \n00538| In addition to the above, consider adding functionality to [update (or refresh)](#updating-or-refreshing-sessions) the session when the user returns to the application, and [delete](#deleting-the-session) the session when the user logs out.\n00539| \n00540| > **Good to know:** Check if your [auth library](#auth-libraries) includes session management.\n00541| \n00542| #### 1. Generating a secret key\n00543| \n00544| There are a few ways you can generate secret key to sign your session. For example, you may choose to use the `openssl` command in your terminal:\n00545| \n00546| ```bash filename=\"terminal\"\n00547| openssl rand -base64 32\n00548| ```\n00549| \n00550| This command generates a 32-character random string that you can use as your secret key and store in your [environment variables file](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables):\n00551| \n00552| ```bash filename=\".env\"\n00553| SESSION_SECRET=your_secret_key\n00554| ```\n00555| \n00556| You can then reference this key in your session management logic:\n00557| \n00558| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\"\n00559| const secretKey = process.env.SESSION_SECRET\n00560| ```\n00561| \n00562| #### 2. Encrypting and decrypting sessions\n00563| \n00564| Next, you can use your preferred [session management library](#session-management-libraries) to encrypt and decrypt sessions. Continuing from the previous example, we'll use [Jose](https://www.npmjs.com/package/jose) and React's [`server-only`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/server-only) package to ensure that your session management logic is only executed on the server.\n00565| \n00566| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00567| import 'server-only'\n00568| import { SignJWT, jwtVerify } from 'jose'\n00569| import { SessionPayload } from '@/app/lib/definitions'\n00570| \n00571| const secretKey = process.env.SESSION_SECRET\n00572| const encodedKey = new TextEncoder().encode(secretKey)\n00573| \n00574| export async function encrypt(payload: SessionPayload) {\n00575| return new SignJWT(payload)\n00576| .setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'HS256' })\n00577| .setIssuedAt()\n00578| .setExpirationTime('7d')\n00579| .sign(encodedKey)\n00580| }\n00581| \n00582| export async function decrypt(session: string | undefined = '') {\n00583| try {\n00584| const { payload } = await jwtVerify(session, encodedKey, {\n00585| algorithms: ['HS256'],\n00586| })\n00587| return payload\n00588| } catch (error) {\n00589| console.log('Failed to verify session')\n00590| }\n00591| }\n00592| ```\n00593| \n00594| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00595| import 'server-only'\n00596| import { SignJWT, jwtVerify } from 'jose'\n00597| \n00598| const secretKey = process.env.SESSION_SECRET\n00599| const encodedKey = new TextEncoder().encode(secretKey)\n00600| \n00601| export async function encrypt(payload) {\n00602| return new SignJWT(payload)\n00603| .setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'HS256' })\n00604| .setIssuedAt()\n00605| .setExpirationTime('7d')\n00606| .sign(encodedKey)\n00607| }\n00608| \n00609| export async function decrypt(session) {\n00610| try {\n00611| const { payload } = await jwtVerify(session, encodedKey, {\n00612| algorithms: ['HS256'],\n00613| })\n00614| return payload\n00615| } catch (error) {\n00616| console.log('Failed to verify session')\n00617| }\n00618| }\n00619| ```\n00620| \n00621| > **Tips**:\n00622| >\n00623| > - The payload should contain the **minimum**, unique user data that'll be used in subsequent requests, such as the user's ID, role, etc. It should not contain personally identifiable information like phone number, email address, credit card information, etc, or sensitive data like passwords.\n00624| \n00625| #### 3. Setting cookies (recommended options)\n00626| \n00627| To store the session in a cookie, use the Next.js [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) API. The cookie should be set on the server, and include the recommended options:\n00628| \n00629| - **HttpOnly**: Prevents client-side JavaScript from accessing the cookie.\n00630| - **Secure**: Use https to send the cookie.\n00631| - **SameSite**: Specify whether the cookie can be sent with cross-site requests.\n00632| - **Max-Age or Expires**: Delete the cookie after a certain period.\n00633| - **Path**: Define the URL path for the cookie.\n00634| \n00635| Please refer to [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies) for more information on each of these options.\n00636| \n00637| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00638| import 'server-only'\n00639| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00640| \n00641| export async function createSession(userId: string) {\n00642| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00643| const session = await encrypt({ userId, expiresAt })\n00644| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00645| \n00646| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00647| httpOnly: true,\n00648| secure: true,\n00649| expires: expiresAt,\n00650| sameSite: 'lax',\n00651| path: '/',\n00652| })\n00653| }\n00654| ```\n00655| \n00656| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00657| import 'server-only'\n00658| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00659| \n00660| export async function createSession(userId) {\n00661| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00662| const session = await encrypt({ userId, expiresAt })\n00663| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00664| \n00665| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00666| httpOnly: true,\n00667| secure: true,\n00668| expires: expiresAt,\n00669| sameSite: 'lax',\n00670| path: '/',\n00671| })\n00672| }\n00673| ```\n00674| \n00675| Back in your Server Action, you can invoke the `createSession()` function, and use the [`redirect()`](/docs/app/guides/redirecting) API to redirect the user to the appropriate page:\n00676| \n00677| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00678| import { createSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00679| \n00680| export async function signup(state: FormState, formData: FormData) {\n00681| // Previous steps:\n00682| // 1. Validate form fields\n00683| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00684| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Library API\n00685| \n00686| // Current steps:\n00687| // 4. Create user session\n00688| await createSession(user.id)\n00689| // 5. Redirect user\n00690| redirect('/profile')\n00691| }\n00692| ```\n00693| \n00694| ```js filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00695| import { createSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00696| \n00697| export async function signup(state, formData) {\n00698| // Previous steps:\n00699| // 1. Validate form fields\n00700| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00701| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Library API\n00702| \n00703| // Current steps:\n00704| // 4. Create user session\n00705| await createSession(user.id)\n00706| // 5. Redirect user\n00707| redirect('/profile')\n00708| }\n00709| ```\n00710| \n00711| > **Tips**:\n00712| >\n00713| > - **Cookies should be set on the server** to prevent client-side tampering.\n00714| > - 🎥 Watch: Learn more about stateless sessions and authentication with Next.js → [YouTube (11 minutes)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJvM2lSPn6w).\n00715| \n00716| #### Updating (or refreshing) sessions\n00717| \n00718| You can also extend the session's expiration time. This is useful for keeping the user logged in after they access the application again. For example:\n00719| \n00720| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00721| import 'server-only'\n00722| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00723| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00724| \n00725| export async function updateSession() {\n00726| const session = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n00727| const payload = await decrypt(session)\n00728| \n00729| if (!session || !payload) {\n00730| return null\n00731| }\n00732| \n00733| const expires = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00734| \n00735| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00736| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00737| httpOnly: true,\n00738| secure: true,\n00739| expires: expires,\n00740| sameSite: 'lax',\n00741| path: '/',\n00742| })\n00743| }\n00744| ```\n00745| \n00746| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00747| import 'server-only'\n00748| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00749| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00750| \n00751| export async function updateSession() {\n00752| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00753| const session = cookieStore.get('session')?.value\n00754| const payload = await decrypt(session)\n00755| \n00756| if (!session || !payload) {\n00757| return null\n00758| }\n00759| \n00760| const expires = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00761| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00762| httpOnly: true,\n00763| secure: true,\n00764| expires: expires,\n00765| sameSite: 'lax',\n00766| path: '/',\n00767| })\n00768| }\n00769| ```\n00770| \n00771| > **Tip:** Check if your auth library supports refresh tokens, which can be used to extend the user's session.\n00772| \n00773| #### Deleting the session\n00774| \n00775| To delete the session, you can delete the cookie:\n00776| \n00777| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00778| import 'server-only'\n00779| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00780| \n00781| export async function deleteSession() {\n00782| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00783| cookieStore.delete('session')\n00784| }\n00785| ```\n00786| \n00787| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00788| import 'server-only'\n00789| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00790| \n00791| export async function deleteSession() {\n00792| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00793| cookieStore.delete('session')\n00794| }\n00795| ```\n00796| \n00797| Then you can reuse the `deleteSession()` function in your application, for example, on logout:\n00798| \n00799| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00800| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00801| import { deleteSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00802| \n00803| export async function logout() {\n00804| await deleteSession()\n00805| redirect('/login')\n00806| }\n00807| ```\n00808| \n00809| ```js filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00810| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00811| import { deleteSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00812| \n00813| export async function logout() {\n00814| await deleteSession()\n00815| redirect('/login')\n00816| }\n00817| ```\n00818| \n00819| \n00820| \n00821| \n00822| \n00823| #### Setting and deleting cookies\n00824| \n00825| You can use [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) to set the session as a cookie on the server:\n00826| \n00827| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/login.ts\" switcher\n00828| import { serialize } from 'cookie'\n00829| import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n00830| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00831| \n00832| export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) {\n00833| const sessionData = req.body\n00834| const encryptedSessionData = encrypt(sessionData)\n00835| \n00836| const cookie = serialize('session', encryptedSessionData, {\n00837| httpOnly: true,\n00838| secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',\n00839| maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // One week\n00840| path: '/',\n00841| })\n00842| res.setHeader('Set-Cookie', cookie)\n00843| res.status(200).json({ message: 'Successfully set cookie!' })\n00844| }\n00845| ```\n00846| \n00847| ```js filename=\"pages/api/login.js\" switcher\n00848| import { serialize } from 'cookie'\n00849| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00850| \n00851| export default function handler(req, res) {\n00852| const sessionData = req.body\n00853| const encryptedSessionData = encrypt(sessionData)\n00854| \n00855| const cookie = serialize('session', encryptedSessionData, {\n00856| httpOnly: true,\n00857| secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',\n00858| maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // One week\n00859| path: '/',\n00860| })\n00861| res.setHeader('Set-Cookie', cookie)\n00862| res.status(200).json({ message: 'Successfully set cookie!' })\n00863| }\n00864| ```\n00865| \n00866| \n00867| \n00868| ### Database Sessions\n00869| \n00870| To create and manage database sessions, you'll need to follow these steps:\n00871| \n00872| 1. Create a table in your database to store session and data (or check if your Auth Library handles this).\n00873| 2. Implement functionality to insert, update, and delete sessions\n00874| 3. Encrypt the session ID before storing it in the user's browser, and ensure the database and cookie stay in sync (this is optional, but recommended for optimistic auth checks in [Proxy](#optimistic-checks-with-proxy-optional)).\n00875| \n00876| \n00877| \n00878| For example:\n00879| \n00880| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00881| import cookies from 'next/headers'\n00882| import { db } from '@/app/lib/db'\n00883| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00884| \n00885| export async function createSession(id: number) {\n00886| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00887| \n00888| // 1. Create a session in the database\n00889| const data = await db\n00890| .insert(sessions)\n00891| .values({\n00892| userId: id,\n00893| expiresAt,\n00894| })\n00895| // Return the session ID\n00896| .returning({ id: sessions.id })\n00897| \n00898| const sessionId = data[0].id\n00899| \n00900| // 2. Encrypt the session ID\n00901| const session = await encrypt({ sessionId, expiresAt })\n00902| \n00903| // 3. Store the session in cookies for optimistic auth checks\n00904| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00905| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00906| httpOnly: true,\n00907| secure: true,\n00908| expires: expiresAt,\n00909| sameSite: 'lax',\n00910| path: '/',\n00911| })\n00912| }\n00913| ```\n00914| \n00915| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00916| import cookies from 'next/headers'\n00917| import { db } from '@/app/lib/db'\n00918| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00919| \n00920| export async function createSession(id) {\n00921| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00922| \n00923| // 1. Create a session in the database\n00924| const data = await db\n00925| .insert(sessions)\n00926| .values({\n00927| userId: id,\n00928| expiresAt,\n00929| })\n00930| // Return the session ID\n00931| .returning({ id: sessions.id })\n00932| \n00933| const sessionId = data[0].id\n00934| \n00935| // 2. Encrypt the session ID\n00936| const session = await encrypt({ sessionId, expiresAt })\n00937| \n00938| // 3. Store the session in cookies for optimistic auth checks\n00939| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00940| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00941| httpOnly: true,\n00942| secure: true,\n00943| expires: expiresAt,\n00944| sameSite: 'lax',\n00945| path: '/',\n00946| })\n00947| }\n00948| ```\n00949| \n00950| > **Tips**:\n00951| >\n00952| > - For faster access, you may consider adding server caching for the lifetime of the session. You can also keep the session data in your primary database, and combine data requests to reduce the number of queries.\n00953| > - You may opt to use database sessions for more advanced use cases, such as keeping track of the last time a user logged in, or number of active devices, or give users the ability to log out of all devices.\n00954| \n00955| After implementing session management, you'll need to add authorization logic to control what users can access and do within your application. Continue to the [Authorization](#authorization) section to learn more.\n00956| \n00957| \n00958| \n00959| \n00960| \n00961| **Creating a Session on the Server**:\n00962| \n00963| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/create-session.ts\" switcher\n00964| import db from '../../lib/db'\n00965| import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n00966| \n00967| export default async function handler(\n00968| req: NextApiRequest,\n00969| res: NextApiResponse\n00970| ) {\n00971| try {\n00972| const user = req.body\n00973| const sessionId = generateSessionId()\n00974| await db.insertSession({\n00975| sessionId,\n00976| userId: user.id,\n00977| createdAt: new Date(),\n00978| })\n00979| \n00980| res.status(200).json({ sessionId })\n00981| } catch (error) {\n00982| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' })\n00983| }\n00984| }\n00985| ```\n00986| \n00987| ```js filename=\"pages/api/create-session.js\" switcher\n00988| import db from '../../lib/db'\n00989| \n00990| export default async function handler(req, res) {\n00991| try {\n00992| const user = req.body\n00993| const sessionId = generateSessionId()\n00994| await db.insertSession({\n00995| sessionId,\n00996| userId: user.id,\n00997| createdAt: new Date(),\n00998| })\n00999| \n01000| res.status(200).json({ sessionId })\n01001| } catch (error) {\n01002| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' })\n01003| }\n01004| }\n01005| ```\n01006| \n01007| \n01008| \n01009| ## Authorization\n01010| \n01011| Once a user is authenticated and a session is created, you can implement authorization to control what the user can access and do within your application.\n01012| \n01013| There are two main types of authorization checks:\n01014| \n01015| 1. **Optimistic**: Checks if the user is authorized to access a route or perform an action using the session data stored in the cookie. These checks are useful for quick operations, such as showing/hiding UI elements or redirecting users based on permissions or roles.\n01016| 2. **Secure**: Checks if the user is authorized to access a route or perform an action using the session data stored in the database. These checks are more secure and are used for operations that require access to sensitive data or actions.\n01017| \n01018| For both cases, we recommend:\n01019| \n01020| - Creating a [Data Access Layer](#creating-a-data-access-layer-dal) to centralize your authorization logic\n01021| - Using [Data Transfer Objects (DTO)](#using-data-transfer-objects-dto) to only return the necessary data\n01022| - Optionally use [Proxy](#optimistic-checks-with-proxy-optional) to perform optimistic checks.\n01023| \n01024| ### Optimistic checks with Proxy (Optional)\n01025| \n01026| There are some cases where you may want to use [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy) and redirect users based on permissions:\n01027| \n01028| - To perform optimistic checks. Since Proxy runs on every route, it's a good way to centralize redirect logic and pre-filter unauthorized users.\n01029| - To protect static routes that share data between users (e.g. content behind a paywall).\n01030| \n01031| However, since Proxy runs on every route, including [prefetched](/docs/app/getting-started/linking-and-navigating#prefetching) routes, it's important to only read the session from the cookie (optimistic checks), and avoid database checks to prevent performance issues.\n01032| \n01033| For example:\n01034| \n01035| ```tsx filename=\"proxy.ts\" switcher\n01036| import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'\n01037| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01038| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01039| \n01040| // 1. Specify protected and public routes\n01041| const protectedRoutes = ['/dashboard']\n01042| const publicRoutes = ['/login', '/signup', '/']\n01043| \n01044| export default async function proxy(req: NextRequest) {\n01045| // 2. Check if the current route is protected or public\n01046| const path = req.nextUrl.pathname\n01047| const isProtectedRoute = protectedRoutes.includes(path)\n01048| const isPublicRoute = publicRoutes.includes(path)\n01049| \n01050| // 3. Decrypt the session from the cookie\n01051| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01052| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01053| \n01054| // 4. Redirect to /login if the user is not authenticated\n01055| if (isProtectedRoute && !session?.userId) {\n01056| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', req.nextUrl))\n01057| }\n01058| \n01059| // 5. Redirect to /dashboard if the user is authenticated\n01060| if (\n01061| isPublicRoute &&\n01062| session?.userId &&\n01063| !req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')\n01064| ) {\n01065| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', req.nextUrl))\n01066| }\n01067| \n01068| return NextResponse.next()\n01069| }\n01070| \n01071| // Routes Proxy should not run on\n01072| export const config = {\n01073| matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|.*\\\\.png$).*)'],\n01074| }\n01075| ```\n01076| \n01077| ```js filename=\"proxy.js\" switcher\n01078| import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'\n01079| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01080| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01081| \n01082| // 1. Specify protected and public routes\n01083| const protectedRoutes = ['/dashboard']\n01084| const publicRoutes = ['/login', '/signup', '/']\n01085| \n01086| export default async function proxy(req) {\n01087| // 2. Check if the current route is protected or public\n01088| const path = req.nextUrl.pathname\n01089| const isProtectedRoute = protectedRoutes.includes(path)\n01090| const isPublicRoute = publicRoutes.includes(path)\n01091| \n01092| // 3. Decrypt the session from the cookie\n01093| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01094| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01095| \n01096| // 5. Redirect to /login if the user is not authenticated\n01097| if (isProtectedRoute && !session?.userId) {\n01098| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', req.nextUrl))\n01099| }\n01100| \n01101| // 6. Redirect to /dashboard if the user is authenticated\n01102| if (\n01103| isPublicRoute &&\n01104| session?.userId &&\n01105| !req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')\n01106| ) {\n01107| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', req.nextUrl))\n01108| }\n01109| \n01110| return NextResponse.next()\n01111| }\n01112| \n01113| // Routes Proxy should not run on\n01114| export const config = {\n01115| matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|.*\\\\.png$).*)'],\n01116| }\n01117| ```\n01118| \n01119| While Proxy can be useful for initial checks, it should not be your only line of defense in protecting your data. The majority of security checks should be performed as close as possible to your data source, see [Data Access Layer](#creating-a-data-access-layer-dal) for more information.\n01120| \n01121| > **Tips**:\n01122| >\n01123| > - In Proxy, you can also read cookies using `req.cookies.get('session')?.value`.\n01124| > - Proxy uses the Node.js runtime, check if your Auth library and session management library are compatible.\n01125| > - You can use the `matcher` property in the Proxy to specify which routes Proxy should run on. Although, for auth, it's recommended Proxy runs on all routes.\n01126| \n01127| \n01128| \n01129| ### Creating a Data Access Layer (DAL)\n01130| \n01131| We recommend creating a DAL to centralize your data requests and authorization logic.\n01132| \n01133| The DAL should include a function that verifies the user's session as they interact with your application. At the very least, the function should check if the session is valid, then redirect or return the user information needed to make further requests.\n01134| \n01135| For example, create a separate file for your DAL that includes a `verifySession()` function. Then use React's [cache](https://react.dev/reference/react/cache) API to memoize the return value of the function during a React render pass:\n01136| \n01137| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/dal.ts\" switcher\n01138| import 'server-only'\n01139| \n01140| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01141| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01142| \n01143| export const verifySession = cache(async () => {\n01144| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01145| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01146| \n01147| if (!session?.userId) {\n01148| redirect('/login')\n01149| }\n01150| \n01151| return { isAuth: true, userId: session.userId }\n01152| })\n01153| ```\n01154| \n01155| ```js filename=\"app/lib/dal.js\" switcher\n01156| import 'server-only'\n01157| \n01158| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01159| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01160| \n01161| export const verifySession = cache(async () => {\n01162| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01163| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01164| \n01165| if (!session.userId) {\n01166| redirect('/login')\n01167| }\n01168| \n01169| return { isAuth: true, userId: session.userId }\n01170| })\n01171| ```\n01172| \n01173| You can then invoke the `verifySession()` function in your data requests, Server Actions, Route Handlers:\n01174| \n01175| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/dal.ts\" switcher\n01176| export const getUser = cache(async () => {\n01177| const session = await verifySession()\n01178| if (!session) return null\n01179| \n01180| try {\n01181| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01182| where: eq(users.id, session.userId),\n01183| // Explicitly return the columns you need rather than the whole user object\n01184| columns: {\n01185| id: true,\n01186| name: true,\n01187| email: true,\n01188| },\n01189| })\n01190| \n01191| const user = data[0]\n01192| \n01193| return user\n01194| } catch (error) {\n01195| console.log('Failed to fetch user')\n01196| return null\n01197| }\n01198| })\n01199| ```\n01200| \n01201| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/dal.js\" switcher\n01202| export const getUser = cache(async () => {\n01203| const session = await verifySession()\n01204| if (!session) return null\n01205| \n01206| try {\n01207| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01208| where: eq(users.id, session.userId),\n01209| // Explicitly return the columns you need rather than the whole user object\n01210| columns: {\n01211| id: true,\n01212| name: true,\n01213| email: true,\n01214| },\n01215| })\n01216| \n01217| const user = data[0]\n01218| \n01219| return user\n01220| } catch (error) {\n01221| console.log('Failed to fetch user')\n01222| return null\n01223| }\n01224| })\n01225| ```\n01226| \n01227| > **Tip**:\n01228| >\n01229| > - A DAL can be used to protect data fetched at request time. However, for static routes that share data between users, data will be fetched at build time and not at request time. Use [Proxy](#optimistic-checks-with-proxy-optional) to protect static routes.\n01230| > - For secure checks, you can check if the session is valid by comparing the session ID with your database. Use React's [cache](https://react.dev/reference/react/cache) function to avoid unnecessary duplicate requests to the database during a render pass.\n01231| > - You may wish to consolidate related data requests in a JavaScript class that runs `verifySession()` before any methods.\n01232| \n01233| ### Using Data Transfer Objects (DTO)\n01234| \n01235| When retrieving data, it's recommended you return only the necessary data that will be used in your application, and not entire objects. For example, if you're fetching user data, you might only return the user's ID and name, rather than the entire user object which could contain passwords, phone numbers, etc.\n01236| \n01237| However, if you have no control over the returned data structure, or are working in a team where you want to avoid whole objects being passed to the client, you can use strategies such as specifying what fields are safe to be exposed to the client.\n01238| \n01239| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/dto.ts\" switcher\n01240| import 'server-only'\n01241| import { getUser } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01242| \n01243| function canSeeUsername(viewer: User) {\n01244| return true\n01245| }\n01246| \n01247| function canSeePhoneNumber(viewer: User, team: string) {\n01248| return viewer.isAdmin || team === viewer.team\n01249| }\n01250| \n01251| export async function getProfileDTO(slug: string) {\n01252| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01253| where: eq(users.slug, slug),\n01254| // Return specific columns here\n01255| })\n01256| const user = data[0]\n01257| \n01258| const currentUser = await getUser(user.id)\n01259| \n01260| // Or return only what's specific to the query here\n01261| return {\n01262| username: canSeeUsername(currentUser) ? user.username : null,\n01263| phonenumber: canSeePhoneNumber(currentUser, user.team)\n01264| ? user.phonenumber\n01265| : null,\n01266| }\n01267| }\n01268| ```\n01269| \n01270| ```js filename=\"app/lib/dto.js\" switcher\n01271| import 'server-only'\n01272| import { getUser } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01273| \n01274| function canSeeUsername(viewer) {\n01275| return true\n01276| }\n01277| \n01278| function canSeePhoneNumber(viewer, team) {\n01279| return viewer.isAdmin || team === viewer.team\n01280| }\n01281| \n01282| export async function getProfileDTO(slug) {\n01283| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01284| where: eq(users.slug, slug),\n01285| // Return specific columns here\n01286| })\n01287| const user = data[0]\n01288| \n01289| const currentUser = await getUser(user.id)\n01290| \n01291| // Or return only what's specific to the query here\n01292| return {\n01293| username: canSeeUsername(currentUser) ? user.username : null,\n01294| phonenumber: canSeePhoneNumber(currentUser, user.team)\n01295| ? user.phonenumber\n01296| : null,\n01297| }\n01298| }\n01299| ```\n01300| \n01301| By centralizing your data requests and authorization logic in a DAL and using DTOs, you can ensure that all data requests are secure and consistent, making it easier to maintain, audit, and debug as your application scales.\n01302| \n01303| > **Good to know**:\n01304| >\n01305| > - There are a couple of different ways you can define a DTO, from using `toJSON()`, to individual functions like the example above, or JS classes. Since these are JavaScript patterns and not a React or Next.js feature, we recommend doing some research to find the best pattern for your application.\n01306| > - Learn more about security best practices in our [Security in Next.js article](/blog/security-nextjs-server-components-actions).\n01307| \n01308| ### Server Components\n01309| \n01310| Auth check in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) are useful for role-based access. For example, to conditionally render components based on the user's role:\n01311| \n01312| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n01313| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01314| \n01315| export default async function Dashboard() {\n01316| const session = await verifySession()\n01317| const userRole = session?.user?.role // Assuming 'role' is part of the session object\n01318| \n01319| if (userRole === 'admin') {\n01320| return \n01321| } else if (userRole === 'user') {\n01322| return \n01323| } else {\n01324| redirect('/login')\n01325| }\n01326| }\n01327| ```\n01328| \n01329| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.jsx\" switcher\n01330| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01331| \n01332| export default async function Dashboard() {\n01333| const session = await verifySession()\n01334| const userRole = session?.user?.role // Assuming 'role' is part of the session object\n01335| \n01336| if (userRole === 'admin') {\n01337| return \n01338| } else if (userRole === 'user') {\n01339| return \n01340| } else {\n01341| redirect('/login')\n01342| }\n01343| }\n01344| ```\n01345| \n01346| In the example, we use the `verifySession()` function from our DAL to check for 'admin', 'user', and unauthorized roles. This pattern ensures that each user interacts only with components appropriate to their role.\n01347| \n01348| ### Layouts and auth checks\n01349| \n01350| Due to [Partial Rendering](/docs/app/getting-started/linking-and-navigating#client-side-transitions), be cautious when doing checks in [Layouts](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) as these don't re-render on navigation, meaning the user session won't be checked on every route change.\n01351| \n01352| Instead, you should do the checks close to your data source or the component that'll be conditionally rendered.\n01353| \n01354| For example, consider a shared layout that fetches the user data and displays the user image in a nav. Instead of doing the auth check in the layout, you should fetch the user data (`getUser()`) in the layout and do the auth check in your DAL.\n01355| \n01356| This guarantees that wherever `getUser()` is called within your application, the auth check is performed, and prevents developers forgetting to check the user is authorized to access the data.\n01357| \n01358| #### Auth checks in page components\n01359| \n01360| For example, in a dashboard page, you can verify the user session and fetch the user data:\n01361| \n01362| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n01363| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01364| \n01365| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n01366| const session = await verifySession()\n01367| \n01368| // Fetch user-specific data from your database or data source\n01369| const user = await getUserData(session.userId)\n01370| \n01371| return (\n01372| \n01373|
Welcome, {user.name} \n01374| {/* Dashboard content */}\n01375| \n01376| )\n01377| }\n01378| ```\n01379| \n01380| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.jsx\" switcher\n01381| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01382| \n01383| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n01384| const session = await verifySession()\n01385| \n01386| // Fetch user-specific data from your database or data source\n01387| const user = await getUserData(session.userId)\n01388| \n01389| return (\n01390| \n01391|
Welcome, {user.name} \n01392| {/* Dashboard content */}\n01393| \n01394| )\n01395| }\n01396| ```\n01397| \n01398| #### Auth checks in leaf components\n01399| \n01400| You can also perform auth checks in leaf components that conditionally render UI elements based on user permissions. For example, a component that displays admin-only actions:\n01401| \n01402| ```tsx filename=\"app/ui/admin-actions.tsx\" switcher\n01403| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01404| \n01405| export default async function AdminActions() {\n01406| const session = await verifySession()\n01407| const userRole = session?.user?.role\n01408| \n01409| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01410| return null\n01411| }\n01412| \n01413| return (\n01414| \n01415| Delete User \n01416| Edit Settings \n01417|
\n01418| )\n01419| }\n01420| ```\n01421| \n01422| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/admin-actions.jsx\" switcher\n01423| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01424| \n01425| export default async function AdminActions() {\n01426| const session = await verifySession()\n01427| const userRole = session?.user?.role\n01428| \n01429| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01430| return null\n01431| }\n01432| \n01433| return (\n01434| \n01435| Delete User \n01436| Edit Settings \n01437|
\n01438| )\n01439| }\n01440| ```\n01441| \n01442| This pattern allows you to show or hide UI elements based on user permissions while ensuring the auth check happens at render time in each component.\n01443| \n01444| > **Good to know:**\n01445| >\n01446| > - A common pattern in SPAs is to `return null` in a layout or a top-level component if a user is not authorized. This pattern is **not recommended** since Next.js applications have multiple entry points, which will not prevent nested route segments and Server Actions from being accessed.\n01447| > - Ensure that any Server Actions called from these components also perform their own authorization checks, as client-side UI restrictions alone are not sufficient for security.\n01448| \n01449| ### Server Actions\n01450| \n01451| Treat [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) with the same security considerations as public-facing API endpoints, and verify if the user is allowed to perform a mutation.\n01452| \n01453| In the example below, we check the user's role before allowing the action to proceed:\n01454| \n01455| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/actions.ts\" switcher\n01456| 'use server'\n01457| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01458| \n01459| export async function serverAction(formData: FormData) {\n01460| const session = await verifySession()\n01461| const userRole = session?.user?.role\n01462| \n01463| // Return early if user is not authorized to perform the action\n01464| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01465| return null\n01466| }\n01467| \n01468| // Proceed with the action for authorized users\n01469| }\n01470| ```\n01471| \n01472| ```js filename=\"app/lib/actions.js\" switcher\n01473| 'use server'\n01474| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01475| \n01476| export async function serverAction() {\n01477| const session = await verifySession()\n01478| const userRole = session.user.role\n01479| \n01480| // Return early if user is not authorized to perform the action\n01481| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01482| return null\n01483| }\n01484| \n01485| // Proceed with the action for authorized users\n01486| }\n01487| ```\n01488| \n01489| ### Route Handlers\n01490| \n01491| Treat [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) with the same security considerations as public-facing API endpoints, and verify if the user is allowed to access the Route Handler.\n01492| \n01493| For example:\n01494| \n01495| ```ts filename=\"app/api/route.ts\" switcher\n01496| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01497| \n01498| export async function GET() {\n01499| // User authentication and role verification\n01500| const session = await verifySession()\n01501| \n01502| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01503| if (!session) {\n01504| // User is not authenticated\n01505| return new Response(null, { status: 401 })\n01506| }\n01507| \n01508| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01509| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01510| // User is authenticated but does not have the right permissions\n01511| return new Response(null, { status: 403 })\n01512| }\n01513| \n01514| // Continue for authorized users\n01515| }\n01516| ```\n01517| \n01518| ```js filename=\"app/api/route.js\" switcher\n01519| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01520| \n01521| export async function GET() {\n01522| // User authentication and role verification\n01523| const session = await verifySession()\n01524| \n01525| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01526| if (!session) {\n01527| // User is not authenticated\n01528| return new Response(null, { status: 401 })\n01529| }\n01530| \n01531| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01532| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01533| // User is authenticated but does not have the right permissions\n01534| return new Response(null, { status: 403 })\n01535| }\n01536| \n01537| // Continue for authorized users\n01538| }\n01539| ```\n01540| \n01541| The example above demonstrates a Route Handler with a two-tier security check. It first checks for an active session, and then verifies if the logged-in user is an 'admin'.\n01542| \n01543| ## Context Providers\n01544| \n01545| Using context providers for auth works due to [interleaving](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components#interleaving-server-and-client-components). However, React `context` is not supported in Server Components, making them only applicable to Client Components.\n01546| \n01547| This works, but any child Server Components will be rendered on the server first, and will not have access to the context provider’s session data:\n01548| \n01549| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.ts\" switcher\n01550| import { ContextProvider } from 'auth-lib'\n01551| \n01552| export default function RootLayout({ children }) {\n01553| return (\n01554| \n01555| \n01556| {children} \n01557| \n01558| \n01559| )\n01560| }\n01561| ```\n01562| \n01563| ```tsx filename=\"app/ui/profile.ts switcher\n01564| 'use client';\n01565| \n01566| import { useSession } from \"auth-lib\";\n01567| \n01568| export default function Profile() {\n01569| const { userId } = useSession();\n01570| const { data } = useSWR(`/api/user/${userId}`, fetcher)\n01571| \n01572| return (\n01573| // ...\n01574| );\n01575| }\n01576| ```\n01577| \n01578| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/profile.js switcher\n01579| 'use client';\n01580| \n01581| import { useSession } from \"auth-lib\";\n01582| \n01583| export default function Profile() {\n01584| const { userId } = useSession();\n01585| const { data } = useSWR(`/api/user/${userId}`, fetcher)\n01586| \n01587| return (\n01588| // ...\n01589| );\n01590| }\n01591| ```\n01592| \n01593| If session data is needed in Client Components (e.g. for client-side data fetching), use React’s [`taintUniqueValue`](https://react.dev/reference/react/experimental_taintUniqueValue) API to prevent sensitive session data from being exposed to the client.\n01594| \n01595| \n01596| \n01597| \n01598| \n01599| ### Creating a Data Access Layer (DAL)\n01600| \n01601| #### Protecting API Routes\n01602| \n01603| API Routes in Next.js are essential for handling server-side logic and data management. It's crucial to secure these routes to ensure that only authorized users can access specific functionalities. This typically involves verifying the user's authentication status and their role-based permissions.\n01604| \n01605| Here's an example of securing an API Route:\n01606| \n01607| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/route.ts\" switcher\n01608| import { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n01609| \n01610| export default async function handler(\n01611| req: NextApiRequest,\n01612| res: NextApiResponse\n01613| ) {\n01614| const session = await getSession(req)\n01615| \n01616| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01617| if (!session) {\n01618| res.status(401).json({\n01619| error: 'User is not authenticated',\n01620| })\n01621| return\n01622| }\n01623| \n01624| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01625| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01626| res.status(401).json({\n01627| error: 'Unauthorized access: User does not have admin privileges.',\n01628| })\n01629| return\n01630| }\n01631| \n01632| // Proceed with the route for authorized users\n01633| // ... implementation of the API Route\n01634| }\n01635| ```\n01636| \n01637| ```js filename=\"pages/api/route.js\" switcher\n01638| export default async function handler(req, res) {\n01639| const session = await getSession(req)\n01640| \n01641| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01642| if (!session) {\n01643| res.status(401).json({\n01644| error: 'User is not authenticated',\n01645| })\n01646| return\n01647| }\n01648| \n01649| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01650| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01651| res.status(401).json({\n01652| error: 'Unauthorized access: User does not have admin privileges.',\n01653| })\n01654| return\n01655| }\n01656| \n01657| // Proceed with the route for authorized users\n01658| // ... implementation of the API Route\n01659| }\n01660| ```\n01661| \n01662| This example demonstrates an API Route with a two-tier security check for authentication and authorization. It first checks for an active session, and then verifies if the logged-in user is an 'admin'. This approach ensures secure access, limited to authenticated and authorized users, maintaining robust security for request processing.\n01663| \n01664| \n01665| \n01666| ## Resources\n01667| \n01668| Now that you've learned about authentication in Next.js, here are Next.js-compatible libraries and resources to help you implement secure authentication and session management:\n01669| \n01670| ### Auth Libraries\n01671| \n01672| - [Auth0](https://auth0.com/docs/quickstart/webapp/nextjs)\n01673| - [Better Auth](https://www.better-auth.com/docs/integrations/next)\n01674| - [Clerk](https://clerk.com/docs/quickstarts/nextjs)\n01675| - [Descope](https://docs.descope.com/getting-started/nextjs)\n01676| - [Kinde](https://kinde.com/docs/developer-tools/nextjs-sdk)\n01677| - [Logto](https://docs.logto.io/quick-starts/next-app-router)\n01678| - [NextAuth.js](https://authjs.dev/getting-started/installation?framework=next.js)\n01679| - [Ory](https://www.ory.sh/docs/getting-started/integrate-auth/nextjs)\n01680| - [Stack Auth](https://docs.stack-auth.com/getting-started/setup)\n01681| - [Supabase](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/getting-started/quickstarts/nextjs)\n01682| - [Stytch](https://stytch.com/docs/guides/quickstarts/nextjs)\n01683| - [WorkOS](https://workos.com/docs/user-management/nextjs)\n01684| \n01685| ### Session Management Libraries\n01686| \n01687| - [Iron Session](https://github.com/vvo/iron-session)\n01688| - [Jose](https://github.com/panva/jose)\n01689| \n01690| ## Further Reading\n01691| \n01692| To continue learning about authentication and security, check out the following resources:\n01693| \n01694| - [How to think about security in Next.js](/blog/security-nextjs-server-components-actions)\n01695| - [Understanding XSS Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-xss-attacks)\n01696| - [Understanding CSRF Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-csrf-attacks)\n01697| - [The Copenhagen Book](https://thecopenhagenbook.com/)\n01698| \n\n(End of file - total 1698 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/authentication.md",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "---\ntitle: How to implement authentication in Next.js\nnav_title: Authentication\ndescription: Learn how to implement authentication in your Next.js application.\n---\n\nUnderstanding authentication is crucial for protecting your application's data. This page will guide you through what React and Next.js features to use to implement auth.\n\nBefore starting, it helps to break down the process into three concepts:\n\n1. **[Authentication](#authentication)**: Verifies if the user is who they say they are. It requires the user to prove their identity with something they have, such as a username and password.\n2. **[Session Management](#session-management)**: Tracks the user's auth state across requests.\n3. **[Authorization](#authorization)**: Decides what routes and data the user can access.\n\nThis diagram shows the authentication flow using React and Next.js features:\n\n
\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to implement authentication in Next.js\n00003| nav_title: Authentication\n00004| description: Learn how to implement authentication in your Next.js application.\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| Understanding authentication is crucial for protecting your application's data. This page will guide you through what React and Next.js features to use to implement auth.\n00008| \n00009| Before starting, it helps to break down the process into three concepts:\n00010| \n00011| 1. **[Authentication](#authentication)**: Verifies if the user is who they say they are. It requires the user to prove their identity with something they have, such as a username and password.\n00012| 2. **[Session Management](#session-management)**: Tracks the user's auth state across requests.\n00013| 3. **[Authorization](#authorization)**: Decides what routes and data the user can access.\n00014| \n00015| This diagram shows the authentication flow using React and Next.js features:\n00016| \n00017| \n00024| \n00025| The examples on this page walk through basic username and password auth for educational purposes. While you can implement a custom auth solution, for increased security and simplicity, we recommend using an authentication library. These offer built-in solutions for authentication, session management, and authorization, as well as additional features such as social logins, multi-factor authentication, and role-based access control. You can find a list in the [Auth Libraries](#auth-libraries) section.\n00026| \n00027| ## Authentication\n00028| \n00029| \n00030| \n00031| ### Sign-up and login functionality\n00032| \n00033| You can use the [`\n00063| )\n00064| }\n00065| ```\n00066| \n00067| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/signup-form.js\" switcher\n00068| import { signup } from '@/app/actions/auth'\n00069| \n00070| export function SignupForm() {\n00071| return (\n00072| \n00087| )\n00088| }\n00089| ```\n00090| \n00091| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00092| export async function signup(formData: FormData) {}\n00093| ```\n00094| \n00095| ```jsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00096| export async function signup(formData) {}\n00097| ```\n00098| \n00099| #### 2. Validate form fields on the server\n00100| \n00101| Use the Server Action to validate the form fields on the server. If your authentication provider doesn't provide form validation, you can use a schema validation library like [Zod](https://zod.dev/) or [Yup](https://github.com/jquense/yup).\n00102| \n00103| Using Zod as an example, you can define a form schema with appropriate error messages:\n00104| \n00105| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/definitions.ts\" switcher\n00106| import * as z from 'zod'\n00107| \n00108| export const SignupFormSchema = z.object({\n00109| name: z\n00110| .string()\n00111| .min(2, { error: 'Name must be at least 2 characters long.' })\n00112| .trim(),\n00113| email: z.email({ error: 'Please enter a valid email.' }).trim(),\n00114| password: z\n00115| .string()\n00116| .min(8, { error: 'Be at least 8 characters long' })\n00117| .regex(/[a-zA-Z]/, { error: 'Contain at least one letter.' })\n00118| .regex(/[0-9]/, { error: 'Contain at least one number.' })\n00119| .regex(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/, {\n00120| error: 'Contain at least one special character.',\n00121| })\n00122| .trim(),\n00123| })\n00124| \n00125| export type FormState =\n00126| | {\n00127| errors?: {\n00128| name?: string[]\n00129| email?: string[]\n00130| password?: string[]\n00131| }\n00132| message?: string\n00133| }\n00134| | undefined\n00135| ```\n00136| \n00137| ```js filename=\"app/lib/definitions.js\" switcher\n00138| import * as z from 'zod'\n00139| \n00140| export const SignupFormSchema = z.object({\n00141| name: z\n00142| .string()\n00143| .min(2, { error: 'Name must be at least 2 characters long.' })\n00144| .trim(),\n00145| email: z.email({ error: 'Please enter a valid email.' }).trim(),\n00146| password: z\n00147| .string()\n00148| .min(8, { error: 'Be at least 8 characters long' })\n00149| .regex(/[a-zA-Z]/, { error: 'Contain at least one letter.' })\n00150| .regex(/[0-9]/, { error: 'Contain at least one number.' })\n00151| .regex(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/, {\n00152| error: 'Contain at least one special character.',\n00153| })\n00154| .trim(),\n00155| })\n00156| ```\n00157| \n00158| To prevent unnecessary calls to your authentication provider's API or database, you can `return` early in the Server Action if any form fields do not match the defined schema.\n00159| \n00160| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00161| import { SignupFormSchema, FormState } from '@/app/lib/definitions'\n00162| \n00163| export async function signup(state: FormState, formData: FormData) {\n00164| // Validate form fields\n00165| const validatedFields = SignupFormSchema.safeParse({\n00166| name: formData.get('name'),\n00167| email: formData.get('email'),\n00168| password: formData.get('password'),\n00169| })\n00170| \n00171| // If any form fields are invalid, return early\n00172| if (!validatedFields.success) {\n00173| return {\n00174| errors: validatedFields.error.flatten().fieldErrors,\n00175| }\n00176| }\n00177| \n00178| // Call the provider or db to create a user...\n00179| }\n00180| ```\n00181| \n00182| ```js filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00183| import { SignupFormSchema } from '@/app/lib/definitions'\n00184| \n00185| export async function signup(state, formData) {\n00186| // Validate form fields\n00187| const validatedFields = SignupFormSchema.safeParse({\n00188| name: formData.get('name'),\n00189| email: formData.get('email'),\n00190| password: formData.get('password'),\n00191| })\n00192| \n00193| // If any form fields are invalid, return early\n00194| if (!validatedFields.success) {\n00195| return {\n00196| errors: validatedFields.error.flatten().fieldErrors,\n00197| }\n00198| }\n00199| \n00200| // Call the provider or db to create a user...\n00201| }\n00202| ```\n00203| \n00204| Back in your ` `, you can use React's `useActionState` hook to display validation errors while the form is submitting:\n00205| \n00206| ```tsx filename=\"app/ui/signup-form.tsx\" switcher highlight={7,15,21,27-36}\n00207| 'use client'\n00208| \n00209| import { signup } from '@/app/actions/auth'\n00210| import { useActionState } from 'react'\n00211| \n00212| export default function SignupForm() {\n00213| const [state, action, pending] = useActionState(signup, undefined)\n00214| \n00215| return (\n00216| \n00247| )\n00248| }\n00249| ```\n00250| \n00251| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/signup-form.js\" switcher highlight={7,15,21,27-36}\n00252| 'use client'\n00253| \n00254| import { signup } from '@/app/actions/auth'\n00255| import { useActionState } from 'react'\n00256| \n00257| export default function SignupForm() {\n00258| const [state, action, pending] = useActionState(signup, undefined)\n00259| \n00260| return (\n00261| \n00292| )\n00293| }\n00294| ```\n00295| \n00296| > **Good to know:**\n00297| >\n00298| > - In React 19, `useFormStatus` includes additional keys on the returned object, like data, method, and action. If you are not using React 19, only the `pending` key is available.\n00299| > - Before mutating data, you should always ensure a user is also authorized to perform the action. See [Authentication and Authorization](#authorization).\n00300| \n00301| #### 3. Create a user or check user credentials\n00302| \n00303| After validating form fields, you can create a new user account or check if the user exists by calling your authentication provider's API or database.\n00304| \n00305| Continuing from the previous example:\n00306| \n00307| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.tsx\" switcher\n00308| export async function signup(state: FormState, formData: FormData) {\n00309| // 1. Validate form fields\n00310| // ...\n00311| \n00312| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00313| const { name, email, password } = validatedFields.data\n00314| // e.g. Hash the user's password before storing it\n00315| const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(password, 10)\n00316| \n00317| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Auth Library's API\n00318| const data = await db\n00319| .insert(users)\n00320| .values({\n00321| name,\n00322| email,\n00323| password: hashedPassword,\n00324| })\n00325| .returning({ id: users.id })\n00326| \n00327| const user = data[0]\n00328| \n00329| if (!user) {\n00330| return {\n00331| message: 'An error occurred while creating your account.',\n00332| }\n00333| }\n00334| \n00335| // TODO:\n00336| // 4. Create user session\n00337| // 5. Redirect user\n00338| }\n00339| ```\n00340| \n00341| ```jsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00342| export async function signup(state, formData) {\n00343| // 1. Validate form fields\n00344| // ...\n00345| \n00346| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00347| const { name, email, password } = validatedFields.data\n00348| // e.g. Hash the user's password before storing it\n00349| const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(password, 10)\n00350| \n00351| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Library API\n00352| const data = await db\n00353| .insert(users)\n00354| .values({\n00355| name,\n00356| email,\n00357| password: hashedPassword,\n00358| })\n00359| .returning({ id: users.id })\n00360| \n00361| const user = data[0]\n00362| \n00363| if (!user) {\n00364| return {\n00365| message: 'An error occurred while creating your account.',\n00366| }\n00367| }\n00368| \n00369| // TODO:\n00370| // 4. Create user session\n00371| // 5. Redirect user\n00372| }\n00373| ```\n00374| \n00375| After successfully creating the user account or verifying the user credentials, you can create a session to manage the user's auth state. Depending on your session management strategy, the session can be stored in a cookie or database, or both. Continue to the [Session Management](#session-management) section to learn more.\n00376| \n00377| > **Tips:**\n00378| >\n00379| > - The example above is verbose since it breaks down the authentication steps for the purpose of education. This highlights that implementing your own secure solution can quickly become complex. Consider using an [Auth Library](#auth-libraries) to simplify the process.\n00380| > - To improve the user experience, you may want to check for duplicate emails or usernames earlier in the registration flow. For example, as the user types in a username or the input field loses focus. This can help prevent unnecessary form submissions and provide immediate feedback to the user. You can debounce requests with libraries such as [use-debounce](https://www.npmjs.com/package/use-debounce) to manage the frequency of these checks.\n00381| \n00382| \n00383| \n00384| \n00385| \n00386| Here are the steps to implement a sign-up and/or login form:\n00387| \n00388| 1. The user submits their credentials through a form.\n00389| 2. The form sends a request that is handled by an API route.\n00390| 3. Upon successful verification, the process is completed, indicating the user's successful authentication.\n00391| 4. If verification is unsuccessful, an error message is shown.\n00392| \n00393| Consider a login form where users can input their credentials:\n00394| \n00395| ```tsx filename=\"pages/login.tsx\" switcher\n00396| import { FormEvent } from 'react'\n00397| import { useRouter } from 'next/router'\n00398| \n00399| export default function LoginPage() {\n00400| const router = useRouter()\n00401| \n00402| async function handleSubmit(event: FormEvent) {\n00403| event.preventDefault()\n00404| \n00405| const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget)\n00406| const email = formData.get('email')\n00407| const password = formData.get('password')\n00408| \n00409| const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {\n00410| method: 'POST',\n00411| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00412| body: JSON.stringify({ email, password }),\n00413| })\n00414| \n00415| if (response.ok) {\n00416| router.push('/profile')\n00417| } else {\n00418| // Handle errors\n00419| }\n00420| }\n00421| \n00422| return (\n00423| \n00428| )\n00429| }\n00430| ```\n00431| \n00432| ```jsx filename=\"pages/login.jsx\" switcher\n00433| import { FormEvent } from 'react'\n00434| import { useRouter } from 'next/router'\n00435| \n00436| export default function LoginPage() {\n00437| const router = useRouter()\n00438| \n00439| async function handleSubmit(event) {\n00440| event.preventDefault()\n00441| \n00442| const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget)\n00443| const email = formData.get('email')\n00444| const password = formData.get('password')\n00445| \n00446| const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {\n00447| method: 'POST',\n00448| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00449| body: JSON.stringify({ email, password }),\n00450| })\n00451| \n00452| if (response.ok) {\n00453| router.push('/profile')\n00454| } else {\n00455| // Handle errors\n00456| }\n00457| }\n00458| \n00459| return (\n00460| \n00465| )\n00466| }\n00467| ```\n00468| \n00469| The form above has two input fields for capturing the user's email and password. On submission, it triggers a function that sends a POST request to an API route (`/api/auth/login`).\n00470| \n00471| You can then call your Authentication Provider's API in the API route to handle authentication:\n00472| \n00473| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/auth/login.ts\" switcher\n00474| import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n00475| import { signIn } from '@/auth'\n00476| \n00477| export default async function handler(\n00478| req: NextApiRequest,\n00479| res: NextApiResponse\n00480| ) {\n00481| try {\n00482| const { email, password } = req.body\n00483| await signIn('credentials', { email, password })\n00484| \n00485| res.status(200).json({ success: true })\n00486| } catch (error) {\n00487| if (error.type === 'CredentialsSignin') {\n00488| res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials.' })\n00489| } else {\n00490| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Something went wrong.' })\n00491| }\n00492| }\n00493| }\n00494| ```\n00495| \n00496| ```js filename=\"pages/api/auth/login.js\" switcher\n00497| import { signIn } from '@/auth'\n00498| \n00499| export default async function handler(req, res) {\n00500| try {\n00501| const { email, password } = req.body\n00502| await signIn('credentials', { email, password })\n00503| \n00504| res.status(200).json({ success: true })\n00505| } catch (error) {\n00506| if (error.type === 'CredentialsSignin') {\n00507| res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials.' })\n00508| } else {\n00509| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Something went wrong.' })\n00510| }\n00511| }\n00512| }\n00513| ```\n00514| \n00515| \n00516| \n00517| ## Session Management\n00518| \n00519| Session management ensures that the user's authenticated state is preserved across requests. It involves creating, storing, refreshing, and deleting sessions or tokens.\n00520| \n00521| There are two types of sessions:\n00522| \n00523| 1. [**Stateless**](#stateless-sessions): Session data (or a token) is stored in the browser's cookies. The cookie is sent with each request, allowing the session to be verified on the server. This method is simpler, but can be less secure if not implemented correctly.\n00524| 2. [**Database**](#database-sessions): Session data is stored in a database, with the user's browser only receiving the encrypted session ID. This method is more secure, but can be complex and use more server resources.\n00525| \n00526| > **Good to know:** While you can use either method, or both, we recommend using a session management library such as [iron-session](https://github.com/vvo/iron-session) or [Jose](https://github.com/panva/jose).\n00527| \n00528| ### Stateless Sessions\n00529| \n00530| \n00531| \n00532| To create and manage stateless sessions, there are a few steps you need to follow:\n00533| \n00534| 1. Generate a secret key, which will be used to sign your session, and store it as an [environment variable](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables).\n00535| 2. Write logic to encrypt/decrypt session data using a session management library.\n00536| 3. Manage cookies using the Next.js [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) API.\n00537| \n00538| In addition to the above, consider adding functionality to [update (or refresh)](#updating-or-refreshing-sessions) the session when the user returns to the application, and [delete](#deleting-the-session) the session when the user logs out.\n00539| \n00540| > **Good to know:** Check if your [auth library](#auth-libraries) includes session management.\n00541| \n00542| #### 1. Generating a secret key\n00543| \n00544| There are a few ways you can generate secret key to sign your session. For example, you may choose to use the `openssl` command in your terminal:\n00545| \n00546| ```bash filename=\"terminal\"\n00547| openssl rand -base64 32\n00548| ```\n00549| \n00550| This command generates a 32-character random string that you can use as your secret key and store in your [environment variables file](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables):\n00551| \n00552| ```bash filename=\".env\"\n00553| SESSION_SECRET=your_secret_key\n00554| ```\n00555| \n00556| You can then reference this key in your session management logic:\n00557| \n00558| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\"\n00559| const secretKey = process.env.SESSION_SECRET\n00560| ```\n00561| \n00562| #### 2. Encrypting and decrypting sessions\n00563| \n00564| Next, you can use your preferred [session management library](#session-management-libraries) to encrypt and decrypt sessions. Continuing from the previous example, we'll use [Jose](https://www.npmjs.com/package/jose) and React's [`server-only`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/server-only) package to ensure that your session management logic is only executed on the server.\n00565| \n00566| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00567| import 'server-only'\n00568| import { SignJWT, jwtVerify } from 'jose'\n00569| import { SessionPayload } from '@/app/lib/definitions'\n00570| \n00571| const secretKey = process.env.SESSION_SECRET\n00572| const encodedKey = new TextEncoder().encode(secretKey)\n00573| \n00574| export async function encrypt(payload: SessionPayload) {\n00575| return new SignJWT(payload)\n00576| .setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'HS256' })\n00577| .setIssuedAt()\n00578| .setExpirationTime('7d')\n00579| .sign(encodedKey)\n00580| }\n00581| \n00582| export async function decrypt(session: string | undefined = '') {\n00583| try {\n00584| const { payload } = await jwtVerify(session, encodedKey, {\n00585| algorithms: ['HS256'],\n00586| })\n00587| return payload\n00588| } catch (error) {\n00589| console.log('Failed to verify session')\n00590| }\n00591| }\n00592| ```\n00593| \n00594| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00595| import 'server-only'\n00596| import { SignJWT, jwtVerify } from 'jose'\n00597| \n00598| const secretKey = process.env.SESSION_SECRET\n00599| const encodedKey = new TextEncoder().encode(secretKey)\n00600| \n00601| export async function encrypt(payload) {\n00602| return new SignJWT(payload)\n00603| .setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'HS256' })\n00604| .setIssuedAt()\n00605| .setExpirationTime('7d')\n00606| .sign(encodedKey)\n00607| }\n00608| \n00609| export async function decrypt(session) {\n00610| try {\n00611| const { payload } = await jwtVerify(session, encodedKey, {\n00612| algorithms: ['HS256'],\n00613| })\n00614| return payload\n00615| } catch (error) {\n00616| console.log('Failed to verify session')\n00617| }\n00618| }\n00619| ```\n00620| \n00621| > **Tips**:\n00622| >\n00623| > - The payload should contain the **minimum**, unique user data that'll be used in subsequent requests, such as the user's ID, role, etc. It should not contain personally identifiable information like phone number, email address, credit card information, etc, or sensitive data like passwords.\n00624| \n00625| #### 3. Setting cookies (recommended options)\n00626| \n00627| To store the session in a cookie, use the Next.js [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) API. The cookie should be set on the server, and include the recommended options:\n00628| \n00629| - **HttpOnly**: Prevents client-side JavaScript from accessing the cookie.\n00630| - **Secure**: Use https to send the cookie.\n00631| - **SameSite**: Specify whether the cookie can be sent with cross-site requests.\n00632| - **Max-Age or Expires**: Delete the cookie after a certain period.\n00633| - **Path**: Define the URL path for the cookie.\n00634| \n00635| Please refer to [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies) for more information on each of these options.\n00636| \n00637| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00638| import 'server-only'\n00639| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00640| \n00641| export async function createSession(userId: string) {\n00642| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00643| const session = await encrypt({ userId, expiresAt })\n00644| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00645| \n00646| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00647| httpOnly: true,\n00648| secure: true,\n00649| expires: expiresAt,\n00650| sameSite: 'lax',\n00651| path: '/',\n00652| })\n00653| }\n00654| ```\n00655| \n00656| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00657| import 'server-only'\n00658| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00659| \n00660| export async function createSession(userId) {\n00661| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00662| const session = await encrypt({ userId, expiresAt })\n00663| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00664| \n00665| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00666| httpOnly: true,\n00667| secure: true,\n00668| expires: expiresAt,\n00669| sameSite: 'lax',\n00670| path: '/',\n00671| })\n00672| }\n00673| ```\n00674| \n00675| Back in your Server Action, you can invoke the `createSession()` function, and use the [`redirect()`](/docs/app/guides/redirecting) API to redirect the user to the appropriate page:\n00676| \n00677| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00678| import { createSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00679| \n00680| export async function signup(state: FormState, formData: FormData) {\n00681| // Previous steps:\n00682| // 1. Validate form fields\n00683| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00684| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Library API\n00685| \n00686| // Current steps:\n00687| // 4. Create user session\n00688| await createSession(user.id)\n00689| // 5. Redirect user\n00690| redirect('/profile')\n00691| }\n00692| ```\n00693| \n00694| ```js filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00695| import { createSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00696| \n00697| export async function signup(state, formData) {\n00698| // Previous steps:\n00699| // 1. Validate form fields\n00700| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00701| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Library API\n00702| \n00703| // Current steps:\n00704| // 4. Create user session\n00705| await createSession(user.id)\n00706| // 5. Redirect user\n00707| redirect('/profile')\n00708| }\n00709| ```\n00710| \n00711| > **Tips**:\n00712| >\n00713| > - **Cookies should be set on the server** to prevent client-side tampering.\n00714| > - 🎥 Watch: Learn more about stateless sessions and authentication with Next.js → [YouTube (11 minutes)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJvM2lSPn6w).\n00715| \n00716| #### Updating (or refreshing) sessions\n00717| \n00718| You can also extend the session's expiration time. This is useful for keeping the user logged in after they access the application again. For example:\n00719| \n00720| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00721| import 'server-only'\n00722| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00723| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00724| \n00725| export async function updateSession() {\n00726| const session = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n00727| const payload = await decrypt(session)\n00728| \n00729| if (!session || !payload) {\n00730| return null\n00731| }\n00732| \n00733| const expires = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00734| \n00735| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00736| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00737| httpOnly: true,\n00738| secure: true,\n00739| expires: expires,\n00740| sameSite: 'lax',\n00741| path: '/',\n00742| })\n00743| }\n00744| ```\n00745| \n00746| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00747| import 'server-only'\n00748| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00749| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00750| \n00751| export async function updateSession() {\n00752| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00753| const session = cookieStore.get('session')?.value\n00754| const payload = await decrypt(session)\n00755| \n00756| if (!session || !payload) {\n00757| return null\n00758| }\n00759| \n00760| const expires = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00761| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00762| httpOnly: true,\n00763| secure: true,\n00764| expires: expires,\n00765| sameSite: 'lax',\n00766| path: '/',\n00767| })\n00768| }\n00769| ```\n00770| \n00771| > **Tip:** Check if your auth library supports refresh tokens, which can be used to extend the user's session.\n00772| \n00773| #### Deleting the session\n00774| \n00775| To delete the session, you can delete the cookie:\n00776| \n00777| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00778| import 'server-only'\n00779| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00780| \n00781| export async function deleteSession() {\n00782| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00783| cookieStore.delete('session')\n00784| }\n00785| ```\n00786| \n00787| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00788| import 'server-only'\n00789| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00790| \n00791| export async function deleteSession() {\n00792| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00793| cookieStore.delete('session')\n00794| }\n00795| ```\n00796| \n00797| Then you can reuse the `deleteSession()` function in your application, for example, on logout:\n00798| \n00799| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00800| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00801| import { deleteSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00802| \n00803| export async function logout() {\n00804| await deleteSession()\n00805| redirect('/login')\n00806| }\n00807| ```\n00808| \n00809| ```js filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00810| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00811| import { deleteSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00812| \n00813| export async function logout() {\n00814| await deleteSession()\n00815| redirect('/login')\n00816| }\n00817| ```\n00818| \n00819| \n00820| \n00821| \n00822| \n00823| #### Setting and deleting cookies\n00824| \n00825| You can use [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) to set the session as a cookie on the server:\n00826| \n00827| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/login.ts\" switcher\n00828| import { serialize } from 'cookie'\n00829| import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n00830| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00831| \n00832| export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) {\n00833| const sessionData = req.body\n00834| const encryptedSessionData = encrypt(sessionData)\n00835| \n00836| const cookie = serialize('session', encryptedSessionData, {\n00837| httpOnly: true,\n00838| secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',\n00839| maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // One week\n00840| path: '/',\n00841| })\n00842| res.setHeader('Set-Cookie', cookie)\n00843| res.status(200).json({ message: 'Successfully set cookie!' })\n00844| }\n00845| ```\n00846| \n00847| ```js filename=\"pages/api/login.js\" switcher\n00848| import { serialize } from 'cookie'\n00849| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00850| \n00851| export default function handler(req, res) {\n00852| const sessionData = req.body\n00853| const encryptedSessionData = encrypt(sessionData)\n00854| \n00855| const cookie = serialize('session', encryptedSessionData, {\n00856| httpOnly: true,\n00857| secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',\n00858| maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // One week\n00859| path: '/',\n00860| })\n00861| res.setHeader('Set-Cookie', cookie)\n00862| res.status(200).json({ message: 'Successfully set cookie!' })\n00863| }\n00864| ```\n00865| \n00866| \n00867| \n00868| ### Database Sessions\n00869| \n00870| To create and manage database sessions, you'll need to follow these steps:\n00871| \n00872| 1. Create a table in your database to store session and data (or check if your Auth Library handles this).\n00873| 2. Implement functionality to insert, update, and delete sessions\n00874| 3. Encrypt the session ID before storing it in the user's browser, and ensure the database and cookie stay in sync (this is optional, but recommended for optimistic auth checks in [Proxy](#optimistic-checks-with-proxy-optional)).\n00875| \n00876| \n00877| \n00878| For example:\n00879| \n00880| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00881| import cookies from 'next/headers'\n00882| import { db } from '@/app/lib/db'\n00883| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00884| \n00885| export async function createSession(id: number) {\n00886| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00887| \n00888| // 1. Create a session in the database\n00889| const data = await db\n00890| .insert(sessions)\n00891| .values({\n00892| userId: id,\n00893| expiresAt,\n00894| })\n00895| // Return the session ID\n00896| .returning({ id: sessions.id })\n00897| \n00898| const sessionId = data[0].id\n00899| \n00900| // 2. Encrypt the session ID\n00901| const session = await encrypt({ sessionId, expiresAt })\n00902| \n00903| // 3. Store the session in cookies for optimistic auth checks\n00904| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00905| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00906| httpOnly: true,\n00907| secure: true,\n00908| expires: expiresAt,\n00909| sameSite: 'lax',\n00910| path: '/',\n00911| })\n00912| }\n00913| ```\n00914| \n00915| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00916| import cookies from 'next/headers'\n00917| import { db } from '@/app/lib/db'\n00918| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00919| \n00920| export async function createSession(id) {\n00921| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00922| \n00923| // 1. Create a session in the database\n00924| const data = await db\n00925| .insert(sessions)\n00926| .values({\n00927| userId: id,\n00928| expiresAt,\n00929| })\n00930| // Return the session ID\n00931| .returning({ id: sessions.id })\n00932| \n00933| const sessionId = data[0].id\n00934| \n00935| // 2. Encrypt the session ID\n00936| const session = await encrypt({ sessionId, expiresAt })\n00937| \n00938| // 3. Store the session in cookies for optimistic auth checks\n00939| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00940| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00941| httpOnly: true,\n00942| secure: true,\n00943| expires: expiresAt,\n00944| sameSite: 'lax',\n00945| path: '/',\n00946| })\n00947| }\n00948| ```\n00949| \n00950| > **Tips**:\n00951| >\n00952| > - For faster access, you may consider adding server caching for the lifetime of the session. You can also keep the session data in your primary database, and combine data requests to reduce the number of queries.\n00953| > - You may opt to use database sessions for more advanced use cases, such as keeping track of the last time a user logged in, or number of active devices, or give users the ability to log out of all devices.\n00954| \n00955| After implementing session management, you'll need to add authorization logic to control what users can access and do within your application. Continue to the [Authorization](#authorization) section to learn more.\n00956| \n00957| \n00958| \n00959| \n00960| \n00961| **Creating a Session on the Server**:\n00962| \n00963| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/create-session.ts\" switcher\n00964| import db from '../../lib/db'\n00965| import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n00966| \n00967| export default async function handler(\n00968| req: NextApiRequest,\n00969| res: NextApiResponse\n00970| ) {\n00971| try {\n00972| const user = req.body\n00973| const sessionId = generateSessionId()\n00974| await db.insertSession({\n00975| sessionId,\n00976| userId: user.id,\n00977| createdAt: new Date(),\n00978| })\n00979| \n00980| res.status(200).json({ sessionId })\n00981| } catch (error) {\n00982| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' })\n00983| }\n00984| }\n00985| ```\n00986| \n00987| ```js filename=\"pages/api/create-session.js\" switcher\n00988| import db from '../../lib/db'\n00989| \n00990| export default async function handler(req, res) {\n00991| try {\n00992| const user = req.body\n00993| const sessionId = generateSessionId()\n00994| await db.insertSession({\n00995| sessionId,\n00996| userId: user.id,\n00997| createdAt: new Date(),\n00998| })\n00999| \n01000| res.status(200).json({ sessionId })\n01001| } catch (error) {\n01002| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' })\n01003| }\n01004| }\n01005| ```\n01006| \n01007| \n01008| \n01009| ## Authorization\n01010| \n01011| Once a user is authenticated and a session is created, you can implement authorization to control what the user can access and do within your application.\n01012| \n01013| There are two main types of authorization checks:\n01014| \n01015| 1. **Optimistic**: Checks if the user is authorized to access a route or perform an action using the session data stored in the cookie. These checks are useful for quick operations, such as showing/hiding UI elements or redirecting users based on permissions or roles.\n01016| 2. **Secure**: Checks if the user is authorized to access a route or perform an action using the session data stored in the database. These checks are more secure and are used for operations that require access to sensitive data or actions.\n01017| \n01018| For both cases, we recommend:\n01019| \n01020| - Creating a [Data Access Layer](#creating-a-data-access-layer-dal) to centralize your authorization logic\n01021| - Using [Data Transfer Objects (DTO)](#using-data-transfer-objects-dto) to only return the necessary data\n01022| - Optionally use [Proxy](#optimistic-checks-with-proxy-optional) to perform optimistic checks.\n01023| \n01024| ### Optimistic checks with Proxy (Optional)\n01025| \n01026| There are some cases where you may want to use [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy) and redirect users based on permissions:\n01027| \n01028| - To perform optimistic checks. Since Proxy runs on every route, it's a good way to centralize redirect logic and pre-filter unauthorized users.\n01029| - To protect static routes that share data between users (e.g. content behind a paywall).\n01030| \n01031| However, since Proxy runs on every route, including [prefetched](/docs/app/getting-started/linking-and-navigating#prefetching) routes, it's important to only read the session from the cookie (optimistic checks), and avoid database checks to prevent performance issues.\n01032| \n01033| For example:\n01034| \n01035| ```tsx filename=\"proxy.ts\" switcher\n01036| import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'\n01037| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01038| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01039| \n01040| // 1. Specify protected and public routes\n01041| const protectedRoutes = ['/dashboard']\n01042| const publicRoutes = ['/login', '/signup', '/']\n01043| \n01044| export default async function proxy(req: NextRequest) {\n01045| // 2. Check if the current route is protected or public\n01046| const path = req.nextUrl.pathname\n01047| const isProtectedRoute = protectedRoutes.includes(path)\n01048| const isPublicRoute = publicRoutes.includes(path)\n01049| \n01050| // 3. Decrypt the session from the cookie\n01051| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01052| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01053| \n01054| // 4. Redirect to /login if the user is not authenticated\n01055| if (isProtectedRoute && !session?.userId) {\n01056| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', req.nextUrl))\n01057| }\n01058| \n01059| // 5. Redirect to /dashboard if the user is authenticated\n01060| if (\n01061| isPublicRoute &&\n01062| session?.userId &&\n01063| !req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')\n01064| ) {\n01065| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', req.nextUrl))\n01066| }\n01067| \n01068| return NextResponse.next()\n01069| }\n01070| \n01071| // Routes Proxy should not run on\n01072| export const config = {\n01073| matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|.*\\\\.png$).*)'],\n01074| }\n01075| ```\n01076| \n01077| ```js filename=\"proxy.js\" switcher\n01078| import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'\n01079| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01080| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01081| \n01082| // 1. Specify protected and public routes\n01083| const protectedRoutes = ['/dashboard']\n01084| const publicRoutes = ['/login', '/signup', '/']\n01085| \n01086| export default async function proxy(req) {\n01087| // 2. Check if the current route is protected or public\n01088| const path = req.nextUrl.pathname\n01089| const isProtectedRoute = protectedRoutes.includes(path)\n01090| const isPublicRoute = publicRoutes.includes(path)\n01091| \n01092| // 3. Decrypt the session from the cookie\n01093| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01094| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01095| \n01096| // 5. Redirect to /login if the user is not authenticated\n01097| if (isProtectedRoute && !session?.userId) {\n01098| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', req.nextUrl))\n01099| }\n01100| \n01101| // 6. Redirect to /dashboard if the user is authenticated\n01102| if (\n01103| isPublicRoute &&\n01104| session?.userId &&\n01105| !req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')\n01106| ) {\n01107| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', req.nextUrl))\n01108| }\n01109| \n01110| return NextResponse.next()\n01111| }\n01112| \n01113| // Routes Proxy should not run on\n01114| export const config = {\n01115| matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|.*\\\\.png$).*)'],\n01116| }\n01117| ```\n01118| \n01119| While Proxy can be useful for initial checks, it should not be your only line of defense in protecting your data. The majority of security checks should be performed as close as possible to your data source, see [Data Access Layer](#creating-a-data-access-layer-dal) for more information.\n01120| \n01121| > **Tips**:\n01122| >\n01123| > - In Proxy, you can also read cookies using `req.cookies.get('session')?.value`.\n01124| > - Proxy uses the Node.js runtime, check if your Auth library and session management library are compatible.\n01125| > - You can use the `matcher` property in the Proxy to specify which routes Proxy should run on. Although, for auth, it's recommended Proxy runs on all routes.\n01126| \n01127| \n01128| \n01129| ### Creating a Data Access Layer (DAL)\n01130| \n01131| We recommend creating a DAL to centralize your data requests and authorization logic.\n01132| \n01133| The DAL should include a function that verifies the user's session as they interact with your application. At the very least, the function should check if the session is valid, then redirect or return the user information needed to make further requests.\n01134| \n01135| For example, create a separate file for your DAL that includes a `verifySession()` function. Then use React's [cache](https://react.dev/reference/react/cache) API to memoize the return value of the function during a React render pass:\n01136| \n01137| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/dal.ts\" switcher\n01138| import 'server-only'\n01139| \n01140| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01141| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01142| \n01143| export const verifySession = cache(async () => {\n01144| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01145| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01146| \n01147| if (!session?.userId) {\n01148| redirect('/login')\n01149| }\n01150| \n01151| return { isAuth: true, userId: session.userId }\n01152| })\n01153| ```\n01154| \n01155| ```js filename=\"app/lib/dal.js\" switcher\n01156| import 'server-only'\n01157| \n01158| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01159| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01160| \n01161| export const verifySession = cache(async () => {\n01162| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01163| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01164| \n01165| if (!session.userId) {\n01166| redirect('/login')\n01167| }\n01168| \n01169| return { isAuth: true, userId: session.userId }\n01170| })\n01171| ```\n01172| \n01173| You can then invoke the `verifySession()` function in your data requests, Server Actions, Route Handlers:\n01174| \n01175| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/dal.ts\" switcher\n01176| export const getUser = cache(async () => {\n01177| const session = await verifySession()\n01178| if (!session) return null\n01179| \n01180| try {\n01181| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01182| where: eq(users.id, session.userId),\n01183| // Explicitly return the columns you need rather than the whole user object\n01184| columns: {\n01185| id: true,\n01186| name: true,\n01187| email: true,\n01188| },\n01189| })\n01190| \n01191| const user = data[0]\n01192| \n01193| return user\n01194| } catch (error) {\n01195| console.log('Failed to fetch user')\n01196| return null\n01197| }\n01198| })\n01199| ```\n01200| \n01201| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/dal.js\" switcher\n01202| export const getUser = cache(async () => {\n01203| const session = await verifySession()\n01204| if (!session) return null\n01205| \n01206| try {\n01207| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01208| where: eq(users.id, session.userId),\n01209| // Explicitly return the columns you need rather than the whole user object\n01210| columns: {\n01211| id: true,\n01212| name: true,\n01213| email: true,\n01214| },\n01215| })\n01216| \n01217| const user = data[0]\n01218| \n01219| return user\n01220| } catch (error) {\n01221| console.log('Failed to fetch user')\n01222| return null\n01223| }\n01224| })\n01225| ```\n01226| \n01227| > **Tip**:\n01228| >\n01229| > - A DAL can be used to protect data fetched at request time. However, for static routes that share data between users, data will be fetched at build time and not at request time. Use [Proxy](#optimistic-checks-with-proxy-optional) to protect static routes.\n01230| > - For secure checks, you can check if the session is valid by comparing the session ID with your database. Use React's [cache](https://react.dev/reference/react/cache) function to avoid unnecessary duplicate requests to the database during a render pass.\n01231| > - You may wish to consolidate related data requests in a JavaScript class that runs `verifySession()` before any methods.\n01232| \n01233| ### Using Data Transfer Objects (DTO)\n01234| \n01235| When retrieving data, it's recommended you return only the necessary data that will be used in your application, and not entire objects. For example, if you're fetching user data, you might only return the user's ID and name, rather than the entire user object which could contain passwords, phone numbers, etc.\n01236| \n01237| However, if you have no control over the returned data structure, or are working in a team where you want to avoid whole objects being passed to the client, you can use strategies such as specifying what fields are safe to be exposed to the client.\n01238| \n01239| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/dto.ts\" switcher\n01240| import 'server-only'\n01241| import { getUser } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01242| \n01243| function canSeeUsername(viewer: User) {\n01244| return true\n01245| }\n01246| \n01247| function canSeePhoneNumber(viewer: User, team: string) {\n01248| return viewer.isAdmin || team === viewer.team\n01249| }\n01250| \n01251| export async function getProfileDTO(slug: string) {\n01252| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01253| where: eq(users.slug, slug),\n01254| // Return specific columns here\n01255| })\n01256| const user = data[0]\n01257| \n01258| const currentUser = await getUser(user.id)\n01259| \n01260| // Or return only what's specific to the query here\n01261| return {\n01262| username: canSeeUsername(currentUser) ? user.username : null,\n01263| phonenumber: canSeePhoneNumber(currentUser, user.team)\n01264| ? user.phonenumber\n01265| : null,\n01266| }\n01267| }\n01268| ```\n01269| \n01270| ```js filename=\"app/lib/dto.js\" switcher\n01271| import 'server-only'\n01272| import { getUser } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01273| \n01274| function canSeeUsername(viewer) {\n01275| return true\n01276| }\n01277| \n01278| function canSeePhoneNumber(viewer, team) {\n01279| return viewer.isAdmin || team === viewer.team\n01280| }\n01281| \n01282| export async function getProfileDTO(slug) {\n01283| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01284| where: eq(users.slug, slug),\n01285| // Return specific columns here\n01286| })\n01287| const user = data[0]\n01288| \n01289| const currentUser = await getUser(user.id)\n01290| \n01291| // Or return only what's specific to the query here\n01292| return {\n01293| username: canSeeUsername(currentUser) ? user.username : null,\n01294| phonenumber: canSeePhoneNumber(currentUser, user.team)\n01295| ? user.phonenumber\n01296| : null,\n01297| }\n01298| }\n01299| ```\n01300| \n01301| By centralizing your data requests and authorization logic in a DAL and using DTOs, you can ensure that all data requests are secure and consistent, making it easier to maintain, audit, and debug as your application scales.\n01302| \n01303| > **Good to know**:\n01304| >\n01305| > - There are a couple of different ways you can define a DTO, from using `toJSON()`, to individual functions like the example above, or JS classes. Since these are JavaScript patterns and not a React or Next.js feature, we recommend doing some research to find the best pattern for your application.\n01306| > - Learn more about security best practices in our [Security in Next.js article](/blog/security-nextjs-server-components-actions).\n01307| \n01308| ### Server Components\n01309| \n01310| Auth check in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) are useful for role-based access. For example, to conditionally render components based on the user's role:\n01311| \n01312| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n01313| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01314| \n01315| export default async function Dashboard() {\n01316| const session = await verifySession()\n01317| const userRole = session?.user?.role // Assuming 'role' is part of the session object\n01318| \n01319| if (userRole === 'admin') {\n01320| return \n01321| } else if (userRole === 'user') {\n01322| return \n01323| } else {\n01324| redirect('/login')\n01325| }\n01326| }\n01327| ```\n01328| \n01329| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.jsx\" switcher\n01330| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01331| \n01332| export default async function Dashboard() {\n01333| const session = await verifySession()\n01334| const userRole = session?.user?.role // Assuming 'role' is part of the session object\n01335| \n01336| if (userRole === 'admin') {\n01337| return \n01338| } else if (userRole === 'user') {\n01339| return \n01340| } else {\n01341| redirect('/login')\n01342| }\n01343| }\n01344| ```\n01345| \n01346| In the example, we use the `verifySession()` function from our DAL to check for 'admin', 'user', and unauthorized roles. This pattern ensures that each user interacts only with components appropriate to their role.\n01347| \n01348| ### Layouts and auth checks\n01349| \n01350| Due to [Partial Rendering](/docs/app/getting-started/linking-and-navigating#client-side-transitions), be cautious when doing checks in [Layouts](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) as these don't re-render on navigation, meaning the user session won't be checked on every route change.\n01351| \n01352| Instead, you should do the checks close to your data source or the component that'll be conditionally rendered.\n01353| \n01354| For example, consider a shared layout that fetches the user data and displays the user image in a nav. Instead of doing the auth check in the layout, you should fetch the user data (`getUser()`) in the layout and do the auth check in your DAL.\n01355| \n01356| This guarantees that wherever `getUser()` is called within your application, the auth check is performed, and prevents developers forgetting to check the user is authorized to access the data.\n01357| \n01358| #### Auth checks in page components\n01359| \n01360| For example, in a dashboard page, you can verify the user session and fetch the user data:\n01361| \n01362| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n01363| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01364| \n01365| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n01366| const session = await verifySession()\n01367| \n01368| // Fetch user-specific data from your database or data source\n01369| const user = await getUserData(session.userId)\n01370| \n01371| return (\n01372| \n01373|
Welcome, {user.name} \n01374| {/* Dashboard content */}\n01375| \n01376| )\n01377| }\n01378| ```\n01379| \n01380| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.jsx\" switcher\n01381| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01382| \n01383| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n01384| const session = await verifySession()\n01385| \n01386| // Fetch user-specific data from your database or data source\n01387| const user = await getUserData(session.userId)\n01388| \n01389| return (\n01390| \n01391|
Welcome, {user.name} \n01392| {/* Dashboard content */}\n01393| \n01394| )\n01395| }\n01396| ```\n01397| \n01398| #### Auth checks in leaf components\n01399| \n01400| You can also perform auth checks in leaf components that conditionally render UI elements based on user permissions. For example, a component that displays admin-only actions:\n01401| \n01402| ```tsx filename=\"app/ui/admin-actions.tsx\" switcher\n01403| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01404| \n01405| export default async function AdminActions() {\n01406| const session = await verifySession()\n01407| const userRole = session?.user?.role\n01408| \n01409| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01410| return null\n01411| }\n01412| \n01413| return (\n01414| \n01415| Delete User \n01416| Edit Settings \n01417|
\n01418| )\n01419| }\n01420| ```\n01421| \n01422| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/admin-actions.jsx\" switcher\n01423| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01424| \n01425| export default async function AdminActions() {\n01426| const session = await verifySession()\n01427| const userRole = session?.user?.role\n01428| \n01429| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01430| return null\n01431| }\n01432| \n01433| return (\n01434| \n01435| Delete User \n01436| Edit Settings \n01437|
\n01438| )\n01439| }\n01440| ```\n01441| \n01442| This pattern allows you to show or hide UI elements based on user permissions while ensuring the auth check happens at render time in each component.\n01443| \n01444| > **Good to know:**\n01445| >\n01446| > - A common pattern in SPAs is to `return null` in a layout or a top-level component if a user is not authorized. This pattern is **not recommended** since Next.js applications have multiple entry points, which will not prevent nested route segments and Server Actions from being accessed.\n01447| > - Ensure that any Server Actions called from these components also perform their own authorization checks, as client-side UI restrictions alone are not sufficient for security.\n01448| \n01449| ### Server Actions\n01450| \n01451| Treat [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) with the same security considerations as public-facing API endpoints, and verify if the user is allowed to perform a mutation.\n01452| \n01453| In the example below, we check the user's role before allowing the action to proceed:\n01454| \n01455| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/actions.ts\" switcher\n01456| 'use server'\n01457| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01458| \n01459| export async function serverAction(formData: FormData) {\n01460| const session = await verifySession()\n01461| const userRole = session?.user?.role\n01462| \n01463| // Return early if user is not authorized to perform the action\n01464| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01465| return null\n01466| }\n01467| \n01468| // Proceed with the action for authorized users\n01469| }\n01470| ```\n01471| \n01472| ```js filename=\"app/lib/actions.js\" switcher\n01473| 'use server'\n01474| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01475| \n01476| export async function serverAction() {\n01477| const session = await verifySession()\n01478| const userRole = session.user.role\n01479| \n01480| // Return early if user is not authorized to perform the action\n01481| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01482| return null\n01483| }\n01484| \n01485| // Proceed with the action for authorized users\n01486| }\n01487| ```\n01488| \n01489| ### Route Handlers\n01490| \n01491| Treat [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) with the same security considerations as public-facing API endpoints, and verify if the user is allowed to access the Route Handler.\n01492| \n01493| For example:\n01494| \n01495| ```ts filename=\"app/api/route.ts\" switcher\n01496| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01497| \n01498| export async function GET() {\n01499| // User authentication and role verification\n01500| const session = await verifySession()\n01501| \n01502| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01503| if (!session) {\n01504| // User is not authenticated\n01505| return new Response(null, { status: 401 })\n01506| }\n01507| \n01508| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01509| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01510| // User is authenticated but does not have the right permissions\n01511| return new Response(null, { status: 403 })\n01512| }\n01513| \n01514| // Continue for authorized users\n01515| }\n01516| ```\n01517| \n01518| ```js filename=\"app/api/route.js\" switcher\n01519| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01520| \n01521| export async function GET() {\n01522| // User authentication and role verification\n01523| const session = await verifySession()\n01524| \n01525| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01526| if (!session) {\n01527| // User is not authenticated\n01528| return new Response(null, { status: 401 })\n01529| }\n01530| \n01531| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01532| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01533| // User is authenticated but does not have the right permissions\n01534| return new Response(null, { status: 403 })\n01535| }\n01536| \n01537| // Continue for authorized users\n01538| }\n01539| ```\n01540| \n01541| The example above demonstrates a Route Handler with a two-tier security check. It first checks for an active session, and then verifies if the logged-in user is an 'admin'.\n01542| \n01543| ## Context Providers\n01544| \n01545| Using context providers for auth works due to [interleaving](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components#interleaving-server-and-client-components). However, React `context` is not supported in Server Components, making them only applicable to Client Components.\n01546| \n01547| This works, but any child Server Components will be rendered on the server first, and will not have access to the context provider’s session data:\n01548| \n01549| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.ts\" switcher\n01550| import { ContextProvider } from 'auth-lib'\n01551| \n01552| export default function RootLayout({ children }) {\n01553| return (\n01554| \n01555| \n01556| {children} \n01557| \n01558| \n01559| )\n01560| }\n01561| ```\n01562| \n01563| ```tsx filename=\"app/ui/profile.ts switcher\n01564| 'use client';\n01565| \n01566| import { useSession } from \"auth-lib\";\n01567| \n01568| export default function Profile() {\n01569| const { userId } = useSession();\n01570| const { data } = useSWR(`/api/user/${userId}`, fetcher)\n01571| \n01572| return (\n01573| // ...\n01574| );\n01575| }\n01576| ```\n01577| \n01578| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/profile.js switcher\n01579| 'use client';\n01580| \n01581| import { useSession } from \"auth-lib\";\n01582| \n01583| export default function Profile() {\n01584| const { userId } = useSession();\n01585| const { data } = useSWR(`/api/user/${userId}`, fetcher)\n01586| \n01587| return (\n01588| // ...\n01589| );\n01590| }\n01591| ```\n01592| \n01593| If session data is needed in Client Components (e.g. for client-side data fetching), use React’s [`taintUniqueValue`](https://react.dev/reference/react/experimental_taintUniqueValue) API to prevent sensitive session data from being exposed to the client.\n01594| \n01595| \n01596| \n01597| \n01598| \n01599| ### Creating a Data Access Layer (DAL)\n01600| \n01601| #### Protecting API Routes\n01602| \n01603| API Routes in Next.js are essential for handling server-side logic and data management. It's crucial to secure these routes to ensure that only authorized users can access specific functionalities. This typically involves verifying the user's authentication status and their role-based permissions.\n01604| \n01605| Here's an example of securing an API Route:\n01606| \n01607| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/route.ts\" switcher\n01608| import { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n01609| \n01610| export default async function handler(\n01611| req: NextApiRequest,\n01612| res: NextApiResponse\n01613| ) {\n01614| const session = await getSession(req)\n01615| \n01616| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01617| if (!session) {\n01618| res.status(401).json({\n01619| error: 'User is not authenticated',\n01620| })\n01621| return\n01622| }\n01623| \n01624| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01625| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01626| res.status(401).json({\n01627| error: 'Unauthorized access: User does not have admin privileges.',\n01628| })\n01629| return\n01630| }\n01631| \n01632| // Proceed with the route for authorized users\n01633| // ... implementation of the API Route\n01634| }\n01635| ```\n01636| \n01637| ```js filename=\"pages/api/route.js\" switcher\n01638| export default async function handler(req, res) {\n01639| const session = await getSession(req)\n01640| \n01641| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01642| if (!session) {\n01643| res.status(401).json({\n01644| error: 'User is not authenticated',\n01645| })\n01646| return\n01647| }\n01648| \n01649| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01650| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01651| res.status(401).json({\n01652| error: 'Unauthorized access: User does not have admin privileges.',\n01653| })\n01654| return\n01655| }\n01656| \n01657| // Proceed with the route for authorized users\n01658| // ... implementation of the API Route\n01659| }\n01660| ```\n01661| \n01662| This example demonstrates an API Route with a two-tier security check for authentication and authorization. It first checks for an active session, and then verifies if the logged-in user is an 'admin'. This approach ensures secure access, limited to authenticated and authorized users, maintaining robust security for request processing.\n01663| \n01664| \n01665| \n01666| ## Resources\n01667| \n01668| Now that you've learned about authentication in Next.js, here are Next.js-compatible libraries and resources to help you implement secure authentication and session management:\n01669| \n01670| ### Auth Libraries\n01671| \n01672| - [Auth0](https://auth0.com/docs/quickstart/webapp/nextjs)\n01673| - [Better Auth](https://www.better-auth.com/docs/integrations/next)\n01674| - [Clerk](https://clerk.com/docs/quickstarts/nextjs)\n01675| - [Descope](https://docs.descope.com/getting-started/nextjs)\n01676| - [Kinde](https://kinde.com/docs/developer-tools/nextjs-sdk)\n01677| - [Logto](https://docs.logto.io/quick-starts/next-app-router)\n01678| - [NextAuth.js](https://authjs.dev/getting-started/installation?framework=next.js)\n01679| - [Ory](https://www.ory.sh/docs/getting-started/integrate-auth/nextjs)\n01680| - [Stack Auth](https://docs.stack-auth.com/getting-started/setup)\n01681| - [Supabase](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/getting-started/quickstarts/nextjs)\n01682| - [Stytch](https://stytch.com/docs/guides/quickstarts/nextjs)\n01683| - [WorkOS](https://workos.com/docs/user-management/nextjs)\n01684| \n01685| ### Session Management Libraries\n01686| \n01687| - [Iron Session](https://github.com/vvo/iron-session)\n01688| - [Jose](https://github.com/panva/jose)\n01689| \n01690| ## Further Reading\n01691| \n01692| To continue learning about authentication and security, check out the following resources:\n01693| \n01694| - [How to think about security in Next.js](/blog/security-nextjs-server-components-actions)\n01695| - [Understanding XSS Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-xss-attacks)\n01696| - [Understanding CSRF Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-csrf-attacks)\n01697| - [The Copenhagen Book](https://thecopenhagenbook.com/)\n01698| \n\n(End of file - total 1698 lines)\n",
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to implement authentication in Next.js\n00003| nav_title: Authentication\n00004| description: Learn how to implement authentication in your Next.js application.\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| Understanding authentication is crucial for protecting your application's data. This page will guide you through what React and Next.js features to use to implement auth.\n00008| \n00009| Before starting, it helps to break down the process into three concepts:\n00010| \n00011| 1. **[Authentication](#authentication)**: Verifies if the user is who they say they are. It requires the user to prove their identity with something they have, such as a username and password.\n00012| 2. **[Session Management](#session-management)**: Tracks the user's auth state across requests.\n00013| 3. **[Authorization](#authorization)**: Decides what routes and data the user can access.\n00014| \n00015| This diagram shows the authentication flow using React and Next.js features:\n00016| \n00017| \n00024| \n00025| The examples on this page walk through basic username and password auth for educational purposes. While you can implement a custom auth solution, for increased security and simplicity, we recommend using an authentication library. These offer built-in solutions for authentication, session management, and authorization, as well as additional features such as social logins, multi-factor authentication, and role-based access control. You can find a list in the [Auth Libraries](#auth-libraries) section.\n00026| \n00027| ## Authentication\n00028| \n00029| \n00030| \n00031| ### Sign-up and login functionality\n00032| \n00033| You can use the [`\n00063| )\n00064| }\n00065| ```\n00066| \n00067| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/signup-form.js\" switcher\n00068| import { signup } from '@/app/actions/auth'\n00069| \n00070| export function SignupForm() {\n00071| return (\n00072| \n00087| )\n00088| }\n00089| ```\n00090| \n00091| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00092| export async function signup(formData: FormData) {}\n00093| ```\n00094| \n00095| ```jsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00096| export async function signup(formData) {}\n00097| ```\n00098| \n00099| #### 2. Validate form fields on the server\n00100| \n00101| Use the Server Action to validate the form fields on the server. If your authentication provider doesn't provide form validation, you can use a schema validation library like [Zod](https://zod.dev/) or [Yup](https://github.com/jquense/yup).\n00102| \n00103| Using Zod as an example, you can define a form schema with appropriate error messages:\n00104| \n00105| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/definitions.ts\" switcher\n00106| import * as z from 'zod'\n00107| \n00108| export const SignupFormSchema = z.object({\n00109| name: z\n00110| .string()\n00111| .min(2, { error: 'Name must be at least 2 characters long.' })\n00112| .trim(),\n00113| email: z.email({ error: 'Please enter a valid email.' }).trim(),\n00114| password: z\n00115| .string()\n00116| .min(8, { error: 'Be at least 8 characters long' })\n00117| .regex(/[a-zA-Z]/, { error: 'Contain at least one letter.' })\n00118| .regex(/[0-9]/, { error: 'Contain at least one number.' })\n00119| .regex(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/, {\n00120| error: 'Contain at least one special character.',\n00121| })\n00122| .trim(),\n00123| })\n00124| \n00125| export type FormState =\n00126| | {\n00127| errors?: {\n00128| name?: string[]\n00129| email?: string[]\n00130| password?: string[]\n00131| }\n00132| message?: string\n00133| }\n00134| | undefined\n00135| ```\n00136| \n00137| ```js filename=\"app/lib/definitions.js\" switcher\n00138| import * as z from 'zod'\n00139| \n00140| export const SignupFormSchema = z.object({\n00141| name: z\n00142| .string()\n00143| .min(2, { error: 'Name must be at least 2 characters long.' })\n00144| .trim(),\n00145| email: z.email({ error: 'Please enter a valid email.' }).trim(),\n00146| password: z\n00147| .string()\n00148| .min(8, { error: 'Be at least 8 characters long' })\n00149| .regex(/[a-zA-Z]/, { error: 'Contain at least one letter.' })\n00150| .regex(/[0-9]/, { error: 'Contain at least one number.' })\n00151| .regex(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/, {\n00152| error: 'Contain at least one special character.',\n00153| })\n00154| .trim(),\n00155| })\n00156| ```\n00157| \n00158| To prevent unnecessary calls to your authentication provider's API or database, you can `return` early in the Server Action if any form fields do not match the defined schema.\n00159| \n00160| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00161| import { SignupFormSchema, FormState } from '@/app/lib/definitions'\n00162| \n00163| export async function signup(state: FormState, formData: FormData) {\n00164| // Validate form fields\n00165| const validatedFields = SignupFormSchema.safeParse({\n00166| name: formData.get('name'),\n00167| email: formData.get('email'),\n00168| password: formData.get('password'),\n00169| })\n00170| \n00171| // If any form fields are invalid, return early\n00172| if (!validatedFields.success) {\n00173| return {\n00174| errors: validatedFields.error.flatten().fieldErrors,\n00175| }\n00176| }\n00177| \n00178| // Call the provider or db to create a user...\n00179| }\n00180| ```\n00181| \n00182| ```js filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00183| import { SignupFormSchema } from '@/app/lib/definitions'\n00184| \n00185| export async function signup(state, formData) {\n00186| // Validate form fields\n00187| const validatedFields = SignupFormSchema.safeParse({\n00188| name: formData.get('name'),\n00189| email: formData.get('email'),\n00190| password: formData.get('password'),\n00191| })\n00192| \n00193| // If any form fields are invalid, return early\n00194| if (!validatedFields.success) {\n00195| return {\n00196| errors: validatedFields.error.flatten().fieldErrors,\n00197| }\n00198| }\n00199| \n00200| // Call the provider or db to create a user...\n00201| }\n00202| ```\n00203| \n00204| Back in your ` `, you can use React's `useActionState` hook to display validation errors while the form is submitting:\n00205| \n00206| ```tsx filename=\"app/ui/signup-form.tsx\" switcher highlight={7,15,21,27-36}\n00207| 'use client'\n00208| \n00209| import { signup } from '@/app/actions/auth'\n00210| import { useActionState } from 'react'\n00211| \n00212| export default function SignupForm() {\n00213| const [state, action, pending] = useActionState(signup, undefined)\n00214| \n00215| return (\n00216| \n00247| )\n00248| }\n00249| ```\n00250| \n00251| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/signup-form.js\" switcher highlight={7,15,21,27-36}\n00252| 'use client'\n00253| \n00254| import { signup } from '@/app/actions/auth'\n00255| import { useActionState } from 'react'\n00256| \n00257| export default function SignupForm() {\n00258| const [state, action, pending] = useActionState(signup, undefined)\n00259| \n00260| return (\n00261| \n00292| )\n00293| }\n00294| ```\n00295| \n00296| > **Good to know:**\n00297| >\n00298| > - In React 19, `useFormStatus` includes additional keys on the returned object, like data, method, and action. If you are not using React 19, only the `pending` key is available.\n00299| > - Before mutating data, you should always ensure a user is also authorized to perform the action. See [Authentication and Authorization](#authorization).\n00300| \n00301| #### 3. Create a user or check user credentials\n00302| \n00303| After validating form fields, you can create a new user account or check if the user exists by calling your authentication provider's API or database.\n00304| \n00305| Continuing from the previous example:\n00306| \n00307| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.tsx\" switcher\n00308| export async function signup(state: FormState, formData: FormData) {\n00309| // 1. Validate form fields\n00310| // ...\n00311| \n00312| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00313| const { name, email, password } = validatedFields.data\n00314| // e.g. Hash the user's password before storing it\n00315| const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(password, 10)\n00316| \n00317| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Auth Library's API\n00318| const data = await db\n00319| .insert(users)\n00320| .values({\n00321| name,\n00322| email,\n00323| password: hashedPassword,\n00324| })\n00325| .returning({ id: users.id })\n00326| \n00327| const user = data[0]\n00328| \n00329| if (!user) {\n00330| return {\n00331| message: 'An error occurred while creating your account.',\n00332| }\n00333| }\n00334| \n00335| // TODO:\n00336| // 4. Create user session\n00337| // 5. Redirect user\n00338| }\n00339| ```\n00340| \n00341| ```jsx filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00342| export async function signup(state, formData) {\n00343| // 1. Validate form fields\n00344| // ...\n00345| \n00346| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00347| const { name, email, password } = validatedFields.data\n00348| // e.g. Hash the user's password before storing it\n00349| const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(password, 10)\n00350| \n00351| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Library API\n00352| const data = await db\n00353| .insert(users)\n00354| .values({\n00355| name,\n00356| email,\n00357| password: hashedPassword,\n00358| })\n00359| .returning({ id: users.id })\n00360| \n00361| const user = data[0]\n00362| \n00363| if (!user) {\n00364| return {\n00365| message: 'An error occurred while creating your account.',\n00366| }\n00367| }\n00368| \n00369| // TODO:\n00370| // 4. Create user session\n00371| // 5. Redirect user\n00372| }\n00373| ```\n00374| \n00375| After successfully creating the user account or verifying the user credentials, you can create a session to manage the user's auth state. Depending on your session management strategy, the session can be stored in a cookie or database, or both. Continue to the [Session Management](#session-management) section to learn more.\n00376| \n00377| > **Tips:**\n00378| >\n00379| > - The example above is verbose since it breaks down the authentication steps for the purpose of education. This highlights that implementing your own secure solution can quickly become complex. Consider using an [Auth Library](#auth-libraries) to simplify the process.\n00380| > - To improve the user experience, you may want to check for duplicate emails or usernames earlier in the registration flow. For example, as the user types in a username or the input field loses focus. This can help prevent unnecessary form submissions and provide immediate feedback to the user. You can debounce requests with libraries such as [use-debounce](https://www.npmjs.com/package/use-debounce) to manage the frequency of these checks.\n00381| \n00382| \n00383| \n00384| \n00385| \n00386| Here are the steps to implement a sign-up and/or login form:\n00387| \n00388| 1. The user submits their credentials through a form.\n00389| 2. The form sends a request that is handled by an API route.\n00390| 3. Upon successful verification, the process is completed, indicating the user's successful authentication.\n00391| 4. If verification is unsuccessful, an error message is shown.\n00392| \n00393| Consider a login form where users can input their credentials:\n00394| \n00395| ```tsx filename=\"pages/login.tsx\" switcher\n00396| import { FormEvent } from 'react'\n00397| import { useRouter } from 'next/router'\n00398| \n00399| export default function LoginPage() {\n00400| const router = useRouter()\n00401| \n00402| async function handleSubmit(event: FormEvent) {\n00403| event.preventDefault()\n00404| \n00405| const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget)\n00406| const email = formData.get('email')\n00407| const password = formData.get('password')\n00408| \n00409| const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {\n00410| method: 'POST',\n00411| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00412| body: JSON.stringify({ email, password }),\n00413| })\n00414| \n00415| if (response.ok) {\n00416| router.push('/profile')\n00417| } else {\n00418| // Handle errors\n00419| }\n00420| }\n00421| \n00422| return (\n00423| \n00428| )\n00429| }\n00430| ```\n00431| \n00432| ```jsx filename=\"pages/login.jsx\" switcher\n00433| import { FormEvent } from 'react'\n00434| import { useRouter } from 'next/router'\n00435| \n00436| export default function LoginPage() {\n00437| const router = useRouter()\n00438| \n00439| async function handleSubmit(event) {\n00440| event.preventDefault()\n00441| \n00442| const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget)\n00443| const email = formData.get('email')\n00444| const password = formData.get('password')\n00445| \n00446| const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {\n00447| method: 'POST',\n00448| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00449| body: JSON.stringify({ email, password }),\n00450| })\n00451| \n00452| if (response.ok) {\n00453| router.push('/profile')\n00454| } else {\n00455| // Handle errors\n00456| }\n00457| }\n00458| \n00459| return (\n00460| \n00465| )\n00466| }\n00467| ```\n00468| \n00469| The form above has two input fields for capturing the user's email and password. On submission, it triggers a function that sends a POST request to an API route (`/api/auth/login`).\n00470| \n00471| You can then call your Authentication Provider's API in the API route to handle authentication:\n00472| \n00473| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/auth/login.ts\" switcher\n00474| import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n00475| import { signIn } from '@/auth'\n00476| \n00477| export default async function handler(\n00478| req: NextApiRequest,\n00479| res: NextApiResponse\n00480| ) {\n00481| try {\n00482| const { email, password } = req.body\n00483| await signIn('credentials', { email, password })\n00484| \n00485| res.status(200).json({ success: true })\n00486| } catch (error) {\n00487| if (error.type === 'CredentialsSignin') {\n00488| res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials.' })\n00489| } else {\n00490| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Something went wrong.' })\n00491| }\n00492| }\n00493| }\n00494| ```\n00495| \n00496| ```js filename=\"pages/api/auth/login.js\" switcher\n00497| import { signIn } from '@/auth'\n00498| \n00499| export default async function handler(req, res) {\n00500| try {\n00501| const { email, password } = req.body\n00502| await signIn('credentials', { email, password })\n00503| \n00504| res.status(200).json({ success: true })\n00505| } catch (error) {\n00506| if (error.type === 'CredentialsSignin') {\n00507| res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials.' })\n00508| } else {\n00509| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Something went wrong.' })\n00510| }\n00511| }\n00512| }\n00513| ```\n00514| \n00515| \n00516| \n00517| ## Session Management\n00518| \n00519| Session management ensures that the user's authenticated state is preserved across requests. It involves creating, storing, refreshing, and deleting sessions or tokens.\n00520| \n00521| There are two types of sessions:\n00522| \n00523| 1. [**Stateless**](#stateless-sessions): Session data (or a token) is stored in the browser's cookies. The cookie is sent with each request, allowing the session to be verified on the server. This method is simpler, but can be less secure if not implemented correctly.\n00524| 2. [**Database**](#database-sessions): Session data is stored in a database, with the user's browser only receiving the encrypted session ID. This method is more secure, but can be complex and use more server resources.\n00525| \n00526| > **Good to know:** While you can use either method, or both, we recommend using a session management library such as [iron-session](https://github.com/vvo/iron-session) or [Jose](https://github.com/panva/jose).\n00527| \n00528| ### Stateless Sessions\n00529| \n00530| \n00531| \n00532| To create and manage stateless sessions, there are a few steps you need to follow:\n00533| \n00534| 1. Generate a secret key, which will be used to sign your session, and store it as an [environment variable](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables).\n00535| 2. Write logic to encrypt/decrypt session data using a session management library.\n00536| 3. Manage cookies using the Next.js [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) API.\n00537| \n00538| In addition to the above, consider adding functionality to [update (or refresh)](#updating-or-refreshing-sessions) the session when the user returns to the application, and [delete](#deleting-the-session) the session when the user logs out.\n00539| \n00540| > **Good to know:** Check if your [auth library](#auth-libraries) includes session management.\n00541| \n00542| #### 1. Generating a secret key\n00543| \n00544| There are a few ways you can generate secret key to sign your session. For example, you may choose to use the `openssl` command in your terminal:\n00545| \n00546| ```bash filename=\"terminal\"\n00547| openssl rand -base64 32\n00548| ```\n00549| \n00550| This command generates a 32-character random string that you can use as your secret key and store in your [environment variables file](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables):\n00551| \n00552| ```bash filename=\".env\"\n00553| SESSION_SECRET=your_secret_key\n00554| ```\n00555| \n00556| You can then reference this key in your session management logic:\n00557| \n00558| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\"\n00559| const secretKey = process.env.SESSION_SECRET\n00560| ```\n00561| \n00562| #### 2. Encrypting and decrypting sessions\n00563| \n00564| Next, you can use your preferred [session management library](#session-management-libraries) to encrypt and decrypt sessions. Continuing from the previous example, we'll use [Jose](https://www.npmjs.com/package/jose) and React's [`server-only`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/server-only) package to ensure that your session management logic is only executed on the server.\n00565| \n00566| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00567| import 'server-only'\n00568| import { SignJWT, jwtVerify } from 'jose'\n00569| import { SessionPayload } from '@/app/lib/definitions'\n00570| \n00571| const secretKey = process.env.SESSION_SECRET\n00572| const encodedKey = new TextEncoder().encode(secretKey)\n00573| \n00574| export async function encrypt(payload: SessionPayload) {\n00575| return new SignJWT(payload)\n00576| .setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'HS256' })\n00577| .setIssuedAt()\n00578| .setExpirationTime('7d')\n00579| .sign(encodedKey)\n00580| }\n00581| \n00582| export async function decrypt(session: string | undefined = '') {\n00583| try {\n00584| const { payload } = await jwtVerify(session, encodedKey, {\n00585| algorithms: ['HS256'],\n00586| })\n00587| return payload\n00588| } catch (error) {\n00589| console.log('Failed to verify session')\n00590| }\n00591| }\n00592| ```\n00593| \n00594| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00595| import 'server-only'\n00596| import { SignJWT, jwtVerify } from 'jose'\n00597| \n00598| const secretKey = process.env.SESSION_SECRET\n00599| const encodedKey = new TextEncoder().encode(secretKey)\n00600| \n00601| export async function encrypt(payload) {\n00602| return new SignJWT(payload)\n00603| .setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'HS256' })\n00604| .setIssuedAt()\n00605| .setExpirationTime('7d')\n00606| .sign(encodedKey)\n00607| }\n00608| \n00609| export async function decrypt(session) {\n00610| try {\n00611| const { payload } = await jwtVerify(session, encodedKey, {\n00612| algorithms: ['HS256'],\n00613| })\n00614| return payload\n00615| } catch (error) {\n00616| console.log('Failed to verify session')\n00617| }\n00618| }\n00619| ```\n00620| \n00621| > **Tips**:\n00622| >\n00623| > - The payload should contain the **minimum**, unique user data that'll be used in subsequent requests, such as the user's ID, role, etc. It should not contain personally identifiable information like phone number, email address, credit card information, etc, or sensitive data like passwords.\n00624| \n00625| #### 3. Setting cookies (recommended options)\n00626| \n00627| To store the session in a cookie, use the Next.js [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) API. The cookie should be set on the server, and include the recommended options:\n00628| \n00629| - **HttpOnly**: Prevents client-side JavaScript from accessing the cookie.\n00630| - **Secure**: Use https to send the cookie.\n00631| - **SameSite**: Specify whether the cookie can be sent with cross-site requests.\n00632| - **Max-Age or Expires**: Delete the cookie after a certain period.\n00633| - **Path**: Define the URL path for the cookie.\n00634| \n00635| Please refer to [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies) for more information on each of these options.\n00636| \n00637| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00638| import 'server-only'\n00639| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00640| \n00641| export async function createSession(userId: string) {\n00642| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00643| const session = await encrypt({ userId, expiresAt })\n00644| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00645| \n00646| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00647| httpOnly: true,\n00648| secure: true,\n00649| expires: expiresAt,\n00650| sameSite: 'lax',\n00651| path: '/',\n00652| })\n00653| }\n00654| ```\n00655| \n00656| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00657| import 'server-only'\n00658| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00659| \n00660| export async function createSession(userId) {\n00661| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00662| const session = await encrypt({ userId, expiresAt })\n00663| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00664| \n00665| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00666| httpOnly: true,\n00667| secure: true,\n00668| expires: expiresAt,\n00669| sameSite: 'lax',\n00670| path: '/',\n00671| })\n00672| }\n00673| ```\n00674| \n00675| Back in your Server Action, you can invoke the `createSession()` function, and use the [`redirect()`](/docs/app/guides/redirecting) API to redirect the user to the appropriate page:\n00676| \n00677| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00678| import { createSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00679| \n00680| export async function signup(state: FormState, formData: FormData) {\n00681| // Previous steps:\n00682| // 1. Validate form fields\n00683| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00684| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Library API\n00685| \n00686| // Current steps:\n00687| // 4. Create user session\n00688| await createSession(user.id)\n00689| // 5. Redirect user\n00690| redirect('/profile')\n00691| }\n00692| ```\n00693| \n00694| ```js filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00695| import { createSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00696| \n00697| export async function signup(state, formData) {\n00698| // Previous steps:\n00699| // 1. Validate form fields\n00700| // 2. Prepare data for insertion into database\n00701| // 3. Insert the user into the database or call an Library API\n00702| \n00703| // Current steps:\n00704| // 4. Create user session\n00705| await createSession(user.id)\n00706| // 5. Redirect user\n00707| redirect('/profile')\n00708| }\n00709| ```\n00710| \n00711| > **Tips**:\n00712| >\n00713| > - **Cookies should be set on the server** to prevent client-side tampering.\n00714| > - 🎥 Watch: Learn more about stateless sessions and authentication with Next.js → [YouTube (11 minutes)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJvM2lSPn6w).\n00715| \n00716| #### Updating (or refreshing) sessions\n00717| \n00718| You can also extend the session's expiration time. This is useful for keeping the user logged in after they access the application again. For example:\n00719| \n00720| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00721| import 'server-only'\n00722| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00723| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00724| \n00725| export async function updateSession() {\n00726| const session = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n00727| const payload = await decrypt(session)\n00728| \n00729| if (!session || !payload) {\n00730| return null\n00731| }\n00732| \n00733| const expires = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00734| \n00735| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00736| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00737| httpOnly: true,\n00738| secure: true,\n00739| expires: expires,\n00740| sameSite: 'lax',\n00741| path: '/',\n00742| })\n00743| }\n00744| ```\n00745| \n00746| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00747| import 'server-only'\n00748| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00749| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00750| \n00751| export async function updateSession() {\n00752| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00753| const session = cookieStore.get('session')?.value\n00754| const payload = await decrypt(session)\n00755| \n00756| if (!session || !payload) {\n00757| return null\n00758| }\n00759| \n00760| const expires = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00761| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00762| httpOnly: true,\n00763| secure: true,\n00764| expires: expires,\n00765| sameSite: 'lax',\n00766| path: '/',\n00767| })\n00768| }\n00769| ```\n00770| \n00771| > **Tip:** Check if your auth library supports refresh tokens, which can be used to extend the user's session.\n00772| \n00773| #### Deleting the session\n00774| \n00775| To delete the session, you can delete the cookie:\n00776| \n00777| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00778| import 'server-only'\n00779| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00780| \n00781| export async function deleteSession() {\n00782| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00783| cookieStore.delete('session')\n00784| }\n00785| ```\n00786| \n00787| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00788| import 'server-only'\n00789| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00790| \n00791| export async function deleteSession() {\n00792| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00793| cookieStore.delete('session')\n00794| }\n00795| ```\n00796| \n00797| Then you can reuse the `deleteSession()` function in your application, for example, on logout:\n00798| \n00799| ```ts filename=\"app/actions/auth.ts\" switcher\n00800| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00801| import { deleteSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00802| \n00803| export async function logout() {\n00804| await deleteSession()\n00805| redirect('/login')\n00806| }\n00807| ```\n00808| \n00809| ```js filename=\"app/actions/auth.js\" switcher\n00810| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00811| import { deleteSession } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00812| \n00813| export async function logout() {\n00814| await deleteSession()\n00815| redirect('/login')\n00816| }\n00817| ```\n00818| \n00819| \n00820| \n00821| \n00822| \n00823| #### Setting and deleting cookies\n00824| \n00825| You can use [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) to set the session as a cookie on the server:\n00826| \n00827| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/login.ts\" switcher\n00828| import { serialize } from 'cookie'\n00829| import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n00830| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00831| \n00832| export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) {\n00833| const sessionData = req.body\n00834| const encryptedSessionData = encrypt(sessionData)\n00835| \n00836| const cookie = serialize('session', encryptedSessionData, {\n00837| httpOnly: true,\n00838| secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',\n00839| maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // One week\n00840| path: '/',\n00841| })\n00842| res.setHeader('Set-Cookie', cookie)\n00843| res.status(200).json({ message: 'Successfully set cookie!' })\n00844| }\n00845| ```\n00846| \n00847| ```js filename=\"pages/api/login.js\" switcher\n00848| import { serialize } from 'cookie'\n00849| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00850| \n00851| export default function handler(req, res) {\n00852| const sessionData = req.body\n00853| const encryptedSessionData = encrypt(sessionData)\n00854| \n00855| const cookie = serialize('session', encryptedSessionData, {\n00856| httpOnly: true,\n00857| secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',\n00858| maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // One week\n00859| path: '/',\n00860| })\n00861| res.setHeader('Set-Cookie', cookie)\n00862| res.status(200).json({ message: 'Successfully set cookie!' })\n00863| }\n00864| ```\n00865| \n00866| \n00867| \n00868| ### Database Sessions\n00869| \n00870| To create and manage database sessions, you'll need to follow these steps:\n00871| \n00872| 1. Create a table in your database to store session and data (or check if your Auth Library handles this).\n00873| 2. Implement functionality to insert, update, and delete sessions\n00874| 3. Encrypt the session ID before storing it in the user's browser, and ensure the database and cookie stay in sync (this is optional, but recommended for optimistic auth checks in [Proxy](#optimistic-checks-with-proxy-optional)).\n00875| \n00876| \n00877| \n00878| For example:\n00879| \n00880| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/session.ts\" switcher\n00881| import cookies from 'next/headers'\n00882| import { db } from '@/app/lib/db'\n00883| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00884| \n00885| export async function createSession(id: number) {\n00886| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00887| \n00888| // 1. Create a session in the database\n00889| const data = await db\n00890| .insert(sessions)\n00891| .values({\n00892| userId: id,\n00893| expiresAt,\n00894| })\n00895| // Return the session ID\n00896| .returning({ id: sessions.id })\n00897| \n00898| const sessionId = data[0].id\n00899| \n00900| // 2. Encrypt the session ID\n00901| const session = await encrypt({ sessionId, expiresAt })\n00902| \n00903| // 3. Store the session in cookies for optimistic auth checks\n00904| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00905| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00906| httpOnly: true,\n00907| secure: true,\n00908| expires: expiresAt,\n00909| sameSite: 'lax',\n00910| path: '/',\n00911| })\n00912| }\n00913| ```\n00914| \n00915| ```js filename=\"app/lib/session.js\" switcher\n00916| import cookies from 'next/headers'\n00917| import { db } from '@/app/lib/db'\n00918| import { encrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n00919| \n00920| export async function createSession(id) {\n00921| const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)\n00922| \n00923| // 1. Create a session in the database\n00924| const data = await db\n00925| .insert(sessions)\n00926| .values({\n00927| userId: id,\n00928| expiresAt,\n00929| })\n00930| // Return the session ID\n00931| .returning({ id: sessions.id })\n00932| \n00933| const sessionId = data[0].id\n00934| \n00935| // 2. Encrypt the session ID\n00936| const session = await encrypt({ sessionId, expiresAt })\n00937| \n00938| // 3. Store the session in cookies for optimistic auth checks\n00939| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00940| cookieStore.set('session', session, {\n00941| httpOnly: true,\n00942| secure: true,\n00943| expires: expiresAt,\n00944| sameSite: 'lax',\n00945| path: '/',\n00946| })\n00947| }\n00948| ```\n00949| \n00950| > **Tips**:\n00951| >\n00952| > - For faster access, you may consider adding server caching for the lifetime of the session. You can also keep the session data in your primary database, and combine data requests to reduce the number of queries.\n00953| > - You may opt to use database sessions for more advanced use cases, such as keeping track of the last time a user logged in, or number of active devices, or give users the ability to log out of all devices.\n00954| \n00955| After implementing session management, you'll need to add authorization logic to control what users can access and do within your application. Continue to the [Authorization](#authorization) section to learn more.\n00956| \n00957| \n00958| \n00959| \n00960| \n00961| **Creating a Session on the Server**:\n00962| \n00963| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/create-session.ts\" switcher\n00964| import db from '../../lib/db'\n00965| import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n00966| \n00967| export default async function handler(\n00968| req: NextApiRequest,\n00969| res: NextApiResponse\n00970| ) {\n00971| try {\n00972| const user = req.body\n00973| const sessionId = generateSessionId()\n00974| await db.insertSession({\n00975| sessionId,\n00976| userId: user.id,\n00977| createdAt: new Date(),\n00978| })\n00979| \n00980| res.status(200).json({ sessionId })\n00981| } catch (error) {\n00982| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' })\n00983| }\n00984| }\n00985| ```\n00986| \n00987| ```js filename=\"pages/api/create-session.js\" switcher\n00988| import db from '../../lib/db'\n00989| \n00990| export default async function handler(req, res) {\n00991| try {\n00992| const user = req.body\n00993| const sessionId = generateSessionId()\n00994| await db.insertSession({\n00995| sessionId,\n00996| userId: user.id,\n00997| createdAt: new Date(),\n00998| })\n00999| \n01000| res.status(200).json({ sessionId })\n01001| } catch (error) {\n01002| res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' })\n01003| }\n01004| }\n01005| ```\n01006| \n01007| \n01008| \n01009| ## Authorization\n01010| \n01011| Once a user is authenticated and a session is created, you can implement authorization to control what the user can access and do within your application.\n01012| \n01013| There are two main types of authorization checks:\n01014| \n01015| 1. **Optimistic**: Checks if the user is authorized to access a route or perform an action using the session data stored in the cookie. These checks are useful for quick operations, such as showing/hiding UI elements or redirecting users based on permissions or roles.\n01016| 2. **Secure**: Checks if the user is authorized to access a route or perform an action using the session data stored in the database. These checks are more secure and are used for operations that require access to sensitive data or actions.\n01017| \n01018| For both cases, we recommend:\n01019| \n01020| - Creating a [Data Access Layer](#creating-a-data-access-layer-dal) to centralize your authorization logic\n01021| - Using [Data Transfer Objects (DTO)](#using-data-transfer-objects-dto) to only return the necessary data\n01022| - Optionally use [Proxy](#optimistic-checks-with-proxy-optional) to perform optimistic checks.\n01023| \n01024| ### Optimistic checks with Proxy (Optional)\n01025| \n01026| There are some cases where you may want to use [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy) and redirect users based on permissions:\n01027| \n01028| - To perform optimistic checks. Since Proxy runs on every route, it's a good way to centralize redirect logic and pre-filter unauthorized users.\n01029| - To protect static routes that share data between users (e.g. content behind a paywall).\n01030| \n01031| However, since Proxy runs on every route, including [prefetched](/docs/app/getting-started/linking-and-navigating#prefetching) routes, it's important to only read the session from the cookie (optimistic checks), and avoid database checks to prevent performance issues.\n01032| \n01033| For example:\n01034| \n01035| ```tsx filename=\"proxy.ts\" switcher\n01036| import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'\n01037| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01038| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01039| \n01040| // 1. Specify protected and public routes\n01041| const protectedRoutes = ['/dashboard']\n01042| const publicRoutes = ['/login', '/signup', '/']\n01043| \n01044| export default async function proxy(req: NextRequest) {\n01045| // 2. Check if the current route is protected or public\n01046| const path = req.nextUrl.pathname\n01047| const isProtectedRoute = protectedRoutes.includes(path)\n01048| const isPublicRoute = publicRoutes.includes(path)\n01049| \n01050| // 3. Decrypt the session from the cookie\n01051| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01052| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01053| \n01054| // 4. Redirect to /login if the user is not authenticated\n01055| if (isProtectedRoute && !session?.userId) {\n01056| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', req.nextUrl))\n01057| }\n01058| \n01059| // 5. Redirect to /dashboard if the user is authenticated\n01060| if (\n01061| isPublicRoute &&\n01062| session?.userId &&\n01063| !req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')\n01064| ) {\n01065| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', req.nextUrl))\n01066| }\n01067| \n01068| return NextResponse.next()\n01069| }\n01070| \n01071| // Routes Proxy should not run on\n01072| export const config = {\n01073| matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|.*\\\\.png$).*)'],\n01074| }\n01075| ```\n01076| \n01077| ```js filename=\"proxy.js\" switcher\n01078| import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'\n01079| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01080| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01081| \n01082| // 1. Specify protected and public routes\n01083| const protectedRoutes = ['/dashboard']\n01084| const publicRoutes = ['/login', '/signup', '/']\n01085| \n01086| export default async function proxy(req) {\n01087| // 2. Check if the current route is protected or public\n01088| const path = req.nextUrl.pathname\n01089| const isProtectedRoute = protectedRoutes.includes(path)\n01090| const isPublicRoute = publicRoutes.includes(path)\n01091| \n01092| // 3. Decrypt the session from the cookie\n01093| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01094| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01095| \n01096| // 5. Redirect to /login if the user is not authenticated\n01097| if (isProtectedRoute && !session?.userId) {\n01098| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', req.nextUrl))\n01099| }\n01100| \n01101| // 6. Redirect to /dashboard if the user is authenticated\n01102| if (\n01103| isPublicRoute &&\n01104| session?.userId &&\n01105| !req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')\n01106| ) {\n01107| return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', req.nextUrl))\n01108| }\n01109| \n01110| return NextResponse.next()\n01111| }\n01112| \n01113| // Routes Proxy should not run on\n01114| export const config = {\n01115| matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|.*\\\\.png$).*)'],\n01116| }\n01117| ```\n01118| \n01119| While Proxy can be useful for initial checks, it should not be your only line of defense in protecting your data. The majority of security checks should be performed as close as possible to your data source, see [Data Access Layer](#creating-a-data-access-layer-dal) for more information.\n01120| \n01121| > **Tips**:\n01122| >\n01123| > - In Proxy, you can also read cookies using `req.cookies.get('session')?.value`.\n01124| > - Proxy uses the Node.js runtime, check if your Auth library and session management library are compatible.\n01125| > - You can use the `matcher` property in the Proxy to specify which routes Proxy should run on. Although, for auth, it's recommended Proxy runs on all routes.\n01126| \n01127| \n01128| \n01129| ### Creating a Data Access Layer (DAL)\n01130| \n01131| We recommend creating a DAL to centralize your data requests and authorization logic.\n01132| \n01133| The DAL should include a function that verifies the user's session as they interact with your application. At the very least, the function should check if the session is valid, then redirect or return the user information needed to make further requests.\n01134| \n01135| For example, create a separate file for your DAL that includes a `verifySession()` function. Then use React's [cache](https://react.dev/reference/react/cache) API to memoize the return value of the function during a React render pass:\n01136| \n01137| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/dal.ts\" switcher\n01138| import 'server-only'\n01139| \n01140| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01141| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01142| \n01143| export const verifySession = cache(async () => {\n01144| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01145| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01146| \n01147| if (!session?.userId) {\n01148| redirect('/login')\n01149| }\n01150| \n01151| return { isAuth: true, userId: session.userId }\n01152| })\n01153| ```\n01154| \n01155| ```js filename=\"app/lib/dal.js\" switcher\n01156| import 'server-only'\n01157| \n01158| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n01159| import { decrypt } from '@/app/lib/session'\n01160| \n01161| export const verifySession = cache(async () => {\n01162| const cookie = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n01163| const session = await decrypt(cookie)\n01164| \n01165| if (!session.userId) {\n01166| redirect('/login')\n01167| }\n01168| \n01169| return { isAuth: true, userId: session.userId }\n01170| })\n01171| ```\n01172| \n01173| You can then invoke the `verifySession()` function in your data requests, Server Actions, Route Handlers:\n01174| \n01175| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/dal.ts\" switcher\n01176| export const getUser = cache(async () => {\n01177| const session = await verifySession()\n01178| if (!session) return null\n01179| \n01180| try {\n01181| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01182| where: eq(users.id, session.userId),\n01183| // Explicitly return the columns you need rather than the whole user object\n01184| columns: {\n01185| id: true,\n01186| name: true,\n01187| email: true,\n01188| },\n01189| })\n01190| \n01191| const user = data[0]\n01192| \n01193| return user\n01194| } catch (error) {\n01195| console.log('Failed to fetch user')\n01196| return null\n01197| }\n01198| })\n01199| ```\n01200| \n01201| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/dal.js\" switcher\n01202| export const getUser = cache(async () => {\n01203| const session = await verifySession()\n01204| if (!session) return null\n01205| \n01206| try {\n01207| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01208| where: eq(users.id, session.userId),\n01209| // Explicitly return the columns you need rather than the whole user object\n01210| columns: {\n01211| id: true,\n01212| name: true,\n01213| email: true,\n01214| },\n01215| })\n01216| \n01217| const user = data[0]\n01218| \n01219| return user\n01220| } catch (error) {\n01221| console.log('Failed to fetch user')\n01222| return null\n01223| }\n01224| })\n01225| ```\n01226| \n01227| > **Tip**:\n01228| >\n01229| > - A DAL can be used to protect data fetched at request time. However, for static routes that share data between users, data will be fetched at build time and not at request time. Use [Proxy](#optimistic-checks-with-proxy-optional) to protect static routes.\n01230| > - For secure checks, you can check if the session is valid by comparing the session ID with your database. Use React's [cache](https://react.dev/reference/react/cache) function to avoid unnecessary duplicate requests to the database during a render pass.\n01231| > - You may wish to consolidate related data requests in a JavaScript class that runs `verifySession()` before any methods.\n01232| \n01233| ### Using Data Transfer Objects (DTO)\n01234| \n01235| When retrieving data, it's recommended you return only the necessary data that will be used in your application, and not entire objects. For example, if you're fetching user data, you might only return the user's ID and name, rather than the entire user object which could contain passwords, phone numbers, etc.\n01236| \n01237| However, if you have no control over the returned data structure, or are working in a team where you want to avoid whole objects being passed to the client, you can use strategies such as specifying what fields are safe to be exposed to the client.\n01238| \n01239| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/dto.ts\" switcher\n01240| import 'server-only'\n01241| import { getUser } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01242| \n01243| function canSeeUsername(viewer: User) {\n01244| return true\n01245| }\n01246| \n01247| function canSeePhoneNumber(viewer: User, team: string) {\n01248| return viewer.isAdmin || team === viewer.team\n01249| }\n01250| \n01251| export async function getProfileDTO(slug: string) {\n01252| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01253| where: eq(users.slug, slug),\n01254| // Return specific columns here\n01255| })\n01256| const user = data[0]\n01257| \n01258| const currentUser = await getUser(user.id)\n01259| \n01260| // Or return only what's specific to the query here\n01261| return {\n01262| username: canSeeUsername(currentUser) ? user.username : null,\n01263| phonenumber: canSeePhoneNumber(currentUser, user.team)\n01264| ? user.phonenumber\n01265| : null,\n01266| }\n01267| }\n01268| ```\n01269| \n01270| ```js filename=\"app/lib/dto.js\" switcher\n01271| import 'server-only'\n01272| import { getUser } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01273| \n01274| function canSeeUsername(viewer) {\n01275| return true\n01276| }\n01277| \n01278| function canSeePhoneNumber(viewer, team) {\n01279| return viewer.isAdmin || team === viewer.team\n01280| }\n01281| \n01282| export async function getProfileDTO(slug) {\n01283| const data = await db.query.users.findMany({\n01284| where: eq(users.slug, slug),\n01285| // Return specific columns here\n01286| })\n01287| const user = data[0]\n01288| \n01289| const currentUser = await getUser(user.id)\n01290| \n01291| // Or return only what's specific to the query here\n01292| return {\n01293| username: canSeeUsername(currentUser) ? user.username : null,\n01294| phonenumber: canSeePhoneNumber(currentUser, user.team)\n01295| ? user.phonenumber\n01296| : null,\n01297| }\n01298| }\n01299| ```\n01300| \n01301| By centralizing your data requests and authorization logic in a DAL and using DTOs, you can ensure that all data requests are secure and consistent, making it easier to maintain, audit, and debug as your application scales.\n01302| \n01303| > **Good to know**:\n01304| >\n01305| > - There are a couple of different ways you can define a DTO, from using `toJSON()`, to individual functions like the example above, or JS classes. Since these are JavaScript patterns and not a React or Next.js feature, we recommend doing some research to find the best pattern for your application.\n01306| > - Learn more about security best practices in our [Security in Next.js article](/blog/security-nextjs-server-components-actions).\n01307| \n01308| ### Server Components\n01309| \n01310| Auth check in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) are useful for role-based access. For example, to conditionally render components based on the user's role:\n01311| \n01312| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n01313| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01314| \n01315| export default async function Dashboard() {\n01316| const session = await verifySession()\n01317| const userRole = session?.user?.role // Assuming 'role' is part of the session object\n01318| \n01319| if (userRole === 'admin') {\n01320| return \n01321| } else if (userRole === 'user') {\n01322| return \n01323| } else {\n01324| redirect('/login')\n01325| }\n01326| }\n01327| ```\n01328| \n01329| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.jsx\" switcher\n01330| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01331| \n01332| export default async function Dashboard() {\n01333| const session = await verifySession()\n01334| const userRole = session?.user?.role // Assuming 'role' is part of the session object\n01335| \n01336| if (userRole === 'admin') {\n01337| return \n01338| } else if (userRole === 'user') {\n01339| return \n01340| } else {\n01341| redirect('/login')\n01342| }\n01343| }\n01344| ```\n01345| \n01346| In the example, we use the `verifySession()` function from our DAL to check for 'admin', 'user', and unauthorized roles. This pattern ensures that each user interacts only with components appropriate to their role.\n01347| \n01348| ### Layouts and auth checks\n01349| \n01350| Due to [Partial Rendering](/docs/app/getting-started/linking-and-navigating#client-side-transitions), be cautious when doing checks in [Layouts](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) as these don't re-render on navigation, meaning the user session won't be checked on every route change.\n01351| \n01352| Instead, you should do the checks close to your data source or the component that'll be conditionally rendered.\n01353| \n01354| For example, consider a shared layout that fetches the user data and displays the user image in a nav. Instead of doing the auth check in the layout, you should fetch the user data (`getUser()`) in the layout and do the auth check in your DAL.\n01355| \n01356| This guarantees that wherever `getUser()` is called within your application, the auth check is performed, and prevents developers forgetting to check the user is authorized to access the data.\n01357| \n01358| #### Auth checks in page components\n01359| \n01360| For example, in a dashboard page, you can verify the user session and fetch the user data:\n01361| \n01362| ```tsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.tsx\" switcher\n01363| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01364| \n01365| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n01366| const session = await verifySession()\n01367| \n01368| // Fetch user-specific data from your database or data source\n01369| const user = await getUserData(session.userId)\n01370| \n01371| return (\n01372| \n01373|
Welcome, {user.name} \n01374| {/* Dashboard content */}\n01375| \n01376| )\n01377| }\n01378| ```\n01379| \n01380| ```jsx filename=\"app/dashboard/page.jsx\" switcher\n01381| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01382| \n01383| export default async function DashboardPage() {\n01384| const session = await verifySession()\n01385| \n01386| // Fetch user-specific data from your database or data source\n01387| const user = await getUserData(session.userId)\n01388| \n01389| return (\n01390| \n01391|
Welcome, {user.name} \n01392| {/* Dashboard content */}\n01393| \n01394| )\n01395| }\n01396| ```\n01397| \n01398| #### Auth checks in leaf components\n01399| \n01400| You can also perform auth checks in leaf components that conditionally render UI elements based on user permissions. For example, a component that displays admin-only actions:\n01401| \n01402| ```tsx filename=\"app/ui/admin-actions.tsx\" switcher\n01403| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01404| \n01405| export default async function AdminActions() {\n01406| const session = await verifySession()\n01407| const userRole = session?.user?.role\n01408| \n01409| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01410| return null\n01411| }\n01412| \n01413| return (\n01414| \n01415| Delete User \n01416| Edit Settings \n01417|
\n01418| )\n01419| }\n01420| ```\n01421| \n01422| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/admin-actions.jsx\" switcher\n01423| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01424| \n01425| export default async function AdminActions() {\n01426| const session = await verifySession()\n01427| const userRole = session?.user?.role\n01428| \n01429| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01430| return null\n01431| }\n01432| \n01433| return (\n01434| \n01435| Delete User \n01436| Edit Settings \n01437|
\n01438| )\n01439| }\n01440| ```\n01441| \n01442| This pattern allows you to show or hide UI elements based on user permissions while ensuring the auth check happens at render time in each component.\n01443| \n01444| > **Good to know:**\n01445| >\n01446| > - A common pattern in SPAs is to `return null` in a layout or a top-level component if a user is not authorized. This pattern is **not recommended** since Next.js applications have multiple entry points, which will not prevent nested route segments and Server Actions from being accessed.\n01447| > - Ensure that any Server Actions called from these components also perform their own authorization checks, as client-side UI restrictions alone are not sufficient for security.\n01448| \n01449| ### Server Actions\n01450| \n01451| Treat [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) with the same security considerations as public-facing API endpoints, and verify if the user is allowed to perform a mutation.\n01452| \n01453| In the example below, we check the user's role before allowing the action to proceed:\n01454| \n01455| ```ts filename=\"app/lib/actions.ts\" switcher\n01456| 'use server'\n01457| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01458| \n01459| export async function serverAction(formData: FormData) {\n01460| const session = await verifySession()\n01461| const userRole = session?.user?.role\n01462| \n01463| // Return early if user is not authorized to perform the action\n01464| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01465| return null\n01466| }\n01467| \n01468| // Proceed with the action for authorized users\n01469| }\n01470| ```\n01471| \n01472| ```js filename=\"app/lib/actions.js\" switcher\n01473| 'use server'\n01474| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01475| \n01476| export async function serverAction() {\n01477| const session = await verifySession()\n01478| const userRole = session.user.role\n01479| \n01480| // Return early if user is not authorized to perform the action\n01481| if (userRole !== 'admin') {\n01482| return null\n01483| }\n01484| \n01485| // Proceed with the action for authorized users\n01486| }\n01487| ```\n01488| \n01489| ### Route Handlers\n01490| \n01491| Treat [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) with the same security considerations as public-facing API endpoints, and verify if the user is allowed to access the Route Handler.\n01492| \n01493| For example:\n01494| \n01495| ```ts filename=\"app/api/route.ts\" switcher\n01496| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01497| \n01498| export async function GET() {\n01499| // User authentication and role verification\n01500| const session = await verifySession()\n01501| \n01502| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01503| if (!session) {\n01504| // User is not authenticated\n01505| return new Response(null, { status: 401 })\n01506| }\n01507| \n01508| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01509| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01510| // User is authenticated but does not have the right permissions\n01511| return new Response(null, { status: 403 })\n01512| }\n01513| \n01514| // Continue for authorized users\n01515| }\n01516| ```\n01517| \n01518| ```js filename=\"app/api/route.js\" switcher\n01519| import { verifySession } from '@/app/lib/dal'\n01520| \n01521| export async function GET() {\n01522| // User authentication and role verification\n01523| const session = await verifySession()\n01524| \n01525| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01526| if (!session) {\n01527| // User is not authenticated\n01528| return new Response(null, { status: 401 })\n01529| }\n01530| \n01531| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01532| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01533| // User is authenticated but does not have the right permissions\n01534| return new Response(null, { status: 403 })\n01535| }\n01536| \n01537| // Continue for authorized users\n01538| }\n01539| ```\n01540| \n01541| The example above demonstrates a Route Handler with a two-tier security check. It first checks for an active session, and then verifies if the logged-in user is an 'admin'.\n01542| \n01543| ## Context Providers\n01544| \n01545| Using context providers for auth works due to [interleaving](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components#interleaving-server-and-client-components). However, React `context` is not supported in Server Components, making them only applicable to Client Components.\n01546| \n01547| This works, but any child Server Components will be rendered on the server first, and will not have access to the context provider’s session data:\n01548| \n01549| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.ts\" switcher\n01550| import { ContextProvider } from 'auth-lib'\n01551| \n01552| export default function RootLayout({ children }) {\n01553| return (\n01554| \n01555| \n01556| {children} \n01557| \n01558| \n01559| )\n01560| }\n01561| ```\n01562| \n01563| ```tsx filename=\"app/ui/profile.ts switcher\n01564| 'use client';\n01565| \n01566| import { useSession } from \"auth-lib\";\n01567| \n01568| export default function Profile() {\n01569| const { userId } = useSession();\n01570| const { data } = useSWR(`/api/user/${userId}`, fetcher)\n01571| \n01572| return (\n01573| // ...\n01574| );\n01575| }\n01576| ```\n01577| \n01578| ```jsx filename=\"app/ui/profile.js switcher\n01579| 'use client';\n01580| \n01581| import { useSession } from \"auth-lib\";\n01582| \n01583| export default function Profile() {\n01584| const { userId } = useSession();\n01585| const { data } = useSWR(`/api/user/${userId}`, fetcher)\n01586| \n01587| return (\n01588| // ...\n01589| );\n01590| }\n01591| ```\n01592| \n01593| If session data is needed in Client Components (e.g. for client-side data fetching), use React’s [`taintUniqueValue`](https://react.dev/reference/react/experimental_taintUniqueValue) API to prevent sensitive session data from being exposed to the client.\n01594| \n01595| \n01596| \n01597| \n01598| \n01599| ### Creating a Data Access Layer (DAL)\n01600| \n01601| #### Protecting API Routes\n01602| \n01603| API Routes in Next.js are essential for handling server-side logic and data management. It's crucial to secure these routes to ensure that only authorized users can access specific functionalities. This typically involves verifying the user's authentication status and their role-based permissions.\n01604| \n01605| Here's an example of securing an API Route:\n01606| \n01607| ```ts filename=\"pages/api/route.ts\" switcher\n01608| import { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'\n01609| \n01610| export default async function handler(\n01611| req: NextApiRequest,\n01612| res: NextApiResponse\n01613| ) {\n01614| const session = await getSession(req)\n01615| \n01616| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01617| if (!session) {\n01618| res.status(401).json({\n01619| error: 'User is not authenticated',\n01620| })\n01621| return\n01622| }\n01623| \n01624| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01625| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01626| res.status(401).json({\n01627| error: 'Unauthorized access: User does not have admin privileges.',\n01628| })\n01629| return\n01630| }\n01631| \n01632| // Proceed with the route for authorized users\n01633| // ... implementation of the API Route\n01634| }\n01635| ```\n01636| \n01637| ```js filename=\"pages/api/route.js\" switcher\n01638| export default async function handler(req, res) {\n01639| const session = await getSession(req)\n01640| \n01641| // Check if the user is authenticated\n01642| if (!session) {\n01643| res.status(401).json({\n01644| error: 'User is not authenticated',\n01645| })\n01646| return\n01647| }\n01648| \n01649| // Check if the user has the 'admin' role\n01650| if (session.user.role !== 'admin') {\n01651| res.status(401).json({\n01652| error: 'Unauthorized access: User does not have admin privileges.',\n01653| })\n01654| return\n01655| }\n01656| \n01657| // Proceed with the route for authorized users\n01658| // ... implementation of the API Route\n01659| }\n01660| ```\n01661| \n01662| This example demonstrates an API Route with a two-tier security check for authentication and authorization. It first checks for an active session, and then verifies if the logged-in user is an 'admin'. This approach ensures secure access, limited to authenticated and authorized users, maintaining robust security for request processing.\n01663| \n01664| \n01665| \n01666| ## Resources\n01667| \n01668| Now that you've learned about authentication in Next.js, here are Next.js-compatible libraries and resources to help you implement secure authentication and session management:\n01669| \n01670| ### Auth Libraries\n01671| \n01672| - [Auth0](https://auth0.com/docs/quickstart/webapp/nextjs)\n01673| - [Better Auth](https://www.better-auth.com/docs/integrations/next)\n01674| - [Clerk](https://clerk.com/docs/quickstarts/nextjs)\n01675| - [Descope](https://docs.descope.com/getting-started/nextjs)\n01676| - [Kinde](https://kinde.com/docs/developer-tools/nextjs-sdk)\n01677| - [Logto](https://docs.logto.io/quick-starts/next-app-router)\n01678| - [NextAuth.js](https://authjs.dev/getting-started/installation?framework=next.js)\n01679| - [Ory](https://www.ory.sh/docs/getting-started/integrate-auth/nextjs)\n01680| - [Stack Auth](https://docs.stack-auth.com/getting-started/setup)\n01681| - [Supabase](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/getting-started/quickstarts/nextjs)\n01682| - [Stytch](https://stytch.com/docs/guides/quickstarts/nextjs)\n01683| - [WorkOS](https://workos.com/docs/user-management/nextjs)\n01684| \n01685| ### Session Management Libraries\n01686| \n01687| - [Iron Session](https://github.com/vvo/iron-session)\n01688| - [Jose](https://github.com/panva/jose)\n01689| \n01690| ## Further Reading\n01691| \n01692| To continue learning about authentication and security, check out the following resources:\n01693| \n01694| - [How to think about security in Next.js](/blog/security-nextjs-server-components-actions)\n01695| - [Understanding XSS Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-xss-attacks)\n01696| - [Understanding CSRF Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-csrf-attacks)\n01697| - [The Copenhagen Book](https://thecopenhagenbook.com/)\n01698| \n\n(End of file - total 1698 lines)\n ",
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+ "_extractedPath": "/workspace/node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts"
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+ },
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+ "title": "node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "export * from './dist/client/components/navigation'\n"
+ },
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+ },
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+ "filePath": "/workspace/node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts"
+ },
+ "output": "\n00001| export * from './dist/client/components/navigation'\n00002| \n\n(End of file - total 2 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "export * from './dist/client/components/navigation'\n"
+ },
+ "time": {
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+ }
+ },
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+ "type": "tool_call",
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+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "grep -n \"forbidden\\|unauthorized\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/client/components/navigation.d.ts 2>/dev/null",
+ "description": "Check navigation exports for forbidden",
+ "_extractedCommand": "grep -n \"forbidden\\|unauthorized\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/client/components/navigation.d.ts 2>/dev/null"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
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+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
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+ "input": {
+ "command": "grep -n \"forbidden\\|unauthorized\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/client/components/navigation.d.ts 2>/dev/null",
+ "description": "Check navigation exports for forbidden"
+ },
+ "output": "128:export { notFound, forbidden, unauthorized, redirect, permanentRedirect, RedirectType, unstable_rethrow, } from './navigation.react-server';\n",
+ "title": "Check navigation exports for forbidden",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "128:export { notFound, forbidden, unauthorized, redirect, permanentRedirect, RedirectType, unstable_rethrow, } from './navigation.react-server';\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Check navigation exports for forbidden"
+ },
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+ "end": 1781627923414
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+ {
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+ "type": "tool_result",
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+ "result": "128:export { notFound, forbidden, unauthorized, redirect, permanentRedirect, RedirectType, unstable_rethrow, } from './navigation.react-server';\n",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
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+ "input": {
+ "command": "grep -n \"forbidden\\|unauthorized\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/client/components/navigation.d.ts 2>/dev/null",
+ "description": "Check navigation exports for forbidden"
+ },
+ "output": "128:export { notFound, forbidden, unauthorized, redirect, permanentRedirect, RedirectType, unstable_rethrow, } from './navigation.react-server';\n",
+ "title": "Check navigation exports for forbidden",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "128:export { notFound, forbidden, unauthorized, redirect, permanentRedirect, RedirectType, unstable_rethrow, } from './navigation.react-server';\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Check navigation exports for forbidden"
+ },
+ "time": {
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+ "end": 1781627923414
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:56.001Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Confirmed: `forbidden` and `unauthorized` are exported from `next/navigation`, and `forbidden()` is typed `never` (so TS narrows correctly after the call). I have everything I need. Let me set up a todo list and implement.",
+ "raw": {
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+ "timestamp": 1781627936001,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
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+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14cabe8001BR8QYUM1bhx7zA",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Confirmed: `forbidden` and `unauthorized` are exported from `next/navigation`, and `forbidden()` is typed `never` (so TS narrows correctly after the call). I have everything I need. Let me set up a todo list and implement.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627935999,
+ "end": 1781627935999
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:56.001Z",
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+ "args": {
+ "todos": [
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+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
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+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
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+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "output": "[\n {\n \"content\": \"Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"in_progress\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()\",\n \"id\": \"2\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page\",\n \"id\": \"3\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Run typecheck/build to verify\",\n \"id\": \"4\",\n \"priority\": \"medium\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n }\n]",
+ "title": "4 todos",
+ "metadata": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627935994,
+ "end": 1781627935999
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+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:56.001Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
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+ "originalName": "todowrite",
+ "result": "[\n {\n \"content\": \"Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"in_progress\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()\",\n \"id\": \"2\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page\",\n \"id\": \"3\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Run typecheck/build to verify\",\n \"id\": \"4\",\n \"priority\": \"medium\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n }\n]",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "output": "[\n {\n \"content\": \"Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"in_progress\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()\",\n \"id\": \"2\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page\",\n \"id\": \"3\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Run typecheck/build to verify\",\n \"id\": \"4\",\n \"priority\": \"medium\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n }\n]",
+ "title": "4 todos",
+ "metadata": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627935994,
+ "end": 1781627935999
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:00.560Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Now let me implement. First, enable `authInterrupts` in the config:",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627940560,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14ceecb001FhChndZpfIj3rT",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14cdd10001YDQyN7yZ665x8Q",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Now let me implement. First, enable `authInterrupts` in the config:",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627940559,
+ "end": 1781627940559
+ },
+ "metadata": {
+ "gateway": {
+ "generationId": "gen_01KV8MSQ9988VVPD4W47Y3WB88"
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:03.567Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_edit",
+ "originalName": "edit",
+ "args": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/next.config.ts",
+ "newString": "const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n experimental: {\n authInterrupts: true,\n },\n}",
+ "oldString": "const nextConfig: NextConfig = {}",
+ "_extractedPath": "/workspace/next.config.ts"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
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+ "timestamp": 1781627943567,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
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+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14cdd10001YDQyN7yZ665x8Q",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_a349b929d7614e528fa93b6d",
+ "tool": "edit",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/next.config.ts",
+ "newString": "const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n experimental: {\n authInterrupts: true,\n },\n}",
+ "oldString": "const nextConfig: NextConfig = {}"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "next.config.ts",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/next.config.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/lib/auth.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts": []
+ },
+ "diff": "Index: /workspace/next.config.ts\n===================================================================\n--- /workspace/next.config.ts\n+++ /workspace/next.config.ts\n@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@\n import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n \n-const nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n+const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n+ experimental: {\n+ authInterrupts: true,\n+ },\n+}\n \n export default nextConfig\n",
+ "filediff": {
+ "file": "/workspace/next.config.ts",
+ "before": "import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n\nexport default nextConfig\n",
+ "after": "import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n experimental: {\n authInterrupts: true,\n },\n}\n\nexport default nextConfig\n",
+ "additions": 5,
+ "deletions": 1
+ }
+ },
+ "time": {
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+ "end": 1781627943565
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
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+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_edit",
+ "originalName": "edit",
+ "result": "",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
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+ "input": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/next.config.ts",
+ "newString": "const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n experimental: {\n authInterrupts: true,\n },\n}",
+ "oldString": "const nextConfig: NextConfig = {}"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "next.config.ts",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/next.config.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/lib/auth.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts": []
+ },
+ "diff": "Index: /workspace/next.config.ts\n===================================================================\n--- /workspace/next.config.ts\n+++ /workspace/next.config.ts\n@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@\n import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n \n-const nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n+const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n+ experimental: {\n+ authInterrupts: true,\n+ },\n+}\n \n export default nextConfig\n",
+ "filediff": {
+ "file": "/workspace/next.config.ts",
+ "before": "import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n\nexport default nextConfig\n",
+ "after": "import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n experimental: {\n authInterrupts: true,\n },\n}\n\nexport default nextConfig\n",
+ "additions": 5,
+ "deletions": 1
+ }
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627940558,
+ "end": 1781627943565
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:10.022Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "unknown",
+ "originalName": "todowrite",
+ "args": {
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+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
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+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
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+ "id": "1",
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+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "output": "[\n {\n \"content\": \"Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"completed\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()\",\n \"id\": \"2\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"in_progress\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page\",\n \"id\": \"3\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Run typecheck/build to verify\",\n \"id\": \"4\",\n \"priority\": \"medium\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n }\n]",
+ "title": "3 todos",
+ "metadata": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627950020,
+ "end": 1781627950020
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:10.022Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "unknown",
+ "originalName": "todowrite",
+ "result": "[\n {\n \"content\": \"Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"completed\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()\",\n \"id\": \"2\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"in_progress\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page\",\n \"id\": \"3\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Run typecheck/build to verify\",\n \"id\": \"4\",\n \"priority\": \"medium\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n }\n]",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "output": "[\n {\n \"content\": \"Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"completed\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()\",\n \"id\": \"2\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"in_progress\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page\",\n \"id\": \"3\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Run typecheck/build to verify\",\n \"id\": \"4\",\n \"priority\": \"medium\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n }\n]",
+ "title": "3 todos",
+ "metadata": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "pending"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627950020,
+ "end": 1781627950020
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:15.657Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Now create the admin page — an async Server Component that checks the role and calls `forbidden()` for non-admins:",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627955657,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14d29bc001W7aRPRMMOAJCbP",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d13d5001E1xp8L9Ch1Sin0",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Now create the admin page — an async Server Component that checks the role and calls `forbidden()` for non-admins:",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627955657,
+ "end": 1781627955657
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:18.662Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_write",
+ "originalName": "write",
+ "args": {
+ "content": "import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\nimport { getSession } from '@/app/lib/auth'\n\nexport default async function AdminPage() {\n const session = await getSession()\n\n // Auth boundary: authenticated users without the 'admin' role get a 403.\n // `forbidden()` throws and renders forbidden.tsx with a 403 status code.\n if (session?.role !== 'admin') {\n forbidden()\n }\n\n return (\n \n Admin Dashboard \n Welcome, {session.name}!
\n You have admin access to manage the application.
\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx",
+ "_extractedPath": "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627958662,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14d29c6001IYTeEfjgx2AXlr",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d13d5001E1xp8L9Ch1Sin0",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_45a2c80db9ca4ca2ba77ebe8",
+ "tool": "write",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "content": "import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\nimport { getSession } from '@/app/lib/auth'\n\nexport default async function AdminPage() {\n const session = await getSession()\n\n // Auth boundary: authenticated users without the 'admin' role get a 403.\n // `forbidden()` throws and renders forbidden.tsx with a 403 status code.\n if (session?.role !== 'admin') {\n forbidden()\n }\n\n return (\n \n Admin Dashboard \n Welcome, {session.name}!
\n You have admin access to manage the application.
\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/admin/page.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/next.config.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/lib/auth.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx": []
+ },
+ "filepath": "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx",
+ "exists": false
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627955655,
+ "end": 1781627958660
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:18.662Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_write",
+ "originalName": "write",
+ "result": "",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "content": "import { forbidden } from 'next/navigation'\nimport { getSession } from '@/app/lib/auth'\n\nexport default async function AdminPage() {\n const session = await getSession()\n\n // Auth boundary: authenticated users without the 'admin' role get a 403.\n // `forbidden()` throws and renders forbidden.tsx with a 403 status code.\n if (session?.role !== 'admin') {\n forbidden()\n }\n\n return (\n \n Admin Dashboard \n Welcome, {session.name}!
\n You have admin access to manage the application.
\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/admin/page.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/next.config.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/lib/auth.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx": []
+ },
+ "filepath": "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx",
+ "exists": false
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627955655,
+ "end": 1781627958660
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:23.394Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "unknown",
+ "originalName": "todowrite",
+ "args": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627963394,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
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+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d359f001apV3zPqK5FQm20",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_361eb67a7bd14ea5ac0513b6",
+ "tool": "todowrite",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "output": "[\n {\n \"content\": \"Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"completed\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()\",\n \"id\": \"2\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"completed\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page\",\n \"id\": \"3\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"in_progress\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Run typecheck/build to verify\",\n \"id\": \"4\",\n \"priority\": \"medium\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n }\n]",
+ "title": "2 todos",
+ "metadata": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627963391,
+ "end": 1781627963392
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:23.394Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "unknown",
+ "originalName": "todowrite",
+ "result": "[\n {\n \"content\": \"Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"completed\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()\",\n \"id\": \"2\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"completed\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page\",\n \"id\": \"3\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"in_progress\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Run typecheck/build to verify\",\n \"id\": \"4\",\n \"priority\": \"medium\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n }\n]",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "output": "[\n {\n \"content\": \"Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"completed\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()\",\n \"id\": \"2\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"completed\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page\",\n \"id\": \"3\",\n \"priority\": \"high\",\n \"status\": \"in_progress\"\n },\n {\n \"content\": \"Run typecheck/build to verify\",\n \"id\": \"4\",\n \"priority\": \"medium\",\n \"status\": \"pending\"\n }\n]",
+ "title": "2 todos",
+ "metadata": {
+ "todos": [
+ {
+ "content": "Enable experimental.authInterrupts in next.config.ts",
+ "id": "1",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/admin/page.tsx with admin role check calling forbidden()",
+ "id": "2",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "completed"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Create app/forbidden.tsx nice 403 error page",
+ "id": "3",
+ "priority": "high",
+ "status": "in_progress"
+ },
+ {
+ "content": "Run typecheck/build to verify",
+ "id": "4",
+ "priority": "medium",
+ "status": "pending"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627963391,
+ "end": 1781627963392
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:28.616Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Now create the nice 403 error page rendered when `forbidden()` is invoked:",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627968616,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14d5c55001q4H7zxpFnpCLHU",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d4813001G51OkGapbK1T12",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Now create the nice 403 error page rendered when `forbidden()` is invoked:",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627968615,
+ "end": 1781627968615
+ },
+ "metadata": {
+ "gateway": {
+ "generationId": "gen_01KV8MTJ2C7XGMGVR5XTXY6C84"
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:29.257Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_write",
+ "originalName": "write",
+ "args": {
+ "content": "import Link from 'next/link'\n\nexport default function Forbidden() {\n return (\n \n 403 \n Forbidden \n \n You are signed in, but your account does not have permission to access\n this page. If you believe this is a mistake, contact an administrator.\n
\n Return Home\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/forbidden.tsx",
+ "_extractedPath": "/workspace/app/forbidden.tsx"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627969257,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14d5c62001ER5w0epi2NG1KT",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d4813001G51OkGapbK1T12",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_a4f077095194493181abdc0e",
+ "tool": "write",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "content": "import Link from 'next/link'\n\nexport default function Forbidden() {\n return (\n \n 403 \n Forbidden \n \n You are signed in, but your account does not have permission to access\n this page. If you believe this is a mistake, contact an administrator.\n
\n Return Home\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/forbidden.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/forbidden.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/next.config.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/lib/auth.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/forbidden.tsx": []
+ },
+ "filepath": "/workspace/app/forbidden.tsx",
+ "exists": false
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627968610,
+ "end": 1781627969254
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:29.257Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_write",
+ "originalName": "write",
+ "result": "",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "content": "import Link from 'next/link'\n\nexport default function Forbidden() {\n return (\n \n 403 \n Forbidden \n \n You are signed in, but your account does not have permission to access\n this page. If you believe this is a mistake, contact an administrator.\n
\n Return Home\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/forbidden.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/forbidden.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/next.config.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/lib/auth.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/admin/page.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/forbidden.tsx": []
+ },
+ "filepath": "/workspace/app/forbidden.tsx",
+ "exists": false
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627968610,
+ "end": 1781627969254
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:37.433Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Now let me verify the implementation. Let me run a typecheck and a production build to ensure the special file conventions and types are valid.",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627977433,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14d7bea0019V24DdzHDVDnJp",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d5efb001O6G50mYWct7UeR",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Now let me verify the implementation. Let me run a typecheck and a production build to ensure the special file conventions and types are valid.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627977432,
+ "end": 1781627977432
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:39.123Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -40; echo \"---TSC EXIT: $?---\"",
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "_extractedCommand": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -40; echo \"---TSC EXIT: $?---\""
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627979123,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14d7ed60017PVb1nFDEnQmPz",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d5efb001O6G50mYWct7UeR",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_9635c9e925614b53b0d2fbf3",
+ "tool": "bash",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -40; echo \"---TSC EXIT: $?---\"",
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "workdir": "/workspace"
+ },
+ "output": "---TSC EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "title": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "---TSC EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627977430,
+ "end": 1781627979121
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:39.123Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "result": "---TSC EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -40; echo \"---TSC EXIT: $?---\"",
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "workdir": "/workspace"
+ },
+ "output": "---TSC EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "title": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "---TSC EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627977430,
+ "end": 1781627979121
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:42.880Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Typecheck passes. Now run a production build to validate the `forbidden.tsx` special file convention and that the `authInterrupts` flag is recognized:",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627982880,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14d9413001kC5FCPiaJSoItI",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d8593001vpFmP67Osez9KW",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Typecheck passes. Now run a production build to validate the `forbidden.tsx` special file convention and that the `authInterrupts` flag is recognized:",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627982880,
+ "end": 1781627982880
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:51.307Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -45; echo \"---BUILD EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}---\"",
+ "description": "Run Next.js production build",
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "timeout": 300000,
+ "_extractedCommand": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -45; echo \"---BUILD EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}---\""
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627991307,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
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+ "input": {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -45; echo \"---BUILD EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}---\"",
+ "description": "Run Next.js production build",
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "timeout": 300000
+ },
+ "output": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n- Experiments (use with caution):\n ✓ authInterrupts\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1743ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/4) ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (1/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (2/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/4) \r\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (4/4) in 137ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ○ /\n├ ○ /_not-found\n└ ○ /admin\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\n\n---BUILD EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "title": "Run Next.js production build",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n- Experiments (use with caution):\n ✓ authInterrupts\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1743ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/4) ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (1/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (2/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/4) \r\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (4/4) in 137ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ○ /\n├ ○ /_not-found\n└ ○ /admin\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\n\n---BUILD EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Run Next.js production build"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627982874,
+ "end": 1781627991304
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:51.307Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "result": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n- Experiments (use with caution):\n ✓ authInterrupts\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1743ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/4) ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (1/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (2/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/4) \r\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (4/4) in 137ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ○ /\n├ ○ /_not-found\n└ ○ /admin\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\n\n---BUILD EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -45; echo \"---BUILD EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}---\"",
+ "description": "Run Next.js production build",
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "timeout": 300000
+ },
+ "output": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n- Experiments (use with caution):\n ✓ authInterrupts\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1743ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/4) ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (1/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (2/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/4) \r\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (4/4) in 137ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ○ /\n├ ○ /_not-found\n└ ○ /admin\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\n\n---BUILD EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "title": "Run Next.js production build",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n- Experiments (use with caution):\n ✓ authInterrupts\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1743ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/4) ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (1/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (2/4) \r\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/4) \r\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (4/4) in 137ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ○ /\n├ ○ /_not-found\n└ ○ /admin\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\n\n---BUILD EXIT: 0---\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Run Next.js production build"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627982874,
+ "end": 1781627991304
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:40:06.410Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Build succeeded — `authInterrupts` is recognized (`✓ authInterrupts`) and `/admin` is registered. Let me do a runtime check to confirm the `/admin` route actually returns a **403** status code with the forbidden page.",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781628006410,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14de344001tYhLtVQ372Y4hp",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14db585001mmbVcD6BwBf7Lu",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Build succeeded — `authInterrupts` is recognized (`✓ authInterrupts`) and `/admin` is registered. Let me do a runtime check to confirm the `/admin` route actually returns a **403** status code with the forbidden page.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781628006406,
+ "end": 1781628006406
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:40:07.467Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "npm run start > /tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &\nSERVER_PID=$!\necho \"Server PID: $SERVER_PID\"\n# wait for server to be ready\nfor i in $(seq 1 40); do\n if curl -s -o /dev/null http://localhost:3000/ 2>/dev/null; then echo \"Ready after ${i}s\"; break; fi\n sleep 1\ndone\necho \"=== /admin response (status + body) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /tmp/admin-body.html -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/admin\necho \"=== body snippet ===\"\nsed -n '1,40p' /tmp/admin-body.html | tr -s ' \\n' ' ' | cut -c1-600\necho\necho \"=== / (home, should be 200) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /dev/null -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/\nkill $SERVER_PID 2>/dev/null\necho \"--- server log tail ---\"\ntail -5 /tmp/next-start.log",
+ "description": "Start prod server and check 403 status on /admin",
+ "timeout": 120000,
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "_extractedCommand": "npm run start > /tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &\nSERVER_PID=$!\necho \"Server PID: $SERVER_PID\"\n# wait for server to be ready\nfor i in $(seq 1 40); do\n if curl -s -o /dev/null http://localhost:3000/ 2>/dev/null; then echo \"Ready after ${i}s\"; break; fi\n sleep 1\ndone\necho \"=== /admin response (status + body) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /tmp/admin-body.html -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/admin\necho \"=== body snippet ===\"\nsed -n '1,40p' /tmp/admin-body.html | tr -s ' \\n' ' ' | cut -c1-600\necho\necho \"=== / (home, should be 200) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /dev/null -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/\nkill $SERVER_PID 2>/dev/null\necho \"--- server log tail ---\"\ntail -5 /tmp/next-start.log"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781628007467,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14df000001b7IeCzfwHKmgDa",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb4991fffe3WqZwUqvcC5Fsw",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14db585001mmbVcD6BwBf7Lu",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_40f51505936b427b9c87aceb",
+ "tool": "bash",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "npm run start > /tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &\nSERVER_PID=$!\necho \"Server PID: $SERVER_PID\"\n# wait for server to be ready\nfor i in $(seq 1 40); do\n if curl -s -o /dev/null http://localhost:3000/ 2>/dev/null; then echo \"Ready after ${i}s\"; break; fi\n sleep 1\ndone\necho \"=== /admin response (status + body) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /tmp/admin-body.html -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/admin\necho \"=== body snippet ===\"\nsed -n '1,40p' /tmp/admin-body.html | tr -s ' \\n' ' ' | cut -c1-600\necho\necho \"=== / (home, should be 200) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /dev/null -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/\nkill $SERVER_PID 2>/dev/null\necho \"--- server log tail ---\"\ntail -5 /tmp/next-start.log",
+ "description": "Start prod server and check 403 status on /admin",
+ "timeout": 120000,
+ "workdir": "/workspace"
+ },
+ "output": "Server PID: 1184\nReady after 2s\n=== /admin response (status + body) ===\nHTTP_STATUS=403\n=== body snippet ===\nAdmin Dashboard Admin Dashboard Admin Dashboard /tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &\nSERVER_PID=$!\necho \"Server PID: $SERVER_PID\"\n# wait for server to be ready\nfor i in $(seq 1 40); do\n if curl -s -o /dev/null http://localhost:3000/ 2>/dev/null; then echo \"Ready after ${i}s\"; break; fi\n sleep 1\ndone\necho \"=== /admin response (status + body) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /tmp/admin-body.html -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/admin\necho \"=== body snippet ===\"\nsed -n '1,40p' /tmp/admin-body.html | tr -s ' \\n' ' ' | cut -c1-600\necho\necho \"=== / (home, should be 200) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /dev/null -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/\nkill $SERVER_PID 2>/dev/null\necho \"--- server log tail ---\"\ntail -5 /tmp/next-start.log",
+ "description": "Start prod server and check 403 status on /admin",
+ "timeout": 120000,
+ "workdir": "/workspace"
+ },
+ "output": "Server PID: 1184\nReady after 2s\n=== /admin response (status + body) ===\nHTTP_STATUS=403\n=== body snippet ===\nAdmin Dashboard Admin Dashboard /dev/null",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "find /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs -type f 2>/dev/null | head -50; echo \"---\"; ls -la /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs 2>/dev/null; echo \"---DOCS DIR---\"; find /workspace/node_modules/next -type d -name docs 2>/dev/null",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "find /workspace/app -type f 2>/dev/null; echo \"---APP TREE---\"; ls -laR /workspace/app",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "find /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app -type f | sort",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "grep -rn \"export declare function forbidden\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/ 2>/dev/null; echo \"---SEARCH navigation.d.ts---\"; find /workspace/node_modules/next -name \"*.d.ts\" | xargs grep -ln \"function forbidden\" 2>/dev/null",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "grep -rn \"forbidden\" /workspace/node_modules/next/navigation.d.ts 2>/dev/null; echo \"---FALLBACK---\"; find /workspace/node_modules/next -maxdepth 2 -name \"navigation.d.ts\" | head; echo \"---grep export in any navigation---\"; grep -rln \"forbidden\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/compiled/@next/*navigation* 2>/dev/null; grep -rn \"forbidden\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/shared/lib/router/router.d.ts 2>/dev/null | head",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "grep -n \"forbidden\\|unauthorized\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/client/components/navigation.d.ts 2>/dev/null",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -40; echo \"---TSC EXIT: $?---\"",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -45; echo \"---BUILD EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}---\"",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npm run start > /tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &\nSERVER_PID=$!\necho \"Server PID: $SERVER_PID\"\n# wait for server to be ready\nfor i in $(seq 1 40); do\n if curl -s -o /dev/null http://localhost:3000/ 2>/dev/null; then echo \"Ready after ${i}s\"; break; fi\n sleep 1\ndone\necho \"=== /admin response (status + body) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /tmp/admin-body.html -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/admin\necho \"=== body snippet ===\"\nsed -n '1,40p' /tmp/admin-body.html | tr -s ' \\n' ' ' | cut -c1-600\necho\necho \"=== / (home, should be 200) ===\"\ncurl -s -o /dev/null -w \"HTTP_STATUS=%{http_code}\\n\" http://localhost:3000/\nkill $SERVER_PID 2>/dev/null\necho \"--- server log tail ---\"\ntail -5 /tmp/next-start.log",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "grep -o \"Forbidden\\|Return Home\\|does not have permission\\|403\" /tmp/admin-body.html | sort | uniq -c",
+ "success": true
+ }
+ ],
+ "errors": [],
+ "thinkingBlocks": 0
+ },
+ "parseSuccess": true
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-033-forbidden-auth/summary.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-033-forbidden-auth/summary.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..438b36c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-033-forbidden-auth/summary.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+ "totalRuns": 1,
+ "passedRuns": 1,
+ "passRate": "100%",
+ "meanDuration": 263.701,
+ "fingerprint": "07b62c392db66b0385f5aea3ec6380da36e5c3f5ea9238ab77841a8af6a504ec"
+}
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/outputs/eval.txt b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/outputs/eval.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95676e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/outputs/eval.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+ RUN v3.2.6 /workspace
+
+ ✓ EVAL.ts (6 tests) 4ms
+
+ Test Files 1 passed (1)
+ Tests 6 passed (6)
+ Start at 16:38:32
+ Duration 220ms (transform 29ms, setup 0ms, collect 22ms, tests 4ms, environment 0ms, prepare 66ms)
+
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a52b5326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+> build
+> next build
+
+▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)
+
+ Creating an optimized production build ...
+✓ Compiled successfully in 4.0s
+ Running TypeScript ...
+ Finished TypeScript in 1730ms ...
+ Collecting page data using 1 worker ...
+ Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...
+✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 100ms
+ Finalizing page optimization ...
+
+Route (app)
+┌ ƒ /
+└ ○ /_not-found
+
+
+○ (Static) prerendered as static content
+ƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand
+
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/result.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/result.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b63d99b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/result.json
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+{
+ "status": "passed",
+ "duration": 174.825,
+ "model": "vercel/zai/glm-5.2",
+ "transcriptPath": "./transcript.json",
+ "transcriptRawPath": "./transcript-raw.jsonl",
+ "o11y": {
+ "totalTurns": 8,
+ "toolCalls": {
+ "file_read": 6,
+ "file_write": 1,
+ "file_edit": 0,
+ "shell": 5,
+ "web_fetch": 0,
+ "web_search": 0,
+ "glob": 1,
+ "grep": 0,
+ "list_dir": 0,
+ "agent_task": 0,
+ "unknown": 0
+ },
+ "totalToolCalls": 13,
+ "webFetches": [],
+ "filesRead": [
+ "/workspace/AGENTS.md",
+ "/workspace/CLAUDE.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cookies.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/headers.md",
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx"
+ ],
+ "filesModified": [
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ ],
+ "shellCommands": [
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace && echo \"---PACKAGE---\" && cat /workspace/package.json 2>/dev/null",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/ 2>/dev/null || echo \"No docs dir\"; echo \"---\"; find /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs -type f 2>/dev/null | head -50",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "find /workspace/app -type f; echo \"---ROOT---\"; cat /workspace/next.config.ts; echo \"---TSCONFIG---\"; cat /workspace/tsconfig.json",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30; echo \"EXIT: $?\"",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -30; echo \"EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}\"",
+ "success": true
+ }
+ ],
+ "errors": [],
+ "thinkingBlocks": 0
+ },
+ "outputPaths": {
+ "eval": "./outputs/eval.txt",
+ "scripts": {
+ "build": "./outputs/scripts/build.txt"
+ }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02069842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627847871,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b849f001VHLPLWkHhHA5ec","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14b7025001vzdvR0khkBhFG4","type":"step-start","snapshot":"0d21b25addda0870ad9acd93e3b2bb2a2d92f4db"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627849571,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b8b42001WbjUZxj7DkJ787","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14b7025001vzdvR0khkBhFG4","type":"text","text":"I'll start by exploring the project structure and reading the Next.js docs since this version may have breaking changes.","time":{"start":1781627849571,"end":1781627849571}}}
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index.md\n---\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/04-glossary.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/index.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/after.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cacheLife.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cacheTag.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/catchError.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/connection.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cookies.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/draft-mode.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/fetch.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/forbidden.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-image-metadata.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-metadata.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-sitemaps.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-static-params.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-viewport.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/headers.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/image-response.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/index.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/io.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/next-request.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/next-response.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/next-root-params.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/not-found.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/permanentRedirect.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/redirect.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/refresh.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/revalidatePath.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/revalidateTag.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unauthorized.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_cache.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_noStore.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_rethrow.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/updateTag.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-link-status.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-params.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-pathname.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-report-web-vitals.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-router.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-search-params.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-selected-layout-segment.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-selected-layout-segments.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/userAgent.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/06-cli/create-next-app.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/06-cli/index.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/06-cli/next.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/01-directives/index.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/01-directives/use-cache-private.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/01-directives/use-cache-remote.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/01-directives/use-cache.md\n","title":"Explore 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+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627857544,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14baa7b001AC8mJET7CtQYiD","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14b9aca001P9qY6A8dEZPDlA","type":"tool","callID":"call_12a70ad772f743f2ad9bc106","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cookies.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: cookies\n00003| description: API Reference for the cookies function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `cookies` is an **async** function that allows you to read the HTTP incoming request cookies in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), and read/write outgoing request cookies in [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00007| \n00008| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00009| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00010| \n00011| export default async function Page() {\n00012| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00013| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00014| return '...'\n00015| }\n00016| ```\n00017| \n00018| ```js filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00019| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00020| \n00021| export default async function Page() {\n00022| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00023| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00024| return '...'\n00025| }\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| ## Reference\n00029| \n00030| ### Methods\n00031| \n00032| The following methods are available:\n00033| \n00034| | Method | Return Type | Description |\n00035| | --------------------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00036| | `get('name')` | Object | Accepts a cookie name and returns an object with the name and value. |\n00037| | `getAll()` | Array of objects | Returns a list of all the cookies with a matching name. |\n00038| | `has('name')` | Boolean | Accepts a cookie name and returns a boolean based on if the cookie exists. |\n00039| | `set(name, value, options)` | - | Accepts a cookie name, value, and options and sets the outgoing request cookie. |\n00040| | `delete(name)` | - | Accepts a cookie name and deletes the cookie. |\n00041| | `toString()` | String | Returns a string representation of the cookies. |\n00042| \n00043| ### Options\n00044| \n00045| When setting a cookie, the following properties from the `options` object are supported:\n00046| \n00047| | Option | Type | Description |\n00048| | ------------- | -------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00049| | `name` | String | Specifies the name of the cookie. |\n00050| | `value` | String | Specifies the value to be stored in the cookie. |\n00051| | `expires` | Date | Defines the exact date when the cookie will expire. |\n00052| | `maxAge` | Number | Sets the cookie’s lifespan in seconds. |\n00053| | `domain` | String | Specifies the domain where the cookie is available. |\n00054| | `path` | String, default: `'/'` | Limits the cookie's scope to a specific path within the domain. |\n00055| | `secure` | Boolean | Ensures the cookie is sent only over HTTPS connections for added security. |\n00056| | `httpOnly` | Boolean | Restricts the cookie to HTTP requests, preventing client-side access. |\n00057| | `sameSite` | Boolean, `'lax'`, `'strict'`, `'none'` | Controls the cookie's cross-site request behavior. |\n00058| | `priority` | String (`\"low\"`, `\"medium\"`, `\"high\"`) | Specifies the cookie's priority |\n00059| | `partitioned` | Boolean | Indicates whether the cookie is [partitioned](https://github.com/privacycg/CHIPS). |\n00060| \n00061| The only option with a default value is `path`.\n00062| \n00063| To learn more about these options, see the [MDN docs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies).\n00064| \n00065| ## Good to know\n00066| \n00067| - `cookies` is an **asynchronous** function that returns a promise. You must use `async/await` or React's [`use`](https://react.dev/reference/react/use) function to access cookies.\n00068| - In version 14 and earlier, `cookies` was a synchronous function. To help with backwards compatibility, you can still access it synchronously in Next.js 15, but this behavior will be deprecated in the future.\n00069| - `cookies` is a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) whose returned values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it in a layout or page will opt a route into [dynamic rendering](/docs/app/glossary#dynamic-rendering).\n00070| - With [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), calling `cookies()` outside of a [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) boundary prevents the route from being prerendered. See [Next.js encountered runtime data during prerendering](/docs/messages/blocking-prerender-runtime) for fix options.\n00071| - The `.delete` method can only be called:\n00072| - In a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00073| - If it belongs to the same domain from which `.set` is called. For wildcard domains, the specific subdomain must be an exact match. Additionally, the code must be executed on the same protocol (HTTP or HTTPS) as the cookie you want to delete.\n00074| - HTTP does not allow setting cookies after streaming starts, so you must use `.set` in a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00075| \n00076| ## Understanding Cookie Behavior in Server Components\n00077| \n00078| When working with cookies in Server Components, it's important to understand that cookies are fundamentally a client-side storage mechanism:\n00079| \n00080| - **Reading cookies** works in Server Components because you're accessing the cookie data that the client's browser sends to the server in the HTTP request headers.\n00081| - **Setting cookies** is not supported during Server Component rendering. To modify cookies, invoke a Server Function from the client or use a Route Handler.\n00082| \n00083| The server can only send instructions (via `Set-Cookie` headers) to tell the browser to store cookies - the actual storage happens on the client side. This is why cookie operations that modify state (`.set`, `.delete`) must be performed in a Server Function or Route Handler where the response headers can be properly set.\n00084| \n00085| ## Understanding Cookie Behavior in Server Functions\n00086| \n00087| After you set or delete a cookie in a Server Function, Next.js can return both the updated UI and new data in a single server roundtrip when the function is used as a [Server Action](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data#what-are-server-functions) (e.g., passed to a form's `action` prop). See [Caching and Revalidating](/docs/app/getting-started/caching).\n00088| \n00089| The UI is not unmounted, but effects that depend on data coming from the server will re-run.\n00090| \n00091| To refresh cached data too, call [`revalidatePath`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) or [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) inside the function.\n00092| \n00093| ## Examples\n00094| \n00095| ### Getting a cookie\n00096| \n00097| You can use the `(await cookies()).get('name')` method to get a single cookie:\n00098| \n00099| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00100| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00101| \n00102| export default async function Page() {\n00103| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00104| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00105| return '...'\n00106| }\n00107| ```\n00108| \n00109| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00110| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00111| \n00112| export default async function Page() {\n00113| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00114| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00115| return '...'\n00116| }\n00117| ```\n00118| \n00119| ### Getting all cookies\n00120| \n00121| You can use the `(await cookies()).getAll()` method to get all cookies with a matching name. If `name` is unspecified, it returns all the available cookies.\n00122| \n00123| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00124| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00125| \n00126| export default async function Page() {\n00127| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00128| return cookieStore.getAll().map((cookie) => (\n00129| \n00130|
Name: {cookie.name}
\n00131|
Value: {cookie.value}
\n00132|
\n00133| ))\n00134| }\n00135| ```\n00136| \n00137| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00138| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00139| \n00140| export default async function Page() {\n00141| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00142| return cookieStore.getAll().map((cookie) => (\n00143| \n00144|
Name: {cookie.name}
\n00145|
Value: {cookie.value}
\n00146|
\n00147| ))\n00148| }\n00149| ```\n00150| \n00151| ### Setting a cookie\n00152| \n00153| You can use the `(await cookies()).set(name, value, options)` method in a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) to set a cookie. The [`options` object](#options) is optional.\n00154| \n00155| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00156| 'use server'\n00157| \n00158| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00159| \n00160| export async function create(data) {\n00161| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00162| \n00163| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee')\n00164| // or\n00165| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee', { secure: true })\n00166| // or\n00167| cookieStore.set({\n00168| name: 'name',\n00169| value: 'lee',\n00170| httpOnly: true,\n00171| path: '/',\n00172| })\n00173| }\n00174| ```\n00175| \n00176| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00177| 'use server'\n00178| \n00179| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00180| \n00181| export async function create(data) {\n00182| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00183| \n00184| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee')\n00185| // or\n00186| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee', { secure: true })\n00187| // or\n00188| cookieStore.set({\n00189| name: 'name',\n00190| value: 'lee',\n00191| httpOnly: true,\n00192| path: '/',\n00193| })\n00194| }\n00195| ```\n00196| \n00197| ### Checking if a cookie exists\n00198| \n00199| You can use the `(await cookies()).has(name)` method to check if a cookie exists:\n00200| \n00201| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.ts\" switcher\n00202| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00203| \n00204| export default async function Page() {\n00205| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00206| const hasCookie = cookieStore.has('theme')\n00207| return '...'\n00208| }\n00209| ```\n00210| \n00211| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00212| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00213| \n00214| export default async function Page() {\n00215| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00216| const hasCookie = cookieStore.has('theme')\n00217| return '...'\n00218| }\n00219| ```\n00220| \n00221| ### Deleting cookies\n00222| \n00223| There are three ways you can delete a cookie.\n00224| \n00225| Using the `delete()` method:\n00226| \n00227| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00228| 'use server'\n00229| \n00230| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00231| \n00232| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00233| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00234| cookieStore.delete('name')\n00235| }\n00236| ```\n00237| \n00238| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00239| 'use server'\n00240| \n00241| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00242| \n00243| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00244| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00245| cookieStore.delete('name')\n00246| }\n00247| ```\n00248| \n00249| Setting a new cookie with the same name and an empty value:\n00250| \n00251| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00252| 'use server'\n00253| \n00254| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00255| \n00256| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00257| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00258| cookieStore.set('name', '')\n00259| }\n00260| ```\n00261| \n00262| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00263| 'use server'\n00264| \n00265| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00266| \n00267| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00268| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00269| cookieStore.set('name', '')\n00270| }\n00271| ```\n00272| \n00273| Setting the `maxAge` to 0 will immediately expire a cookie. `maxAge` accepts a value in seconds.\n00274| \n00275| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00276| 'use server'\n00277| \n00278| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00279| \n00280| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00281| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00282| cookieStore.set('name', 'value', { maxAge: 0 })\n00283| }\n00284| ```\n00285| \n00286| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00287| 'use server'\n00288| \n00289| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00290| \n00291| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00292| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00293| cookieStore.set('name', 'value', { maxAge: 0 })\n00294| }\n00295| ```\n00296| \n00297| ## Version History\n00298| \n00299| | Version | Changes |\n00300| | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00301| | `v15.0.0-RC` | `cookies` is now an async function. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#150) is available. |\n00302| | `v13.0.0` | `cookies` introduced. |\n00303| \n\n(End of file - total 303 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cookies.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: cookies\ndescription: API Reference for the cookies function.\n---\n\n`cookies` is an **async** function that allows you to read the HTTP incoming request cookies in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), and read/write outgoing request cookies in [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n\n```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\nimport { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n\nexport default async function Page() {\n const cookieStore = await cookies()\n const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n return '...'\n}\n```\n\n```js filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\nimport { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n"},"time":{"start":1781627857531,"end":1781627857542}}}}
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You must use `async/await` or React's [`use`](https://react.dev/reference/react/use) function.\n00046| - In version 14 and earlier, `headers` was a synchronous function. To help with backwards compatibility, you can still access it synchronously in Next.js 15, but this behavior will be deprecated in the future.\n00047| - Since `headers` is read-only, you cannot `set` or `delete` the outgoing request headers.\n00048| - `headers` is a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) whose returned values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it in will opt a route into **[dynamic rendering](/docs/app/glossary#dynamic-rendering)**.\n00049| - With [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), calling `headers()` outside of a [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) boundary prevents the route from being prerendered. See [Next.js encountered runtime data during prerendering](/docs/messages/blocking-prerender-runtime) for fix options.\n00050| \n00051| ## Examples\n00052| \n00053| ### Using the Authorization header\n00054| \n00055| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\"\n00056| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00057| \n00058| export default async function Page() {\n00059| const authorization = (await headers()).get('authorization')\n00060| const res = await fetch('...', {\n00061| headers: { authorization }, // Forward the authorization header\n00062| })\n00063| const user = await res.json()\n00064| \n00065| return {user.name} \n00066| }\n00067| ```\n00068| \n00069| ## Version History\n00070| \n00071| | Version | Changes |\n00072| | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00073| | `v15.0.0-RC` | `headers` is now an async function. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#150) is available. |\n00074| | `v13.0.0` | `headers` introduced. |\n00075| \n\n(End of file - total 75 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/headers.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: headers\ndescription: API reference for the headers function.\n---\n\n`headers` is an **async** function that allows you to **read** the HTTP incoming request headers from a [Server Component](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components).\n\n```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\nimport { headers } from 'next/headers'\n\nexport default async function Page() {\n const headersList = await headers()\n const userAgent = headersList.get('user-agent')\n}\n```\n\n```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\nimport { headers } from 'next/headers'\n\nexport default async function Page() {"},"time":{"start":1781627857539,"end":1781627857543}}}}
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\n00006| \n00007| )\n00008| }\n00009| \n\n(End of file - total 9 lines)\n ","title":"app/page.tsx","metadata":{"preview":"export default function Home() {\n return (\n \n User Preferences \n Please implement the theme and language display here.
\n \n )\n}\n"},"time":{"start":1781627862115,"end":1781627862117}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627862127,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bbc5f001DSDdq0HpGMuXqx","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14baa96001TC3gidSM1xImtD","type":"tool","callID":"call_c70b480aafee438e800dbf6d","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/app/layout.tsx"},"output":"\n00001| import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n00002| \n00003| export const metadata: Metadata = {\n00004| title: 'Theme Settings',\n00005| description: 'Display user theme and language preferences',\n00006| }\n00007| \n00008| export default function RootLayout({\n00009| children,\n00010| }: Readonly<{\n00011| children: React.ReactNode\n00012| }>) {\n00013| return (\n00014| \n00015| {children}\n00016| \n00017| )\n00018| }\n00019| \n\n(End of file - total 19 lines)\n ","title":"app/layout.tsx","metadata":{"preview":"import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Theme Settings',\n description: 'Display user theme and language preferences',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n"},"time":{"start":1781627862112,"end":1781627862117}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627862135,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bbc66001ZJSQUmRFf7QxYr","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14baa96001TC3gidSM1xImtD","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"0d21b25addda0870ad9acd93e3b2bb2a2d92f4db","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":7874,"output":166,"reasoning":127,"cache":{"read":10048,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627866160,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bcc16001BEwU2qELWWMlft","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14bbc81001qctsQlfCuRVZfI","type":"step-start","snapshot":"0d21b25addda0870ad9acd93e3b2bb2a2d92f4db"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627876765,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bed89001mw1YrYplJV7OTO","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14bbc81001qctsQlfCuRVZfI","type":"text","text":"The existing `app/page.tsx` is a placeholder for exactly this task. The docs confirm `cookies()` and `headers()` are **async** in this version (must `await`), `cookieStore.get('theme')` returns `{name, value}` or `undefined`, and `headers()` returns a Web Headers object. I'll implement the async server component now.","time":{"start":1781627876765,"end":1781627876765}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627879775,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bf5940014Lqgzb8s7gvkah","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14bbc81001qctsQlfCuRVZfI","type":"tool","callID":"call_d4950bc78f08406092596f66","tool":"write","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/app/page.tsx","content":"import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n\nfunction getPreferredLanguage(acceptLanguage: string | null): string {\n if (!acceptLanguage) return 'en'\n\n const languages = acceptLanguage.split(',').map((part) => {\n const [tag, ...params] = part.trim().split(';')\n const qParam = params.find((p) => p.trim().startsWith('q='))\n const q = qParam ? Number.parseFloat(qParam.trim().slice(2)) : 1\n return { tag: tag.trim(), q }\n })\n\n languages.sort((a, b) => b.q - a.q)\n\n return languages[0]?.tag ?? 'en'\n}\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n const cookieStore = await cookies()\n const headersList = await headers()\n\n const themeCookie = cookieStore.get('theme')\n const theme = themeCookie?.value ?? 'light'\n\n const acceptLanguage = headersList.get('accept-language')\n const language = getPreferredLanguage(acceptLanguage)\n\n return (\n \n User Preferences \n Current theme: {theme}
\n Preferred language: {language}
\n \n )\n}\n"},"output":"","title":"app/page.tsx","metadata":{"diagnostics":{"/workspace/app/layout.tsx":[],"/workspace/app/page.tsx":[]},"filepath":"/workspace/app/page.tsx","exists":true},"time":{"start":1781627876757,"end":1781627879772}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627879779,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c015d0014Gr3baN6vRfESN","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14bbc81001qctsQlfCuRVZfI","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"7340063f3d5e581e8a190f5926d6e52708dc6a1d","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":8227,"output":1193,"reasoning":834,"cache":{"read":10112,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627883214,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c0ebc0016mU8dLJuEL5jSS","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c016c001Lzcst9xbNtiROu","type":"step-start","snapshot":"7340063f3d5e581e8a190f5926d6e52708dc6a1d"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627884489,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c13bc001pmOvAmqeNm5xIN","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c016c001Lzcst9xbNtiROu","type":"text","text":"Now let me verify it typechecks and builds correctly.","time":{"start":1781627884485,"end":1781627884485}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627886267,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c13bf001z0KpUQjawYMWro","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c016c001Lzcst9xbNtiROu","type":"tool","callID":"call_61eb2d49f65949e9b91f3706","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30; echo \"EXIT: $?\"","description":"Run TypeScript typecheck","workdir":"/workspace"},"output":"EXIT: 0\n","title":"Run TypeScript typecheck","metadata":{"output":"EXIT: 0\n","exit":0,"description":"Run TypeScript typecheck"},"time":{"start":1781627884479,"end":1781627886265}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627886272,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c1aba001WodQynu7bz1bOk","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c016c001Lzcst9xbNtiROu","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"e57d463f84d9fc69d2721140db0fe096ce303a24","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":1232,"output":177,"reasoning":117,"cache":{"read":18304,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627893167,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c359c001PFAugQZsY7zoVG","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c1acc001AbhtjuzdfW9uX2","type":"step-start","snapshot":"e57d463f84d9fc69d2721140db0fe096ce303a24"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627893168,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c35a3001YF7PpCWoaRzMKB","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c1acc001AbhtjuzdfW9uX2","type":"text","text":"Typecheck passes. Now the build:","time":{"start":1781627893165,"end":1781627893165}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627901557,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c35a8001PYpPU4YqdL4j9y","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c1acc001AbhtjuzdfW9uX2","type":"tool","callID":"call_e385a5507b914ad8b6542efe","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"npm run build 2>&1 | tail -30; echo \"EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}\"","description":"Run Next.js build","workdir":"/workspace","timeout":180000},"output":"Attention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1722ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 98ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\nEXIT: 0\n","title":"Run Next.js build","metadata":{"output":"Attention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1722ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 98ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\nEXIT: 0\n","exit":0,"description":"Run Next.js build"},"time":{"start":1781627893160,"end":1781627901554}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627901644,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c56730019eus6Kdgx1yKSA","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c1acc001AbhtjuzdfW9uX2","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"b847148c45dbb17115e58f07f30d09aad3d5e55e","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":9674,"output":82,"reasoning":19,"cache":{"read":10048,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627908108,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c6ffa001S7GkVEjhAFuDm4","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c56dc0017q45Ou3LC75OuV","type":"step-start","snapshot":"b847148c45dbb17115e58f07f30d09aad3d5e55e"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627910485,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c72a6001433UiZZShfJend","sessionID":"ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd","messageID":"msg_ed14c56dc0017q45Ou3LC75OuV","type":"text","text":"Done. I implemented the server component in `app/page.tsx:1`.\n\nKey points, following the Next.js 16 docs in `node_modules/next/dist/docs/`:\n- `cookies()` and `headers()` are **async** in this version, so the component is `async` and `await`s both (per the v15.0.0-RC breaking change noted in the version history).\n- `cookieStore.get('theme')` returns `{ name, value }` or `undefined`, so I default to `'light'` via `themeCookie?.value ?? 'light'`.\n- `headers()` returns a read-only Web `Headers` object; I read `accept-language` and parse it by quality value (`q=`) to pick the preferred language.\n- The build passes typecheck and compiles successfully. The `/` route is correctly flagged as dynamic (`ƒ`) since request-time APIs opt it into dynamic rendering, as the docs state.","time":{"start":1781627910482,"end":1781627910482}}}
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/transcript.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/transcript.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f7fd890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/run-1/transcript.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1139 @@
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+ "output": "total 140\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 root root 286 Jun 16 16:37 ..\ndrwxr-xr-x 6 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 154 Jun 16 16:37 .git\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 14 Jun 16 16:36 .gitignore\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 327 Jun 16 16:37 AGENTS.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 CLAUDE.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 GEMINI.md\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 app\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 101 Jun 16 16:36 next.config.ts\ndrwxr-xr-x 81 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 4096 Jun 16 16:37 node_modules\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 2165 Jun 16 16:37 opencode.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 105543 Jun 16 16:37 package-lock.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 479 Jun 16 16:37 package.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 599 Jun 16 16:36 tsconfig.json\n---PACKAGE---\n{\n \"private\": true,\n \"type\": \"module\",\n \"scripts\": {\n \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n \"build\": \"next build\",\n \"start\": \"next start\"\n },\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"next\": \"^16.3.0-canary.52\",\n \"react\": \"19.1.0\",\n \"react-dom\": \"19.1.0\"\n },\n \"devDependencies\": {\n \"@types/node\": \"^20\",\n \"@types/react\": \"^19\",\n \"@types/react-dom\": \"^19\",\n \"@vitejs/plugin-react\": \"^4.4.1\",\n \"typescript\": \"^5\",\n \"vite-tsconfig-paths\": \"^5.1.4\",\n \"vitest\": \"^3.1.3\"\n }\n}\n",
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index.md\n---\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/04-glossary.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/index.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/after.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cacheLife.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cacheTag.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/catchError.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/connection.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cookies.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/draft-mode.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/fetch.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/forbidden.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-image-metadata.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-metadata.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-sitemaps.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-static-params.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/generate-viewport.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/headers.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/image-response.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/index.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/io.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/next-request.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/next-response.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/next-root-params.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/not-found.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/permanentRedirect.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/redirect.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/refresh.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/revalidatePath.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/revalidateTag.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unauthorized.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_cache.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_noStore.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_rethrow.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/updateTag.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-link-status.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-params.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-pathname.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-report-web-vitals.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-router.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-search-params.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-selected-layout-segment.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/use-selected-layout-segments.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/userAgent.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/06-cli/create-next-app.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/06-cli/index.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/06-cli/next.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/01-directives/index.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/01-directives/use-cache-private.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/01-directives/use-cache-remote.md\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/01-directives/use-cache.md\n",
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: cookies\n00003| description: API Reference for the cookies function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `cookies` is an **async** function that allows you to read the HTTP incoming request cookies in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), and read/write outgoing request cookies in [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00007| \n00008| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00009| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00010| \n00011| export default async function Page() {\n00012| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00013| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00014| return '...'\n00015| }\n00016| ```\n00017| \n00018| ```js filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00019| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00020| \n00021| export default async function Page() {\n00022| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00023| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00024| return '...'\n00025| }\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| ## Reference\n00029| \n00030| ### Methods\n00031| \n00032| The following methods are available:\n00033| \n00034| | Method | Return Type | Description |\n00035| | --------------------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00036| | `get('name')` | Object | Accepts a cookie name and returns an object with the name and value. |\n00037| | `getAll()` | Array of objects | Returns a list of all the cookies with a matching name. |\n00038| | `has('name')` | Boolean | Accepts a cookie name and returns a boolean based on if the cookie exists. |\n00039| | `set(name, value, options)` | - | Accepts a cookie name, value, and options and sets the outgoing request cookie. |\n00040| | `delete(name)` | - | Accepts a cookie name and deletes the cookie. |\n00041| | `toString()` | String | Returns a string representation of the cookies. |\n00042| \n00043| ### Options\n00044| \n00045| When setting a cookie, the following properties from the `options` object are supported:\n00046| \n00047| | Option | Type | Description |\n00048| | ------------- | -------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00049| | `name` | String | Specifies the name of the cookie. |\n00050| | `value` | String | Specifies the value to be stored in the cookie. |\n00051| | `expires` | Date | Defines the exact date when the cookie will expire. |\n00052| | `maxAge` | Number | Sets the cookie’s lifespan in seconds. |\n00053| | `domain` | String | Specifies the domain where the cookie is available. |\n00054| | `path` | String, default: `'/'` | Limits the cookie's scope to a specific path within the domain. |\n00055| | `secure` | Boolean | Ensures the cookie is sent only over HTTPS connections for added security. |\n00056| | `httpOnly` | Boolean | Restricts the cookie to HTTP requests, preventing client-side access. |\n00057| | `sameSite` | Boolean, `'lax'`, `'strict'`, `'none'` | Controls the cookie's cross-site request behavior. |\n00058| | `priority` | String (`\"low\"`, `\"medium\"`, `\"high\"`) | Specifies the cookie's priority |\n00059| | `partitioned` | Boolean | Indicates whether the cookie is [partitioned](https://github.com/privacycg/CHIPS). |\n00060| \n00061| The only option with a default value is `path`.\n00062| \n00063| To learn more about these options, see the [MDN docs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies).\n00064| \n00065| ## Good to know\n00066| \n00067| - `cookies` is an **asynchronous** function that returns a promise. You must use `async/await` or React's [`use`](https://react.dev/reference/react/use) function to access cookies.\n00068| - In version 14 and earlier, `cookies` was a synchronous function. To help with backwards compatibility, you can still access it synchronously in Next.js 15, but this behavior will be deprecated in the future.\n00069| - `cookies` is a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) whose returned values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it in a layout or page will opt a route into [dynamic rendering](/docs/app/glossary#dynamic-rendering).\n00070| - With [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), calling `cookies()` outside of a [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) boundary prevents the route from being prerendered. See [Next.js encountered runtime data during prerendering](/docs/messages/blocking-prerender-runtime) for fix options.\n00071| - The `.delete` method can only be called:\n00072| - In a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00073| - If it belongs to the same domain from which `.set` is called. For wildcard domains, the specific subdomain must be an exact match. Additionally, the code must be executed on the same protocol (HTTP or HTTPS) as the cookie you want to delete.\n00074| - HTTP does not allow setting cookies after streaming starts, so you must use `.set` in a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00075| \n00076| ## Understanding Cookie Behavior in Server Components\n00077| \n00078| When working with cookies in Server Components, it's important to understand that cookies are fundamentally a client-side storage mechanism:\n00079| \n00080| - **Reading cookies** works in Server Components because you're accessing the cookie data that the client's browser sends to the server in the HTTP request headers.\n00081| - **Setting cookies** is not supported during Server Component rendering. To modify cookies, invoke a Server Function from the client or use a Route Handler.\n00082| \n00083| The server can only send instructions (via `Set-Cookie` headers) to tell the browser to store cookies - the actual storage happens on the client side. This is why cookie operations that modify state (`.set`, `.delete`) must be performed in a Server Function or Route Handler where the response headers can be properly set.\n00084| \n00085| ## Understanding Cookie Behavior in Server Functions\n00086| \n00087| After you set or delete a cookie in a Server Function, Next.js can return both the updated UI and new data in a single server roundtrip when the function is used as a [Server Action](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data#what-are-server-functions) (e.g., passed to a form's `action` prop). See [Caching and Revalidating](/docs/app/getting-started/caching).\n00088| \n00089| The UI is not unmounted, but effects that depend on data coming from the server will re-run.\n00090| \n00091| To refresh cached data too, call [`revalidatePath`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) or [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) inside the function.\n00092| \n00093| ## Examples\n00094| \n00095| ### Getting a cookie\n00096| \n00097| You can use the `(await cookies()).get('name')` method to get a single cookie:\n00098| \n00099| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00100| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00101| \n00102| export default async function Page() {\n00103| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00104| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00105| return '...'\n00106| }\n00107| ```\n00108| \n00109| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00110| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00111| \n00112| export default async function Page() {\n00113| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00114| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00115| return '...'\n00116| }\n00117| ```\n00118| \n00119| ### Getting all cookies\n00120| \n00121| You can use the `(await cookies()).getAll()` method to get all cookies with a matching name. If `name` is unspecified, it returns all the available cookies.\n00122| \n00123| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00124| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00125| \n00126| export default async function Page() {\n00127| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00128| return cookieStore.getAll().map((cookie) => (\n00129| \n00130|
Name: {cookie.name}
\n00131|
Value: {cookie.value}
\n00132|
\n00133| ))\n00134| }\n00135| ```\n00136| \n00137| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00138| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00139| \n00140| export default async function Page() {\n00141| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00142| return cookieStore.getAll().map((cookie) => (\n00143| \n00144|
Name: {cookie.name}
\n00145|
Value: {cookie.value}
\n00146|
\n00147| ))\n00148| }\n00149| ```\n00150| \n00151| ### Setting a cookie\n00152| \n00153| You can use the `(await cookies()).set(name, value, options)` method in a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) to set a cookie. The [`options` object](#options) is optional.\n00154| \n00155| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00156| 'use server'\n00157| \n00158| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00159| \n00160| export async function create(data) {\n00161| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00162| \n00163| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee')\n00164| // or\n00165| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee', { secure: true })\n00166| // or\n00167| cookieStore.set({\n00168| name: 'name',\n00169| value: 'lee',\n00170| httpOnly: true,\n00171| path: '/',\n00172| })\n00173| }\n00174| ```\n00175| \n00176| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00177| 'use server'\n00178| \n00179| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00180| \n00181| export async function create(data) {\n00182| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00183| \n00184| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee')\n00185| // or\n00186| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee', { secure: true })\n00187| // or\n00188| cookieStore.set({\n00189| name: 'name',\n00190| value: 'lee',\n00191| httpOnly: true,\n00192| path: '/',\n00193| })\n00194| }\n00195| ```\n00196| \n00197| ### Checking if a cookie exists\n00198| \n00199| You can use the `(await cookies()).has(name)` method to check if a cookie exists:\n00200| \n00201| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.ts\" switcher\n00202| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00203| \n00204| export default async function Page() {\n00205| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00206| const hasCookie = cookieStore.has('theme')\n00207| return '...'\n00208| }\n00209| ```\n00210| \n00211| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00212| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00213| \n00214| export default async function Page() {\n00215| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00216| const hasCookie = cookieStore.has('theme')\n00217| return '...'\n00218| }\n00219| ```\n00220| \n00221| ### Deleting cookies\n00222| \n00223| There are three ways you can delete a cookie.\n00224| \n00225| Using the `delete()` method:\n00226| \n00227| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00228| 'use server'\n00229| \n00230| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00231| \n00232| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00233| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00234| cookieStore.delete('name')\n00235| }\n00236| ```\n00237| \n00238| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00239| 'use server'\n00240| \n00241| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00242| \n00243| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00244| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00245| cookieStore.delete('name')\n00246| }\n00247| ```\n00248| \n00249| Setting a new cookie with the same name and an empty value:\n00250| \n00251| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00252| 'use server'\n00253| \n00254| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00255| \n00256| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00257| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00258| cookieStore.set('name', '')\n00259| }\n00260| ```\n00261| \n00262| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00263| 'use server'\n00264| \n00265| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00266| \n00267| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00268| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00269| cookieStore.set('name', '')\n00270| }\n00271| ```\n00272| \n00273| Setting the `maxAge` to 0 will immediately expire a cookie. `maxAge` accepts a value in seconds.\n00274| \n00275| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00276| 'use server'\n00277| \n00278| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00279| \n00280| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00281| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00282| cookieStore.set('name', 'value', { maxAge: 0 })\n00283| }\n00284| ```\n00285| \n00286| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00287| 'use server'\n00288| \n00289| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00290| \n00291| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00292| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00293| cookieStore.set('name', 'value', { maxAge: 0 })\n00294| }\n00295| ```\n00296| \n00297| ## Version History\n00298| \n00299| | Version | Changes |\n00300| | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00301| | `v15.0.0-RC` | `cookies` is now an async function. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#150) is available. |\n00302| | `v13.0.0` | `cookies` introduced. |\n00303| \n\n(End of file - total 303 lines)\n ",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: cookies\ndescription: API Reference for the cookies function.\n---\n\n`cookies` is an **async** function that allows you to read the HTTP incoming request cookies in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), and read/write outgoing request cookies in [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n\n```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\nimport { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n\nexport default async function Page() {\n const cookieStore = await cookies()\n const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n return '...'\n}\n```\n\n```js filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\nimport { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n"
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+ "result": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: cookies\n00003| description: API Reference for the cookies function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `cookies` is an **async** function that allows you to read the HTTP incoming request cookies in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), and read/write outgoing request cookies in [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00007| \n00008| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00009| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00010| \n00011| export default async function Page() {\n00012| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00013| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00014| return '...'\n00015| }\n00016| ```\n00017| \n00018| ```js filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00019| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00020| \n00021| export default async function Page() {\n00022| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00023| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00024| return '...'\n00025| }\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| ## Reference\n00029| \n00030| ### Methods\n00031| \n00032| The following methods are available:\n00033| \n00034| | Method | Return Type | Description |\n00035| | --------------------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00036| | `get('name')` | Object | Accepts a cookie name and returns an object with the name and value. |\n00037| | `getAll()` | Array of objects | Returns a list of all the cookies with a matching name. |\n00038| | `has('name')` | Boolean | Accepts a cookie name and returns a boolean based on if the cookie exists. |\n00039| | `set(name, value, options)` | - | Accepts a cookie name, value, and options and sets the outgoing request cookie. |\n00040| | `delete(name)` | - | Accepts a cookie name and deletes the cookie. |\n00041| | `toString()` | String | Returns a string representation of the cookies. |\n00042| \n00043| ### Options\n00044| \n00045| When setting a cookie, the following properties from the `options` object are supported:\n00046| \n00047| | Option | Type | Description |\n00048| | ------------- | -------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00049| | `name` | String | Specifies the name of the cookie. |\n00050| | `value` | String | Specifies the value to be stored in the cookie. |\n00051| | `expires` | Date | Defines the exact date when the cookie will expire. |\n00052| | `maxAge` | Number | Sets the cookie’s lifespan in seconds. |\n00053| | `domain` | String | Specifies the domain where the cookie is available. |\n00054| | `path` | String, default: `'/'` | Limits the cookie's scope to a specific path within the domain. |\n00055| | `secure` | Boolean | Ensures the cookie is sent only over HTTPS connections for added security. |\n00056| | `httpOnly` | Boolean | Restricts the cookie to HTTP requests, preventing client-side access. |\n00057| | `sameSite` | Boolean, `'lax'`, `'strict'`, `'none'` | Controls the cookie's cross-site request behavior. |\n00058| | `priority` | String (`\"low\"`, `\"medium\"`, `\"high\"`) | Specifies the cookie's priority |\n00059| | `partitioned` | Boolean | Indicates whether the cookie is [partitioned](https://github.com/privacycg/CHIPS). |\n00060| \n00061| The only option with a default value is `path`.\n00062| \n00063| To learn more about these options, see the [MDN docs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies).\n00064| \n00065| ## Good to know\n00066| \n00067| - `cookies` is an **asynchronous** function that returns a promise. You must use `async/await` or React's [`use`](https://react.dev/reference/react/use) function to access cookies.\n00068| - In version 14 and earlier, `cookies` was a synchronous function. To help with backwards compatibility, you can still access it synchronously in Next.js 15, but this behavior will be deprecated in the future.\n00069| - `cookies` is a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) whose returned values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it in a layout or page will opt a route into [dynamic rendering](/docs/app/glossary#dynamic-rendering).\n00070| - With [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), calling `cookies()` outside of a [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) boundary prevents the route from being prerendered. See [Next.js encountered runtime data during prerendering](/docs/messages/blocking-prerender-runtime) for fix options.\n00071| - The `.delete` method can only be called:\n00072| - In a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00073| - If it belongs to the same domain from which `.set` is called. For wildcard domains, the specific subdomain must be an exact match. Additionally, the code must be executed on the same protocol (HTTP or HTTPS) as the cookie you want to delete.\n00074| - HTTP does not allow setting cookies after streaming starts, so you must use `.set` in a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00075| \n00076| ## Understanding Cookie Behavior in Server Components\n00077| \n00078| When working with cookies in Server Components, it's important to understand that cookies are fundamentally a client-side storage mechanism:\n00079| \n00080| - **Reading cookies** works in Server Components because you're accessing the cookie data that the client's browser sends to the server in the HTTP request headers.\n00081| - **Setting cookies** is not supported during Server Component rendering. To modify cookies, invoke a Server Function from the client or use a Route Handler.\n00082| \n00083| The server can only send instructions (via `Set-Cookie` headers) to tell the browser to store cookies - the actual storage happens on the client side. This is why cookie operations that modify state (`.set`, `.delete`) must be performed in a Server Function or Route Handler where the response headers can be properly set.\n00084| \n00085| ## Understanding Cookie Behavior in Server Functions\n00086| \n00087| After you set or delete a cookie in a Server Function, Next.js can return both the updated UI and new data in a single server roundtrip when the function is used as a [Server Action](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data#what-are-server-functions) (e.g., passed to a form's `action` prop). See [Caching and Revalidating](/docs/app/getting-started/caching).\n00088| \n00089| The UI is not unmounted, but effects that depend on data coming from the server will re-run.\n00090| \n00091| To refresh cached data too, call [`revalidatePath`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) or [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) inside the function.\n00092| \n00093| ## Examples\n00094| \n00095| ### Getting a cookie\n00096| \n00097| You can use the `(await cookies()).get('name')` method to get a single cookie:\n00098| \n00099| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00100| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00101| \n00102| export default async function Page() {\n00103| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00104| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00105| return '...'\n00106| }\n00107| ```\n00108| \n00109| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00110| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00111| \n00112| export default async function Page() {\n00113| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00114| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00115| return '...'\n00116| }\n00117| ```\n00118| \n00119| ### Getting all cookies\n00120| \n00121| You can use the `(await cookies()).getAll()` method to get all cookies with a matching name. If `name` is unspecified, it returns all the available cookies.\n00122| \n00123| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00124| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00125| \n00126| export default async function Page() {\n00127| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00128| return cookieStore.getAll().map((cookie) => (\n00129| \n00130|
Name: {cookie.name}
\n00131|
Value: {cookie.value}
\n00132|
\n00133| ))\n00134| }\n00135| ```\n00136| \n00137| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00138| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00139| \n00140| export default async function Page() {\n00141| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00142| return cookieStore.getAll().map((cookie) => (\n00143| \n00144|
Name: {cookie.name}
\n00145|
Value: {cookie.value}
\n00146|
\n00147| ))\n00148| }\n00149| ```\n00150| \n00151| ### Setting a cookie\n00152| \n00153| You can use the `(await cookies()).set(name, value, options)` method in a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) to set a cookie. The [`options` object](#options) is optional.\n00154| \n00155| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00156| 'use server'\n00157| \n00158| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00159| \n00160| export async function create(data) {\n00161| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00162| \n00163| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee')\n00164| // or\n00165| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee', { secure: true })\n00166| // or\n00167| cookieStore.set({\n00168| name: 'name',\n00169| value: 'lee',\n00170| httpOnly: true,\n00171| path: '/',\n00172| })\n00173| }\n00174| ```\n00175| \n00176| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00177| 'use server'\n00178| \n00179| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00180| \n00181| export async function create(data) {\n00182| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00183| \n00184| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee')\n00185| // or\n00186| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee', { secure: true })\n00187| // or\n00188| cookieStore.set({\n00189| name: 'name',\n00190| value: 'lee',\n00191| httpOnly: true,\n00192| path: '/',\n00193| })\n00194| }\n00195| ```\n00196| \n00197| ### Checking if a cookie exists\n00198| \n00199| You can use the `(await cookies()).has(name)` method to check if a cookie exists:\n00200| \n00201| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.ts\" switcher\n00202| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00203| \n00204| export default async function Page() {\n00205| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00206| const hasCookie = cookieStore.has('theme')\n00207| return '...'\n00208| }\n00209| ```\n00210| \n00211| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00212| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00213| \n00214| export default async function Page() {\n00215| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00216| const hasCookie = cookieStore.has('theme')\n00217| return '...'\n00218| }\n00219| ```\n00220| \n00221| ### Deleting cookies\n00222| \n00223| There are three ways you can delete a cookie.\n00224| \n00225| Using the `delete()` method:\n00226| \n00227| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00228| 'use server'\n00229| \n00230| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00231| \n00232| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00233| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00234| cookieStore.delete('name')\n00235| }\n00236| ```\n00237| \n00238| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00239| 'use server'\n00240| \n00241| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00242| \n00243| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00244| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00245| cookieStore.delete('name')\n00246| }\n00247| ```\n00248| \n00249| Setting a new cookie with the same name and an empty value:\n00250| \n00251| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00252| 'use server'\n00253| \n00254| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00255| \n00256| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00257| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00258| cookieStore.set('name', '')\n00259| }\n00260| ```\n00261| \n00262| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00263| 'use server'\n00264| \n00265| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00266| \n00267| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00268| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00269| cookieStore.set('name', '')\n00270| }\n00271| ```\n00272| \n00273| Setting the `maxAge` to 0 will immediately expire a cookie. `maxAge` accepts a value in seconds.\n00274| \n00275| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00276| 'use server'\n00277| \n00278| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00279| \n00280| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00281| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00282| cookieStore.set('name', 'value', { maxAge: 0 })\n00283| }\n00284| ```\n00285| \n00286| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00287| 'use server'\n00288| \n00289| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00290| \n00291| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00292| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00293| cookieStore.set('name', 'value', { maxAge: 0 })\n00294| }\n00295| ```\n00296| \n00297| ## Version History\n00298| \n00299| | Version | Changes |\n00300| | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00301| | `v15.0.0-RC` | `cookies` is now an async function. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#150) is available. |\n00302| | `v13.0.0` | `cookies` introduced. |\n00303| \n\n(End of file - total 303 lines)\n ",
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: cookies\n00003| description: API Reference for the cookies function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `cookies` is an **async** function that allows you to read the HTTP incoming request cookies in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), and read/write outgoing request cookies in [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00007| \n00008| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00009| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00010| \n00011| export default async function Page() {\n00012| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00013| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00014| return '...'\n00015| }\n00016| ```\n00017| \n00018| ```js filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00019| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00020| \n00021| export default async function Page() {\n00022| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00023| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00024| return '...'\n00025| }\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| ## Reference\n00029| \n00030| ### Methods\n00031| \n00032| The following methods are available:\n00033| \n00034| | Method | Return Type | Description |\n00035| | --------------------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00036| | `get('name')` | Object | Accepts a cookie name and returns an object with the name and value. |\n00037| | `getAll()` | Array of objects | Returns a list of all the cookies with a matching name. |\n00038| | `has('name')` | Boolean | Accepts a cookie name and returns a boolean based on if the cookie exists. |\n00039| | `set(name, value, options)` | - | Accepts a cookie name, value, and options and sets the outgoing request cookie. |\n00040| | `delete(name)` | - | Accepts a cookie name and deletes the cookie. |\n00041| | `toString()` | String | Returns a string representation of the cookies. |\n00042| \n00043| ### Options\n00044| \n00045| When setting a cookie, the following properties from the `options` object are supported:\n00046| \n00047| | Option | Type | Description |\n00048| | ------------- | -------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00049| | `name` | String | Specifies the name of the cookie. |\n00050| | `value` | String | Specifies the value to be stored in the cookie. |\n00051| | `expires` | Date | Defines the exact date when the cookie will expire. |\n00052| | `maxAge` | Number | Sets the cookie’s lifespan in seconds. |\n00053| | `domain` | String | Specifies the domain where the cookie is available. |\n00054| | `path` | String, default: `'/'` | Limits the cookie's scope to a specific path within the domain. |\n00055| | `secure` | Boolean | Ensures the cookie is sent only over HTTPS connections for added security. |\n00056| | `httpOnly` | Boolean | Restricts the cookie to HTTP requests, preventing client-side access. |\n00057| | `sameSite` | Boolean, `'lax'`, `'strict'`, `'none'` | Controls the cookie's cross-site request behavior. |\n00058| | `priority` | String (`\"low\"`, `\"medium\"`, `\"high\"`) | Specifies the cookie's priority |\n00059| | `partitioned` | Boolean | Indicates whether the cookie is [partitioned](https://github.com/privacycg/CHIPS). |\n00060| \n00061| The only option with a default value is `path`.\n00062| \n00063| To learn more about these options, see the [MDN docs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies).\n00064| \n00065| ## Good to know\n00066| \n00067| - `cookies` is an **asynchronous** function that returns a promise. You must use `async/await` or React's [`use`](https://react.dev/reference/react/use) function to access cookies.\n00068| - In version 14 and earlier, `cookies` was a synchronous function. To help with backwards compatibility, you can still access it synchronously in Next.js 15, but this behavior will be deprecated in the future.\n00069| - `cookies` is a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) whose returned values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it in a layout or page will opt a route into [dynamic rendering](/docs/app/glossary#dynamic-rendering).\n00070| - With [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), calling `cookies()` outside of a [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) boundary prevents the route from being prerendered. See [Next.js encountered runtime data during prerendering](/docs/messages/blocking-prerender-runtime) for fix options.\n00071| - The `.delete` method can only be called:\n00072| - In a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00073| - If it belongs to the same domain from which `.set` is called. For wildcard domains, the specific subdomain must be an exact match. Additionally, the code must be executed on the same protocol (HTTP or HTTPS) as the cookie you want to delete.\n00074| - HTTP does not allow setting cookies after streaming starts, so you must use `.set` in a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00075| \n00076| ## Understanding Cookie Behavior in Server Components\n00077| \n00078| When working with cookies in Server Components, it's important to understand that cookies are fundamentally a client-side storage mechanism:\n00079| \n00080| - **Reading cookies** works in Server Components because you're accessing the cookie data that the client's browser sends to the server in the HTTP request headers.\n00081| - **Setting cookies** is not supported during Server Component rendering. To modify cookies, invoke a Server Function from the client or use a Route Handler.\n00082| \n00083| The server can only send instructions (via `Set-Cookie` headers) to tell the browser to store cookies - the actual storage happens on the client side. This is why cookie operations that modify state (`.set`, `.delete`) must be performed in a Server Function or Route Handler where the response headers can be properly set.\n00084| \n00085| ## Understanding Cookie Behavior in Server Functions\n00086| \n00087| After you set or delete a cookie in a Server Function, Next.js can return both the updated UI and new data in a single server roundtrip when the function is used as a [Server Action](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data#what-are-server-functions) (e.g., passed to a form's `action` prop). See [Caching and Revalidating](/docs/app/getting-started/caching).\n00088| \n00089| The UI is not unmounted, but effects that depend on data coming from the server will re-run.\n00090| \n00091| To refresh cached data too, call [`revalidatePath`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) or [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) inside the function.\n00092| \n00093| ## Examples\n00094| \n00095| ### Getting a cookie\n00096| \n00097| You can use the `(await cookies()).get('name')` method to get a single cookie:\n00098| \n00099| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00100| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00101| \n00102| export default async function Page() {\n00103| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00104| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00105| return '...'\n00106| }\n00107| ```\n00108| \n00109| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00110| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00111| \n00112| export default async function Page() {\n00113| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00114| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n00115| return '...'\n00116| }\n00117| ```\n00118| \n00119| ### Getting all cookies\n00120| \n00121| You can use the `(await cookies()).getAll()` method to get all cookies with a matching name. If `name` is unspecified, it returns all the available cookies.\n00122| \n00123| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00124| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00125| \n00126| export default async function Page() {\n00127| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00128| return cookieStore.getAll().map((cookie) => (\n00129| \n00130|
Name: {cookie.name}
\n00131|
Value: {cookie.value}
\n00132|
\n00133| ))\n00134| }\n00135| ```\n00136| \n00137| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00138| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00139| \n00140| export default async function Page() {\n00141| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00142| return cookieStore.getAll().map((cookie) => (\n00143| \n00144|
Name: {cookie.name}
\n00145|
Value: {cookie.value}
\n00146|
\n00147| ))\n00148| }\n00149| ```\n00150| \n00151| ### Setting a cookie\n00152| \n00153| You can use the `(await cookies()).set(name, value, options)` method in a [Server Function](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) to set a cookie. The [`options` object](#options) is optional.\n00154| \n00155| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00156| 'use server'\n00157| \n00158| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00159| \n00160| export async function create(data) {\n00161| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00162| \n00163| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee')\n00164| // or\n00165| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee', { secure: true })\n00166| // or\n00167| cookieStore.set({\n00168| name: 'name',\n00169| value: 'lee',\n00170| httpOnly: true,\n00171| path: '/',\n00172| })\n00173| }\n00174| ```\n00175| \n00176| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00177| 'use server'\n00178| \n00179| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00180| \n00181| export async function create(data) {\n00182| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00183| \n00184| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee')\n00185| // or\n00186| cookieStore.set('name', 'lee', { secure: true })\n00187| // or\n00188| cookieStore.set({\n00189| name: 'name',\n00190| value: 'lee',\n00191| httpOnly: true,\n00192| path: '/',\n00193| })\n00194| }\n00195| ```\n00196| \n00197| ### Checking if a cookie exists\n00198| \n00199| You can use the `(await cookies()).has(name)` method to check if a cookie exists:\n00200| \n00201| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.ts\" switcher\n00202| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00203| \n00204| export default async function Page() {\n00205| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00206| const hasCookie = cookieStore.has('theme')\n00207| return '...'\n00208| }\n00209| ```\n00210| \n00211| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00212| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00213| \n00214| export default async function Page() {\n00215| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00216| const hasCookie = cookieStore.has('theme')\n00217| return '...'\n00218| }\n00219| ```\n00220| \n00221| ### Deleting cookies\n00222| \n00223| There are three ways you can delete a cookie.\n00224| \n00225| Using the `delete()` method:\n00226| \n00227| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00228| 'use server'\n00229| \n00230| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00231| \n00232| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00233| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00234| cookieStore.delete('name')\n00235| }\n00236| ```\n00237| \n00238| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00239| 'use server'\n00240| \n00241| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00242| \n00243| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00244| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00245| cookieStore.delete('name')\n00246| }\n00247| ```\n00248| \n00249| Setting a new cookie with the same name and an empty value:\n00250| \n00251| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00252| 'use server'\n00253| \n00254| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00255| \n00256| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00257| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00258| cookieStore.set('name', '')\n00259| }\n00260| ```\n00261| \n00262| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00263| 'use server'\n00264| \n00265| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00266| \n00267| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00268| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00269| cookieStore.set('name', '')\n00270| }\n00271| ```\n00272| \n00273| Setting the `maxAge` to 0 will immediately expire a cookie. `maxAge` accepts a value in seconds.\n00274| \n00275| ```tsx filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00276| 'use server'\n00277| \n00278| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00279| \n00280| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00281| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00282| cookieStore.set('name', 'value', { maxAge: 0 })\n00283| }\n00284| ```\n00285| \n00286| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00287| 'use server'\n00288| \n00289| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00290| \n00291| export async function deleteCookie(data) {\n00292| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00293| cookieStore.set('name', 'value', { maxAge: 0 })\n00294| }\n00295| ```\n00296| \n00297| ## Version History\n00298| \n00299| | Version | Changes |\n00300| | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00301| | `v15.0.0-RC` | `cookies` is now an async function. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#150) is available. |\n00302| | `v13.0.0` | `cookies` introduced. |\n00303| \n\n(End of file - total 303 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cookies.md",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "---\ntitle: cookies\ndescription: API Reference for the cookies function.\n---\n\n`cookies` is an **async** function that allows you to read the HTTP incoming request cookies in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components), and read/write outgoing request cookies in [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n\n```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\nimport { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n\nexport default async function Page() {\n const cookieStore = await cookies()\n const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')\n return '...'\n}\n```\n\n```js filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\nimport { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n"
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: headers\n00003| description: API reference for the headers function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `headers` is an **async** function that allows you to **read** the HTTP incoming request headers from a [Server Component](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components).\n00007| \n00008| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00009| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00010| \n00011| export default async function Page() {\n00012| const headersList = await headers()\n00013| const userAgent = headersList.get('user-agent')\n00014| }\n00015| ```\n00016| \n00017| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00018| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00019| \n00020| export default async function Page() {\n00021| const headersList = await headers()\n00022| const userAgent = headersList.get('user-agent')\n00023| }\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ## Reference\n00027| \n00028| ### Parameters\n00029| \n00030| `headers` does not take any parameters.\n00031| \n00032| ### Returns\n00033| \n00034| `headers` returns a **read-only** [Web Headers](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers) object.\n00035| \n00036| - [`Headers.entries()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/entries): Returns an [`iterator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols) allowing to go through all key/value pairs contained in this object.\n00037| - [`Headers.forEach()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/forEach): Executes a provided function once for each key/value pair in this `Headers` object.\n00038| - [`Headers.get()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/get): Returns a [`String`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String) sequence of all the values of a header within a `Headers` object with a given name.\n00039| - [`Headers.has()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/has): Returns a boolean stating whether a `Headers` object contains a certain header.\n00040| - [`Headers.keys()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/keys): Returns an [`iterator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols) allowing you to go through all keys of the key/value pairs contained in this object.\n00041| - [`Headers.values()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/values): Returns an [`iterator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols) allowing you to go through all values of the key/value pairs contained in this object.\n00042| \n00043| ## Good to know\n00044| \n00045| - `headers` is an **asynchronous** function that returns a promise. You must use `async/await` or React's [`use`](https://react.dev/reference/react/use) function.\n00046| - In version 14 and earlier, `headers` was a synchronous function. To help with backwards compatibility, you can still access it synchronously in Next.js 15, but this behavior will be deprecated in the future.\n00047| - Since `headers` is read-only, you cannot `set` or `delete` the outgoing request headers.\n00048| - `headers` is a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) whose returned values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it in will opt a route into **[dynamic rendering](/docs/app/glossary#dynamic-rendering)**.\n00049| - With [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), calling `headers()` outside of a [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) boundary prevents the route from being prerendered. See [Next.js encountered runtime data during prerendering](/docs/messages/blocking-prerender-runtime) for fix options.\n00050| \n00051| ## Examples\n00052| \n00053| ### Using the Authorization header\n00054| \n00055| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\"\n00056| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00057| \n00058| export default async function Page() {\n00059| const authorization = (await headers()).get('authorization')\n00060| const res = await fetch('...', {\n00061| headers: { authorization }, // Forward the authorization header\n00062| })\n00063| const user = await res.json()\n00064| \n00065| return {user.name} \n00066| }\n00067| ```\n00068| \n00069| ## Version History\n00070| \n00071| | Version | Changes |\n00072| | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00073| | `v15.0.0-RC` | `headers` is now an async function. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#150) is available. |\n00074| | `v13.0.0` | `headers` introduced. |\n00075| \n\n(End of file - total 75 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/headers.md",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: headers\ndescription: API reference for the headers function.\n---\n\n`headers` is an **async** function that allows you to **read** the HTTP incoming request headers from a [Server Component](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components).\n\n```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\nimport { headers } from 'next/headers'\n\nexport default async function Page() {\n const headersList = await headers()\n const userAgent = headersList.get('user-agent')\n}\n```\n\n```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\nimport { headers } from 'next/headers'\n\nexport default async function Page() {"
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+ "result": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: headers\n00003| description: API reference for the headers function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `headers` is an **async** function that allows you to **read** the HTTP incoming request headers from a [Server Component](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components).\n00007| \n00008| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00009| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00010| \n00011| export default async function Page() {\n00012| const headersList = await headers()\n00013| const userAgent = headersList.get('user-agent')\n00014| }\n00015| ```\n00016| \n00017| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00018| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00019| \n00020| export default async function Page() {\n00021| const headersList = await headers()\n00022| const userAgent = headersList.get('user-agent')\n00023| }\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ## Reference\n00027| \n00028| ### Parameters\n00029| \n00030| `headers` does not take any parameters.\n00031| \n00032| ### Returns\n00033| \n00034| `headers` returns a **read-only** [Web Headers](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers) object.\n00035| \n00036| - [`Headers.entries()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/entries): Returns an [`iterator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols) allowing to go through all key/value pairs contained in this object.\n00037| - [`Headers.forEach()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/forEach): Executes a provided function once for each key/value pair in this `Headers` object.\n00038| - [`Headers.get()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/get): Returns a [`String`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String) sequence of all the values of a header within a `Headers` object with a given name.\n00039| - [`Headers.has()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/has): Returns a boolean stating whether a `Headers` object contains a certain header.\n00040| - [`Headers.keys()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/keys): Returns an [`iterator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols) allowing you to go through all keys of the key/value pairs contained in this object.\n00041| - [`Headers.values()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/values): Returns an [`iterator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols) allowing you to go through all values of the key/value pairs contained in this object.\n00042| \n00043| ## Good to know\n00044| \n00045| - `headers` is an **asynchronous** function that returns a promise. You must use `async/await` or React's [`use`](https://react.dev/reference/react/use) function.\n00046| - In version 14 and earlier, `headers` was a synchronous function. To help with backwards compatibility, you can still access it synchronously in Next.js 15, but this behavior will be deprecated in the future.\n00047| - Since `headers` is read-only, you cannot `set` or `delete` the outgoing request headers.\n00048| - `headers` is a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) whose returned values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it in will opt a route into **[dynamic rendering](/docs/app/glossary#dynamic-rendering)**.\n00049| - With [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), calling `headers()` outside of a [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) boundary prevents the route from being prerendered. See [Next.js encountered runtime data during prerendering](/docs/messages/blocking-prerender-runtime) for fix options.\n00050| \n00051| ## Examples\n00052| \n00053| ### Using the Authorization header\n00054| \n00055| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\"\n00056| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00057| \n00058| export default async function Page() {\n00059| const authorization = (await headers()).get('authorization')\n00060| const res = await fetch('...', {\n00061| headers: { authorization }, // Forward the authorization header\n00062| })\n00063| const user = await res.json()\n00064| \n00065| return {user.name} \n00066| }\n00067| ```\n00068| \n00069| ## Version History\n00070| \n00071| | Version | Changes |\n00072| | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00073| | `v15.0.0-RC` | `headers` is now an async function. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#150) is available. |\n00074| | `v13.0.0` | `headers` introduced. |\n00075| \n\n(End of file - total 75 lines)\n ",
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: headers\n00003| description: API reference for the headers function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `headers` is an **async** function that allows you to **read** the HTTP incoming request headers from a [Server Component](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components).\n00007| \n00008| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\n00009| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00010| \n00011| export default async function Page() {\n00012| const headersList = await headers()\n00013| const userAgent = headersList.get('user-agent')\n00014| }\n00015| ```\n00016| \n00017| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\" switcher\n00018| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00019| \n00020| export default async function Page() {\n00021| const headersList = await headers()\n00022| const userAgent = headersList.get('user-agent')\n00023| }\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ## Reference\n00027| \n00028| ### Parameters\n00029| \n00030| `headers` does not take any parameters.\n00031| \n00032| ### Returns\n00033| \n00034| `headers` returns a **read-only** [Web Headers](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers) object.\n00035| \n00036| - [`Headers.entries()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/entries): Returns an [`iterator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols) allowing to go through all key/value pairs contained in this object.\n00037| - [`Headers.forEach()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/forEach): Executes a provided function once for each key/value pair in this `Headers` object.\n00038| - [`Headers.get()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/get): Returns a [`String`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String) sequence of all the values of a header within a `Headers` object with a given name.\n00039| - [`Headers.has()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/has): Returns a boolean stating whether a `Headers` object contains a certain header.\n00040| - [`Headers.keys()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/keys): Returns an [`iterator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols) allowing you to go through all keys of the key/value pairs contained in this object.\n00041| - [`Headers.values()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers/values): Returns an [`iterator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols) allowing you to go through all values of the key/value pairs contained in this object.\n00042| \n00043| ## Good to know\n00044| \n00045| - `headers` is an **asynchronous** function that returns a promise. You must use `async/await` or React's [`use`](https://react.dev/reference/react/use) function.\n00046| - In version 14 and earlier, `headers` was a synchronous function. To help with backwards compatibility, you can still access it synchronously in Next.js 15, but this behavior will be deprecated in the future.\n00047| - Since `headers` is read-only, you cannot `set` or `delete` the outgoing request headers.\n00048| - `headers` is a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) whose returned values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it in will opt a route into **[dynamic rendering](/docs/app/glossary#dynamic-rendering)**.\n00049| - With [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), calling `headers()` outside of a [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) boundary prevents the route from being prerendered. See [Next.js encountered runtime data during prerendering](/docs/messages/blocking-prerender-runtime) for fix options.\n00050| \n00051| ## Examples\n00052| \n00053| ### Using the Authorization header\n00054| \n00055| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.js\"\n00056| import { headers } from 'next/headers'\n00057| \n00058| export default async function Page() {\n00059| const authorization = (await headers()).get('authorization')\n00060| const res = await fetch('...', {\n00061| headers: { authorization }, // Forward the authorization header\n00062| })\n00063| const user = await res.json()\n00064| \n00065| return {user.name} \n00066| }\n00067| ```\n00068| \n00069| ## Version History\n00070| \n00071| | Version | Changes |\n00072| | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00073| | `v15.0.0-RC` | `headers` is now an async function. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#150) is available. |\n00074| | `v13.0.0` | `headers` introduced. |\n00075| \n\n(End of file - total 75 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/headers.md",
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\n00006| \n00007| )\n00008| }\n00009| \n\n(End of file - total 9 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "app/page.tsx",
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\n \n )\n}\n"
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\n00006| \n00007| )\n00008| }\n00009| \n\n(End of file - total 9 lines)\n ",
+ "success": true
+ },
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+ },
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\n00006| \n00007| )\n00008| }\n00009| \n\n(End of file - total 9 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "app/page.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "export default function Home() {\n return (\n \n User Preferences \n Please implement the theme and language display here.
\n \n )\n}\n"
+ },
+ "time": {
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+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/layout.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "\n00001| import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n00002| \n00003| export const metadata: Metadata = {\n00004| title: 'Theme Settings',\n00005| description: 'Display user theme and language preferences',\n00006| }\n00007| \n00008| export default function RootLayout({\n00009| children,\n00010| }: Readonly<{\n00011| children: React.ReactNode\n00012| }>) {\n00013| return (\n00014| \n00015| {children}\n00016| \n00017| )\n00018| }\n00019| \n\n(End of file - total 19 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "app/layout.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Theme Settings',\n description: 'Display user theme and language preferences',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n"
+ },
+ "time": {
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+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_read",
+ "originalName": "read",
+ "result": "\n00001| import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n00002| \n00003| export const metadata: Metadata = {\n00004| title: 'Theme Settings',\n00005| description: 'Display user theme and language preferences',\n00006| }\n00007| \n00008| export default function RootLayout({\n00009| children,\n00010| }: Readonly<{\n00011| children: React.ReactNode\n00012| }>) {\n00013| return (\n00014| \n00015| {children}\n00016| \n00017| )\n00018| }\n00019| \n\n(End of file - total 19 lines)\n ",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/layout.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "\n00001| import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n00002| \n00003| export const metadata: Metadata = {\n00004| title: 'Theme Settings',\n00005| description: 'Display user theme and language preferences',\n00006| }\n00007| \n00008| export default function RootLayout({\n00009| children,\n00010| }: Readonly<{\n00011| children: React.ReactNode\n00012| }>) {\n00013| return (\n00014| \n00015| {children}\n00016| \n00017| )\n00018| }\n00019| \n\n(End of file - total 19 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "app/layout.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Theme Settings',\n description: 'Display user theme and language preferences',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627862112,
+ "end": 1781627862117
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:37:56.765Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "The existing `app/page.tsx` is a placeholder for exactly this task. The docs confirm `cookies()` and `headers()` are **async** in this version (must `await`), `cookieStore.get('theme')` returns `{name, value}` or `undefined`, and `headers()` returns a Web Headers object. I'll implement the async server component now.",
+ "raw": {
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+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd",
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+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14bbc81001qctsQlfCuRVZfI",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "The existing `app/page.tsx` is a placeholder for exactly this task. The docs confirm `cookies()` and `headers()` are **async** in this version (must `await`), `cookieStore.get('theme')` returns `{name, value}` or `undefined`, and `headers()` returns a Web Headers object. I'll implement the async server component now.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627876765,
+ "end": 1781627876765
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:37:59.775Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_write",
+ "originalName": "write",
+ "args": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "content": "import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n\nfunction getPreferredLanguage(acceptLanguage: string | null): string {\n if (!acceptLanguage) return 'en'\n\n const languages = acceptLanguage.split(',').map((part) => {\n const [tag, ...params] = part.trim().split(';')\n const qParam = params.find((p) => p.trim().startsWith('q='))\n const q = qParam ? Number.parseFloat(qParam.trim().slice(2)) : 1\n return { tag: tag.trim(), q }\n })\n\n languages.sort((a, b) => b.q - a.q)\n\n return languages[0]?.tag ?? 'en'\n}\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n const cookieStore = await cookies()\n const headersList = await headers()\n\n const themeCookie = cookieStore.get('theme')\n const theme = themeCookie?.value ?? 'light'\n\n const acceptLanguage = headersList.get('accept-language')\n const language = getPreferredLanguage(acceptLanguage)\n\n return (\n \n User Preferences \n Current theme: {theme}
\n Preferred language: {language}
\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "_extractedPath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627879775,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd",
+ "part": {
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+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14bbc81001qctsQlfCuRVZfI",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_d4950bc78f08406092596f66",
+ "tool": "write",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "content": "import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n\nfunction getPreferredLanguage(acceptLanguage: string | null): string {\n if (!acceptLanguage) return 'en'\n\n const languages = acceptLanguage.split(',').map((part) => {\n const [tag, ...params] = part.trim().split(';')\n const qParam = params.find((p) => p.trim().startsWith('q='))\n const q = qParam ? Number.parseFloat(qParam.trim().slice(2)) : 1\n return { tag: tag.trim(), q }\n })\n\n languages.sort((a, b) => b.q - a.q)\n\n return languages[0]?.tag ?? 'en'\n}\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n const cookieStore = await cookies()\n const headersList = await headers()\n\n const themeCookie = cookieStore.get('theme')\n const theme = themeCookie?.value ?? 'light'\n\n const acceptLanguage = headersList.get('accept-language')\n const language = getPreferredLanguage(acceptLanguage)\n\n return (\n \n User Preferences \n Current theme: {theme}
\n Preferred language: {language}
\n \n )\n}\n"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/page.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": []
+ },
+ "filepath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "exists": true
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627876757,
+ "end": 1781627879772
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:37:59.775Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_write",
+ "originalName": "write",
+ "result": "",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "content": "import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n\nfunction getPreferredLanguage(acceptLanguage: string | null): string {\n if (!acceptLanguage) return 'en'\n\n const languages = acceptLanguage.split(',').map((part) => {\n const [tag, ...params] = part.trim().split(';')\n const qParam = params.find((p) => p.trim().startsWith('q='))\n const q = qParam ? Number.parseFloat(qParam.trim().slice(2)) : 1\n return { tag: tag.trim(), q }\n })\n\n languages.sort((a, b) => b.q - a.q)\n\n return languages[0]?.tag ?? 'en'\n}\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n const cookieStore = await cookies()\n const headersList = await headers()\n\n const themeCookie = cookieStore.get('theme')\n const theme = themeCookie?.value ?? 'light'\n\n const acceptLanguage = headersList.get('accept-language')\n const language = getPreferredLanguage(acceptLanguage)\n\n return (\n \n User Preferences \n Current theme: {theme}
\n Preferred language: {language}
\n \n )\n}\n"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/page.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": []
+ },
+ "filepath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "exists": true
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627876757,
+ "end": 1781627879772
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:04.489Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Now let me verify it typechecks and builds correctly.",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627884489,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd",
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+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c016c001Lzcst9xbNtiROu",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Now let me verify it typechecks and builds correctly.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627884485,
+ "end": 1781627884485
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:06.267Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30; echo \"EXIT: $?\"",
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "_extractedCommand": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30; echo \"EXIT: $?\""
+ }
+ },
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+ "type": "tool",
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+ "tool": "bash",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30; echo \"EXIT: $?\"",
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "workdir": "/workspace"
+ },
+ "output": "EXIT: 0\n",
+ "title": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "EXIT: 0\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627884479,
+ "end": 1781627886265
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:06.267Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "result": "EXIT: 0\n",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30; echo \"EXIT: $?\"",
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "workdir": "/workspace"
+ },
+ "output": "EXIT: 0\n",
+ "title": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "EXIT: 0\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627884479,
+ "end": 1781627886265
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:13.168Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Typecheck passes. Now the build:",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627893168,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb49030ffeiYacgoyRftaZDd",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14c35a3001YF7PpCWoaRzMKB",
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+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c1acc001AbhtjuzdfW9uX2",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Typecheck passes. Now the build:",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627893165,
+ "end": 1781627893165
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:21.557Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -30; echo \"EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}\"",
+ "description": "Run Next.js build",
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "timeout": 180000,
+ "_extractedCommand": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -30; echo \"EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}\""
+ }
+ },
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+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c1acc001AbhtjuzdfW9uX2",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_e385a5507b914ad8b6542efe",
+ "tool": "bash",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -30; echo \"EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}\"",
+ "description": "Run Next.js build",
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "timeout": 180000
+ },
+ "output": "Attention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1722ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 98ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\nEXIT: 0\n",
+ "title": "Run Next.js build",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "Attention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1722ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 98ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\nEXIT: 0\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Run Next.js build"
+ },
+ "time": {
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+ "end": 1781627901554
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:21.557Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "result": "Attention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1722ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 98ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\nEXIT: 0\n",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -30; echo \"EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}\"",
+ "description": "Run Next.js build",
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "timeout": 180000
+ },
+ "output": "Attention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1722ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 98ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\nEXIT: 0\n",
+ "title": "Run Next.js build",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "Attention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.5s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n Finished TypeScript in 1722ms ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 98ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\nEXIT: 0\n",
+ "exit": 0,
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+ "end": 1781627901554
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:30.485Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Done. I implemented the server component in `app/page.tsx:1`.\n\nKey points, following the Next.js 16 docs in `node_modules/next/dist/docs/`:\n- `cookies()` and `headers()` are **async** in this version, so the component is `async` and `await`s both (per the v15.0.0-RC breaking change noted in the version history).\n- `cookieStore.get('theme')` returns `{ name, value }` or `undefined`, so I default to `'light'` via `themeCookie?.value ?? 'light'`.\n- `headers()` returns a read-only Web `Headers` object; I read `accept-language` and parse it by quality value (`q=`) to pick the preferred language.\n- The build passes typecheck and compiles successfully. The `/` route is correctly flagged as dynamic (`ƒ`) since request-time APIs opt it into dynamic rendering, as the docs state.",
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+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c56dc0017q45Ou3LC75OuV",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Done. I implemented the server component in `app/page.tsx:1`.\n\nKey points, following the Next.js 16 docs in `node_modules/next/dist/docs/`:\n- `cookies()` and `headers()` are **async** in this version, so the component is `async` and `await`s both (per the v15.0.0-RC breaking change noted in the version history).\n- `cookieStore.get('theme')` returns `{ name, value }` or `undefined`, so I default to `'light'` via `themeCookie?.value ?? 'light'`.\n- `headers()` returns a read-only Web `Headers` object; I read `accept-language` and parse it by quality value (`q=`) to pick the preferred language.\n- The build passes typecheck and compiles successfully. The `/` route is correctly flagged as dynamic (`ƒ`) since request-time APIs opt it into dynamic rendering, as the docs state.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627910482,
+ "end": 1781627910482
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ ],
+ "summary": {
+ "totalTurns": 8,
+ "toolCalls": {
+ "file_read": 6,
+ "file_write": 1,
+ "file_edit": 0,
+ "shell": 5,
+ "web_fetch": 0,
+ "web_search": 0,
+ "glob": 1,
+ "grep": 0,
+ "list_dir": 0,
+ "agent_task": 0,
+ "unknown": 0
+ },
+ "totalToolCalls": 13,
+ "webFetches": [],
+ "filesRead": [
+ "/workspace/AGENTS.md",
+ "/workspace/CLAUDE.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/cookies.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/headers.md",
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx"
+ ],
+ "filesModified": [
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ ],
+ "shellCommands": [
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace && echo \"---PACKAGE---\" && cat /workspace/package.json 2>/dev/null",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/ 2>/dev/null || echo \"No docs dir\"; echo \"---\"; find /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs -type f 2>/dev/null | head -50",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "find /workspace/app -type f; echo \"---ROOT---\"; cat /workspace/next.config.ts; echo \"---TSCONFIG---\"; cat /workspace/tsconfig.json",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30; echo \"EXIT: $?\"",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -30; echo \"EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]}\"",
+ "success": true
+ }
+ ],
+ "errors": [],
+ "thinkingBlocks": 0
+ },
+ "parseSuccess": true
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/summary.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/summary.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37f98df5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-034-async-cookies/summary.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+ "totalRuns": 1,
+ "passedRuns": 1,
+ "passRate": "100%",
+ "meanDuration": 174.825,
+ "fingerprint": "85040b9a6d1c091ee90008546f9955459745249f8bb737652d7564d4f0fbd1f1"
+}
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/outputs/eval.txt b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/outputs/eval.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba1eba2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/outputs/eval.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+ RUN v3.2.6 /workspace
+
+ ✓ EVAL.ts (6 tests) 3ms
+
+ Test Files 1 passed (1)
+ Tests 6 passed (6)
+ Start at 16:39:19
+ Duration 214ms (transform 32ms, setup 0ms, collect 29ms, tests 3ms, environment 0ms, prepare 64ms)
+
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b35f6c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+> build
+> next build
+
+▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)
+
+ Creating an optimized production build ...
+✓ Compiled successfully in 4.1s
+ Running TypeScript ...
+ Finished TypeScript in 1774ms ...
+ Collecting page data using 1 worker ...
+ Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...
+✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 100ms
+ Finalizing page optimization ...
+
+Route (app)
+┌ ƒ /
+└ ○ /_not-found
+
+
+○ (Static) prerendered as static content
+ƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand
+
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/result.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/result.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03cb2087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/result.json
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+{
+ "status": "passed",
+ "duration": 189.349,
+ "model": "vercel/zai/glm-5.2",
+ "transcriptPath": "./transcript.json",
+ "transcriptRawPath": "./transcript-raw.jsonl",
+ "o11y": {
+ "totalTurns": 11,
+ "toolCalls": {
+ "file_read": 8,
+ "file_write": 1,
+ "file_edit": 1,
+ "shell": 7,
+ "web_fetch": 0,
+ "web_search": 0,
+ "glob": 1,
+ "grep": 1,
+ "list_dir": 0,
+ "agent_task": 0,
+ "unknown": 0
+ },
+ "totalToolCalls": 19,
+ "webFetches": [],
+ "filesRead": [
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/03-file-conventions/02-route-segment-config/index.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_noStore.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/connection.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/05-config/01-next-config-js/cacheComponents.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/upgrading/version-16.md"
+ ],
+ "filesModified": [
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx"
+ ],
+ "shellCommands": [
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace/app && echo \"---PKG---\" && cat /workspace/package.json && echo \"---CONFIG---\" && cat /workspace/next.config.ts && echo \"---CLAUDE---\" && cat /workspace/CLAUDE.md && echo \"---GEMINI---\" && cat /workspace/GEMINI.md",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/ 2>/dev/null || echo \"no docs dir\"; echo \"---NEXT VERSION---\"; cat /workspace/node_modules/next/package.json | grep '\"version\"'",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "cd /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs && find . -type f | sort",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && grep -rn \"connection\" node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/reject.ts node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/ 2>/dev/null | grep -i connection | head -20; echo \"---types---\"; grep -rn \"export.*connection\" node_modules/next/types/index.d.ts node_modules/next/dist/**/*.d.ts 2>/dev/null | grep -i \"connection\" | head -20",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && npm run build 2>&1 | tail -40",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && (npm run start >/tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &) ; sleep 6 ; echo \"=== Request 1 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; sleep 2 ; echo \"=== Request 2 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; pkill -f \"next start\" 2>/dev/null; pkill -f \"next-server\" 2>/dev/null; true",
+ "success": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "errors": [],
+ "thinkingBlocks": 0
+ },
+ "outputPaths": {
+ "eval": "./outputs/eval.txt",
+ "scripts": {
+ "build": "./outputs/scripts/build.txt"
+ }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85b23cdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627847509,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b83350012YV0mGz9CHvrll","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14b7670001Q83vOrxn8LjRQC","type":"step-start","snapshot":"4c8be9b21c0d8e3b15e89ba16114b2e123333f5c"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627848914,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b889d001mVlcz6flsKMuXd","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14b7670001Q83vOrxn8LjRQC","type":"text","text":"I'll start by understanding the project structure and reading the Next.js docs, since the AGENTS.md warns of breaking changes.","time":{"start":1781627848902,"end":1781627848902}}}
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+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627848951,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b88b6001QHtjlSIF5Q1iTV","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14b7670001Q83vOrxn8LjRQC","type":"tool","callID":"call_b23abe366d964bdaac3aa3b0","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"ls -la /workspace","description":"List workspace root contents"},"output":"total 140\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 root root 286 Jun 16 16:37 ..\ndrwxr-xr-x 6 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 154 Jun 16 16:37 .git\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 14 Jun 16 16:36 .gitignore\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 327 Jun 16 16:37 AGENTS.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 CLAUDE.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 GEMINI.md\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 app\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 101 Jun 16 16:36 next.config.ts\ndrwxr-xr-x 81 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 4096 Jun 16 16:37 node_modules\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 2165 Jun 16 16:37 opencode.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 105543 Jun 16 16:37 package-lock.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 479 Jun 16 16:37 package.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 598 Jun 16 16:36 tsconfig.json\n","title":"List workspace root contents","metadata":{"output":"total 140\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 root root 286 Jun 16 16:37 ..\ndrwxr-xr-x 6 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 154 Jun 16 16:37 .git\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 14 Jun 16 16:36 .gitignore\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 327 Jun 16 16:37 AGENTS.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 CLAUDE.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 GEMINI.md\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 app\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 101 Jun 16 16:36 next.config.ts\ndrwxr-xr-x 81 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 4096 Jun 16 16:37 node_modules\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 2165 Jun 16 16:37 opencode.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 105543 Jun 16 16:37 package-lock.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 479 Jun 16 16:37 package.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 598 Jun 16 16:36 tsconfig.json\n","exit":0,"description":"List workspace root contents"},"time":{"start":1781627848888,"end":1781627848946}}}}
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+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627853602,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b9b0e001tSkbH7ouLtr3Mp","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14b8914001ubK8nJ66Ha9k67","type":"step-start","snapshot":"4c8be9b21c0d8e3b15e89ba16114b2e123333f5c"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627853615,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b9b1e001ub8F8loU46MHmt","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14b8914001ubK8nJ66Ha9k67","type":"text","text":"Let me explore the project structure and find the docs.","time":{"start":1781627853613,"end":1781627853613}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627853615,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b9b21001qkms48fINCMdx1","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14b8914001ubK8nJ66Ha9k67","type":"tool","callID":"call_76b56159b0aa42d085d67ea8","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"ls -la /workspace/app && echo \"---PKG---\" && cat /workspace/package.json && echo \"---CONFIG---\" && cat /workspace/next.config.ts && echo \"---CLAUDE---\" && cat /workspace/CLAUDE.md && echo \"---GEMINI---\" && cat /workspace/GEMINI.md","description":"Inspect app dir, package.json, configs"},"output":"total 8\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 ..\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 338 Jun 16 16:36 layout.tsx\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 188 Jun 16 16:36 page.tsx\n---PKG---\n{\n \"private\": true,\n \"type\": \"module\",\n \"scripts\": {\n \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n \"build\": \"next build\",\n \"start\": \"next start\"\n },\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"next\": \"^16.3.0-canary.52\",\n \"react\": \"19.1.0\",\n \"react-dom\": \"19.1.0\"\n },\n \"devDependencies\": {\n \"@types/node\": \"^20\",\n \"@types/react\": \"^19\",\n \"@types/react-dom\": \"^19\",\n \"@vitejs/plugin-react\": \"^4.4.1\",\n \"typescript\": \"^5\",\n \"vite-tsconfig-paths\": \"^5.1.4\",\n \"vitest\": \"^3.1.3\"\n }\n}\n---CONFIG---\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n\nexport default nextConfig\n---CLAUDE---\n@AGENTS.md\n---GEMINI---\n@AGENTS.md\n","title":"Inspect app dir, package.json, configs","metadata":{"output":"total 8\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 ..\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 338 Jun 16 16:36 layout.tsx\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 188 Jun 16 16:36 page.tsx\n---PKG---\n{\n \"private\": true,\n \"type\": \"module\",\n \"scripts\": {\n \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n \"build\": \"next build\",\n \"start\": \"next start\"\n },\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"next\": \"^16.3.0-canary.52\",\n \"react\": \"19.1.0\",\n \"react-dom\": \"19.1.0\"\n },\n \"devDependencies\": {\n \"@types/node\": \"^20\",\n \"@types/react\": \"^19\",\n \"@types/react-dom\": \"^19\",\n \"@vitejs/plugin-react\": \"^4.4.1\",\n \"typescript\": \"^5\",\n \"vite-tsconfig-paths\": \"^5.1.4\",\n \"vitest\": \"^3.1.3\"\n }\n}\n---CONFIG---\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n\nexport default nextConfig\n---CLAUDE---\n@AGENTS.md\n---GEMINI---\n@AGENTS.md\n","exit":0,"description":"Inspect app dir, package.json, configs"},"time":{"start":1781627853601,"end":1781627853613}}}}
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You use React Components to build user interfaces, and Next.js for additional features and optimizations.\n00016| \n00017| It also automatically configures lower-level tools like bundlers and compilers. You can instead focus on building your product and shipping quickly.\n00018| \n00019| Whether you're an individual developer or part of a larger team, Next.js can help you build interactive, dynamic, and fast React applications.\n00020| \n00021| ## How to use the docs\n00022| \n00023| The docs are organized into 3 sections:\n00024| \n00025| - [Getting Started](/docs/app/getting-started): Step-by-step tutorials to help you create a new application and learn the core Next.js features.\n00026| - [Guides](/docs/app/guides): Tutorials on specific use cases, choose what's relevant to you.\n00027| - [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference): Detailed technical reference for every feature.\n00028| \n00029| Use the sidebar to navigate through the sections, or search (`Ctrl+K` or `Cmd+K`) to quickly find a page.\n00030| \n00031| ## App Router and Pages Router\n00032| \n00033| Next.js has two different routers:\n00034| \n00035| - **App Router**: The newer router that supports new React features like Server Components.\n00036| - **Pages Router**: The original router, still supported and being improved.\n00037| \n00038| At the top of the sidebar, you'll notice a dropdown menu that allows you to switch between the [App Router](/docs/app) and the [Pages Router](/docs/pages) docs.\n00039| \n00040| ### React version handling\n00041| \n00042| The App Router and Pages Router handle React versions differently:\n00043| \n00044| - **App Router**: Uses [React canary releases](https://react.dev/blog/2023/05/03/react-canaries) built-in, which include all the stable React 19 changes, as well as newer features being validated in frameworks, prior to a new React release.\n00045| \n00046| - **Pages Router**: Uses the React version installed in your project's `package.json`.\n00047| \n00048| This approach ensures new React features work reliably in the App Router while maintaining backwards compatibility for existing Pages Router applications.\n00049| \n00050| ## Pre-requisite knowledge\n00051| \n00052| Our documentation assumes some familiarity with web development. Before getting started, it'll help if you're comfortable with:\n00053| \n00054| - HTML\n00055| - CSS\n00056| - JavaScript\n00057| - React\n00058| \n00059| If you're new to React or need a refresher, we recommend starting with our [React Foundations course](/learn/react-foundations), and the [Next.js Foundations course](/learn/dashboard-app) that has you building an application as you learn.\n00060| \n00061| ## Accessibility\n00062| \n00063| For the best experience when using a screen reader, we recommend using Firefox and NVDA, or Safari and VoiceOver.\n00064| \n00065| ## Join our Community\n00066| \n00067| If you have questions about anything related to Next.js, you're always welcome to ask our community on [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions), [Discord](https://discord.com/invite/bUG2bvbtHy), [X (Twitter)](https://x.com/nextjs), and [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/nextjs).\n00068| \n\n(End of file - total 68 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: Next.js Docs\ndescription: Welcome to the Next.js Documentation.\nrelated:\n title: Next Steps\n description: Create your first application and learn the core Next.js features.\n links:\n - app/getting-started\n---\n\nWelcome to the Next.js documentation!\n\n## What is Next.js?\n\nNext.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. You use React Components to build user interfaces, and Next.js for additional features and optimizations.\n\nIt also automatically configures lower-level tools like bundlers and compilers. You can instead focus on building your product and shipping quickly.\n\nWhether you're an individual developer or part of a larger team, Next.js can help you build interactive, dynamic, and fast React applications.\n"},"time":{"start":1781627861906,"end":1781627861919}}}}
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+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627868738,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bd63e001iR0PHIBp4lLxrs","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14bbbbb0012tDCF8YaxveZbv","type":"tool","callID":"call_df99f5db8a0b48a5a3886253","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/03-file-conventions/02-route-segment-config/index.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: Route Segment Config\n00003| description: Learn about how to configure options for Next.js route segments.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| The Route Segment Config options allow you to configure the behavior of a [Page](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page), [Layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout), or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) by directly exporting the following variables:\n00007| \n00008| | Option | Type | Default |\n00009| | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- |\n00010| | [`dynamicParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/dynamicParams) | `boolean` | `true` |\n00011| | [`runtime`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/runtime) | `'nodejs' \\| 'edge' (deprecated)` | `'nodejs'` |\n00012| | [`preferredRegion`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/preferredRegion) | `'auto' \\| 'global' \\| 'home' \\| string \\| string[] (deprecated)` | `'auto'` |\n00013| | [`maxDuration`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/maxDuration) | `number` | Set by deployment platform |\n00014| \n00015| ## Version History\n00016| \n00017| | Version | |\n00018| | ------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00019| | `v16.0.0` | `dynamic`, `dynamicParams`, `revalidate`, and `fetchCache` removed when [Cache Components](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) is enabled. See [Caching and Revalidating (Previous Model)](/docs/app/guides/caching-without-cache-components#route-segment-config). |\n00020| | `v16.0.0` | `export const experimental_ppr = true` removed. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#remove-experimental_ppr-route-segment-config-from-app-router-pages-and-layouts) is available. |\n00021| | `v15.0.0-RC` | `export const runtime = \"experimental-edge\"` deprecated. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#transform-app-router-route-segment-config-runtime-value-from-experimental-edge-to-edge) is available. |\n00022| \n\n(End of file - total 22 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/03-file-conventions/02-route-segment-config/index.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: Route Segment Config\ndescription: Learn about how to configure options for Next.js route segments.\n---\n\nThe Route Segment Config options allow you to configure the behavior of a [Page](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page), [Layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout), or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) by directly exporting the following variables:\n\n| Option | Type | Default |\n| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- |\n| [`dynamicParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/dynamicParams) | `boolean` | `true` |\n| [`runtime`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/runtime) | `'nodejs' \\| 'edge' (deprecated)` | `'nodejs'` |\n| [`preferredRegion`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/preferredRegion) | `'auto' \\| 'global' \\| 'home' \\| string \\| string[] (deprecated)` | `'auto'` |\n| [`maxDuration`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/maxDuration) | `number` | Set by deployment platform |\n\n## Version History\n\n| Version | |\n| ------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `v16.0.0` | `dynamic`, `dynamicParams`, `revalidate`, and `fetchCache` removed when [Cache Components](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) is enabled. See [Caching and Revalidating (Previous Model)](/docs/app/guides/caching-without-cache-components#route-segment-config). |\n| `v16.0.0` | `export const experimental_ppr = true` removed. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#remove-experimental_ppr-route-segment-config-from-app-router-pages-and-layouts) is available. |"},"time":{"start":1781627868734,"end":1781627868736}}}}
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+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627878200,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bfb2d001c6q3U6ffRxvtvx","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14bd64e001if054W0jRsWzJX","type":"tool","callID":"call_1b1c4d6cf6a54c09ad8fa7bd","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/05-config/01-next-config-js/cacheComponents.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: cacheComponents\n00003| description: Learn how to enable the cacheComponents flag in Next.js.\n00004| related:\n00005| links:\n00006| - app/getting-started/caching\n00007| - app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration-cache-components\n00008| - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache\n00009| - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-remote\n00010| ---\n00011| \n00012| Cache Components enables component and function-level caching using the [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) directive. Data fetching is dynamic by default, and you choose what to cache at the page, component, or function level. Next.js prerenders a static HTML shell that is served immediately while dynamic content streams in when ready, letting you mix static and dynamic content within a single route.\n00013| \n00014| ## Usage\n00015| \n00016| To enable the `cacheComponents` flag, set it to `true` in your `next.config.ts` file:\n00017| \n00018| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00019| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00020| \n00021| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00022| cacheComponents: true,\n00023| }\n00024| \n00025| export default nextConfig\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| When `cacheComponents` is enabled, you can use the following cache functions and configurations:\n00029| \n00030| - The [`use cache` directive](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache)\n00031| - The [`cacheLife` function](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheLife) with `use cache`\n00032| - The [`cacheTag` function](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag)\n00033| \n00034| > **Good to know**: If you used `experimental.useCache` or `experimental.dynamicIO`, migrate using the [Version 16 upgrade guide](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-16#experimentaldynamicio-and-experimentalusecache). To migrate route segment configs and other caching patterns, see [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components).\n00035| \n00036| Additionally, `cacheComponents` implements **[Partial Prerendering (PPR)](/docs/app/glossary#partial-prerendering-ppr)** as the default behavior in the App Router. This means the `experimental.ppr` configuration flag and the `experimental_ppr` route segment configuration are no longer necessary and have been removed.\n00037| \n00038| Read [Prerendering](/docs/app/getting-started/caching#prerendering) for how the static shell and streaming fit together.\n00039| \n00040| > **Good to know**: If you used experimental PPR in Next.js 15, refer to the [Partial Prerendering (PPR)](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-16#partial-prerendering-ppr) section of the Version 16 upgrade guide when migrating.\n00041| \n00042| ## Navigation with Activity\n00043| \n00044| When `cacheComponents` is enabled, Next.js uses React's [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity) component to preserve component state during client-side navigation.\n00045| \n00046| Rather than unmounting the previous route when you navigate away, Next.js sets the Activity mode to [`\"hidden\"`](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity#activity). This means:\n00047| \n00048| - Component state is preserved when navigating between routes\n00049| - When you navigate back, the previous route reappears with its state intact\n00050| - Effects are cleaned up when a route is hidden, and recreated when it becomes visible again\n00051| \n00052| This behavior improves the navigation experience by maintaining UI state (form inputs, or expanded sections) when users navigate back and forth between routes.\n00053| \n00054| > **Good to know**: Next.js uses heuristics to keep a few recently visited routes `\"hidden\"`, while older routes are removed from the DOM to prevent excessive growth.\n00055| \n00056| Some UI patterns behave differently when components stay mounted instead of unmounting. See the [Preserving UI state guide](/docs/app/guides/preserving-ui-state) for handling common patterns like dropdowns, dialogs, and testing.\n00057| \n00058| ## Version History\n00059| \n00060| | Version | Change |\n00061| | ------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00062| | 16.0.0 | `cacheComponents` introduced. This flag controls the `ppr`, `useCache`, and `dynamicIO` flags as a single, unified configuration. |\n00063| \n\n(End of file - total 63 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/05-config/01-next-config-js/cacheComponents.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: cacheComponents\ndescription: Learn how to enable the cacheComponents flag in Next.js.\nrelated:\n links:\n - app/getting-started/caching\n - app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration-cache-components\n - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache\n - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-remote\n---\n\nCache Components enables component and function-level caching using the [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) directive. Data fetching is dynamic by default, and you choose what to cache at the page, component, or function level. Next.js prerenders a static HTML shell that is served immediately while dynamic content streams in when ready, letting you mix static and dynamic content within a single route.\n\n## Usage\n\nTo enable the `cacheComponents` flag, set it to `true` in your `next.config.ts` file:\n\n```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n"},"time":{"start":1781627878189,"end":1781627878197}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627878200,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bfb33001RmtDumUF8Z0n6R","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14bd64e001if054W0jRsWzJX","type":"tool","callID":"call_4f249f8ddb3841cfbf03ff21","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/upgrading/version-16.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to upgrade to version 16\n00003| nav_title: Version 16\n00004| description: Upgrade your Next.js Application from Version 15 to 16.\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| {/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n00008| \n00009| ## Upgrading from 15 to 16\n00010| \n00011| ### Using AI Agents with Next.js DevTools MCP\n00012| \n00013| If you're using an AI coding assistant that supports the [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io), you can use the **Next.js DevTools MCP** to automate the upgrade process and migration tasks.\n00014| \n00015| #### Setup\n00016| \n00017| Add the following configuration to your MCP client, for each coding agent you can read [this section](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp#mcp-client-configuration) for configuration details.\n00018| \n00019| **example:**\n00020| \n00021| ```json filename=\".mcp.json\"\n00022| {\n00023| \"mcpServers\": {\n00024| \"next-devtools\": {\n00025| \"command\": \"npx\",\n00026| \"args\": [\"-y\", \"next-devtools-mcp@latest\"]\n00027| }\n00028| }\n00029| }\n00030| ```\n00031| \n00032| For more information, visit the [`next-devtools-mcp`](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp) documentation to configure with your MCP client.\n00033| \n00034| > **Note:** Using `next-devtools-mcp@latest` ensures that your MCP client will always use the latest version of the Next.js DevTools MCP server.\n00035| \n00036| #### Example Prompts\n00037| \n00038| Once configured, you can use natural language prompts to upgrade your Next.js app:\n00039| \n00040| **To upgrade to Next.js 16:**\n00041| \n00042| Connect to your coding agent and then prompt:\n00043| \n00044| ```txt\n00045| Next Devtools, help me upgrade my Next.js app to version 16\n00046| ```\n00047| \n00048| **To migrate to Cache Components (after upgrading to v16):**\n00049| \n00050| Connect to your coding agent and then prompt:\n00051| \n00052| ```txt\n00053| Next Devtools, migrate my Next.js app to cache components\n00054| ```\n00055| \n00056| Learn more in the documentation [here](/docs/app/guides/mcp).\n00057| \n00058| ### Using the Codemod\n00059| \n00060| To update to Next.js version 16, you can use the `upgrade` [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160):\n00061| \n00062| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00063| pnpm dlx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00064| ```\n00065| \n00066| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00067| npx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00068| ```\n00069| \n00070| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00071| yarn dlx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00072| ```\n00073| \n00074| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00075| bunx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00076| ```\n00077| \n00078| The [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160) is able to:\n00079| \n00080| - Update `next.config.js` to use the new `turbopack` configuration\n00081| - Migrate from `next lint` to the ESLint CLI\n00082| - Migrate from deprecated `middleware` convention to `proxy`\n00083| - Remove `unstable_` prefix from stabilized APIs\n00084| - Remove `experimental_ppr` Route Segment Config from pages and layouts\n00085| \n00086| If you prefer to do it manually, install the latest Next.js and React versions:\n00087| \n00088| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00089| pnpm add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00090| ```\n00091| \n00092| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00093| npm install next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00094| ```\n00095| \n00096| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00097| yarn add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00098| ```\n00099| \n00100| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00101| bun add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00102| ```\n00103| \n00104| If you are using TypeScript, ensure you also upgrade `@types/react` and `@types/react-dom` to their latest versions.\n00105| \n00106| ## Node.js runtime and browser support\n00107| \n00108| | Requirement | Change / Details |\n00109| | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00110| | Node.js 20.9+ | Minimum version now `20.9.0` (LTS); Node.js 18 no longer supported |\n00111| | TypeScript 5+ | Minimum version now `5.1.0` |\n00112| | Browsers | Chrome 111+, Edge 111+, Firefox 111+, Safari 16.4+ |\n00113| \n00114| ## Turbopack by default\n00115| \n00116| Starting with **Next.js 16**, Turbopack is stable and used by default with `next dev` and `next build`\n00117| \n00118| Previously you had to enable Turbopack using `--turbopack`, or `--turbo`.\n00119| \n00120| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00121| {\n00122| \"scripts\": {\n00123| \"dev\": \"next dev --turbopack\",\n00124| \"build\": \"next build --turbopack\",\n00125| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00126| }\n00127| }\n00128| ```\n00129| \n00130| This is no longer necessary. You can update your `package.json` scripts:\n00131| \n00132| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00133| {\n00134| \"scripts\": {\n00135| \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n00136| \"build\": \"next build\",\n00137| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00138| }\n00139| }\n00140| ```\n00141| \n00142| If your project has a [custom `webpack`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/webpack) configuration and you run `next build` (which now uses Turbopack by default), the build will **fail** to prevent misconfiguration issues.\n00143| \n00144| You have a few different ways to address this:\n00145| \n00146| - **Use Turbopack anyway:** Run with `next build --turbopack` to build using Turbopack and ignore your `webpack` config.\n00147| - **Switch to Turbopack fully:** Migrate your `webpack` config to Turbopack-compatible options.\n00148| - **Keep using Webpack:** Use the `--webpack` flag to opt out of Turbopack and build with Webpack.\n00149| \n00150| > **Good to know**: If you see failing builds because a `webpack` configuration was found, but you don't define one yourself, it is likely that a plugin is adding a `webpack` option\n00151| \n00152| ### Opting out of Turbopack\n00153| \n00154| If you need to continue using Webpack, you can opt out with the `--webpack` flag. For example, to use Turbopack in development but Webpack for production builds:\n00155| \n00156| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00157| {\n00158| \"scripts\": {\n00159| \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n00160| \"build\": \"next build --webpack\",\n00161| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00162| }\n00163| }\n00164| ```\n00165| \n00166| We recommend using Turbopack for development and production. Submit a comment to this [thread](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/77721), if you are unable to switch to Turbopack.\n00167| \n00168| ### Turbopack configuration location\n00169| \n00170| The `experimental.turbopack` configuration is out of experimental.\n00171| \n00172| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00173| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00174| \n00175| // Next.js 15 - experimental.turbopack\n00176| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00177| experimental: {\n00178| turbopack: {\n00179| // options\n00180| },\n00181| },\n00182| }\n00183| \n00184| export default nextConfig\n00185| ```\n00186| \n00187| You can use it as a top-level `turbopack` option:\n00188| \n00189| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00190| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00191| \n00192| // Next.js 16 - turbopack at the top level of nextConfig\n00193| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00194| turbopack: {\n00195| // options\n00196| },\n00197| }\n00198| \n00199| export default nextConfig\n00200| ```\n00201| \n00202| Make sure to review the `Turbopack` configuration [options](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack). **Next.js 16** introduces various improvements and new options, for example:\n00203| \n00204| - [Advanced Webpack loader conditions](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack#advanced-webpack-loader-conditions)\n00205| - [debugIds](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack#debug-ids)\n00206| \n00207| ### Resolve alias fallback\n00208| \n00209| In some projects, client-side code may import files containing Node.js native modules. This will cause `Module not found: Can't resolve 'fs'` type of errors.\n00210| \n00211| When this happens, you should refactor your code so that your client-side bundles do not reference these Node.js native modules.\n00212| \n00213| However, in some cases, this might not be possible. In Webpack the `resolve.fallback` option was typically used to **silence** the error. Turbopack offers a similar option, using `turbopack.resolveAlias`. In this case, tell Turbopack to load an empty module when `fs` is requested for the browser.\n00214| \n00215| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00216| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00217| \n00218| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00219| turbopack: {\n00220| resolveAlias: {\n00221| fs: {\n00222| browser: './empty.ts', // We recommend to fix code imports before using this method\n00223| },\n00224| },\n00225| },\n00226| }\n00227| \n00228| export default nextConfig\n00229| ```\n00230| \n00231| It is preferable to refactor your modules so that client code doesn't ever import from modules using Node.js native modules.\n00232| \n00233| ### Sass node_modules imports\n00234| \n00235| Turbopack fully supports importing Sass files from `node_modules`. Note that while Webpack allowed the legacy tilde (`~`) prefix, Turbopack does not support this syntax.\n00236| \n00237| In Webpack:\n00238| \n00239| ```scss filename=\"styles/globals.scss\"\n00240| @import '~bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';\n00241| ```\n00242| \n00243| In Turbopack:\n00244| \n00245| ```scss filename=\"styles/globals.scss\"\n00246| @import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';\n00247| ```\n00248| \n00249| If changing the imports is not possible, you can use `turbopack.resolveAlias`. For example:\n00250| \n00251| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00252| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00253| \n00254| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00255| turbopack: {\n00256| resolveAlias: {\n00257| '~*': '*',\n00258| },\n00259| },\n00260| }\n00261| \n00262| export default nextConfig\n00263| ```\n00264| \n00265| ### Turbopack File System Caching (beta)\n00266| \n00267| Turbopack now supports filesystem caching in development, storing compiler artifacts on disk between runs for significantly faster compile times across restarts.\n00268| \n00269| Enable filesystem caching in your configuration:\n00270| \n00271| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00272| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00273| \n00274| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00275| experimental: {\n00276| turbopackFileSystemCacheForDev: true,\n00277| },\n00278| }\n00279| \n00280| export default nextConfig\n00281| ```\n00282| \n00283| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00284| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00285| const nextConfig = {\n00286| experimental: {\n00287| turbopackFileSystemCacheForDev: true,\n00288| },\n00289| }\n00290| \n00291| module.exports = nextConfig\n00292| ```\n00293| \n00294| ## Async Request APIs (Breaking change)\n00295| \n00296| Version 15 introduced [Async Request APIs](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-15#async-request-apis-breaking-change) as a breaking change, with **temporary** synchronous compatibility.\n00297| \n00298| Starting with **Next.js 16**, synchronous access is fully removed. These APIs can only be accessed asynchronously.\n00299| \n00300| - [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies)\n00301| - [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers)\n00302| - [`draftMode`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode)\n00303| - `params` in [`layout.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout), [`page.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page), [`route.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), [`default.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default), [`opengraph-image`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image#opengraph-image), [`twitter-image`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image#twitter-image), [`icon`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#icon), and [`apple-icon`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#apple-icon).\n00304| - `searchParams` in [`page.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page)\n00305| \n00306| Use the [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#migrate-to-async-dynamic-apis) to migrate to async Request-time APIs.\n00307| \n00308| ### Migrating types for async Request-time APIs\n00309| \n00310| To help migrate to async `params` and `searchParams`, you can run [`npx next typegen`](/docs/app/api-reference/cli/next#next-typegen-options) to automatically generate these globally available types helpers:\n00311| \n00312| - [`PageProps`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#page-props-helper)\n00313| - [`LayoutProps`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#layout-props-helper)\n00314| - [`RouteContext`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route#route-context-helper)\n00315| \n00316| > **Good to know**: `typegen` was introduced in Next.js 15.5\n00317| \n00318| This simplifies type-safe migration to the new async API pattern, and enables you to update your components with full type safety, for example:\n00319| \n00320| ```tsx filename=\"/app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx\"\n00321| export default async function Page(props: PageProps<'/blog/[slug]'>) {\n00322| const { slug } = await props.params\n00323| const query = await props.searchParams\n00324| return Blog Post: {slug} \n00325| }\n00326| ```\n00327| \n00328| This approach gives you fully type-safe access to `props.params`, including the `slug`, and to `searchParams`, directly within your page.\n00329| \n00330| ## Async parameters for icon, and open-graph Image (Breaking change)\n00331| \n00332| > The props passed to the image generating functions in `opengraph-image`, `twitter-image`, `icon`, and `apple-icon`, are now Promises.\n00333| \n00334| In previous versions, both the `Image` (image generation function), and the `generateImageMetadata` received a `params` object. The `id` returned by `generateImageMetadata` was passed as a string to the image generation function.\n00335| \n00336| ```js filename=\"app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js\"\n00337| // Next.js 15 - synchronous params access\n00338| export function generateImageMetadata({ params }) {\n00339| const { slug } = params\n00340| return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }]\n00341| }\n00342| \n00343| // Next.js 15 - synchronous params and id access\n00344| export default function Image({ params, id }) {\n00345| const slug = params.slug\n00346| const imageId = id // string\n00347| // ...\n00348| }\n00349| ```\n00350| \n00351| Starting with **Next.js 16**, to align with the [Async Request APIs](#async-request-apis-breaking-change) change, the image generating function now receives `params` and `id` as promises. The `generateImageMetadata` function continues to receive synchronous `params`.\n00352| \n00353| ```js filename=\"app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js\"\n00354| export async function generateImageMetadata({ params }) {\n00355| const { slug } = params\n00356| return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }]\n00357| }\n00358| \n00359| // Next.js 16 - asynchronous params and id access\n00360| export default async function Image({ params, id }) {\n00361| const { slug } = await params // params now async\n00362| const imageId = await id // id is now Promise when using generateImageMetadata\n00363| // ...\n00364| }\n00365| ```\n00366| \n00367| ## Async `id` parameter for `sitemap` (Breaking change)\n00368| \n00369| Previously, the `id` values returned from [`generateSitemaps`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) were passed directly to the `sitemap` generating function.\n00370| \n00371| ```js filename=\"app/product/sitemap.js\"\n00372| export async function generateSitemaps() {\n00373| return [{ id: 0 }, { id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }]\n00374| }\n00375| \n00376| // Next.js 15 - synchronous id access\n00377| export default async function sitemap({ id }) {\n00378| const start = id * 50000 // id is a number\n00379| // ...\n00380| }\n00381| ```\n00382| \n00383| Starting with **Next.js 16**, the `sitemap` generating function now receives `id` as a promise.\n00384| \n00385| ```js filename=\"app/product/sitemap.js\"\n00386| export async function generateSitemaps() {\n00387| return [{ id: 0 }, { id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }]\n00388| }\n00389| \n00390| // Next.js 16 - asynchronous id access\n00391| export default async function sitemap({ id }) {\n00392| const resolvedId = await id // id is now Promise\n00393| const start = Number(resolvedId) * 50000\n00394| // ...\n00395| }\n00396| ```\n00397| \n00398| ## React 19.2\n00399| \n00400| The App Router in **Next.js 16** uses the latest React [Canary release](https://react.dev/blog/2023/05/03/react-canaries), which includes the newly released React 19.2 features and other features being incrementally stabilized. Highlights include:\n00401| \n00402| - **[View Transitions](https://react.dev/reference/react/ViewTransition)**: Animate elements that update inside a Transition or navigation\n00403| - **[`useEffectEvent`](https://react.dev/reference/react/useEffectEvent)**: Extract non-reactive logic from Effects into reusable Effect Event functions\n00404| - **[Activity](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity)**: Render \"background activity\" by hiding UI with `display: none` while maintaining state and cleaning up Effects\n00405| \n00406| Learn more in the [React 19.2 announcement](https://react.dev/blog/2025/10/01/react-19-2).\n00407| \n00408| ## React Compiler Support\n00409| \n00410| Built-in support for the React Compiler is now stable in **Next.js 16** following the React Compiler's 1.0 release. The React Compiler automatically memoizes components, reducing unnecessary re-renders with zero manual code changes.\n00411| \n00412| The `reactCompiler` configuration option has been promoted from `experimental` to stable. It is not enabled by default as we continue gathering build performance data across different application types.\n00413| \n00414| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00415| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00416| \n00417| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00418| reactCompiler: true,\n00419| }\n00420| \n00421| export default nextConfig\n00422| ```\n00423| \n00424| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00425| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00426| const nextConfig = {\n00427| reactCompiler: true,\n00428| }\n00429| \n00430| module.exports = nextConfig\n00431| ```\n00432| \n00433| Install the latest version of the React Compiler plugin:\n00434| \n00435| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00436| pnpm add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00437| ```\n00438| \n00439| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00440| npm install -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00441| ```\n00442| \n00443| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00444| yarn add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00445| ```\n00446| \n00447| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00448| bun add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00449| ```\n00450| \n00451| > **Good to know:** Expect compile times in development and during builds to be higher when enabling this option as the React Compiler relies on Babel.\n00452| \n00453| ## Caching APIs\n00454| \n00455| ### revalidateTag\n00456| \n00457| [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) now requires a second argument specifying a [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile. The single-argument form is deprecated and will produce a TypeScript error.\n00458| \n00459| ```ts\n00460| // Before\n00461| revalidateTag('posts')\n00462| \n00463| // After\n00464| revalidateTag('posts', 'max')\n00465| ```\n00466| \n00467| If you need immediate expiration rather than stale-while-revalidate, use [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) in Server Actions instead.\n00468| \n00469| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00470| 'use server'\n00471| \n00472| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00473| \n00474| export async function updateArticle(articleId: string) {\n00475| // Mark article data as stale - article readers see stale data while it revalidates\n00476| revalidateTag(`article-${articleId}`, 'max')\n00477| }\n00478| ```\n00479| \n00480| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00481| 'use server'\n00482| \n00483| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00484| \n00485| export async function updateArticle(articleId) {\n00486| // Mark article data as stale - article readers see stale data while it revalidates\n00487| revalidateTag(`article-${articleId}`, 'max')\n00488| }\n00489| ```\n00490| \n00491| Use `revalidateTag` for content where a slight delay in updates is acceptable, such as blog posts, product catalogs, or documentation. Users receive stale content while fresh data loads in the background.\n00492| \n00493| ### updateTag\n00494| \n00495| [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) is a new [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data#what-are-server-functions)-only API that provides **read-your-writes** semantics, where a user makes a change and the UI immediately shows the change, rather than stale data.\n00496| \n00497| It does this by expiring and immediately refreshing data within the same request.\n00498| \n00499| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00500| 'use server'\n00501| \n00502| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00503| \n00504| export async function updateUserProfile(userId: string, profile: Profile) {\n00505| await db.users.update(userId, profile)\n00506| \n00507| // Expire cache and refresh immediately - user sees their changes right away\n00508| updateTag(`user-${userId}`)\n00509| }\n00510| ```\n00511| \n00512| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00513| 'use server'\n00514| \n00515| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00516| \n00517| export async function updateUserProfile(userId, profile) {\n00518| await db.users.update(userId, profile)\n00519| \n00520| // Expire cache and refresh immediately - user sees their changes right away\n00521| updateTag(`user-${userId}`)\n00522| }\n00523| ```\n00524| \n00525| This ensures interactive features reflect changes immediately. Perfect for forms, user settings, and any workflow where users expect to see their updates instantly.\n00526| \n00527| Learn more about when to use `updateTag` or `revalidateTag` [here](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag#when-to-use-updatetag).\n00528| \n00529| ### refresh\n00530| \n00531| [`refresh`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh) allows you to refresh the client router from within a Server Action.\n00532| \n00533| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00534| 'use server'\n00535| \n00536| import { refresh } from 'next/cache'\n00537| \n00538| export async function markNotificationAsRead(notificationId: string) {\n00539| // Update the notification in the database\n00540| await db.notifications.markAsRead(notificationId)\n00541| \n00542| // Refresh the notification count displayed in the header\n00543| refresh()\n00544| }\n00545| ```\n00546| \n00547| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00548| 'use server'\n00549| \n00550| import { refresh } from 'next/cache'\n00551| \n00552| export async function markNotificationAsRead(notificationId) {\n00553| // Update the notification in the database\n00554| await db.notifications.markAsRead(notificationId)\n00555| \n00556| // Refresh the notification count displayed in the header\n00557| refresh()\n00558| }\n00559| ```\n00560| \n00561| Use it when you need to refresh the client router after performing an action.\n00562| \n00563| ### cacheLife and cacheTag\n00564| \n00565| [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife) and [`cacheTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag) are now stable. The `unstable_` prefix is no longer needed.\n00566| \n00567| Wherever you had aliased imports like:\n00568| \n00569| ```ts\n00570| import {\n00571| unstable_cacheLife as cacheLife,\n00572| unstable_cacheTag as cacheTag,\n00573| } from 'next/cache'\n00574| ```\n00575| \n00576| You can update your imports to:\n00577| \n00578| ```ts\n00579| import { cacheLife, cacheTag } from 'next/cache'\n00580| ```\n00581| \n00582| ## Enhanced Routing and Navigation\n00583| \n00584| **Next.js 16** includes a complete overhaul of the routing and navigation system, making page transitions leaner and faster. This optimizes how Next.js prefetches and caches navigation data:\n00585| \n00586| - **Layout deduplication**: When prefetching multiple URLs with a shared layout, the layout is downloaded once.\n00587| - **Incremental prefetching**: Next.js only prefetches parts not already in cache, rather than entire pages.\n00588| \n00589| These changes require **no code modifications** and are designed to improve performance across all apps.\n00590| \n00591| However, you may see more individual prefetch requests with much lower total transfer sizes. We believe this is the right trade-off for nearly all applications.\n00592| \n00593| If the increased request count causes issues, please let us know by creating an [issue](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues) or [discussion](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions) item.\n00594| \n00595| ## Partial Prerendering (PPR)\n00596| \n00597| **Next.js 16** removes the experimental **Partial Prerendering (PPR)** flag and configuration options, including the route level segment `experimental_ppr`.\n00598| \n00599| Starting with **Next.js 16**, you can opt into PPR using the [`cacheComponents`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) configuration.\n00600| \n00601| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00602| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00603| const nextConfig = {\n00604| cacheComponents: true,\n00605| }\n00606| \n00607| module.exports = nextConfig\n00608| ```\n00609| \n00610| PPR in **Next.js 16** works differently than in **Next.js 15** canaries. If you are using PPR today, stay in the current Next.js 15 canary you are using. See [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components) for migration patterns.\n00611| \n00612| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00613| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00614| const nextConfig = {\n00615| // If you are using PPR today\n00616| // stay in the current Next.js 15 canary\n00617| experimental: {\n00618| ppr: true,\n00619| },\n00620| }\n00621| \n00622| module.exports = nextConfig\n00623| ```\n00624| \n00625| ## `middleware` to `proxy`\n00626| \n00627| The `middleware` filename is deprecated, and has been renamed to `proxy` to clarify network boundary and routing focus.\n00628| \n00629| The `edge` runtime is **NOT** supported in `proxy`. The `proxy` runtime is `nodejs`, and it cannot be configured. If you want to continue using the `edge` runtime, keep using `middleware`. We will follow up on a minor release with further `edge` runtime instructions.\n00630| \n00631| ```bash filename=\"Terminal\"\n00632| # Rename your middleware file\n00633| mv middleware.ts proxy.ts\n00634| # or\n00635| mv middleware.js proxy.js\n00636| ```\n00637| \n00638| The named export `middleware` is also deprecated. Rename your function to `proxy`.\n00639| \n00640| ```ts filename=\"proxy.ts\" switcher\n00641| export function proxy(request: Request) {}\n00642| ```\n00643| \n00644| ```js filename=\"proxy.js\" switcher\n00645| export function proxy(request) {}\n00646| ```\n00647| \n00648| We recommend changing the function name to `proxy`, even if you are using a default export.\n00649| \n00650| Configuration flags that contained the `middleware` name are also renamed. For example, `skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize` is now `skipProxyUrlNormalize`\n00651| \n00652| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00653| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00654| \n00655| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00656| skipProxyUrlNormalize: true,\n00657| }\n00658| \n00659| export default nextConfig\n00660| ```\n00661| \n00662| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00663| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00664| const nextConfig = {\n00665| skipProxyUrlNormalize: true,\n00666| }\n00667| \n00668| module.exports = nextConfig\n00669| ```\n00670| \n00671| The version 16 [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160) is able to update these flags too.\n00672| \n00673| ## `next/image` changes\n00674| \n00675| ### Local Images with Query Strings (Breaking change)\n00676| \n00677| Local image sources with query strings now require `images.localPatterns.search` configuration to prevent enumeration attacks.\n00678| \n00679| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n00680| import Image from 'next/image'\n00681| \n00682| export default function Page() {\n00683| return \n00684| }\n00685| ```\n00686| \n00687| If you need to use query strings with local images, add the pattern to your configuration:\n00688| \n00689| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00690| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00691| \n00692| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00693| images: {\n00694| localPatterns: [\n00695| {\n00696| pathname: '/assets/**',\n00697| search: '?v=1',\n00698| },\n00699| ],\n00700| },\n00701| }\n00702| \n00703| export default nextConfig\n00704| ```\n00705| \n00706| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00707| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00708| const nextConfig = {\n00709| images: {\n00710| localPatterns: [\n00711| {\n00712| pathname: '/assets/**',\n00713| search: '?v=1',\n00714| },\n00715| ],\n00716| },\n00717| }\n00718| \n00719| module.exports = nextConfig\n00720| ```\n00721| \n00722| ### `minimumCacheTTL` Default (Breaking change)\n00723| \n00724| The default value for `images.minimumCacheTTL` has changed from `60 seconds` to `4 hours` (14400 seconds). This reduces revalidation cost for images without cache-control headers.\n00725| \n00726| For some Next.js users, image revalidation was happening frequently, often because the upstream source images missed a `cache-control` header. This caused revalidation to happen every `60` seconds, which increased CPU usage and cost.\n00727| \n00728| Since most images do not change often, this short interval is not ideal. Setting the default to 4 hours offers a more durable cache by default, while still allowing images to update a few times per day if needed.\n00729| \n00730| If you need the previous behavior, change `minimumCacheTTL` to a lower value, for example back to `60` seconds:\n00731| \n00732| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00733| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00734| \n00735| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00736| images: {\n00737| minimumCacheTTL: 60,\n00738| },\n00739| }\n00740| \n00741| export default nextConfig\n00742| ```\n00743| \n00744| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00745| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00746| const nextConfig = {\n00747| images: {\n00748| minimumCacheTTL: 60,\n00749| },\n00750| }\n00751| \n00752| module.exports = nextConfig\n00753| ```\n00754| \n00755| ### `imageSizes` Default (Breaking change)\n00756| \n00757| The value `16` has been removed from the default `images.imageSizes` array.\n00758| \n00759| We have looked at request analytics and found out that very few projects ever serve 16 pixels width images. Removing this setting reduces the size of the `srcset` attribute shipped to the browser by `next/image`.\n00760| \n00761| If you need to support 16px images:\n00762| \n00763| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00764| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00765| \n00766| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00767| images: {\n00768| imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384],\n00769| },\n00770| }\n00771| \n00772| export default nextConfig\n00773| ```\n00774| \n00775| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00776| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00777| const nextConfig = {\n00778| images: {\n00779| imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384],\n00780| },\n00781| }\n00782| \n00783| module.exports = nextConfig\n00784| ```\n00785| \n00786| Rather than lack of developer usage, we believe 16 pixels width images have become less common, because `devicePixelRatio: 2` actually fetches a 32px image to prevent blurriness in retina displays.\n00787| \n00788| ### `qualities` Default (Breaking change)\n00789| \n00790| The default value for `images.qualities` has changed from allowing all qualities to only `[75]`.\n00791| \n00792| If you need to support multiple quality levels:\n00793| \n00794| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00795| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00796| \n00797| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00798| images: {\n00799| qualities: [50, 75, 100],\n00800| },\n00801| }\n00802| \n00803| export default nextConfig\n00804| ```\n00805| \n00806| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00807| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00808| const nextConfig = {\n00809| images: {\n00810| qualities: [50, 75, 100],\n00811| },\n00812| }\n00813| \n00814| module.exports = nextConfig\n00815| ```\n00816| \n00817| If you specify a `quality` prop not included in the `image.qualities` array, the quality will be coerced to the closest value in `images.qualities`. For example, given the configuration above, a `quality` prop of 80, is coerced to 75.\n00818| \n00819| ### Local IP Restriction (Breaking change)\n00820| \n00821| A new security restriction blocks local IP optimization by default. Set `images.dangerouslyAllowLocalIP` to `true` only for private networks.\n00822| \n00823| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00824| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00825| \n00826| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00827| images: {\n00828| dangerouslyAllowLocalIP: true, // Only for private networks\n00829| },\n00830| }\n00831| \n00832| export default nextConfig\n00833| ```\n00834| \n00835| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00836| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00837| const nextConfig = {\n00838| images: {\n00839| dangerouslyAllowLocalIP: true, // Only for private networks\n00840| },\n00841| }\n00842| \n00843| module.exports = nextConfig\n00844| ```\n00845| \n00846| This might be necessary when hosting Next.js in a VPC with split-horizon DNS and you receive status 400 Bad Request. Only enable once you understand the SSRF risk.\n00847| \n00848| ### Maximum Redirects (Breaking change)\n00849| \n00850| The default for `images.maximumRedirects` has changed from unlimited to 3 redirects maximum.\n00851| \n00852| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00853| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00854| \n00855| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00856| images: {\n00857| maximumRedirects: 0, // Disable redirects\n00858| // or\n00859| maximumRedirects: 5, // Increase for edge cases\n00860| },\n00861| }\n00862| \n00863| export default nextConfig\n00864| ```\n00865| \n00866| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00867| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00868| const nextConfig = {\n00869| images: {\n00870| maximumRedirects: 0, // Disable redirects\n00871| // or\n00872| maximumRedirects: 5, // Increase for edge cases\n00873| },\n00874| }\n00875| \n00876| module.exports = nextConfig\n00877| ```\n00878| \n00879| ### `next/legacy/image` Component (deprecated)\n00880| \n00881| The `next/legacy/image` component is deprecated. Use `next/image` instead:\n00882| \n00883| ```tsx\n00884| // Before\n00885| import Image from 'next/legacy/image'\n00886| \n00887| // After\n00888| import Image from 'next/image'\n00889| ```\n00890| \n00891| ### `images.domains` Configuration (deprecated)\n00892| \n00893| The `images.domains` config is deprecated.\n00894| \n00895| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00896| // image.domains is deprecated\n00897| module.exports = {\n00898| images: {\n00899| domains: ['example.com'],\n00900| },\n00901| }\n00902| ```\n00903| \n00904| Use `images.remotePatterns` instead for improved security:\n00905| \n00906| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00907| // Use image.remotePatterns instead\n00908| module.exports = {\n00909| images: {\n00910| remotePatterns: [\n00911| {\n00912| protocol: 'https',\n00913| hostname: 'example.com',\n00914| },\n00915| ],\n00916| },\n00917| }\n00918| ```\n00919| \n00920| ## Concurrent `dev` and `build`\n00921| \n00922| `next dev` and `next build` now use separate output directories, enabling concurrent execution. The `next dev` command outputs to `.next/dev`.\n00923| \n00924| Additionally, a lockfile mechanism prevents multiple `next dev` or `next build` instances on the same project.\n00925| \n00926| The [Turbopack tracing command](/docs/app/guides/local-development#turbopack-tracing) should be:\n00927| \n00928| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00929| pnpm next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00930| ```\n00931| \n00932| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00933| npx next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00934| ```\n00935| \n00936| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00937| yarn next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00938| ```\n00939| \n00940| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00941| bunx next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00942| ```\n00943| \n00944| ## Parallel Routes `default.js` requirement\n00945| \n00946| All [parallel route](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/parallel-routes) slots now require explicit `default.js` files. Builds will fail without them.\n00947| \n00948| To maintain previous behavior, create a [`default.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) file that calls `notFound()` or returns `null`.\n00949| \n00950| ```tsx filename=\"app/@modal/default.tsx\"\n00951| import { notFound } from 'next/navigation'\n00952| \n00953| export default function Default() {\n00954| notFound()\n00955| }\n00956| ```\n00957| \n00958| Or return `null`:\n00959| \n00960| ```tsx filename=\"app/@modal/default.tsx\"\n00961| export default function Default() {\n00962| return null\n00963| }\n00964| ```\n00965| \n00966| ## ESLint Flat Config\n00967| \n00968| `@next/eslint-plugin-next` now defaults to ESLint Flat Config format, aligning with ESLint v10 which will drop legacy config support.\n00969| \n00970| Make sure to review our API reference for the [`@next/eslint-plugin-next`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/eslint#setup-eslint) plugin.\n00971| \n00972| If you're using the legacy `.eslintrc` format, consider migrating to the flat config format. See the [ESLint migration guide](https://eslint.org/docs/latest/use/configure/migration-guide) for details.\n00973| \n00974| ## Scroll Behavior Override\n00975| \n00976| In **previous versions of Next.js**, if you had set `scroll-behavior: smooth` globally on your `` element via CSS, Next.js would override this during SPA route transitions, as follows:\n00977| \n00978| 1. Temporarily set `scroll-behavior` to `auto`\n00979| 2. Perform the navigation (causing instant scroll to top)\n00980| 3. Restore your original `scroll-behavior` value\n00981| \n00982| This ensured that page navigation always felt snappy and instant, even when you had smooth scrolling enabled for in-page navigation. However, this manipulation could be expensive, especially at the start of every navigation.\n00983| \n00984| In **Next.js 16**, this behavior has changed. By default, Next.js will **no longer override** your `scroll-behavior` setting during navigation.\n00985| \n00986| **If you want Next.js to perform this override** (the previous default behavior), add the `data-scroll-behavior=\"smooth\"` attribute to your `` element:\n00987| \n00988| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\"\n00989| export default function RootLayout({ children }) {\n00990| return (\n00991| \n00992| {children}\n00993| \n00994| )\n00995| }\n00996| ```\n00997| \n00998| ## Performance Improvements\n00999| \n01000| Significant performance optimizations for `next dev` and `next start` commands, along with improved terminal output with clearer formatting, better error messages, and improved performance metrics.\n01001| \n01002| **Next.js 16** removes the `size` and `First Load JS` metrics from the `next build` output. We found these to be inaccurate in server-driven architectures using React Server Components. Both our Turbopack and Webpack implementations had issues, and disagreed on how to account for Client Components payload.\n01003| \n01004| The most effective way to measure actual route performance is through tools such as [Chrome Lighthouse](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/overview) or Vercel Analytics, which focus on Core Web Vitals and downloaded resource sizes.\n01005| \n01006| ### `next dev` config load\n01007| \n01008| In previous versions the Next config file was loaded twice during development:\n01009| \n01010| - When running the `next dev` command\n01011| - When the `next dev` command started the Next.js server\n01012| \n01013| This was inefficient because the `next dev` command doesn't need the config file to start the Next.js server.\n01014| \n01015| A consequence of this change is that, when running `next dev` checking if `process.argv` includes `'dev'`, in your Next.js config file, will return `false`.\n01016| \n01017| > **Good to know**: The `typegen`, and `build` commands, are still visible in `process.argv`.\n01018| \n01019| This is specially important for plugins that trigger side-effects on `next dev`. If that's the case, it might be enough to check if `NODE_ENV` is set to `development`.\n01020| \n01021| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01022| import { startServer } from 'docs-lib/dev-server'\n01023| \n01024| const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development'\n01025| \n01026| if (isDev) {\n01027| startServer()\n01028| }\n01029| \n01030| const nextConfig = {\n01031| /* Your config options */\n01032| }\n01033| \n01034| module.exports = nextConfig\n01035| ```\n01036| \n01037| Alternatively, use the [`phase`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js#phase) in which the configuration is loaded.\n01038| \n01039| ## Build Adapters API (alpha)\n01040| \n01041| Following the [Build Adapters RFC](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/77740), the first alpha version of the Build Adapters API is now available.\n01042| \n01043| Build Adapters allow you to create custom adapters that hook into the build process, enabling deployment platforms and custom build integrations to modify Next.js configuration or process build output.\n01044| \n01045| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01046| const nextConfig = {\n01047| experimental: {\n01048| adapterPath: require.resolve('./my-adapter.js'),\n01049| },\n01050| }\n01051| \n01052| module.exports = nextConfig\n01053| ```\n01054| \n01055| `adapterPath` was promoted to a stable, top-level option in 16.2.0. See [`adapterPath`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/adapterPath) for the current API reference.\n01056| \n01057| ## Modern Sass API\n01058| \n01059| `sass-loader` has been bumped to v16, which supports [modern Sass syntax](https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/#md:usage) and new features.\n01060| \n01061| ## Removals\n01062| \n01063| These features were previously deprecated and are now removed:\n01064| \n01065| ### AMP Support\n01066| \n01067| AMP adoption has declined significantly, and maintaining this feature adds complexity to the framework. All AMP APIs and configurations have been removed:\n01068| \n01069| - `amp` configuration from your Next config file\n01070| - `next/amp` hook imports and usage (`useAmp`)\n01071| \n01072| ```tsx\n01073| // Removed\n01074| import { useAmp } from 'next/amp'\n01075| \n01076| // Removed\n01077| export const config = { amp: true }\n01078| ```\n01079| \n01080| - `export const config = { amp: true }` from pages\n01081| \n01082| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01083| const nextConfig = {\n01084| // Removed\n01085| amp: {\n01086| canonicalBase: 'https://example.com',\n01087| },\n01088| }\n01089| \n01090| export default nextConfig\n01091| ```\n01092| \n01093| Evaluate if AMP is still necessary for your use case. Most performance benefits can now be achieved through Next.js's built-in optimizations and modern web standards.\n01094| \n01095| ### `next lint` Command\n01096| \n01097| The `next lint` command has been removed. Use Biome or ESLint directly. `next build` no longer runs linting.\n01098| \n01099| A codemod is available to automate migration:\n01100| \n01101| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n01102| pnpm dlx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01103| ```\n01104| \n01105| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n01106| npx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01107| ```\n01108| \n01109| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n01110| yarn dlx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01111| ```\n01112| \n01113| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n01114| bunx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01115| ```\n01116| \n01117| The `eslint` option in the Next.js config file is also removed.\n01118| \n01119| ```js filename=\"next.config.mjs\"\n01120| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n01121| const nextConfig = {\n01122| // No longer supported\n01123| // eslint: {},\n01124| }\n01125| \n01126| export default nextConfig\n01127| ```\n01128| \n01129| ### Runtime Configuration\n01130| \n01131| `serverRuntimeConfig` and `publicRuntimeConfig` have been removed. Use environment variables instead.\n01132| \n01133| **Before (Next.js 15):**\n01134| \n01135| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01136| module.exports = {\n01137| serverRuntimeConfig: {\n01138| dbUrl: process.env.DATABASE_URL,\n01139| },\n01140| publicRuntimeConfig: {\n01141| apiUrl: '/api',\n01142| },\n01143| }\n01144| ```\n01145| \n01146| ```tsx filename=\"pages/index.tsx\"\n01147| import getConfig from 'next/config'\n01148| \n01149| export default function Page() {\n01150| const { publicRuntimeConfig } = getConfig()\n01151| return API URL: {publicRuntimeConfig.apiUrl}
\n01152| }\n01153| ```\n01154| \n01155| **After (Next.js 16):**\n01156| \n01157| For server-only values, access environment variables directly in Server Components:\n01158| \n01159| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n01160| async function fetchData() {\n01161| const dbUrl = process.env.DATABASE_URL\n01162| // Use for server-side operations only\n01163| return await db.query(dbUrl, 'SELECT * FROM users')\n01164| }\n01165| \n01166| export default async function Page() {\n01167| const data = await fetchData()\n01168| return {/* render data */}
\n01169| }\n01170| ```\n01171| \n01172| > **Good to know**: Use the [taint API](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/taint) to prevent accidentally passing sensitive server values to Client Components.\n01173| \n01174| For client-accessible values, use the `NEXT_PUBLIC_` prefix:\n01175| \n01176| ```bash filename=\".env.local\"\n01177| NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL=\"/api\"\n01178| ```\n01179| \n01180| ```tsx filename=\"app/components/client-component.tsx\"\n01181| 'use client'\n01182| \n01183| export default function ClientComponent() {\n01184| const apiUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL\n01185| return API URL: {apiUrl}
\n01186| }\n01187| ```\n01188| \n01189| To ensure environment variables are read at runtime (not bundled at build time), use the [`connection()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/connection) function before reading from `process.env`:\n01190| \n01191| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n01192| import { connection } from 'next/server'\n01193| \n01194| export default async function Page() {\n01195| await connection()\n01196| const config = process.env.RUNTIME_CONFIG\n01197| return {config}
\n01198| }\n01199| ```\n01200| \n01201| Learn more about [environment variables](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables).\n01202| \n01203| ### `devIndicators` Options\n01204| \n01205| The following options have been removed from [`devIndicators`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/devIndicators):\n01206| \n01207| - `appIsrStatus`\n01208| - `buildActivity`\n01209| - `buildActivityPosition`\n01210| \n01211| The indicator itself remains available.\n01212| \n01213| ### `experimental.dynamicIO` and `experimental.useCache`\n01214| \n01215| The `experimental.dynamicIO` and `experimental.useCache` flags are deprecated. Use top-level [`cacheComponents`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) instead.\n01216| \n01217| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01218| // Before: experimental.useCache\n01219| module.exports = {\n01220| experimental: {\n01221| useCache: true,\n01222| },\n01223| }\n01224| ```\n01225| \n01226| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01227| // Before: experimental.dynamicIO\n01228| module.exports = {\n01229| experimental: {\n01230| dynamicIO: true,\n01231| },\n01232| }\n01233| ```\n01234| \n01235| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n01236| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n01237| \n01238| // After\n01239| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n01240| cacheComponents: true,\n01241| }\n01242| \n01243| export default nextConfig\n01244| ```\n01245| \n01246| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n01247| // After\n01248| module.exports = {\n01249| cacheComponents: true,\n01250| }\n01251| ```\n01252| \n01253| For more on Cache Components, see [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components).\n01254| \n01255| ### `unstable_rootParams`\n01256| \n01257| The `unstable_rootParams` function has been removed. Use [`next/root-params`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-root-params) instead.\n01258| \n\n(End of file - total 1258 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/upgrading/version-16.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: How to upgrade to version 16\nnav_title: Version 16\ndescription: Upgrade your Next.js Application from Version 15 to 16.\n---\n\n{/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n\n## Upgrading from 15 to 16\n\n### Using AI Agents with Next.js DevTools MCP\n\nIf you're using an AI coding assistant that supports the [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io), you can use the **Next.js DevTools MCP** to automate the upgrade process and migration tasks.\n\n#### Setup\n\nAdd the following configuration to your MCP client, for each coding agent you can read [this section](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp#mcp-client-configuration) for configuration details.\n\n**example:**\n"},"time":{"start":1781627878196,"end":1781627878198}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627878205,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bfb37001ePqbx8HCJuqCKQ","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14bd64e001if054W0jRsWzJX","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"4c8be9b21c0d8e3b15e89ba16114b2e123333f5c","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":2549,"output":623,"reasoning":504,"cache":{"read":19968,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627882538,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c0c11001BkNiNW0R7PIz2a","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14bfb4a001rSz42zZJe1Tfk5","type":"step-start","snapshot":"4c8be9b21c0d8e3b15e89ba16114b2e123333f5c"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627900388,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c47da001phCYklpRLg7Q6j","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14bfb4a001rSz42zZJe1Tfk5","type":"text","text":"I now have everything I need. The docs are explicit:\n\n- `connection()` from `next/server` is the **recommended** approach. Its doc states: *\"useful when a component doesn't use Request-time APIs like `cookies` or `headers`, but still needs to produce different output per request, such as `Math.random()` or `new Date()`\"* — exactly our case.\n- `unstable_noStore` is deprecated (v15+) in favor of `connection`.\n- Route segment config `dynamic`/`revalidate`/`fetchCache` are **removed** in v16 (when Cache Components is on), so `export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'` is not the recommended path.\n\nLet me verify `connection` is exported from `next/server` in this canary build, then write the component.","time":{"start":1781627900387,"end":1781627900387}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627900388,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c51e2001iR73yugJZMoav6","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14bfb4a001rSz42zZJe1Tfk5","type":"tool","callID":"call_e3d1951f4fbd4ae8af168235","tool":"grep","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"pattern":"connection","path":"/workspace/node_modules/next/server.d.ts"},"output":"Found 1 matches\n/workspace/node_modules/next/server.d.ts:\n Line 22: export { connection } from 'next/dist/server/request/connection'","title":"connection","metadata":{"matches":1,"truncated":false},"time":{"start":1781627900386,"end":1781627900388}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627900400,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c51dc001Htk6Cir2gXgM19","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14bfb4a001rSz42zZJe1Tfk5","type":"tool","callID":"call_1a5107b44daf4b9894996b21","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"cd /workspace && grep -rn \"connection\" node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/reject.ts node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/ 2>/dev/null | grep -i connection | head -20; echo \"---types---\"; grep -rn \"export.*connection\" node_modules/next/types/index.d.ts node_modules/next/dist/**/*.d.ts 2>/dev/null | grep -i \"connection\" | head -20","description":"Verify connection export from next/server"},"output":"node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js:144: const error = Object.defineProperty(new Error(`Route ${store.route} used ${expression} without first calling \\`await connection()\\`.`), \"__NEXT_ERROR_CODE\", {\nnode_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js.map:1:{\"version\":3,\"sources\":[\"../../../../src/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.ts\"],\"sourcesContent\":[\"import {\\n abortAndThrowOnSynchronousRequestDataAccess,\\n postponeWithTracking,\\n} from '../../app-render/dynamic-rendering'\\nimport { isDynamicRoute } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils'\\nimport {\\n NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID,\\n NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH,\\n} from '../../../lib/constants'\\nimport { workAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-async-storage.external'\\nimport { workUnitAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-unit-async-storage.external'\\nimport { DynamicServerError } from '../../../client/components/hooks-server-context'\\nimport { InvariantError } from '../../../shared/lib/invariant-error'\\nimport {\\n ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly,\\n ActionDidRevalidateStaticAndDynamic as ActionDidRevalidate,\\n} from '../../../shared/lib/action-revalidation-kind'\\nimport { removeTrailingSlash } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils/remove-trailing-slash'\\nimport { encodeCacheTag } from '../../lib/encode-cache-tag'\\n\\ntype CacheLifeConfig = {\\n expire?: number\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n *\\n * The second argument specifies a [`cacheLife`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile\\n * (e.g. `\\\"max\\\"`), or a `{ expire }` object. For immediate expiration in Server Actions, use\\n * [`updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) instead.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag)\\n */\\nexport function revalidateTag(tag: string, profile: string | CacheLifeConfig) {\\n if (!profile) {\\n console.warn(\\n '\\\"revalidateTag\\\" without the second argument is now deprecated, add second argument of \\\"max\\\" or use \\\"updateTag\\\". See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/revalidate-tag-single-arg'\\n )\\n }\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `revalidateTag ${tag}`, profile)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to update [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n * This can only be called from within a Server Action to enable read-your-own-writes semantics.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag)\\n */\\nexport function updateTag(tag: string) {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n // TODO: change this after investigating why phase: 'action' is\\n // set for route handlers\\n if (!workStore || workStore.page.endsWith('/route')) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'updateTag can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'To invalidate cache tags in Route Handlers or other contexts, use revalidateTag instead. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag'\\n )\\n }\\n // updateTag uses immediate expiration (no profile) without deprecation warning\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `updateTag ${tag}`, undefined)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to refresh client cache from server actions.\\n * It's useful as dynamic data can be cached on the client which won't\\n * be refreshed by updateTag\\n */\\nexport function refresh() {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n if (\\n !workStore ||\\n workStore.page.endsWith('/route') ||\\n workUnitStore?.phase !== 'action'\\n ) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'refresh can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh'\\n )\\n }\\n\\n if (workStore) {\\n // The Server Action version of refresh() only revalidates the dynamic data\\n // on the client. It doesn't affect cached data.\\n workStore.pathWasRevalidated = ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly\\n }\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific path.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidatePath`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath)\\n */\\nexport function revalidatePath(originalPath: string, type?: 'layout' | 'page') {\\n if (originalPath.length > NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH) {\\n console.warn(\\n `Warning: revalidatePath received \\\"${originalPath}\\\" which exceeded max length of ${NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH}. See more info here https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath`\\n )\\n return\\n }\\n\\n let normalizedPath = `${NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID}${encodeCacheTag(removeTrailingSlash(originalPath))}`\\n\\n if (type) {\\n normalizedPath += `${normalizedPath.endsWith('/') ? '' : '/'}${type}`\\n } else if (isDynamicRoute(originalPath)) {\\n console.warn(\\n `Warning: a dynamic page path \\\"${originalPath}\\\" was passed to \\\"revalidatePath\\\", but the \\\"type\\\" parameter is missing. This has no effect by default, see more info here https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath`\\n )\\n }\\n\\n const tags = [normalizedPath]\\n if (normalizedPath === `${NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID}/`) {\\n tags.push(`${NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID}/index`)\\n } else if (normalizedPath === `${NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID}/index`) {\\n tags.push(`${NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID}/`)\\n }\\n\\n return revalidate(tags, `revalidatePath ${originalPath}`)\\n}\\n\\nfunction revalidate(\\n tags: string[],\\n expression: string,\\n profile?: string | CacheLifeConfig\\n) {\\n const store = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n if (!store || !store.incrementalCache) {\\n throw new Error(\\n `Invariant: static generation store missing in ${expression}`\\n )\\n }\\n\\n const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n if (workUnitStore) {\\n if (workUnitStore.phase === 'render') {\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" during render which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n }\\n\\n switch (workUnitStore.type) {\\n case 'cache':\\n case 'private-cache':\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" inside a \\\"use cache\\\" which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n case 'unstable-cache':\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" inside a function cached with \\\"unstable_cache(...)\\\" which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n case 'generate-static-params':\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" inside \\\\`generateStaticParams\\\\` which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n case 'prerender':\\n case 'prerender-runtime':\\n // cacheComponents Prerender\\n const error = new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used ${expression} without first calling \\\\`await connection()\\\\`.`\\n )\\n return abortAndThrowOnSynchronousRequestDataAccess(\\n store.route,\\n expression,\\n error,\\n workUnitStore\\n )\\n case 'prerender-client':\\n case 'validation-client':\\n throw new InvariantError(\\n `${expression} must not be used within a client component. Next.js should be preventing ${expression} from being included in client components statically, but did not in this case.`\\n )\\n case 'prerender-ppr':\\n return postponeWithTracking(\\n store.route,\\n expression,\\n workUnitStore.dynamicTracking\\n )\\n case 'prerender-legacy':\\n workUnitStore.revalidate = 0\\n\\n const err = new DynamicServerError(\\n `Route ${store.route} couldn't be rendered statically because it used \\\\`${expression}\\\\`. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/dynamic-server-error`\\n )\\n store.dynamicUsageDescription = expression\\n store.dynamicUsageStack = err.stack\\n\\n throw err\\n case 'request':\\n if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {\\n // TODO: This is most likely incorrect. It would lead to the ISR\\n // status being flipped when revalidating a static page with a server\\n // action.\\n workUnitStore.usedDynamic = true\\n // TODO(restart-on-cache-miss): we should do a sync IO error here in dev\\n // to match prerender behavior\\n }\\n break\\n default:\\n workUnitStore satisfies never\\n }\\n }\\n\\n if (!store.pendingRevalidatedTags) {\\n store.pendingRevalidatedTags = []\\n }\\n\\n for (const tag of tags) {\\n const existingIndex = store.pendingRevalidatedTags.findIndex((item) => {\\n if (item.tag !== tag) return false\\n // Compare profiles: both strings, both objects, or both undefined\\n if (typeof item.profile === 'string' && typeof profile === 'string') {\\n return item.profile === profile\\n }\\n if (typeof item.profile === 'object' && typeof profile === 'object') {\\n return JSON.stringify(item.profile) === JSON.stringify(profile)\\n }\\n return item.profile === profile\\n })\\n if (existingIndex === -1) {\\n store.pendingRevalidatedTags.push({\\n tag,\\n profile,\\n })\\n }\\n }\\n\\n // if profile is provided and this is a stale-while-revalidate\\n // update we do not mark the path as revalidated so that server\\n // actions don't pull their own writes\\n const cacheLife =\\n profile && typeof profile === 'object'\\n ? profile\\n : profile &&\\n typeof profile === 'string' &&\\n store?.cacheLifeProfiles?.[profile]\\n ? store.cacheLifeProfiles[profile]\\n : undefined\\n\\n if (!profile || cacheLife?.expire === 0) {\\n // TODO: only revalidate if the path matches\\n store.pathWasRevalidated = ActionDidRevalidate\\n 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'../../../client/components/hooks-server-context'\\nimport { InvariantError } from '../../../shared/lib/invariant-error'\\nimport {\\n ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly,\\n ActionDidRevalidateStaticAndDynamic as ActionDidRevalidate,\\n} from '../../../shared/lib/action-revalidation-kind'\\nimport { removeTrailingSlash } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils/remove-trailing-slash'\\nimport { encodeCacheTag } from '../../lib/encode-cache-tag'\\n\\ntype CacheLifeConfig = {\\n expire?: number\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n *\\n * The second argument specifies a [`cacheLife`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile\\n * (e.g. `\\\"max\\\"`), or a `{ expire }` object. 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See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/revalidate-tag-single-arg'\\n )\\n }\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `revalidateTag ${tag}`, profile)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to update [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n * This can only be called from within a Server Action to enable read-your-own-writes semantics.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag)\\n */\\nexport function updateTag(tag: string) {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n // TODO: change this after investigating why phase: 'action' is\\n // set for route handlers\\n if (!workStore || workStore.page.endsWith('/route')) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'updateTag can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'To invalidate cache tags in Route Handlers or other contexts, use revalidateTag instead. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag'\\n )\\n }\\n // updateTag uses immediate expiration (no profile) without deprecation warning\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `updateTag ${tag}`, undefined)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to refresh client cache from server actions.\\n * It's useful as dynamic data can be cached on the client which won't\\n * be refreshed by updateTag\\n */\\nexport function refresh() {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n if (\\n !workStore ||\\n workStore.page.endsWith('/route') ||\\n workUnitStore?.phase !== 'action'\\n ) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'refresh can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh'\\n )\\n }\\n\\n if (workStore) {\\n // The Server Action version of refresh() only revalidates the dynamic data\\n // on the client. It doesn't affect cached data.\\n workStore.pathWasRevalidated = ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly\\n }\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific path.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidatePath`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath)\\n */\\nexport function revalidatePath(originalPath: string, type?: 'layout' | 'page') {\\n if (originalPath.length > NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH) {\\n console.warn(\\n `Warning: revalidatePath received \\\"${originalPath}\\\" which exceeded max length of ${NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH}. 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connection export from next/server"},"time":{"start":1781627900381,"end":1781627900398}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627900407,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c51f0001aqHDqjhWw3n0lt","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14bfb4a001rSz42zZJe1Tfk5","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"4c8be9b21c0d8e3b15e89ba16114b2e123333f5c","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":16232,"output":1392,"reasoning":1085,"cache":{"read":22464,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627905681,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c667e0012twSUypLrazbaw","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c5201001DN2PNx0jt7uLKN","type":"step-start","snapshot":"4c8be9b21c0d8e3b15e89ba16114b2e123333f5c"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627907069,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c6be5001vOr7OwqpKhQJyg","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c5201001DN2PNx0jt7uLKN","type":"text","text":"Confirmed — `connection` is exported from `next/server` (`server.d.ts:22`). Now I'll write the server component, using `await connection()` to opt out of static prerendering and rendering a fresh timestamp per request.","time":{"start":1781627907068,"end":1781627907068}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627910076,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c6bf2001MYRuhU4mCBUQW8","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c5201001DN2PNx0jt7uLKN","type":"tool","callID":"call_f42efd50cefd4a599ed5702d","tool":"write","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"content":"import { connection } from 'next/server'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n await connection()\n const now = new Date()\n return (\n \n Server Timestamp \n This timestamp is generated on the server and changes on every request.
\n {now.toLocaleString()} \n \n )\n}\n","filePath":"/workspace/app/page.tsx"},"output":"","title":"app/page.tsx","metadata":{"diagnostics":{"/workspace/app/layout.tsx":[],"/workspace/app/page.tsx":[]},"filepath":"/workspace/app/page.tsx","exists":true},"time":{"start":1781627907059,"end":1781627910073}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627910079,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c77bb001AWHY3jyOXnaqVi","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c5201001DN2PNx0jt7uLKN","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"2e4fdfd674c543da9ba46fee5a97b1d0bbceed7a","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":35727,"output":245,"reasoning":91,"cache":{"read":10112,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627914387,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c887b001ciWlScX77AjqLS","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c77c8001lVXxhypo040yNp","type":"step-start","snapshot":"2e4fdfd674c543da9ba46fee5a97b1d0bbceed7a"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627914393,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c888d001xsf51upzQrrrEb","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c77c8001lVXxhypo040yNp","type":"text","text":"Let me update the metadata to match (it currently references \"Random Number\").","time":{"start":1781627914392,"end":1781627914392}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627917397,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c88910018LaaR6R3JClN7J","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c77c8001lVXxhypo040yNp","type":"tool","callID":"call_a478523c5a2d467db79a2468","tool":"edit","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/app/layout.tsx","oldString":"export const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Random Number',\n description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n}","newString":"export const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Server Timestamp',\n description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n}"},"output":"","title":"app/layout.tsx","metadata":{"diagnostics":{"/workspace/app/layout.tsx":[],"/workspace/app/page.tsx":[]},"diff":"Index: /workspace/app/layout.tsx\n===================================================================\n--- /workspace/app/layout.tsx\n+++ /workspace/app/layout.tsx\n@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@\n import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n \n export const metadata: Metadata = {\n- title: 'Random Number',\n- description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n+ title: 'Server Timestamp',\n+ description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n }\n \n export default function RootLayout({\n children,\n","filediff":{"file":"/workspace/app/layout.tsx","before":"import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Random Number',\n description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n","after":"import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Server Timestamp',\n description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n","additions":2,"deletions":2}},"time":{"start":1781627914386,"end":1781627917395}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627917400,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c9454001Rjca48BC01rm7x","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c77c8001lVXxhypo040yNp","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"e7fb41b908a787b5cedd5e205fbc6748ec923d9b","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":7432,"output":156,"reasoning":59,"cache":{"read":38656,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627921946,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14ca6130014KCuhgHlQp8UQA","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c9462001WU85aPPm9fR8Eo","type":"step-start","snapshot":"e7fb41b908a787b5cedd5e205fbc6748ec923d9b"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627921946,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14ca61300264uInE0Fdj3TdK","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c9462001WU85aPPm9fR8Eo","type":"text","text":"Now let me verify it builds and that the route is dynamic (not statically prerendered).","time":{"start":1781627921945,"end":1781627921945},"metadata":{"gateway":{"generationId":"gen_01KV8MS542BCD8QCN0KKC3CBFC"}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627931214,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14ca6180016zFTLgcllDVbBQ","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c9462001WU85aPPm9fR8Eo","type":"tool","callID":"call_2b744585acfb4dd3ba10070d","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"cd /workspace && npm run build 2>&1 | tail -40","description":"Build the Next.js app to verify routing","timeout":300000},"output":"\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.6s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 102ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n","title":"Build the Next.js app to verify routing","metadata":{"output":"\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.6s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 102ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n","exit":0,"description":"Build the Next.js app to verify routing"},"time":{"start":1781627921944,"end":1781627931212}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627931302,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14cca4d001BGbomuBc5AeqY4","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14c9462001WU85aPPm9fR8Eo","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"0893447c7712414b53c4baad7a8941a21e30e5c3","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":34728,"output":64,"reasoning":0,"cache":{"read":11520,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627937530,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14ce2e4001ot8NpYrEOo36A2","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14ccab9001kO2a1DLTaCy01S","type":"step-start","snapshot":"0893447c7712414b53c4baad7a8941a21e30e5c3"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627939805,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14cebc6001JcTdUbPOo1jm4u","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14ccab9001kO2a1DLTaCy01S","type":"text","text":"Build succeeded and `/` is marked `ƒ (Dynamic) — server-rendered on demand`, confirming it is not statically prerendered. Let me verify at runtime that the timestamp differs across requests.","time":{"start":1781627939804,"end":1781627939804}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627947950,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14cebd5001k0HKbkn7bVkvS3","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14ccab9001kO2a1DLTaCy01S","type":"tool","callID":"call_c94da7103eff488b92c85715","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"cd /workspace && (npm run start >/tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &) ; sleep 6 ; echo \"=== Request 1 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; sleep 2 ; echo \"=== Request 2 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; pkill -f \"next start\" 2>/dev/null; pkill -f \"next-server\" 2>/dev/null; true","description":"Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice","timeout":60000},"output":"=== Request 1 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:05 PM \n=== Request 2 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:07 PM \n","title":"Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice","metadata":{"output":"=== Request 1 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:05 PM \n=== Request 2 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:07 PM \n","exit":null,"description":"Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice"},"time":{"start":1781627939798,"end":1781627947948}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627947955,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14d0bad0019R3F6r4TIzj12b","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14ccab9001kO2a1DLTaCy01S","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"0893447c7712414b53c4baad7a8941a21e30e5c3","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":36508,"output":303,"reasoning":107,"cache":{"read":10112,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627953986,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14d232f001yDOBtYalWFo5QR","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14d0bfb001lBgqdRtXYK3XwR","type":"step-start","snapshot":"0893447c7712414b53c4baad7a8941a21e30e5c3"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627956553,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14d233c001LDwH0aHVXgZrYQ","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14d0bfb001lBgqdRtXYK3XwR","type":"text","text":"Done. The server component at `app/page.tsx` displays a fresh server timestamp on every request.\n\n```tsx\nimport { connection } from 'next/server'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n await connection()\n const now = new Date()\n return (\n \n Server Timestamp \n This timestamp is generated on the server and changes on every request.
\n {now.toLocaleString()} \n \n )\n}\n```\n\nWhy `connection()`: This is Next.js 16's recommended way to opt out of static prerendering for dynamic data *without* using `cookies`/`headers`. The docs state it's for components that \"still need to produce different output per request, such as `Math.random()` or `new Date()`.\" It replaces the deprecated `unstable_noStore`, and the v16 route-segment options `dynamic`/`revalidate`/`fetchCache` are removed (under Cache Components), so `export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'` is no longer the recommended path.\n\nVerification:\n- `next build` marks `/` as `ƒ (Dynamic) — server-rendered on demand` (not `○ Static`).\n- Two runtime requests returned distinct timestamps (`16:39:05` then `16:39:07`).","time":{"start":1781627956547,"end":1781627956547}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627956556,"sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","part":{"id":"prt_ed14d2d43001VRW3KCTbqfKCei","sessionID":"ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v","messageID":"msg_ed14d0bfb001lBgqdRtXYK3XwR","type":"step-finish","reason":"stop","snapshot":"0893447c7712414b53c4baad7a8941a21e30e5c3","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":423,"output":345,"reasoning":56,"cache":{"read":46592,"write":0}}}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/transcript.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/transcript.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b78b89d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/run-1/transcript.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1654 @@
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+ "description": "Inspect app dir, package.json, configs"
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+ "output": "total 8\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 ..\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 338 Jun 16 16:36 layout.tsx\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 188 Jun 16 16:36 page.tsx\n---PKG---\n{\n \"private\": true,\n \"type\": \"module\",\n \"scripts\": {\n \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n \"build\": \"next build\",\n \"start\": \"next start\"\n },\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"next\": \"^16.3.0-canary.52\",\n \"react\": \"19.1.0\",\n \"react-dom\": \"19.1.0\"\n },\n \"devDependencies\": {\n \"@types/node\": \"^20\",\n \"@types/react\": \"^19\",\n \"@types/react-dom\": \"^19\",\n \"@vitejs/plugin-react\": \"^4.4.1\",\n \"typescript\": \"^5\",\n \"vite-tsconfig-paths\": \"^5.1.4\",\n \"vitest\": \"^3.1.3\"\n }\n}\n---CONFIG---\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n\nexport default nextConfig\n---CLAUDE---\n@AGENTS.md\n---GEMINI---\n@AGENTS.md\n",
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+ "metadata": {
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+ "exit": 0,
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+ "result": "total 8\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 ..\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 338 Jun 16 16:36 layout.tsx\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 188 Jun 16 16:36 page.tsx\n---PKG---\n{\n \"private\": true,\n \"type\": \"module\",\n \"scripts\": {\n \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n \"build\": \"next build\",\n \"start\": \"next start\"\n },\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"next\": \"^16.3.0-canary.52\",\n \"react\": \"19.1.0\",\n \"react-dom\": \"19.1.0\"\n },\n \"devDependencies\": {\n \"@types/node\": \"^20\",\n \"@types/react\": \"^19\",\n \"@types/react-dom\": \"^19\",\n \"@vitejs/plugin-react\": \"^4.4.1\",\n \"typescript\": \"^5\",\n \"vite-tsconfig-paths\": \"^5.1.4\",\n \"vitest\": \"^3.1.3\"\n }\n}\n---CONFIG---\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n\nexport default nextConfig\n---CLAUDE---\n@AGENTS.md\n---GEMINI---\n@AGENTS.md\n",
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+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs && find . -type f | sort",
+ "description": "List all docs files recursively"
+ },
+ "output": 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+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "List all docs files recursively"
+ },
+ "time": {
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+ "end": 1781627861920
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:37:48.737Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: Route Segment Config\ndescription: Learn about how to configure options for Next.js route segments.\n---\n\nThe Route Segment Config options allow you to configure the behavior of a [Page](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page), [Layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout), or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) by directly exporting the following variables:\n\n| Option | Type | Default |\n| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- |\n| [`dynamicParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/dynamicParams) | `boolean` | `true` |\n| [`runtime`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/runtime) | `'nodejs' \\| 'edge' (deprecated)` | `'nodejs'` |\n| [`preferredRegion`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/preferredRegion) | `'auto' \\| 'global' \\| 'home' \\| string \\| string[] (deprecated)` | `'auto'` |\n| [`maxDuration`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/maxDuration) | `number` | Set by deployment platform |\n\n## Version History\n\n| Version | |\n| ------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `v16.0.0` | `dynamic`, `dynamicParams`, `revalidate`, and `fetchCache` removed when [Cache Components](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) is enabled. See [Caching and Revalidating (Previous Model)](/docs/app/guides/caching-without-cache-components#route-segment-config). |\n| `v16.0.0` | `export const experimental_ppr = true` removed. A [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#remove-experimental_ppr-route-segment-config-from-app-router-pages-and-layouts) is available. |"
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: connection\ndescription: API Reference for the connection function.\n---\n\nThe `connection()` function allows you to indicate rendering should wait for an incoming user request before continuing.\n\nIt's useful when a component doesn't use [Request-time APIs](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) like `cookies` or `headers`, but still needs to produce different output per request, such as `Math.random()` or `new Date()`.\n\n```ts filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\nimport { connection } from 'next/server'\n\nexport default async function Page() {\n await connection() // prerendering stops here\n // the following code only runs at request time\n const rand = Math.random()\n return {rand} \n}\n```\n"
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: connection\ndescription: API Reference for the connection function.\n---\n\nThe `connection()` function allows you to indicate rendering should wait for an incoming user request before continuing.\n\nIt's useful when a component doesn't use [Request-time APIs](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) like `cookies` or `headers`, but still needs to produce different output per request, such as `Math.random()` or `new Date()`.\n\n```ts filename=\"app/page.tsx\" switcher\nimport { connection } from 'next/server'\n\nexport default async function Page() {\n await connection() // prerendering stops here\n // the following code only runs at request time\n const rand = Math.random()\n return {rand} \n}\n```\n"
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+ "content": "The docs are clear. `connection()` from `next/server` is the recommended approach — the doc explicitly mentions `new Date()` as a use case and notes it replaces `unstable_noStore`. Let me verify the Cache Components defaults and v16 breaking changes before writing code.",
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: cacheComponents\n00003| description: Learn how to enable the cacheComponents flag in Next.js.\n00004| related:\n00005| links:\n00006| - app/getting-started/caching\n00007| - app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration-cache-components\n00008| - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache\n00009| - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-remote\n00010| ---\n00011| \n00012| Cache Components enables component and function-level caching using the [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) directive. Data fetching is dynamic by default, and you choose what to cache at the page, component, or function level. Next.js prerenders a static HTML shell that is served immediately while dynamic content streams in when ready, letting you mix static and dynamic content within a single route.\n00013| \n00014| ## Usage\n00015| \n00016| To enable the `cacheComponents` flag, set it to `true` in your `next.config.ts` file:\n00017| \n00018| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00019| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00020| \n00021| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00022| cacheComponents: true,\n00023| }\n00024| \n00025| export default nextConfig\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| When `cacheComponents` is enabled, you can use the following cache functions and configurations:\n00029| \n00030| - The [`use cache` directive](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache)\n00031| - The [`cacheLife` function](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheLife) with `use cache`\n00032| - The [`cacheTag` function](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag)\n00033| \n00034| > **Good to know**: If you used `experimental.useCache` or `experimental.dynamicIO`, migrate using the [Version 16 upgrade guide](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-16#experimentaldynamicio-and-experimentalusecache). To migrate route segment configs and other caching patterns, see [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components).\n00035| \n00036| Additionally, `cacheComponents` implements **[Partial Prerendering (PPR)](/docs/app/glossary#partial-prerendering-ppr)** as the default behavior in the App Router. This means the `experimental.ppr` configuration flag and the `experimental_ppr` route segment configuration are no longer necessary and have been removed.\n00037| \n00038| Read [Prerendering](/docs/app/getting-started/caching#prerendering) for how the static shell and streaming fit together.\n00039| \n00040| > **Good to know**: If you used experimental PPR in Next.js 15, refer to the [Partial Prerendering (PPR)](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-16#partial-prerendering-ppr) section of the Version 16 upgrade guide when migrating.\n00041| \n00042| ## Navigation with Activity\n00043| \n00044| When `cacheComponents` is enabled, Next.js uses React's [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity) component to preserve component state during client-side navigation.\n00045| \n00046| Rather than unmounting the previous route when you navigate away, Next.js sets the Activity mode to [`\"hidden\"`](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity#activity). This means:\n00047| \n00048| - Component state is preserved when navigating between routes\n00049| - When you navigate back, the previous route reappears with its state intact\n00050| - Effects are cleaned up when a route is hidden, and recreated when it becomes visible again\n00051| \n00052| This behavior improves the navigation experience by maintaining UI state (form inputs, or expanded sections) when users navigate back and forth between routes.\n00053| \n00054| > **Good to know**: Next.js uses heuristics to keep a few recently visited routes `\"hidden\"`, while older routes are removed from the DOM to prevent excessive growth.\n00055| \n00056| Some UI patterns behave differently when components stay mounted instead of unmounting. See the [Preserving UI state guide](/docs/app/guides/preserving-ui-state) for handling common patterns like dropdowns, dialogs, and testing.\n00057| \n00058| ## Version History\n00059| \n00060| | Version | Change |\n00061| | ------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00062| | 16.0.0 | `cacheComponents` introduced. This flag controls the `ppr`, `useCache`, and `dynamicIO` flags as a single, unified configuration. |\n00063| \n\n(End of file - total 63 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/05-config/01-next-config-js/cacheComponents.md",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: cacheComponents\ndescription: Learn how to enable the cacheComponents flag in Next.js.\nrelated:\n links:\n - app/getting-started/caching\n - app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration-cache-components\n - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache\n - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-remote\n---\n\nCache Components enables component and function-level caching using the [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) directive. Data fetching is dynamic by default, and you choose what to cache at the page, component, or function level. Next.js prerenders a static HTML shell that is served immediately while dynamic content streams in when ready, letting you mix static and dynamic content within a single route.\n\n## Usage\n\nTo enable the `cacheComponents` flag, set it to `true` in your `next.config.ts` file:\n\n```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n"
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+ "result": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: cacheComponents\n00003| description: Learn how to enable the cacheComponents flag in Next.js.\n00004| related:\n00005| links:\n00006| - app/getting-started/caching\n00007| - app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration-cache-components\n00008| - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache\n00009| - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-remote\n00010| ---\n00011| \n00012| Cache Components enables component and function-level caching using the [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) directive. Data fetching is dynamic by default, and you choose what to cache at the page, component, or function level. Next.js prerenders a static HTML shell that is served immediately while dynamic content streams in when ready, letting you mix static and dynamic content within a single route.\n00013| \n00014| ## Usage\n00015| \n00016| To enable the `cacheComponents` flag, set it to `true` in your `next.config.ts` file:\n00017| \n00018| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00019| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00020| \n00021| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00022| cacheComponents: true,\n00023| }\n00024| \n00025| export default nextConfig\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| When `cacheComponents` is enabled, you can use the following cache functions and configurations:\n00029| \n00030| - The [`use cache` directive](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache)\n00031| - The [`cacheLife` function](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheLife) with `use cache`\n00032| - The [`cacheTag` function](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag)\n00033| \n00034| > **Good to know**: If you used `experimental.useCache` or `experimental.dynamicIO`, migrate using the [Version 16 upgrade guide](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-16#experimentaldynamicio-and-experimentalusecache). To migrate route segment configs and other caching patterns, see [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components).\n00035| \n00036| Additionally, `cacheComponents` implements **[Partial Prerendering (PPR)](/docs/app/glossary#partial-prerendering-ppr)** as the default behavior in the App Router. This means the `experimental.ppr` configuration flag and the `experimental_ppr` route segment configuration are no longer necessary and have been removed.\n00037| \n00038| Read [Prerendering](/docs/app/getting-started/caching#prerendering) for how the static shell and streaming fit together.\n00039| \n00040| > **Good to know**: If you used experimental PPR in Next.js 15, refer to the [Partial Prerendering (PPR)](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-16#partial-prerendering-ppr) section of the Version 16 upgrade guide when migrating.\n00041| \n00042| ## Navigation with Activity\n00043| \n00044| When `cacheComponents` is enabled, Next.js uses React's [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity) component to preserve component state during client-side navigation.\n00045| \n00046| Rather than unmounting the previous route when you navigate away, Next.js sets the Activity mode to [`\"hidden\"`](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity#activity). This means:\n00047| \n00048| - Component state is preserved when navigating between routes\n00049| - When you navigate back, the previous route reappears with its state intact\n00050| - Effects are cleaned up when a route is hidden, and recreated when it becomes visible again\n00051| \n00052| This behavior improves the navigation experience by maintaining UI state (form inputs, or expanded sections) when users navigate back and forth between routes.\n00053| \n00054| > **Good to know**: Next.js uses heuristics to keep a few recently visited routes `\"hidden\"`, while older routes are removed from the DOM to prevent excessive growth.\n00055| \n00056| Some UI patterns behave differently when components stay mounted instead of unmounting. See the [Preserving UI state guide](/docs/app/guides/preserving-ui-state) for handling common patterns like dropdowns, dialogs, and testing.\n00057| \n00058| ## Version History\n00059| \n00060| | Version | Change |\n00061| | ------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00062| | 16.0.0 | `cacheComponents` introduced. This flag controls the `ppr`, `useCache`, and `dynamicIO` flags as a single, unified configuration. |\n00063| \n\n(End of file - total 63 lines)\n ",
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: cacheComponents\n00003| description: Learn how to enable the cacheComponents flag in Next.js.\n00004| related:\n00005| links:\n00006| - app/getting-started/caching\n00007| - app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration-cache-components\n00008| - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache\n00009| - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-remote\n00010| ---\n00011| \n00012| Cache Components enables component and function-level caching using the [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) directive. Data fetching is dynamic by default, and you choose what to cache at the page, component, or function level. Next.js prerenders a static HTML shell that is served immediately while dynamic content streams in when ready, letting you mix static and dynamic content within a single route.\n00013| \n00014| ## Usage\n00015| \n00016| To enable the `cacheComponents` flag, set it to `true` in your `next.config.ts` file:\n00017| \n00018| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00019| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00020| \n00021| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00022| cacheComponents: true,\n00023| }\n00024| \n00025| export default nextConfig\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| When `cacheComponents` is enabled, you can use the following cache functions and configurations:\n00029| \n00030| - The [`use cache` directive](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache)\n00031| - The [`cacheLife` function](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheLife) with `use cache`\n00032| - The [`cacheTag` function](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag)\n00033| \n00034| > **Good to know**: If you used `experimental.useCache` or `experimental.dynamicIO`, migrate using the [Version 16 upgrade guide](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-16#experimentaldynamicio-and-experimentalusecache). To migrate route segment configs and other caching patterns, see [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components).\n00035| \n00036| Additionally, `cacheComponents` implements **[Partial Prerendering (PPR)](/docs/app/glossary#partial-prerendering-ppr)** as the default behavior in the App Router. This means the `experimental.ppr` configuration flag and the `experimental_ppr` route segment configuration are no longer necessary and have been removed.\n00037| \n00038| Read [Prerendering](/docs/app/getting-started/caching#prerendering) for how the static shell and streaming fit together.\n00039| \n00040| > **Good to know**: If you used experimental PPR in Next.js 15, refer to the [Partial Prerendering (PPR)](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-16#partial-prerendering-ppr) section of the Version 16 upgrade guide when migrating.\n00041| \n00042| ## Navigation with Activity\n00043| \n00044| When `cacheComponents` is enabled, Next.js uses React's [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity) component to preserve component state during client-side navigation.\n00045| \n00046| Rather than unmounting the previous route when you navigate away, Next.js sets the Activity mode to [`\"hidden\"`](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity#activity). This means:\n00047| \n00048| - Component state is preserved when navigating between routes\n00049| - When you navigate back, the previous route reappears with its state intact\n00050| - Effects are cleaned up when a route is hidden, and recreated when it becomes visible again\n00051| \n00052| This behavior improves the navigation experience by maintaining UI state (form inputs, or expanded sections) when users navigate back and forth between routes.\n00053| \n00054| > **Good to know**: Next.js uses heuristics to keep a few recently visited routes `\"hidden\"`, while older routes are removed from the DOM to prevent excessive growth.\n00055| \n00056| Some UI patterns behave differently when components stay mounted instead of unmounting. See the [Preserving UI state guide](/docs/app/guides/preserving-ui-state) for handling common patterns like dropdowns, dialogs, and testing.\n00057| \n00058| ## Version History\n00059| \n00060| | Version | Change |\n00061| | ------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n00062| | 16.0.0 | `cacheComponents` introduced. This flag controls the `ppr`, `useCache`, and `dynamicIO` flags as a single, unified configuration. |\n00063| \n\n(End of file - total 63 lines)\n ",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: cacheComponents\ndescription: Learn how to enable the cacheComponents flag in Next.js.\nrelated:\n links:\n - app/getting-started/caching\n - app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration-cache-components\n - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache\n - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-remote\n---\n\nCache Components enables component and function-level caching using the [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) directive. Data fetching is dynamic by default, and you choose what to cache at the page, component, or function level. Next.js prerenders a static HTML shell that is served immediately while dynamic content streams in when ready, letting you mix static and dynamic content within a single route.\n\n## Usage\n\nTo enable the `cacheComponents` flag, set it to `true` in your `next.config.ts` file:\n\n```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\nimport type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n"
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to upgrade to version 16\n00003| nav_title: Version 16\n00004| description: Upgrade your Next.js Application from Version 15 to 16.\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| {/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n00008| \n00009| ## Upgrading from 15 to 16\n00010| \n00011| ### Using AI Agents with Next.js DevTools MCP\n00012| \n00013| If you're using an AI coding assistant that supports the [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io), you can use the **Next.js DevTools MCP** to automate the upgrade process and migration tasks.\n00014| \n00015| #### Setup\n00016| \n00017| Add the following configuration to your MCP client, for each coding agent you can read [this section](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp#mcp-client-configuration) for configuration details.\n00018| \n00019| **example:**\n00020| \n00021| ```json filename=\".mcp.json\"\n00022| {\n00023| \"mcpServers\": {\n00024| \"next-devtools\": {\n00025| \"command\": \"npx\",\n00026| \"args\": [\"-y\", \"next-devtools-mcp@latest\"]\n00027| }\n00028| }\n00029| }\n00030| ```\n00031| \n00032| For more information, visit the [`next-devtools-mcp`](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp) documentation to configure with your MCP client.\n00033| \n00034| > **Note:** Using `next-devtools-mcp@latest` ensures that your MCP client will always use the latest version of the Next.js DevTools MCP server.\n00035| \n00036| #### Example Prompts\n00037| \n00038| Once configured, you can use natural language prompts to upgrade your Next.js app:\n00039| \n00040| **To upgrade to Next.js 16:**\n00041| \n00042| Connect to your coding agent and then prompt:\n00043| \n00044| ```txt\n00045| Next Devtools, help me upgrade my Next.js app to version 16\n00046| ```\n00047| \n00048| **To migrate to Cache Components (after upgrading to v16):**\n00049| \n00050| Connect to your coding agent and then prompt:\n00051| \n00052| ```txt\n00053| Next Devtools, migrate my Next.js app to cache components\n00054| ```\n00055| \n00056| Learn more in the documentation [here](/docs/app/guides/mcp).\n00057| \n00058| ### Using the Codemod\n00059| \n00060| To update to Next.js version 16, you can use the `upgrade` [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160):\n00061| \n00062| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00063| pnpm dlx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00064| ```\n00065| \n00066| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00067| npx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00068| ```\n00069| \n00070| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00071| yarn dlx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00072| ```\n00073| \n00074| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00075| bunx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00076| ```\n00077| \n00078| The [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160) is able to:\n00079| \n00080| - Update `next.config.js` to use the new `turbopack` configuration\n00081| - Migrate from `next lint` to the ESLint CLI\n00082| - Migrate from deprecated `middleware` convention to `proxy`\n00083| - Remove `unstable_` prefix from stabilized APIs\n00084| - Remove `experimental_ppr` Route Segment Config from pages and layouts\n00085| \n00086| If you prefer to do it manually, install the latest Next.js and React versions:\n00087| \n00088| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00089| pnpm add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00090| ```\n00091| \n00092| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00093| npm install next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00094| ```\n00095| \n00096| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00097| yarn add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00098| ```\n00099| \n00100| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00101| bun add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00102| ```\n00103| \n00104| If you are using TypeScript, ensure you also upgrade `@types/react` and `@types/react-dom` to their latest versions.\n00105| \n00106| ## Node.js runtime and browser support\n00107| \n00108| | Requirement | Change / Details |\n00109| | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00110| | Node.js 20.9+ | Minimum version now `20.9.0` (LTS); Node.js 18 no longer supported |\n00111| | TypeScript 5+ | Minimum version now `5.1.0` |\n00112| | Browsers | Chrome 111+, Edge 111+, Firefox 111+, Safari 16.4+ |\n00113| \n00114| ## Turbopack by default\n00115| \n00116| Starting with **Next.js 16**, Turbopack is stable and used by default with `next dev` and `next build`\n00117| \n00118| Previously you had to enable Turbopack using `--turbopack`, or `--turbo`.\n00119| \n00120| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00121| {\n00122| \"scripts\": {\n00123| \"dev\": \"next dev --turbopack\",\n00124| \"build\": \"next build --turbopack\",\n00125| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00126| }\n00127| }\n00128| ```\n00129| \n00130| This is no longer necessary. You can update your `package.json` scripts:\n00131| \n00132| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00133| {\n00134| \"scripts\": {\n00135| \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n00136| \"build\": \"next build\",\n00137| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00138| }\n00139| }\n00140| ```\n00141| \n00142| If your project has a [custom `webpack`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/webpack) configuration and you run `next build` (which now uses Turbopack by default), the build will **fail** to prevent misconfiguration issues.\n00143| \n00144| You have a few different ways to address this:\n00145| \n00146| - **Use Turbopack anyway:** Run with `next build --turbopack` to build using Turbopack and ignore your `webpack` config.\n00147| - **Switch to Turbopack fully:** Migrate your `webpack` config to Turbopack-compatible options.\n00148| - **Keep using Webpack:** Use the `--webpack` flag to opt out of Turbopack and build with Webpack.\n00149| \n00150| > **Good to know**: If you see failing builds because a `webpack` configuration was found, but you don't define one yourself, it is likely that a plugin is adding a `webpack` option\n00151| \n00152| ### Opting out of Turbopack\n00153| \n00154| If you need to continue using Webpack, you can opt out with the `--webpack` flag. For example, to use Turbopack in development but Webpack for production builds:\n00155| \n00156| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00157| {\n00158| \"scripts\": {\n00159| \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n00160| \"build\": \"next build --webpack\",\n00161| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00162| }\n00163| }\n00164| ```\n00165| \n00166| We recommend using Turbopack for development and production. Submit a comment to this [thread](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/77721), if you are unable to switch to Turbopack.\n00167| \n00168| ### Turbopack configuration location\n00169| \n00170| The `experimental.turbopack` configuration is out of experimental.\n00171| \n00172| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00173| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00174| \n00175| // Next.js 15 - experimental.turbopack\n00176| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00177| experimental: {\n00178| turbopack: {\n00179| // options\n00180| },\n00181| },\n00182| }\n00183| \n00184| export default nextConfig\n00185| ```\n00186| \n00187| You can use it as a top-level `turbopack` option:\n00188| \n00189| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00190| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00191| \n00192| // Next.js 16 - turbopack at the top level of nextConfig\n00193| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00194| turbopack: {\n00195| // options\n00196| },\n00197| }\n00198| \n00199| export default nextConfig\n00200| ```\n00201| \n00202| Make sure to review the `Turbopack` configuration [options](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack). **Next.js 16** introduces various improvements and new options, for example:\n00203| \n00204| - [Advanced Webpack loader conditions](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack#advanced-webpack-loader-conditions)\n00205| - [debugIds](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack#debug-ids)\n00206| \n00207| ### Resolve alias fallback\n00208| \n00209| In some projects, client-side code may import files containing Node.js native modules. This will cause `Module not found: Can't resolve 'fs'` type of errors.\n00210| \n00211| When this happens, you should refactor your code so that your client-side bundles do not reference these Node.js native modules.\n00212| \n00213| However, in some cases, this might not be possible. In Webpack the `resolve.fallback` option was typically used to **silence** the error. Turbopack offers a similar option, using `turbopack.resolveAlias`. In this case, tell Turbopack to load an empty module when `fs` is requested for the browser.\n00214| \n00215| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00216| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00217| \n00218| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00219| turbopack: {\n00220| resolveAlias: {\n00221| fs: {\n00222| browser: './empty.ts', // We recommend to fix code imports before using this method\n00223| },\n00224| },\n00225| },\n00226| }\n00227| \n00228| export default nextConfig\n00229| ```\n00230| \n00231| It is preferable to refactor your modules so that client code doesn't ever import from modules using Node.js native modules.\n00232| \n00233| ### Sass node_modules imports\n00234| \n00235| Turbopack fully supports importing Sass files from `node_modules`. Note that while Webpack allowed the legacy tilde (`~`) prefix, Turbopack does not support this syntax.\n00236| \n00237| In Webpack:\n00238| \n00239| ```scss filename=\"styles/globals.scss\"\n00240| @import '~bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';\n00241| ```\n00242| \n00243| In Turbopack:\n00244| \n00245| ```scss filename=\"styles/globals.scss\"\n00246| @import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';\n00247| ```\n00248| \n00249| If changing the imports is not possible, you can use `turbopack.resolveAlias`. For example:\n00250| \n00251| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00252| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00253| \n00254| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00255| turbopack: {\n00256| resolveAlias: {\n00257| '~*': '*',\n00258| },\n00259| },\n00260| }\n00261| \n00262| export default nextConfig\n00263| ```\n00264| \n00265| ### Turbopack File System Caching (beta)\n00266| \n00267| Turbopack now supports filesystem caching in development, storing compiler artifacts on disk between runs for significantly faster compile times across restarts.\n00268| \n00269| Enable filesystem caching in your configuration:\n00270| \n00271| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00272| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00273| \n00274| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00275| experimental: {\n00276| turbopackFileSystemCacheForDev: true,\n00277| },\n00278| }\n00279| \n00280| export default nextConfig\n00281| ```\n00282| \n00283| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00284| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00285| const nextConfig = {\n00286| experimental: {\n00287| turbopackFileSystemCacheForDev: true,\n00288| },\n00289| }\n00290| \n00291| module.exports = nextConfig\n00292| ```\n00293| \n00294| ## Async Request APIs (Breaking change)\n00295| \n00296| Version 15 introduced [Async Request APIs](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-15#async-request-apis-breaking-change) as a breaking change, with **temporary** synchronous compatibility.\n00297| \n00298| Starting with **Next.js 16**, synchronous access is fully removed. These APIs can only be accessed asynchronously.\n00299| \n00300| - [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies)\n00301| - [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers)\n00302| - [`draftMode`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode)\n00303| - `params` in [`layout.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout), [`page.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page), [`route.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), [`default.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default), [`opengraph-image`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image#opengraph-image), [`twitter-image`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image#twitter-image), [`icon`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#icon), and [`apple-icon`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#apple-icon).\n00304| - `searchParams` in [`page.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page)\n00305| \n00306| Use the [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#migrate-to-async-dynamic-apis) to migrate to async Request-time APIs.\n00307| \n00308| ### Migrating types for async Request-time APIs\n00309| \n00310| To help migrate to async `params` and `searchParams`, you can run [`npx next typegen`](/docs/app/api-reference/cli/next#next-typegen-options) to automatically generate these globally available types helpers:\n00311| \n00312| - [`PageProps`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#page-props-helper)\n00313| - [`LayoutProps`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#layout-props-helper)\n00314| - [`RouteContext`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route#route-context-helper)\n00315| \n00316| > **Good to know**: `typegen` was introduced in Next.js 15.5\n00317| \n00318| This simplifies type-safe migration to the new async API pattern, and enables you to update your components with full type safety, for example:\n00319| \n00320| ```tsx filename=\"/app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx\"\n00321| export default async function Page(props: PageProps<'/blog/[slug]'>) {\n00322| const { slug } = await props.params\n00323| const query = await props.searchParams\n00324| return Blog Post: {slug} \n00325| }\n00326| ```\n00327| \n00328| This approach gives you fully type-safe access to `props.params`, including the `slug`, and to `searchParams`, directly within your page.\n00329| \n00330| ## Async parameters for icon, and open-graph Image (Breaking change)\n00331| \n00332| > The props passed to the image generating functions in `opengraph-image`, `twitter-image`, `icon`, and `apple-icon`, are now Promises.\n00333| \n00334| In previous versions, both the `Image` (image generation function), and the `generateImageMetadata` received a `params` object. The `id` returned by `generateImageMetadata` was passed as a string to the image generation function.\n00335| \n00336| ```js filename=\"app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js\"\n00337| // Next.js 15 - synchronous params access\n00338| export function generateImageMetadata({ params }) {\n00339| const { slug } = params\n00340| return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }]\n00341| }\n00342| \n00343| // Next.js 15 - synchronous params and id access\n00344| export default function Image({ params, id }) {\n00345| const slug = params.slug\n00346| const imageId = id // string\n00347| // ...\n00348| }\n00349| ```\n00350| \n00351| Starting with **Next.js 16**, to align with the [Async Request APIs](#async-request-apis-breaking-change) change, the image generating function now receives `params` and `id` as promises. The `generateImageMetadata` function continues to receive synchronous `params`.\n00352| \n00353| ```js filename=\"app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js\"\n00354| export async function generateImageMetadata({ params }) {\n00355| const { slug } = params\n00356| return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }]\n00357| }\n00358| \n00359| // Next.js 16 - asynchronous params and id access\n00360| export default async function Image({ params, id }) {\n00361| const { slug } = await params // params now async\n00362| const imageId = await id // id is now Promise when using generateImageMetadata\n00363| // ...\n00364| }\n00365| ```\n00366| \n00367| ## Async `id` parameter for `sitemap` (Breaking change)\n00368| \n00369| Previously, the `id` values returned from [`generateSitemaps`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) were passed directly to the `sitemap` generating function.\n00370| \n00371| ```js filename=\"app/product/sitemap.js\"\n00372| export async function generateSitemaps() {\n00373| return [{ id: 0 }, { id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }]\n00374| }\n00375| \n00376| // Next.js 15 - synchronous id access\n00377| export default async function sitemap({ id }) {\n00378| const start = id * 50000 // id is a number\n00379| // ...\n00380| }\n00381| ```\n00382| \n00383| Starting with **Next.js 16**, the `sitemap` generating function now receives `id` as a promise.\n00384| \n00385| ```js filename=\"app/product/sitemap.js\"\n00386| export async function generateSitemaps() {\n00387| return [{ id: 0 }, { id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }]\n00388| }\n00389| \n00390| // Next.js 16 - asynchronous id access\n00391| export default async function sitemap({ id }) {\n00392| const resolvedId = await id // id is now Promise\n00393| const start = Number(resolvedId) * 50000\n00394| // ...\n00395| }\n00396| ```\n00397| \n00398| ## React 19.2\n00399| \n00400| The App Router in **Next.js 16** uses the latest React [Canary release](https://react.dev/blog/2023/05/03/react-canaries), which includes the newly released React 19.2 features and other features being incrementally stabilized. Highlights include:\n00401| \n00402| - **[View Transitions](https://react.dev/reference/react/ViewTransition)**: Animate elements that update inside a Transition or navigation\n00403| - **[`useEffectEvent`](https://react.dev/reference/react/useEffectEvent)**: Extract non-reactive logic from Effects into reusable Effect Event functions\n00404| - **[Activity](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity)**: Render \"background activity\" by hiding UI with `display: none` while maintaining state and cleaning up Effects\n00405| \n00406| Learn more in the [React 19.2 announcement](https://react.dev/blog/2025/10/01/react-19-2).\n00407| \n00408| ## React Compiler Support\n00409| \n00410| Built-in support for the React Compiler is now stable in **Next.js 16** following the React Compiler's 1.0 release. The React Compiler automatically memoizes components, reducing unnecessary re-renders with zero manual code changes.\n00411| \n00412| The `reactCompiler` configuration option has been promoted from `experimental` to stable. It is not enabled by default as we continue gathering build performance data across different application types.\n00413| \n00414| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00415| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00416| \n00417| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00418| reactCompiler: true,\n00419| }\n00420| \n00421| export default nextConfig\n00422| ```\n00423| \n00424| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00425| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00426| const nextConfig = {\n00427| reactCompiler: true,\n00428| }\n00429| \n00430| module.exports = nextConfig\n00431| ```\n00432| \n00433| Install the latest version of the React Compiler plugin:\n00434| \n00435| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00436| pnpm add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00437| ```\n00438| \n00439| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00440| npm install -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00441| ```\n00442| \n00443| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00444| yarn add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00445| ```\n00446| \n00447| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00448| bun add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00449| ```\n00450| \n00451| > **Good to know:** Expect compile times in development and during builds to be higher when enabling this option as the React Compiler relies on Babel.\n00452| \n00453| ## Caching APIs\n00454| \n00455| ### revalidateTag\n00456| \n00457| [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) now requires a second argument specifying a [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile. The single-argument form is deprecated and will produce a TypeScript error.\n00458| \n00459| ```ts\n00460| // Before\n00461| revalidateTag('posts')\n00462| \n00463| // After\n00464| revalidateTag('posts', 'max')\n00465| ```\n00466| \n00467| If you need immediate expiration rather than stale-while-revalidate, use [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) in Server Actions instead.\n00468| \n00469| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00470| 'use server'\n00471| \n00472| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00473| \n00474| export async function updateArticle(articleId: string) {\n00475| // Mark article data as stale - article readers see stale data while it revalidates\n00476| revalidateTag(`article-${articleId}`, 'max')\n00477| }\n00478| ```\n00479| \n00480| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00481| 'use server'\n00482| \n00483| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00484| \n00485| export async function updateArticle(articleId) {\n00486| // Mark article data as stale - article readers see stale data while it revalidates\n00487| revalidateTag(`article-${articleId}`, 'max')\n00488| }\n00489| ```\n00490| \n00491| Use `revalidateTag` for content where a slight delay in updates is acceptable, such as blog posts, product catalogs, or documentation. Users receive stale content while fresh data loads in the background.\n00492| \n00493| ### updateTag\n00494| \n00495| [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) is a new [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data#what-are-server-functions)-only API that provides **read-your-writes** semantics, where a user makes a change and the UI immediately shows the change, rather than stale data.\n00496| \n00497| It does this by expiring and immediately refreshing data within the same request.\n00498| \n00499| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00500| 'use server'\n00501| \n00502| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00503| \n00504| export async function updateUserProfile(userId: string, profile: Profile) {\n00505| await db.users.update(userId, profile)\n00506| \n00507| // Expire cache and refresh immediately - user sees their changes right away\n00508| updateTag(`user-${userId}`)\n00509| }\n00510| ```\n00511| \n00512| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00513| 'use server'\n00514| \n00515| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00516| \n00517| export async function updateUserProfile(userId, profile) {\n00518| await db.users.update(userId, profile)\n00519| \n00520| // Expire cache and refresh immediately - user sees their changes right away\n00521| updateTag(`user-${userId}`)\n00522| }\n00523| ```\n00524| \n00525| This ensures interactive features reflect changes immediately. Perfect for forms, user settings, and any workflow where users expect to see their updates instantly.\n00526| \n00527| Learn more about when to use `updateTag` or `revalidateTag` [here](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag#when-to-use-updatetag).\n00528| \n00529| ### refresh\n00530| \n00531| [`refresh`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh) allows you to refresh the client router from within a Server Action.\n00532| \n00533| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00534| 'use server'\n00535| \n00536| import { refresh } from 'next/cache'\n00537| \n00538| export async function markNotificationAsRead(notificationId: string) {\n00539| // Update the notification in the database\n00540| await db.notifications.markAsRead(notificationId)\n00541| \n00542| // Refresh the notification count displayed in the header\n00543| refresh()\n00544| }\n00545| ```\n00546| \n00547| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00548| 'use server'\n00549| \n00550| import { refresh } from 'next/cache'\n00551| \n00552| export async function markNotificationAsRead(notificationId) {\n00553| // Update the notification in the database\n00554| await db.notifications.markAsRead(notificationId)\n00555| \n00556| // Refresh the notification count displayed in the header\n00557| refresh()\n00558| }\n00559| ```\n00560| \n00561| Use it when you need to refresh the client router after performing an action.\n00562| \n00563| ### cacheLife and cacheTag\n00564| \n00565| [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife) and [`cacheTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag) are now stable. The `unstable_` prefix is no longer needed.\n00566| \n00567| Wherever you had aliased imports like:\n00568| \n00569| ```ts\n00570| import {\n00571| unstable_cacheLife as cacheLife,\n00572| unstable_cacheTag as cacheTag,\n00573| } from 'next/cache'\n00574| ```\n00575| \n00576| You can update your imports to:\n00577| \n00578| ```ts\n00579| import { cacheLife, cacheTag } from 'next/cache'\n00580| ```\n00581| \n00582| ## Enhanced Routing and Navigation\n00583| \n00584| **Next.js 16** includes a complete overhaul of the routing and navigation system, making page transitions leaner and faster. This optimizes how Next.js prefetches and caches navigation data:\n00585| \n00586| - **Layout deduplication**: When prefetching multiple URLs with a shared layout, the layout is downloaded once.\n00587| - **Incremental prefetching**: Next.js only prefetches parts not already in cache, rather than entire pages.\n00588| \n00589| These changes require **no code modifications** and are designed to improve performance across all apps.\n00590| \n00591| However, you may see more individual prefetch requests with much lower total transfer sizes. We believe this is the right trade-off for nearly all applications.\n00592| \n00593| If the increased request count causes issues, please let us know by creating an [issue](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues) or [discussion](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions) item.\n00594| \n00595| ## Partial Prerendering (PPR)\n00596| \n00597| **Next.js 16** removes the experimental **Partial Prerendering (PPR)** flag and configuration options, including the route level segment `experimental_ppr`.\n00598| \n00599| Starting with **Next.js 16**, you can opt into PPR using the [`cacheComponents`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) configuration.\n00600| \n00601| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00602| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00603| const nextConfig = {\n00604| cacheComponents: true,\n00605| }\n00606| \n00607| module.exports = nextConfig\n00608| ```\n00609| \n00610| PPR in **Next.js 16** works differently than in **Next.js 15** canaries. If you are using PPR today, stay in the current Next.js 15 canary you are using. See [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components) for migration patterns.\n00611| \n00612| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00613| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00614| const nextConfig = {\n00615| // If you are using PPR today\n00616| // stay in the current Next.js 15 canary\n00617| experimental: {\n00618| ppr: true,\n00619| },\n00620| }\n00621| \n00622| module.exports = nextConfig\n00623| ```\n00624| \n00625| ## `middleware` to `proxy`\n00626| \n00627| The `middleware` filename is deprecated, and has been renamed to `proxy` to clarify network boundary and routing focus.\n00628| \n00629| The `edge` runtime is **NOT** supported in `proxy`. The `proxy` runtime is `nodejs`, and it cannot be configured. If you want to continue using the `edge` runtime, keep using `middleware`. We will follow up on a minor release with further `edge` runtime instructions.\n00630| \n00631| ```bash filename=\"Terminal\"\n00632| # Rename your middleware file\n00633| mv middleware.ts proxy.ts\n00634| # or\n00635| mv middleware.js proxy.js\n00636| ```\n00637| \n00638| The named export `middleware` is also deprecated. Rename your function to `proxy`.\n00639| \n00640| ```ts filename=\"proxy.ts\" switcher\n00641| export function proxy(request: Request) {}\n00642| ```\n00643| \n00644| ```js filename=\"proxy.js\" switcher\n00645| export function proxy(request) {}\n00646| ```\n00647| \n00648| We recommend changing the function name to `proxy`, even if you are using a default export.\n00649| \n00650| Configuration flags that contained the `middleware` name are also renamed. For example, `skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize` is now `skipProxyUrlNormalize`\n00651| \n00652| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00653| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00654| \n00655| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00656| skipProxyUrlNormalize: true,\n00657| }\n00658| \n00659| export default nextConfig\n00660| ```\n00661| \n00662| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00663| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00664| const nextConfig = {\n00665| skipProxyUrlNormalize: true,\n00666| }\n00667| \n00668| module.exports = nextConfig\n00669| ```\n00670| \n00671| The version 16 [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160) is able to update these flags too.\n00672| \n00673| ## `next/image` changes\n00674| \n00675| ### Local Images with Query Strings (Breaking change)\n00676| \n00677| Local image sources with query strings now require `images.localPatterns.search` configuration to prevent enumeration attacks.\n00678| \n00679| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n00680| import Image from 'next/image'\n00681| \n00682| export default function Page() {\n00683| return \n00684| }\n00685| ```\n00686| \n00687| If you need to use query strings with local images, add the pattern to your configuration:\n00688| \n00689| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00690| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00691| \n00692| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00693| images: {\n00694| localPatterns: [\n00695| {\n00696| pathname: '/assets/**',\n00697| search: '?v=1',\n00698| },\n00699| ],\n00700| },\n00701| }\n00702| \n00703| export default nextConfig\n00704| ```\n00705| \n00706| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00707| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00708| const nextConfig = {\n00709| images: {\n00710| localPatterns: [\n00711| {\n00712| pathname: '/assets/**',\n00713| search: '?v=1',\n00714| },\n00715| ],\n00716| },\n00717| }\n00718| \n00719| module.exports = nextConfig\n00720| ```\n00721| \n00722| ### `minimumCacheTTL` Default (Breaking change)\n00723| \n00724| The default value for `images.minimumCacheTTL` has changed from `60 seconds` to `4 hours` (14400 seconds). This reduces revalidation cost for images without cache-control headers.\n00725| \n00726| For some Next.js users, image revalidation was happening frequently, often because the upstream source images missed a `cache-control` header. This caused revalidation to happen every `60` seconds, which increased CPU usage and cost.\n00727| \n00728| Since most images do not change often, this short interval is not ideal. Setting the default to 4 hours offers a more durable cache by default, while still allowing images to update a few times per day if needed.\n00729| \n00730| If you need the previous behavior, change `minimumCacheTTL` to a lower value, for example back to `60` seconds:\n00731| \n00732| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00733| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00734| \n00735| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00736| images: {\n00737| minimumCacheTTL: 60,\n00738| },\n00739| }\n00740| \n00741| export default nextConfig\n00742| ```\n00743| \n00744| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00745| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00746| const nextConfig = {\n00747| images: {\n00748| minimumCacheTTL: 60,\n00749| },\n00750| }\n00751| \n00752| module.exports = nextConfig\n00753| ```\n00754| \n00755| ### `imageSizes` Default (Breaking change)\n00756| \n00757| The value `16` has been removed from the default `images.imageSizes` array.\n00758| \n00759| We have looked at request analytics and found out that very few projects ever serve 16 pixels width images. Removing this setting reduces the size of the `srcset` attribute shipped to the browser by `next/image`.\n00760| \n00761| If you need to support 16px images:\n00762| \n00763| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00764| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00765| \n00766| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00767| images: {\n00768| imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384],\n00769| },\n00770| }\n00771| \n00772| export default nextConfig\n00773| ```\n00774| \n00775| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00776| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00777| const nextConfig = {\n00778| images: {\n00779| imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384],\n00780| },\n00781| }\n00782| \n00783| module.exports = nextConfig\n00784| ```\n00785| \n00786| Rather than lack of developer usage, we believe 16 pixels width images have become less common, because `devicePixelRatio: 2` actually fetches a 32px image to prevent blurriness in retina displays.\n00787| \n00788| ### `qualities` Default (Breaking change)\n00789| \n00790| The default value for `images.qualities` has changed from allowing all qualities to only `[75]`.\n00791| \n00792| If you need to support multiple quality levels:\n00793| \n00794| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00795| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00796| \n00797| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00798| images: {\n00799| qualities: [50, 75, 100],\n00800| },\n00801| }\n00802| \n00803| export default nextConfig\n00804| ```\n00805| \n00806| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00807| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00808| const nextConfig = {\n00809| images: {\n00810| qualities: [50, 75, 100],\n00811| },\n00812| }\n00813| \n00814| module.exports = nextConfig\n00815| ```\n00816| \n00817| If you specify a `quality` prop not included in the `image.qualities` array, the quality will be coerced to the closest value in `images.qualities`. For example, given the configuration above, a `quality` prop of 80, is coerced to 75.\n00818| \n00819| ### Local IP Restriction (Breaking change)\n00820| \n00821| A new security restriction blocks local IP optimization by default. Set `images.dangerouslyAllowLocalIP` to `true` only for private networks.\n00822| \n00823| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00824| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00825| \n00826| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00827| images: {\n00828| dangerouslyAllowLocalIP: true, // Only for private networks\n00829| },\n00830| }\n00831| \n00832| export default nextConfig\n00833| ```\n00834| \n00835| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00836| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00837| const nextConfig = {\n00838| images: {\n00839| dangerouslyAllowLocalIP: true, // Only for private networks\n00840| },\n00841| }\n00842| \n00843| module.exports = nextConfig\n00844| ```\n00845| \n00846| This might be necessary when hosting Next.js in a VPC with split-horizon DNS and you receive status 400 Bad Request. Only enable once you understand the SSRF risk.\n00847| \n00848| ### Maximum Redirects (Breaking change)\n00849| \n00850| The default for `images.maximumRedirects` has changed from unlimited to 3 redirects maximum.\n00851| \n00852| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00853| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00854| \n00855| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00856| images: {\n00857| maximumRedirects: 0, // Disable redirects\n00858| // or\n00859| maximumRedirects: 5, // Increase for edge cases\n00860| },\n00861| }\n00862| \n00863| export default nextConfig\n00864| ```\n00865| \n00866| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00867| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00868| const nextConfig = {\n00869| images: {\n00870| maximumRedirects: 0, // Disable redirects\n00871| // or\n00872| maximumRedirects: 5, // Increase for edge cases\n00873| },\n00874| }\n00875| \n00876| module.exports = nextConfig\n00877| ```\n00878| \n00879| ### `next/legacy/image` Component (deprecated)\n00880| \n00881| The `next/legacy/image` component is deprecated. Use `next/image` instead:\n00882| \n00883| ```tsx\n00884| // Before\n00885| import Image from 'next/legacy/image'\n00886| \n00887| // After\n00888| import Image from 'next/image'\n00889| ```\n00890| \n00891| ### `images.domains` Configuration (deprecated)\n00892| \n00893| The `images.domains` config is deprecated.\n00894| \n00895| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00896| // image.domains is deprecated\n00897| module.exports = {\n00898| images: {\n00899| domains: ['example.com'],\n00900| },\n00901| }\n00902| ```\n00903| \n00904| Use `images.remotePatterns` instead for improved security:\n00905| \n00906| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00907| // Use image.remotePatterns instead\n00908| module.exports = {\n00909| images: {\n00910| remotePatterns: [\n00911| {\n00912| protocol: 'https',\n00913| hostname: 'example.com',\n00914| },\n00915| ],\n00916| },\n00917| }\n00918| ```\n00919| \n00920| ## Concurrent `dev` and `build`\n00921| \n00922| `next dev` and `next build` now use separate output directories, enabling concurrent execution. The `next dev` command outputs to `.next/dev`.\n00923| \n00924| Additionally, a lockfile mechanism prevents multiple `next dev` or `next build` instances on the same project.\n00925| \n00926| The [Turbopack tracing command](/docs/app/guides/local-development#turbopack-tracing) should be:\n00927| \n00928| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00929| pnpm next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00930| ```\n00931| \n00932| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00933| npx next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00934| ```\n00935| \n00936| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00937| yarn next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00938| ```\n00939| \n00940| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00941| bunx next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00942| ```\n00943| \n00944| ## Parallel Routes `default.js` requirement\n00945| \n00946| All [parallel route](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/parallel-routes) slots now require explicit `default.js` files. Builds will fail without them.\n00947| \n00948| To maintain previous behavior, create a [`default.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) file that calls `notFound()` or returns `null`.\n00949| \n00950| ```tsx filename=\"app/@modal/default.tsx\"\n00951| import { notFound } from 'next/navigation'\n00952| \n00953| export default function Default() {\n00954| notFound()\n00955| }\n00956| ```\n00957| \n00958| Or return `null`:\n00959| \n00960| ```tsx filename=\"app/@modal/default.tsx\"\n00961| export default function Default() {\n00962| return null\n00963| }\n00964| ```\n00965| \n00966| ## ESLint Flat Config\n00967| \n00968| `@next/eslint-plugin-next` now defaults to ESLint Flat Config format, aligning with ESLint v10 which will drop legacy config support.\n00969| \n00970| Make sure to review our API reference for the [`@next/eslint-plugin-next`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/eslint#setup-eslint) plugin.\n00971| \n00972| If you're using the legacy `.eslintrc` format, consider migrating to the flat config format. See the [ESLint migration guide](https://eslint.org/docs/latest/use/configure/migration-guide) for details.\n00973| \n00974| ## Scroll Behavior Override\n00975| \n00976| In **previous versions of Next.js**, if you had set `scroll-behavior: smooth` globally on your `` element via CSS, Next.js would override this during SPA route transitions, as follows:\n00977| \n00978| 1. Temporarily set `scroll-behavior` to `auto`\n00979| 2. Perform the navigation (causing instant scroll to top)\n00980| 3. Restore your original `scroll-behavior` value\n00981| \n00982| This ensured that page navigation always felt snappy and instant, even when you had smooth scrolling enabled for in-page navigation. However, this manipulation could be expensive, especially at the start of every navigation.\n00983| \n00984| In **Next.js 16**, this behavior has changed. By default, Next.js will **no longer override** your `scroll-behavior` setting during navigation.\n00985| \n00986| **If you want Next.js to perform this override** (the previous default behavior), add the `data-scroll-behavior=\"smooth\"` attribute to your `` element:\n00987| \n00988| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\"\n00989| export default function RootLayout({ children }) {\n00990| return (\n00991| \n00992| {children}\n00993| \n00994| )\n00995| }\n00996| ```\n00997| \n00998| ## Performance Improvements\n00999| \n01000| Significant performance optimizations for `next dev` and `next start` commands, along with improved terminal output with clearer formatting, better error messages, and improved performance metrics.\n01001| \n01002| **Next.js 16** removes the `size` and `First Load JS` metrics from the `next build` output. We found these to be inaccurate in server-driven architectures using React Server Components. Both our Turbopack and Webpack implementations had issues, and disagreed on how to account for Client Components payload.\n01003| \n01004| The most effective way to measure actual route performance is through tools such as [Chrome Lighthouse](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/overview) or Vercel Analytics, which focus on Core Web Vitals and downloaded resource sizes.\n01005| \n01006| ### `next dev` config load\n01007| \n01008| In previous versions the Next config file was loaded twice during development:\n01009| \n01010| - When running the `next dev` command\n01011| - When the `next dev` command started the Next.js server\n01012| \n01013| This was inefficient because the `next dev` command doesn't need the config file to start the Next.js server.\n01014| \n01015| A consequence of this change is that, when running `next dev` checking if `process.argv` includes `'dev'`, in your Next.js config file, will return `false`.\n01016| \n01017| > **Good to know**: The `typegen`, and `build` commands, are still visible in `process.argv`.\n01018| \n01019| This is specially important for plugins that trigger side-effects on `next dev`. If that's the case, it might be enough to check if `NODE_ENV` is set to `development`.\n01020| \n01021| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01022| import { startServer } from 'docs-lib/dev-server'\n01023| \n01024| const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development'\n01025| \n01026| if (isDev) {\n01027| startServer()\n01028| }\n01029| \n01030| const nextConfig = {\n01031| /* Your config options */\n01032| }\n01033| \n01034| module.exports = nextConfig\n01035| ```\n01036| \n01037| Alternatively, use the [`phase`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js#phase) in which the configuration is loaded.\n01038| \n01039| ## Build Adapters API (alpha)\n01040| \n01041| Following the [Build Adapters RFC](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/77740), the first alpha version of the Build Adapters API is now available.\n01042| \n01043| Build Adapters allow you to create custom adapters that hook into the build process, enabling deployment platforms and custom build integrations to modify Next.js configuration or process build output.\n01044| \n01045| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01046| const nextConfig = {\n01047| experimental: {\n01048| adapterPath: require.resolve('./my-adapter.js'),\n01049| },\n01050| }\n01051| \n01052| module.exports = nextConfig\n01053| ```\n01054| \n01055| `adapterPath` was promoted to a stable, top-level option in 16.2.0. See [`adapterPath`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/adapterPath) for the current API reference.\n01056| \n01057| ## Modern Sass API\n01058| \n01059| `sass-loader` has been bumped to v16, which supports [modern Sass syntax](https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/#md:usage) and new features.\n01060| \n01061| ## Removals\n01062| \n01063| These features were previously deprecated and are now removed:\n01064| \n01065| ### AMP Support\n01066| \n01067| AMP adoption has declined significantly, and maintaining this feature adds complexity to the framework. All AMP APIs and configurations have been removed:\n01068| \n01069| - `amp` configuration from your Next config file\n01070| - `next/amp` hook imports and usage (`useAmp`)\n01071| \n01072| ```tsx\n01073| // Removed\n01074| import { useAmp } from 'next/amp'\n01075| \n01076| // Removed\n01077| export const config = { amp: true }\n01078| ```\n01079| \n01080| - `export const config = { amp: true }` from pages\n01081| \n01082| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01083| const nextConfig = {\n01084| // Removed\n01085| amp: {\n01086| canonicalBase: 'https://example.com',\n01087| },\n01088| }\n01089| \n01090| export default nextConfig\n01091| ```\n01092| \n01093| Evaluate if AMP is still necessary for your use case. Most performance benefits can now be achieved through Next.js's built-in optimizations and modern web standards.\n01094| \n01095| ### `next lint` Command\n01096| \n01097| The `next lint` command has been removed. Use Biome or ESLint directly. `next build` no longer runs linting.\n01098| \n01099| A codemod is available to automate migration:\n01100| \n01101| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n01102| pnpm dlx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01103| ```\n01104| \n01105| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n01106| npx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01107| ```\n01108| \n01109| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n01110| yarn dlx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01111| ```\n01112| \n01113| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n01114| bunx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01115| ```\n01116| \n01117| The `eslint` option in the Next.js config file is also removed.\n01118| \n01119| ```js filename=\"next.config.mjs\"\n01120| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n01121| const nextConfig = {\n01122| // No longer supported\n01123| // eslint: {},\n01124| }\n01125| \n01126| export default nextConfig\n01127| ```\n01128| \n01129| ### Runtime Configuration\n01130| \n01131| `serverRuntimeConfig` and `publicRuntimeConfig` have been removed. Use environment variables instead.\n01132| \n01133| **Before (Next.js 15):**\n01134| \n01135| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01136| module.exports = {\n01137| serverRuntimeConfig: {\n01138| dbUrl: process.env.DATABASE_URL,\n01139| },\n01140| publicRuntimeConfig: {\n01141| apiUrl: '/api',\n01142| },\n01143| }\n01144| ```\n01145| \n01146| ```tsx filename=\"pages/index.tsx\"\n01147| import getConfig from 'next/config'\n01148| \n01149| export default function Page() {\n01150| const { publicRuntimeConfig } = getConfig()\n01151| return API URL: {publicRuntimeConfig.apiUrl}
\n01152| }\n01153| ```\n01154| \n01155| **After (Next.js 16):**\n01156| \n01157| For server-only values, access environment variables directly in Server Components:\n01158| \n01159| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n01160| async function fetchData() {\n01161| const dbUrl = process.env.DATABASE_URL\n01162| // Use for server-side operations only\n01163| return await db.query(dbUrl, 'SELECT * FROM users')\n01164| }\n01165| \n01166| export default async function Page() {\n01167| const data = await fetchData()\n01168| return {/* render data */}
\n01169| }\n01170| ```\n01171| \n01172| > **Good to know**: Use the [taint API](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/taint) to prevent accidentally passing sensitive server values to Client Components.\n01173| \n01174| For client-accessible values, use the `NEXT_PUBLIC_` prefix:\n01175| \n01176| ```bash filename=\".env.local\"\n01177| NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL=\"/api\"\n01178| ```\n01179| \n01180| ```tsx filename=\"app/components/client-component.tsx\"\n01181| 'use client'\n01182| \n01183| export default function ClientComponent() {\n01184| const apiUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL\n01185| return API URL: {apiUrl}
\n01186| }\n01187| ```\n01188| \n01189| To ensure environment variables are read at runtime (not bundled at build time), use the [`connection()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/connection) function before reading from `process.env`:\n01190| \n01191| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n01192| import { connection } from 'next/server'\n01193| \n01194| export default async function Page() {\n01195| await connection()\n01196| const config = process.env.RUNTIME_CONFIG\n01197| return {config}
\n01198| }\n01199| ```\n01200| \n01201| Learn more about [environment variables](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables).\n01202| \n01203| ### `devIndicators` Options\n01204| \n01205| The following options have been removed from [`devIndicators`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/devIndicators):\n01206| \n01207| - `appIsrStatus`\n01208| - `buildActivity`\n01209| - `buildActivityPosition`\n01210| \n01211| The indicator itself remains available.\n01212| \n01213| ### `experimental.dynamicIO` and `experimental.useCache`\n01214| \n01215| The `experimental.dynamicIO` and `experimental.useCache` flags are deprecated. Use top-level [`cacheComponents`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) instead.\n01216| \n01217| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01218| // Before: experimental.useCache\n01219| module.exports = {\n01220| experimental: {\n01221| useCache: true,\n01222| },\n01223| }\n01224| ```\n01225| \n01226| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01227| // Before: experimental.dynamicIO\n01228| module.exports = {\n01229| experimental: {\n01230| dynamicIO: true,\n01231| },\n01232| }\n01233| ```\n01234| \n01235| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n01236| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n01237| \n01238| // After\n01239| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n01240| cacheComponents: true,\n01241| }\n01242| \n01243| export default nextConfig\n01244| ```\n01245| \n01246| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n01247| // After\n01248| module.exports = {\n01249| cacheComponents: true,\n01250| }\n01251| ```\n01252| \n01253| For more on Cache Components, see [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components).\n01254| \n01255| ### `unstable_rootParams`\n01256| \n01257| The `unstable_rootParams` function has been removed. Use [`next/root-params`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-root-params) instead.\n01258| \n\n(End of file - total 1258 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/upgrading/version-16.md",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "---\ntitle: How to upgrade to version 16\nnav_title: Version 16\ndescription: Upgrade your Next.js Application from Version 15 to 16.\n---\n\n{/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n\n## Upgrading from 15 to 16\n\n### Using AI Agents with Next.js DevTools MCP\n\nIf you're using an AI coding assistant that supports the [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io), you can use the **Next.js DevTools MCP** to automate the upgrade process and migration tasks.\n\n#### Setup\n\nAdd the following configuration to your MCP client, for each coding agent you can read [this section](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp#mcp-client-configuration) for configuration details.\n\n**example:**\n"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627878196,
+ "end": 1781627878198
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:37:58.200Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_read",
+ "originalName": "read",
+ "result": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to upgrade to version 16\n00003| nav_title: Version 16\n00004| description: Upgrade your Next.js Application from Version 15 to 16.\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| {/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n00008| \n00009| ## Upgrading from 15 to 16\n00010| \n00011| ### Using AI Agents with Next.js DevTools MCP\n00012| \n00013| If you're using an AI coding assistant that supports the [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io), you can use the **Next.js DevTools MCP** to automate the upgrade process and migration tasks.\n00014| \n00015| #### Setup\n00016| \n00017| Add the following configuration to your MCP client, for each coding agent you can read [this section](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp#mcp-client-configuration) for configuration details.\n00018| \n00019| **example:**\n00020| \n00021| ```json filename=\".mcp.json\"\n00022| {\n00023| \"mcpServers\": {\n00024| \"next-devtools\": {\n00025| \"command\": \"npx\",\n00026| \"args\": [\"-y\", \"next-devtools-mcp@latest\"]\n00027| }\n00028| }\n00029| }\n00030| ```\n00031| \n00032| For more information, visit the [`next-devtools-mcp`](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp) documentation to configure with your MCP client.\n00033| \n00034| > **Note:** Using `next-devtools-mcp@latest` ensures that your MCP client will always use the latest version of the Next.js DevTools MCP server.\n00035| \n00036| #### Example Prompts\n00037| \n00038| Once configured, you can use natural language prompts to upgrade your Next.js app:\n00039| \n00040| **To upgrade to Next.js 16:**\n00041| \n00042| Connect to your coding agent and then prompt:\n00043| \n00044| ```txt\n00045| Next Devtools, help me upgrade my Next.js app to version 16\n00046| ```\n00047| \n00048| **To migrate to Cache Components (after upgrading to v16):**\n00049| \n00050| Connect to your coding agent and then prompt:\n00051| \n00052| ```txt\n00053| Next Devtools, migrate my Next.js app to cache components\n00054| ```\n00055| \n00056| Learn more in the documentation [here](/docs/app/guides/mcp).\n00057| \n00058| ### Using the Codemod\n00059| \n00060| To update to Next.js version 16, you can use the `upgrade` [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160):\n00061| \n00062| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00063| pnpm dlx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00064| ```\n00065| \n00066| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00067| npx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00068| ```\n00069| \n00070| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00071| yarn dlx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00072| ```\n00073| \n00074| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00075| bunx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00076| ```\n00077| \n00078| The [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160) is able to:\n00079| \n00080| - Update `next.config.js` to use the new `turbopack` configuration\n00081| - Migrate from `next lint` to the ESLint CLI\n00082| - Migrate from deprecated `middleware` convention to `proxy`\n00083| - Remove `unstable_` prefix from stabilized APIs\n00084| - Remove `experimental_ppr` Route Segment Config from pages and layouts\n00085| \n00086| If you prefer to do it manually, install the latest Next.js and React versions:\n00087| \n00088| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00089| pnpm add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00090| ```\n00091| \n00092| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00093| npm install next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00094| ```\n00095| \n00096| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00097| yarn add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00098| ```\n00099| \n00100| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00101| bun add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00102| ```\n00103| \n00104| If you are using TypeScript, ensure you also upgrade `@types/react` and `@types/react-dom` to their latest versions.\n00105| \n00106| ## Node.js runtime and browser support\n00107| \n00108| | Requirement | Change / Details |\n00109| | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00110| | Node.js 20.9+ | Minimum version now `20.9.0` (LTS); Node.js 18 no longer supported |\n00111| | TypeScript 5+ | Minimum version now `5.1.0` |\n00112| | Browsers | Chrome 111+, Edge 111+, Firefox 111+, Safari 16.4+ |\n00113| \n00114| ## Turbopack by default\n00115| \n00116| Starting with **Next.js 16**, Turbopack is stable and used by default with `next dev` and `next build`\n00117| \n00118| Previously you had to enable Turbopack using `--turbopack`, or `--turbo`.\n00119| \n00120| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00121| {\n00122| \"scripts\": {\n00123| \"dev\": \"next dev --turbopack\",\n00124| \"build\": \"next build --turbopack\",\n00125| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00126| }\n00127| }\n00128| ```\n00129| \n00130| This is no longer necessary. You can update your `package.json` scripts:\n00131| \n00132| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00133| {\n00134| \"scripts\": {\n00135| \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n00136| \"build\": \"next build\",\n00137| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00138| }\n00139| }\n00140| ```\n00141| \n00142| If your project has a [custom `webpack`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/webpack) configuration and you run `next build` (which now uses Turbopack by default), the build will **fail** to prevent misconfiguration issues.\n00143| \n00144| You have a few different ways to address this:\n00145| \n00146| - **Use Turbopack anyway:** Run with `next build --turbopack` to build using Turbopack and ignore your `webpack` config.\n00147| - **Switch to Turbopack fully:** Migrate your `webpack` config to Turbopack-compatible options.\n00148| - **Keep using Webpack:** Use the `--webpack` flag to opt out of Turbopack and build with Webpack.\n00149| \n00150| > **Good to know**: If you see failing builds because a `webpack` configuration was found, but you don't define one yourself, it is likely that a plugin is adding a `webpack` option\n00151| \n00152| ### Opting out of Turbopack\n00153| \n00154| If you need to continue using Webpack, you can opt out with the `--webpack` flag. For example, to use Turbopack in development but Webpack for production builds:\n00155| \n00156| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00157| {\n00158| \"scripts\": {\n00159| \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n00160| \"build\": \"next build --webpack\",\n00161| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00162| }\n00163| }\n00164| ```\n00165| \n00166| We recommend using Turbopack for development and production. Submit a comment to this [thread](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/77721), if you are unable to switch to Turbopack.\n00167| \n00168| ### Turbopack configuration location\n00169| \n00170| The `experimental.turbopack` configuration is out of experimental.\n00171| \n00172| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00173| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00174| \n00175| // Next.js 15 - experimental.turbopack\n00176| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00177| experimental: {\n00178| turbopack: {\n00179| // options\n00180| },\n00181| },\n00182| }\n00183| \n00184| export default nextConfig\n00185| ```\n00186| \n00187| You can use it as a top-level `turbopack` option:\n00188| \n00189| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00190| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00191| \n00192| // Next.js 16 - turbopack at the top level of nextConfig\n00193| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00194| turbopack: {\n00195| // options\n00196| },\n00197| }\n00198| \n00199| export default nextConfig\n00200| ```\n00201| \n00202| Make sure to review the `Turbopack` configuration [options](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack). **Next.js 16** introduces various improvements and new options, for example:\n00203| \n00204| - [Advanced Webpack loader conditions](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack#advanced-webpack-loader-conditions)\n00205| - [debugIds](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack#debug-ids)\n00206| \n00207| ### Resolve alias fallback\n00208| \n00209| In some projects, client-side code may import files containing Node.js native modules. This will cause `Module not found: Can't resolve 'fs'` type of errors.\n00210| \n00211| When this happens, you should refactor your code so that your client-side bundles do not reference these Node.js native modules.\n00212| \n00213| However, in some cases, this might not be possible. In Webpack the `resolve.fallback` option was typically used to **silence** the error. Turbopack offers a similar option, using `turbopack.resolveAlias`. In this case, tell Turbopack to load an empty module when `fs` is requested for the browser.\n00214| \n00215| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00216| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00217| \n00218| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00219| turbopack: {\n00220| resolveAlias: {\n00221| fs: {\n00222| browser: './empty.ts', // We recommend to fix code imports before using this method\n00223| },\n00224| },\n00225| },\n00226| }\n00227| \n00228| export default nextConfig\n00229| ```\n00230| \n00231| It is preferable to refactor your modules so that client code doesn't ever import from modules using Node.js native modules.\n00232| \n00233| ### Sass node_modules imports\n00234| \n00235| Turbopack fully supports importing Sass files from `node_modules`. Note that while Webpack allowed the legacy tilde (`~`) prefix, Turbopack does not support this syntax.\n00236| \n00237| In Webpack:\n00238| \n00239| ```scss filename=\"styles/globals.scss\"\n00240| @import '~bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';\n00241| ```\n00242| \n00243| In Turbopack:\n00244| \n00245| ```scss filename=\"styles/globals.scss\"\n00246| @import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';\n00247| ```\n00248| \n00249| If changing the imports is not possible, you can use `turbopack.resolveAlias`. For example:\n00250| \n00251| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00252| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00253| \n00254| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00255| turbopack: {\n00256| resolveAlias: {\n00257| '~*': '*',\n00258| },\n00259| },\n00260| }\n00261| \n00262| export default nextConfig\n00263| ```\n00264| \n00265| ### Turbopack File System Caching (beta)\n00266| \n00267| Turbopack now supports filesystem caching in development, storing compiler artifacts on disk between runs for significantly faster compile times across restarts.\n00268| \n00269| Enable filesystem caching in your configuration:\n00270| \n00271| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00272| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00273| \n00274| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00275| experimental: {\n00276| turbopackFileSystemCacheForDev: true,\n00277| },\n00278| }\n00279| \n00280| export default nextConfig\n00281| ```\n00282| \n00283| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00284| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00285| const nextConfig = {\n00286| experimental: {\n00287| turbopackFileSystemCacheForDev: true,\n00288| },\n00289| }\n00290| \n00291| module.exports = nextConfig\n00292| ```\n00293| \n00294| ## Async Request APIs (Breaking change)\n00295| \n00296| Version 15 introduced [Async Request APIs](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-15#async-request-apis-breaking-change) as a breaking change, with **temporary** synchronous compatibility.\n00297| \n00298| Starting with **Next.js 16**, synchronous access is fully removed. These APIs can only be accessed asynchronously.\n00299| \n00300| - [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies)\n00301| - [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers)\n00302| - [`draftMode`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode)\n00303| - `params` in [`layout.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout), [`page.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page), [`route.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), [`default.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default), [`opengraph-image`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image#opengraph-image), [`twitter-image`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image#twitter-image), [`icon`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#icon), and [`apple-icon`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#apple-icon).\n00304| - `searchParams` in [`page.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page)\n00305| \n00306| Use the [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#migrate-to-async-dynamic-apis) to migrate to async Request-time APIs.\n00307| \n00308| ### Migrating types for async Request-time APIs\n00309| \n00310| To help migrate to async `params` and `searchParams`, you can run [`npx next typegen`](/docs/app/api-reference/cli/next#next-typegen-options) to automatically generate these globally available types helpers:\n00311| \n00312| - [`PageProps`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#page-props-helper)\n00313| - [`LayoutProps`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#layout-props-helper)\n00314| - [`RouteContext`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route#route-context-helper)\n00315| \n00316| > **Good to know**: `typegen` was introduced in Next.js 15.5\n00317| \n00318| This simplifies type-safe migration to the new async API pattern, and enables you to update your components with full type safety, for example:\n00319| \n00320| ```tsx filename=\"/app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx\"\n00321| export default async function Page(props: PageProps<'/blog/[slug]'>) {\n00322| const { slug } = await props.params\n00323| const query = await props.searchParams\n00324| return Blog Post: {slug} \n00325| }\n00326| ```\n00327| \n00328| This approach gives you fully type-safe access to `props.params`, including the `slug`, and to `searchParams`, directly within your page.\n00329| \n00330| ## Async parameters for icon, and open-graph Image (Breaking change)\n00331| \n00332| > The props passed to the image generating functions in `opengraph-image`, `twitter-image`, `icon`, and `apple-icon`, are now Promises.\n00333| \n00334| In previous versions, both the `Image` (image generation function), and the `generateImageMetadata` received a `params` object. The `id` returned by `generateImageMetadata` was passed as a string to the image generation function.\n00335| \n00336| ```js filename=\"app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js\"\n00337| // Next.js 15 - synchronous params access\n00338| export function generateImageMetadata({ params }) {\n00339| const { slug } = params\n00340| return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }]\n00341| }\n00342| \n00343| // Next.js 15 - synchronous params and id access\n00344| export default function Image({ params, id }) {\n00345| const slug = params.slug\n00346| const imageId = id // string\n00347| // ...\n00348| }\n00349| ```\n00350| \n00351| Starting with **Next.js 16**, to align with the [Async Request APIs](#async-request-apis-breaking-change) change, the image generating function now receives `params` and `id` as promises. The `generateImageMetadata` function continues to receive synchronous `params`.\n00352| \n00353| ```js filename=\"app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js\"\n00354| export async function generateImageMetadata({ params }) {\n00355| const { slug } = params\n00356| return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }]\n00357| }\n00358| \n00359| // Next.js 16 - asynchronous params and id access\n00360| export default async function Image({ params, id }) {\n00361| const { slug } = await params // params now async\n00362| const imageId = await id // id is now Promise when using generateImageMetadata\n00363| // ...\n00364| }\n00365| ```\n00366| \n00367| ## Async `id` parameter for `sitemap` (Breaking change)\n00368| \n00369| Previously, the `id` values returned from [`generateSitemaps`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) were passed directly to the `sitemap` generating function.\n00370| \n00371| ```js filename=\"app/product/sitemap.js\"\n00372| export async function generateSitemaps() {\n00373| return [{ id: 0 }, { id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }]\n00374| }\n00375| \n00376| // Next.js 15 - synchronous id access\n00377| export default async function sitemap({ id }) {\n00378| const start = id * 50000 // id is a number\n00379| // ...\n00380| }\n00381| ```\n00382| \n00383| Starting with **Next.js 16**, the `sitemap` generating function now receives `id` as a promise.\n00384| \n00385| ```js filename=\"app/product/sitemap.js\"\n00386| export async function generateSitemaps() {\n00387| return [{ id: 0 }, { id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }]\n00388| }\n00389| \n00390| // Next.js 16 - asynchronous id access\n00391| export default async function sitemap({ id }) {\n00392| const resolvedId = await id // id is now Promise\n00393| const start = Number(resolvedId) * 50000\n00394| // ...\n00395| }\n00396| ```\n00397| \n00398| ## React 19.2\n00399| \n00400| The App Router in **Next.js 16** uses the latest React [Canary release](https://react.dev/blog/2023/05/03/react-canaries), which includes the newly released React 19.2 features and other features being incrementally stabilized. Highlights include:\n00401| \n00402| - **[View Transitions](https://react.dev/reference/react/ViewTransition)**: Animate elements that update inside a Transition or navigation\n00403| - **[`useEffectEvent`](https://react.dev/reference/react/useEffectEvent)**: Extract non-reactive logic from Effects into reusable Effect Event functions\n00404| - **[Activity](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity)**: Render \"background activity\" by hiding UI with `display: none` while maintaining state and cleaning up Effects\n00405| \n00406| Learn more in the [React 19.2 announcement](https://react.dev/blog/2025/10/01/react-19-2).\n00407| \n00408| ## React Compiler Support\n00409| \n00410| Built-in support for the React Compiler is now stable in **Next.js 16** following the React Compiler's 1.0 release. The React Compiler automatically memoizes components, reducing unnecessary re-renders with zero manual code changes.\n00411| \n00412| The `reactCompiler` configuration option has been promoted from `experimental` to stable. It is not enabled by default as we continue gathering build performance data across different application types.\n00413| \n00414| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00415| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00416| \n00417| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00418| reactCompiler: true,\n00419| }\n00420| \n00421| export default nextConfig\n00422| ```\n00423| \n00424| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00425| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00426| const nextConfig = {\n00427| reactCompiler: true,\n00428| }\n00429| \n00430| module.exports = nextConfig\n00431| ```\n00432| \n00433| Install the latest version of the React Compiler plugin:\n00434| \n00435| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00436| pnpm add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00437| ```\n00438| \n00439| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00440| npm install -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00441| ```\n00442| \n00443| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00444| yarn add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00445| ```\n00446| \n00447| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00448| bun add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00449| ```\n00450| \n00451| > **Good to know:** Expect compile times in development and during builds to be higher when enabling this option as the React Compiler relies on Babel.\n00452| \n00453| ## Caching APIs\n00454| \n00455| ### revalidateTag\n00456| \n00457| [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) now requires a second argument specifying a [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile. The single-argument form is deprecated and will produce a TypeScript error.\n00458| \n00459| ```ts\n00460| // Before\n00461| revalidateTag('posts')\n00462| \n00463| // After\n00464| revalidateTag('posts', 'max')\n00465| ```\n00466| \n00467| If you need immediate expiration rather than stale-while-revalidate, use [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) in Server Actions instead.\n00468| \n00469| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00470| 'use server'\n00471| \n00472| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00473| \n00474| export async function updateArticle(articleId: string) {\n00475| // Mark article data as stale - article readers see stale data while it revalidates\n00476| revalidateTag(`article-${articleId}`, 'max')\n00477| }\n00478| ```\n00479| \n00480| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00481| 'use server'\n00482| \n00483| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00484| \n00485| export async function updateArticle(articleId) {\n00486| // Mark article data as stale - article readers see stale data while it revalidates\n00487| revalidateTag(`article-${articleId}`, 'max')\n00488| }\n00489| ```\n00490| \n00491| Use `revalidateTag` for content where a slight delay in updates is acceptable, such as blog posts, product catalogs, or documentation. Users receive stale content while fresh data loads in the background.\n00492| \n00493| ### updateTag\n00494| \n00495| [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) is a new [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data#what-are-server-functions)-only API that provides **read-your-writes** semantics, where a user makes a change and the UI immediately shows the change, rather than stale data.\n00496| \n00497| It does this by expiring and immediately refreshing data within the same request.\n00498| \n00499| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00500| 'use server'\n00501| \n00502| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00503| \n00504| export async function updateUserProfile(userId: string, profile: Profile) {\n00505| await db.users.update(userId, profile)\n00506| \n00507| // Expire cache and refresh immediately - user sees their changes right away\n00508| updateTag(`user-${userId}`)\n00509| }\n00510| ```\n00511| \n00512| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00513| 'use server'\n00514| \n00515| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00516| \n00517| export async function updateUserProfile(userId, profile) {\n00518| await db.users.update(userId, profile)\n00519| \n00520| // Expire cache and refresh immediately - user sees their changes right away\n00521| updateTag(`user-${userId}`)\n00522| }\n00523| ```\n00524| \n00525| This ensures interactive features reflect changes immediately. Perfect for forms, user settings, and any workflow where users expect to see their updates instantly.\n00526| \n00527| Learn more about when to use `updateTag` or `revalidateTag` [here](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag#when-to-use-updatetag).\n00528| \n00529| ### refresh\n00530| \n00531| [`refresh`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh) allows you to refresh the client router from within a Server Action.\n00532| \n00533| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00534| 'use server'\n00535| \n00536| import { refresh } from 'next/cache'\n00537| \n00538| export async function markNotificationAsRead(notificationId: string) {\n00539| // Update the notification in the database\n00540| await db.notifications.markAsRead(notificationId)\n00541| \n00542| // Refresh the notification count displayed in the header\n00543| refresh()\n00544| }\n00545| ```\n00546| \n00547| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00548| 'use server'\n00549| \n00550| import { refresh } from 'next/cache'\n00551| \n00552| export async function markNotificationAsRead(notificationId) {\n00553| // Update the notification in the database\n00554| await db.notifications.markAsRead(notificationId)\n00555| \n00556| // Refresh the notification count displayed in the header\n00557| refresh()\n00558| }\n00559| ```\n00560| \n00561| Use it when you need to refresh the client router after performing an action.\n00562| \n00563| ### cacheLife and cacheTag\n00564| \n00565| [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife) and [`cacheTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag) are now stable. The `unstable_` prefix is no longer needed.\n00566| \n00567| Wherever you had aliased imports like:\n00568| \n00569| ```ts\n00570| import {\n00571| unstable_cacheLife as cacheLife,\n00572| unstable_cacheTag as cacheTag,\n00573| } from 'next/cache'\n00574| ```\n00575| \n00576| You can update your imports to:\n00577| \n00578| ```ts\n00579| import { cacheLife, cacheTag } from 'next/cache'\n00580| ```\n00581| \n00582| ## Enhanced Routing and Navigation\n00583| \n00584| **Next.js 16** includes a complete overhaul of the routing and navigation system, making page transitions leaner and faster. This optimizes how Next.js prefetches and caches navigation data:\n00585| \n00586| - **Layout deduplication**: When prefetching multiple URLs with a shared layout, the layout is downloaded once.\n00587| - **Incremental prefetching**: Next.js only prefetches parts not already in cache, rather than entire pages.\n00588| \n00589| These changes require **no code modifications** and are designed to improve performance across all apps.\n00590| \n00591| However, you may see more individual prefetch requests with much lower total transfer sizes. We believe this is the right trade-off for nearly all applications.\n00592| \n00593| If the increased request count causes issues, please let us know by creating an [issue](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues) or [discussion](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions) item.\n00594| \n00595| ## Partial Prerendering (PPR)\n00596| \n00597| **Next.js 16** removes the experimental **Partial Prerendering (PPR)** flag and configuration options, including the route level segment `experimental_ppr`.\n00598| \n00599| Starting with **Next.js 16**, you can opt into PPR using the [`cacheComponents`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) configuration.\n00600| \n00601| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00602| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00603| const nextConfig = {\n00604| cacheComponents: true,\n00605| }\n00606| \n00607| module.exports = nextConfig\n00608| ```\n00609| \n00610| PPR in **Next.js 16** works differently than in **Next.js 15** canaries. If you are using PPR today, stay in the current Next.js 15 canary you are using. See [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components) for migration patterns.\n00611| \n00612| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00613| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00614| const nextConfig = {\n00615| // If you are using PPR today\n00616| // stay in the current Next.js 15 canary\n00617| experimental: {\n00618| ppr: true,\n00619| },\n00620| }\n00621| \n00622| module.exports = nextConfig\n00623| ```\n00624| \n00625| ## `middleware` to `proxy`\n00626| \n00627| The `middleware` filename is deprecated, and has been renamed to `proxy` to clarify network boundary and routing focus.\n00628| \n00629| The `edge` runtime is **NOT** supported in `proxy`. The `proxy` runtime is `nodejs`, and it cannot be configured. If you want to continue using the `edge` runtime, keep using `middleware`. We will follow up on a minor release with further `edge` runtime instructions.\n00630| \n00631| ```bash filename=\"Terminal\"\n00632| # Rename your middleware file\n00633| mv middleware.ts proxy.ts\n00634| # or\n00635| mv middleware.js proxy.js\n00636| ```\n00637| \n00638| The named export `middleware` is also deprecated. Rename your function to `proxy`.\n00639| \n00640| ```ts filename=\"proxy.ts\" switcher\n00641| export function proxy(request: Request) {}\n00642| ```\n00643| \n00644| ```js filename=\"proxy.js\" switcher\n00645| export function proxy(request) {}\n00646| ```\n00647| \n00648| We recommend changing the function name to `proxy`, even if you are using a default export.\n00649| \n00650| Configuration flags that contained the `middleware` name are also renamed. For example, `skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize` is now `skipProxyUrlNormalize`\n00651| \n00652| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00653| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00654| \n00655| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00656| skipProxyUrlNormalize: true,\n00657| }\n00658| \n00659| export default nextConfig\n00660| ```\n00661| \n00662| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00663| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00664| const nextConfig = {\n00665| skipProxyUrlNormalize: true,\n00666| }\n00667| \n00668| module.exports = nextConfig\n00669| ```\n00670| \n00671| The version 16 [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160) is able to update these flags too.\n00672| \n00673| ## `next/image` changes\n00674| \n00675| ### Local Images with Query Strings (Breaking change)\n00676| \n00677| Local image sources with query strings now require `images.localPatterns.search` configuration to prevent enumeration attacks.\n00678| \n00679| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n00680| import Image from 'next/image'\n00681| \n00682| export default function Page() {\n00683| return \n00684| }\n00685| ```\n00686| \n00687| If you need to use query strings with local images, add the pattern to your configuration:\n00688| \n00689| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00690| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00691| \n00692| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00693| images: {\n00694| localPatterns: [\n00695| {\n00696| pathname: '/assets/**',\n00697| search: '?v=1',\n00698| },\n00699| ],\n00700| },\n00701| }\n00702| \n00703| export default nextConfig\n00704| ```\n00705| \n00706| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00707| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00708| const nextConfig = {\n00709| images: {\n00710| localPatterns: [\n00711| {\n00712| pathname: '/assets/**',\n00713| search: '?v=1',\n00714| },\n00715| ],\n00716| },\n00717| }\n00718| \n00719| module.exports = nextConfig\n00720| ```\n00721| \n00722| ### `minimumCacheTTL` Default (Breaking change)\n00723| \n00724| The default value for `images.minimumCacheTTL` has changed from `60 seconds` to `4 hours` (14400 seconds). This reduces revalidation cost for images without cache-control headers.\n00725| \n00726| For some Next.js users, image revalidation was happening frequently, often because the upstream source images missed a `cache-control` header. This caused revalidation to happen every `60` seconds, which increased CPU usage and cost.\n00727| \n00728| Since most images do not change often, this short interval is not ideal. Setting the default to 4 hours offers a more durable cache by default, while still allowing images to update a few times per day if needed.\n00729| \n00730| If you need the previous behavior, change `minimumCacheTTL` to a lower value, for example back to `60` seconds:\n00731| \n00732| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00733| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00734| \n00735| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00736| images: {\n00737| minimumCacheTTL: 60,\n00738| },\n00739| }\n00740| \n00741| export default nextConfig\n00742| ```\n00743| \n00744| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00745| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00746| const nextConfig = {\n00747| images: {\n00748| minimumCacheTTL: 60,\n00749| },\n00750| }\n00751| \n00752| module.exports = nextConfig\n00753| ```\n00754| \n00755| ### `imageSizes` Default (Breaking change)\n00756| \n00757| The value `16` has been removed from the default `images.imageSizes` array.\n00758| \n00759| We have looked at request analytics and found out that very few projects ever serve 16 pixels width images. Removing this setting reduces the size of the `srcset` attribute shipped to the browser by `next/image`.\n00760| \n00761| If you need to support 16px images:\n00762| \n00763| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00764| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00765| \n00766| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00767| images: {\n00768| imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384],\n00769| },\n00770| }\n00771| \n00772| export default nextConfig\n00773| ```\n00774| \n00775| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00776| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00777| const nextConfig = {\n00778| images: {\n00779| imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384],\n00780| },\n00781| }\n00782| \n00783| module.exports = nextConfig\n00784| ```\n00785| \n00786| Rather than lack of developer usage, we believe 16 pixels width images have become less common, because `devicePixelRatio: 2` actually fetches a 32px image to prevent blurriness in retina displays.\n00787| \n00788| ### `qualities` Default (Breaking change)\n00789| \n00790| The default value for `images.qualities` has changed from allowing all qualities to only `[75]`.\n00791| \n00792| If you need to support multiple quality levels:\n00793| \n00794| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00795| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00796| \n00797| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00798| images: {\n00799| qualities: [50, 75, 100],\n00800| },\n00801| }\n00802| \n00803| export default nextConfig\n00804| ```\n00805| \n00806| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00807| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00808| const nextConfig = {\n00809| images: {\n00810| qualities: [50, 75, 100],\n00811| },\n00812| }\n00813| \n00814| module.exports = nextConfig\n00815| ```\n00816| \n00817| If you specify a `quality` prop not included in the `image.qualities` array, the quality will be coerced to the closest value in `images.qualities`. For example, given the configuration above, a `quality` prop of 80, is coerced to 75.\n00818| \n00819| ### Local IP Restriction (Breaking change)\n00820| \n00821| A new security restriction blocks local IP optimization by default. Set `images.dangerouslyAllowLocalIP` to `true` only for private networks.\n00822| \n00823| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00824| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00825| \n00826| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00827| images: {\n00828| dangerouslyAllowLocalIP: true, // Only for private networks\n00829| },\n00830| }\n00831| \n00832| export default nextConfig\n00833| ```\n00834| \n00835| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00836| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00837| const nextConfig = {\n00838| images: {\n00839| dangerouslyAllowLocalIP: true, // Only for private networks\n00840| },\n00841| }\n00842| \n00843| module.exports = nextConfig\n00844| ```\n00845| \n00846| This might be necessary when hosting Next.js in a VPC with split-horizon DNS and you receive status 400 Bad Request. Only enable once you understand the SSRF risk.\n00847| \n00848| ### Maximum Redirects (Breaking change)\n00849| \n00850| The default for `images.maximumRedirects` has changed from unlimited to 3 redirects maximum.\n00851| \n00852| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00853| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00854| \n00855| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00856| images: {\n00857| maximumRedirects: 0, // Disable redirects\n00858| // or\n00859| maximumRedirects: 5, // Increase for edge cases\n00860| },\n00861| }\n00862| \n00863| export default nextConfig\n00864| ```\n00865| \n00866| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00867| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00868| const nextConfig = {\n00869| images: {\n00870| maximumRedirects: 0, // Disable redirects\n00871| // or\n00872| maximumRedirects: 5, // Increase for edge cases\n00873| },\n00874| }\n00875| \n00876| module.exports = nextConfig\n00877| ```\n00878| \n00879| ### `next/legacy/image` Component (deprecated)\n00880| \n00881| The `next/legacy/image` component is deprecated. Use `next/image` instead:\n00882| \n00883| ```tsx\n00884| // Before\n00885| import Image from 'next/legacy/image'\n00886| \n00887| // After\n00888| import Image from 'next/image'\n00889| ```\n00890| \n00891| ### `images.domains` Configuration (deprecated)\n00892| \n00893| The `images.domains` config is deprecated.\n00894| \n00895| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00896| // image.domains is deprecated\n00897| module.exports = {\n00898| images: {\n00899| domains: ['example.com'],\n00900| },\n00901| }\n00902| ```\n00903| \n00904| Use `images.remotePatterns` instead for improved security:\n00905| \n00906| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00907| // Use image.remotePatterns instead\n00908| module.exports = {\n00909| images: {\n00910| remotePatterns: [\n00911| {\n00912| protocol: 'https',\n00913| hostname: 'example.com',\n00914| },\n00915| ],\n00916| },\n00917| }\n00918| ```\n00919| \n00920| ## Concurrent `dev` and `build`\n00921| \n00922| `next dev` and `next build` now use separate output directories, enabling concurrent execution. The `next dev` command outputs to `.next/dev`.\n00923| \n00924| Additionally, a lockfile mechanism prevents multiple `next dev` or `next build` instances on the same project.\n00925| \n00926| The [Turbopack tracing command](/docs/app/guides/local-development#turbopack-tracing) should be:\n00927| \n00928| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00929| pnpm next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00930| ```\n00931| \n00932| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00933| npx next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00934| ```\n00935| \n00936| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00937| yarn next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00938| ```\n00939| \n00940| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00941| bunx next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00942| ```\n00943| \n00944| ## Parallel Routes `default.js` requirement\n00945| \n00946| All [parallel route](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/parallel-routes) slots now require explicit `default.js` files. Builds will fail without them.\n00947| \n00948| To maintain previous behavior, create a [`default.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) file that calls `notFound()` or returns `null`.\n00949| \n00950| ```tsx filename=\"app/@modal/default.tsx\"\n00951| import { notFound } from 'next/navigation'\n00952| \n00953| export default function Default() {\n00954| notFound()\n00955| }\n00956| ```\n00957| \n00958| Or return `null`:\n00959| \n00960| ```tsx filename=\"app/@modal/default.tsx\"\n00961| export default function Default() {\n00962| return null\n00963| }\n00964| ```\n00965| \n00966| ## ESLint Flat Config\n00967| \n00968| `@next/eslint-plugin-next` now defaults to ESLint Flat Config format, aligning with ESLint v10 which will drop legacy config support.\n00969| \n00970| Make sure to review our API reference for the [`@next/eslint-plugin-next`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/eslint#setup-eslint) plugin.\n00971| \n00972| If you're using the legacy `.eslintrc` format, consider migrating to the flat config format. See the [ESLint migration guide](https://eslint.org/docs/latest/use/configure/migration-guide) for details.\n00973| \n00974| ## Scroll Behavior Override\n00975| \n00976| In **previous versions of Next.js**, if you had set `scroll-behavior: smooth` globally on your `` element via CSS, Next.js would override this during SPA route transitions, as follows:\n00977| \n00978| 1. Temporarily set `scroll-behavior` to `auto`\n00979| 2. Perform the navigation (causing instant scroll to top)\n00980| 3. Restore your original `scroll-behavior` value\n00981| \n00982| This ensured that page navigation always felt snappy and instant, even when you had smooth scrolling enabled for in-page navigation. However, this manipulation could be expensive, especially at the start of every navigation.\n00983| \n00984| In **Next.js 16**, this behavior has changed. By default, Next.js will **no longer override** your `scroll-behavior` setting during navigation.\n00985| \n00986| **If you want Next.js to perform this override** (the previous default behavior), add the `data-scroll-behavior=\"smooth\"` attribute to your `` element:\n00987| \n00988| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\"\n00989| export default function RootLayout({ children }) {\n00990| return (\n00991| \n00992| {children}\n00993| \n00994| )\n00995| }\n00996| ```\n00997| \n00998| ## Performance Improvements\n00999| \n01000| Significant performance optimizations for `next dev` and `next start` commands, along with improved terminal output with clearer formatting, better error messages, and improved performance metrics.\n01001| \n01002| **Next.js 16** removes the `size` and `First Load JS` metrics from the `next build` output. We found these to be inaccurate in server-driven architectures using React Server Components. Both our Turbopack and Webpack implementations had issues, and disagreed on how to account for Client Components payload.\n01003| \n01004| The most effective way to measure actual route performance is through tools such as [Chrome Lighthouse](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/overview) or Vercel Analytics, which focus on Core Web Vitals and downloaded resource sizes.\n01005| \n01006| ### `next dev` config load\n01007| \n01008| In previous versions the Next config file was loaded twice during development:\n01009| \n01010| - When running the `next dev` command\n01011| - When the `next dev` command started the Next.js server\n01012| \n01013| This was inefficient because the `next dev` command doesn't need the config file to start the Next.js server.\n01014| \n01015| A consequence of this change is that, when running `next dev` checking if `process.argv` includes `'dev'`, in your Next.js config file, will return `false`.\n01016| \n01017| > **Good to know**: The `typegen`, and `build` commands, are still visible in `process.argv`.\n01018| \n01019| This is specially important for plugins that trigger side-effects on `next dev`. If that's the case, it might be enough to check if `NODE_ENV` is set to `development`.\n01020| \n01021| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01022| import { startServer } from 'docs-lib/dev-server'\n01023| \n01024| const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development'\n01025| \n01026| if (isDev) {\n01027| startServer()\n01028| }\n01029| \n01030| const nextConfig = {\n01031| /* Your config options */\n01032| }\n01033| \n01034| module.exports = nextConfig\n01035| ```\n01036| \n01037| Alternatively, use the [`phase`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js#phase) in which the configuration is loaded.\n01038| \n01039| ## Build Adapters API (alpha)\n01040| \n01041| Following the [Build Adapters RFC](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/77740), the first alpha version of the Build Adapters API is now available.\n01042| \n01043| Build Adapters allow you to create custom adapters that hook into the build process, enabling deployment platforms and custom build integrations to modify Next.js configuration or process build output.\n01044| \n01045| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01046| const nextConfig = {\n01047| experimental: {\n01048| adapterPath: require.resolve('./my-adapter.js'),\n01049| },\n01050| }\n01051| \n01052| module.exports = nextConfig\n01053| ```\n01054| \n01055| `adapterPath` was promoted to a stable, top-level option in 16.2.0. See [`adapterPath`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/adapterPath) for the current API reference.\n01056| \n01057| ## Modern Sass API\n01058| \n01059| `sass-loader` has been bumped to v16, which supports [modern Sass syntax](https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/#md:usage) and new features.\n01060| \n01061| ## Removals\n01062| \n01063| These features were previously deprecated and are now removed:\n01064| \n01065| ### AMP Support\n01066| \n01067| AMP adoption has declined significantly, and maintaining this feature adds complexity to the framework. All AMP APIs and configurations have been removed:\n01068| \n01069| - `amp` configuration from your Next config file\n01070| - `next/amp` hook imports and usage (`useAmp`)\n01071| \n01072| ```tsx\n01073| // Removed\n01074| import { useAmp } from 'next/amp'\n01075| \n01076| // Removed\n01077| export const config = { amp: true }\n01078| ```\n01079| \n01080| - `export const config = { amp: true }` from pages\n01081| \n01082| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01083| const nextConfig = {\n01084| // Removed\n01085| amp: {\n01086| canonicalBase: 'https://example.com',\n01087| },\n01088| }\n01089| \n01090| export default nextConfig\n01091| ```\n01092| \n01093| Evaluate if AMP is still necessary for your use case. Most performance benefits can now be achieved through Next.js's built-in optimizations and modern web standards.\n01094| \n01095| ### `next lint` Command\n01096| \n01097| The `next lint` command has been removed. Use Biome or ESLint directly. `next build` no longer runs linting.\n01098| \n01099| A codemod is available to automate migration:\n01100| \n01101| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n01102| pnpm dlx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01103| ```\n01104| \n01105| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n01106| npx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01107| ```\n01108| \n01109| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n01110| yarn dlx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01111| ```\n01112| \n01113| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n01114| bunx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01115| ```\n01116| \n01117| The `eslint` option in the Next.js config file is also removed.\n01118| \n01119| ```js filename=\"next.config.mjs\"\n01120| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n01121| const nextConfig = {\n01122| // No longer supported\n01123| // eslint: {},\n01124| }\n01125| \n01126| export default nextConfig\n01127| ```\n01128| \n01129| ### Runtime Configuration\n01130| \n01131| `serverRuntimeConfig` and `publicRuntimeConfig` have been removed. Use environment variables instead.\n01132| \n01133| **Before (Next.js 15):**\n01134| \n01135| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01136| module.exports = {\n01137| serverRuntimeConfig: {\n01138| dbUrl: process.env.DATABASE_URL,\n01139| },\n01140| publicRuntimeConfig: {\n01141| apiUrl: '/api',\n01142| },\n01143| }\n01144| ```\n01145| \n01146| ```tsx filename=\"pages/index.tsx\"\n01147| import getConfig from 'next/config'\n01148| \n01149| export default function Page() {\n01150| const { publicRuntimeConfig } = getConfig()\n01151| return API URL: {publicRuntimeConfig.apiUrl}
\n01152| }\n01153| ```\n01154| \n01155| **After (Next.js 16):**\n01156| \n01157| For server-only values, access environment variables directly in Server Components:\n01158| \n01159| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n01160| async function fetchData() {\n01161| const dbUrl = process.env.DATABASE_URL\n01162| // Use for server-side operations only\n01163| return await db.query(dbUrl, 'SELECT * FROM users')\n01164| }\n01165| \n01166| export default async function Page() {\n01167| const data = await fetchData()\n01168| return {/* render data */}
\n01169| }\n01170| ```\n01171| \n01172| > **Good to know**: Use the [taint API](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/taint) to prevent accidentally passing sensitive server values to Client Components.\n01173| \n01174| For client-accessible values, use the `NEXT_PUBLIC_` prefix:\n01175| \n01176| ```bash filename=\".env.local\"\n01177| NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL=\"/api\"\n01178| ```\n01179| \n01180| ```tsx filename=\"app/components/client-component.tsx\"\n01181| 'use client'\n01182| \n01183| export default function ClientComponent() {\n01184| const apiUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL\n01185| return API URL: {apiUrl}
\n01186| }\n01187| ```\n01188| \n01189| To ensure environment variables are read at runtime (not bundled at build time), use the [`connection()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/connection) function before reading from `process.env`:\n01190| \n01191| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n01192| import { connection } from 'next/server'\n01193| \n01194| export default async function Page() {\n01195| await connection()\n01196| const config = process.env.RUNTIME_CONFIG\n01197| return {config}
\n01198| }\n01199| ```\n01200| \n01201| Learn more about [environment variables](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables).\n01202| \n01203| ### `devIndicators` Options\n01204| \n01205| The following options have been removed from [`devIndicators`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/devIndicators):\n01206| \n01207| - `appIsrStatus`\n01208| - `buildActivity`\n01209| - `buildActivityPosition`\n01210| \n01211| The indicator itself remains available.\n01212| \n01213| ### `experimental.dynamicIO` and `experimental.useCache`\n01214| \n01215| The `experimental.dynamicIO` and `experimental.useCache` flags are deprecated. Use top-level [`cacheComponents`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) instead.\n01216| \n01217| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01218| // Before: experimental.useCache\n01219| module.exports = {\n01220| experimental: {\n01221| useCache: true,\n01222| },\n01223| }\n01224| ```\n01225| \n01226| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01227| // Before: experimental.dynamicIO\n01228| module.exports = {\n01229| experimental: {\n01230| dynamicIO: true,\n01231| },\n01232| }\n01233| ```\n01234| \n01235| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n01236| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n01237| \n01238| // After\n01239| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n01240| cacheComponents: true,\n01241| }\n01242| \n01243| export default nextConfig\n01244| ```\n01245| \n01246| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n01247| // After\n01248| module.exports = {\n01249| cacheComponents: true,\n01250| }\n01251| ```\n01252| \n01253| For more on Cache Components, see [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components).\n01254| \n01255| ### `unstable_rootParams`\n01256| \n01257| The `unstable_rootParams` function has been removed. Use [`next/root-params`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-root-params) instead.\n01258| \n\n(End of file - total 1258 lines)\n ",
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to upgrade to version 16\n00003| nav_title: Version 16\n00004| description: Upgrade your Next.js Application from Version 15 to 16.\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| {/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n00008| \n00009| ## Upgrading from 15 to 16\n00010| \n00011| ### Using AI Agents with Next.js DevTools MCP\n00012| \n00013| If you're using an AI coding assistant that supports the [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io), you can use the **Next.js DevTools MCP** to automate the upgrade process and migration tasks.\n00014| \n00015| #### Setup\n00016| \n00017| Add the following configuration to your MCP client, for each coding agent you can read [this section](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp#mcp-client-configuration) for configuration details.\n00018| \n00019| **example:**\n00020| \n00021| ```json filename=\".mcp.json\"\n00022| {\n00023| \"mcpServers\": {\n00024| \"next-devtools\": {\n00025| \"command\": \"npx\",\n00026| \"args\": [\"-y\", \"next-devtools-mcp@latest\"]\n00027| }\n00028| }\n00029| }\n00030| ```\n00031| \n00032| For more information, visit the [`next-devtools-mcp`](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp) documentation to configure with your MCP client.\n00033| \n00034| > **Note:** Using `next-devtools-mcp@latest` ensures that your MCP client will always use the latest version of the Next.js DevTools MCP server.\n00035| \n00036| #### Example Prompts\n00037| \n00038| Once configured, you can use natural language prompts to upgrade your Next.js app:\n00039| \n00040| **To upgrade to Next.js 16:**\n00041| \n00042| Connect to your coding agent and then prompt:\n00043| \n00044| ```txt\n00045| Next Devtools, help me upgrade my Next.js app to version 16\n00046| ```\n00047| \n00048| **To migrate to Cache Components (after upgrading to v16):**\n00049| \n00050| Connect to your coding agent and then prompt:\n00051| \n00052| ```txt\n00053| Next Devtools, migrate my Next.js app to cache components\n00054| ```\n00055| \n00056| Learn more in the documentation [here](/docs/app/guides/mcp).\n00057| \n00058| ### Using the Codemod\n00059| \n00060| To update to Next.js version 16, you can use the `upgrade` [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160):\n00061| \n00062| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00063| pnpm dlx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00064| ```\n00065| \n00066| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00067| npx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00068| ```\n00069| \n00070| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00071| yarn dlx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00072| ```\n00073| \n00074| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00075| bunx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest\n00076| ```\n00077| \n00078| The [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160) is able to:\n00079| \n00080| - Update `next.config.js` to use the new `turbopack` configuration\n00081| - Migrate from `next lint` to the ESLint CLI\n00082| - Migrate from deprecated `middleware` convention to `proxy`\n00083| - Remove `unstable_` prefix from stabilized APIs\n00084| - Remove `experimental_ppr` Route Segment Config from pages and layouts\n00085| \n00086| If you prefer to do it manually, install the latest Next.js and React versions:\n00087| \n00088| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00089| pnpm add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00090| ```\n00091| \n00092| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00093| npm install next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00094| ```\n00095| \n00096| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00097| yarn add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00098| ```\n00099| \n00100| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00101| bun add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest\n00102| ```\n00103| \n00104| If you are using TypeScript, ensure you also upgrade `@types/react` and `@types/react-dom` to their latest versions.\n00105| \n00106| ## Node.js runtime and browser support\n00107| \n00108| | Requirement | Change / Details |\n00109| | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |\n00110| | Node.js 20.9+ | Minimum version now `20.9.0` (LTS); Node.js 18 no longer supported |\n00111| | TypeScript 5+ | Minimum version now `5.1.0` |\n00112| | Browsers | Chrome 111+, Edge 111+, Firefox 111+, Safari 16.4+ |\n00113| \n00114| ## Turbopack by default\n00115| \n00116| Starting with **Next.js 16**, Turbopack is stable and used by default with `next dev` and `next build`\n00117| \n00118| Previously you had to enable Turbopack using `--turbopack`, or `--turbo`.\n00119| \n00120| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00121| {\n00122| \"scripts\": {\n00123| \"dev\": \"next dev --turbopack\",\n00124| \"build\": \"next build --turbopack\",\n00125| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00126| }\n00127| }\n00128| ```\n00129| \n00130| This is no longer necessary. You can update your `package.json` scripts:\n00131| \n00132| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00133| {\n00134| \"scripts\": {\n00135| \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n00136| \"build\": \"next build\",\n00137| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00138| }\n00139| }\n00140| ```\n00141| \n00142| If your project has a [custom `webpack`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/webpack) configuration and you run `next build` (which now uses Turbopack by default), the build will **fail** to prevent misconfiguration issues.\n00143| \n00144| You have a few different ways to address this:\n00145| \n00146| - **Use Turbopack anyway:** Run with `next build --turbopack` to build using Turbopack and ignore your `webpack` config.\n00147| - **Switch to Turbopack fully:** Migrate your `webpack` config to Turbopack-compatible options.\n00148| - **Keep using Webpack:** Use the `--webpack` flag to opt out of Turbopack and build with Webpack.\n00149| \n00150| > **Good to know**: If you see failing builds because a `webpack` configuration was found, but you don't define one yourself, it is likely that a plugin is adding a `webpack` option\n00151| \n00152| ### Opting out of Turbopack\n00153| \n00154| If you need to continue using Webpack, you can opt out with the `--webpack` flag. For example, to use Turbopack in development but Webpack for production builds:\n00155| \n00156| ```json filename=\"package.json\"\n00157| {\n00158| \"scripts\": {\n00159| \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n00160| \"build\": \"next build --webpack\",\n00161| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00162| }\n00163| }\n00164| ```\n00165| \n00166| We recommend using Turbopack for development and production. Submit a comment to this [thread](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/77721), if you are unable to switch to Turbopack.\n00167| \n00168| ### Turbopack configuration location\n00169| \n00170| The `experimental.turbopack` configuration is out of experimental.\n00171| \n00172| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00173| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00174| \n00175| // Next.js 15 - experimental.turbopack\n00176| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00177| experimental: {\n00178| turbopack: {\n00179| // options\n00180| },\n00181| },\n00182| }\n00183| \n00184| export default nextConfig\n00185| ```\n00186| \n00187| You can use it as a top-level `turbopack` option:\n00188| \n00189| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00190| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00191| \n00192| // Next.js 16 - turbopack at the top level of nextConfig\n00193| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00194| turbopack: {\n00195| // options\n00196| },\n00197| }\n00198| \n00199| export default nextConfig\n00200| ```\n00201| \n00202| Make sure to review the `Turbopack` configuration [options](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack). **Next.js 16** introduces various improvements and new options, for example:\n00203| \n00204| - [Advanced Webpack loader conditions](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack#advanced-webpack-loader-conditions)\n00205| - [debugIds](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/turbopack#debug-ids)\n00206| \n00207| ### Resolve alias fallback\n00208| \n00209| In some projects, client-side code may import files containing Node.js native modules. This will cause `Module not found: Can't resolve 'fs'` type of errors.\n00210| \n00211| When this happens, you should refactor your code so that your client-side bundles do not reference these Node.js native modules.\n00212| \n00213| However, in some cases, this might not be possible. In Webpack the `resolve.fallback` option was typically used to **silence** the error. Turbopack offers a similar option, using `turbopack.resolveAlias`. In this case, tell Turbopack to load an empty module when `fs` is requested for the browser.\n00214| \n00215| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00216| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00217| \n00218| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00219| turbopack: {\n00220| resolveAlias: {\n00221| fs: {\n00222| browser: './empty.ts', // We recommend to fix code imports before using this method\n00223| },\n00224| },\n00225| },\n00226| }\n00227| \n00228| export default nextConfig\n00229| ```\n00230| \n00231| It is preferable to refactor your modules so that client code doesn't ever import from modules using Node.js native modules.\n00232| \n00233| ### Sass node_modules imports\n00234| \n00235| Turbopack fully supports importing Sass files from `node_modules`. Note that while Webpack allowed the legacy tilde (`~`) prefix, Turbopack does not support this syntax.\n00236| \n00237| In Webpack:\n00238| \n00239| ```scss filename=\"styles/globals.scss\"\n00240| @import '~bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';\n00241| ```\n00242| \n00243| In Turbopack:\n00244| \n00245| ```scss filename=\"styles/globals.scss\"\n00246| @import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';\n00247| ```\n00248| \n00249| If changing the imports is not possible, you can use `turbopack.resolveAlias`. For example:\n00250| \n00251| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\"\n00252| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00253| \n00254| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00255| turbopack: {\n00256| resolveAlias: {\n00257| '~*': '*',\n00258| },\n00259| },\n00260| }\n00261| \n00262| export default nextConfig\n00263| ```\n00264| \n00265| ### Turbopack File System Caching (beta)\n00266| \n00267| Turbopack now supports filesystem caching in development, storing compiler artifacts on disk between runs for significantly faster compile times across restarts.\n00268| \n00269| Enable filesystem caching in your configuration:\n00270| \n00271| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00272| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00273| \n00274| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00275| experimental: {\n00276| turbopackFileSystemCacheForDev: true,\n00277| },\n00278| }\n00279| \n00280| export default nextConfig\n00281| ```\n00282| \n00283| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00284| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00285| const nextConfig = {\n00286| experimental: {\n00287| turbopackFileSystemCacheForDev: true,\n00288| },\n00289| }\n00290| \n00291| module.exports = nextConfig\n00292| ```\n00293| \n00294| ## Async Request APIs (Breaking change)\n00295| \n00296| Version 15 introduced [Async Request APIs](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/upgrading/version-15#async-request-apis-breaking-change) as a breaking change, with **temporary** synchronous compatibility.\n00297| \n00298| Starting with **Next.js 16**, synchronous access is fully removed. These APIs can only be accessed asynchronously.\n00299| \n00300| - [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies)\n00301| - [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers)\n00302| - [`draftMode`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode)\n00303| - `params` in [`layout.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout), [`page.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page), [`route.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), [`default.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default), [`opengraph-image`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image#opengraph-image), [`twitter-image`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image#twitter-image), [`icon`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#icon), and [`apple-icon`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#apple-icon).\n00304| - `searchParams` in [`page.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page)\n00305| \n00306| Use the [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#migrate-to-async-dynamic-apis) to migrate to async Request-time APIs.\n00307| \n00308| ### Migrating types for async Request-time APIs\n00309| \n00310| To help migrate to async `params` and `searchParams`, you can run [`npx next typegen`](/docs/app/api-reference/cli/next#next-typegen-options) to automatically generate these globally available types helpers:\n00311| \n00312| - [`PageProps`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#page-props-helper)\n00313| - [`LayoutProps`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#layout-props-helper)\n00314| - [`RouteContext`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route#route-context-helper)\n00315| \n00316| > **Good to know**: `typegen` was introduced in Next.js 15.5\n00317| \n00318| This simplifies type-safe migration to the new async API pattern, and enables you to update your components with full type safety, for example:\n00319| \n00320| ```tsx filename=\"/app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx\"\n00321| export default async function Page(props: PageProps<'/blog/[slug]'>) {\n00322| const { slug } = await props.params\n00323| const query = await props.searchParams\n00324| return Blog Post: {slug} \n00325| }\n00326| ```\n00327| \n00328| This approach gives you fully type-safe access to `props.params`, including the `slug`, and to `searchParams`, directly within your page.\n00329| \n00330| ## Async parameters for icon, and open-graph Image (Breaking change)\n00331| \n00332| > The props passed to the image generating functions in `opengraph-image`, `twitter-image`, `icon`, and `apple-icon`, are now Promises.\n00333| \n00334| In previous versions, both the `Image` (image generation function), and the `generateImageMetadata` received a `params` object. The `id` returned by `generateImageMetadata` was passed as a string to the image generation function.\n00335| \n00336| ```js filename=\"app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js\"\n00337| // Next.js 15 - synchronous params access\n00338| export function generateImageMetadata({ params }) {\n00339| const { slug } = params\n00340| return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }]\n00341| }\n00342| \n00343| // Next.js 15 - synchronous params and id access\n00344| export default function Image({ params, id }) {\n00345| const slug = params.slug\n00346| const imageId = id // string\n00347| // ...\n00348| }\n00349| ```\n00350| \n00351| Starting with **Next.js 16**, to align with the [Async Request APIs](#async-request-apis-breaking-change) change, the image generating function now receives `params` and `id` as promises. The `generateImageMetadata` function continues to receive synchronous `params`.\n00352| \n00353| ```js filename=\"app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js\"\n00354| export async function generateImageMetadata({ params }) {\n00355| const { slug } = params\n00356| return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }]\n00357| }\n00358| \n00359| // Next.js 16 - asynchronous params and id access\n00360| export default async function Image({ params, id }) {\n00361| const { slug } = await params // params now async\n00362| const imageId = await id // id is now Promise when using generateImageMetadata\n00363| // ...\n00364| }\n00365| ```\n00366| \n00367| ## Async `id` parameter for `sitemap` (Breaking change)\n00368| \n00369| Previously, the `id` values returned from [`generateSitemaps`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) were passed directly to the `sitemap` generating function.\n00370| \n00371| ```js filename=\"app/product/sitemap.js\"\n00372| export async function generateSitemaps() {\n00373| return [{ id: 0 }, { id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }]\n00374| }\n00375| \n00376| // Next.js 15 - synchronous id access\n00377| export default async function sitemap({ id }) {\n00378| const start = id * 50000 // id is a number\n00379| // ...\n00380| }\n00381| ```\n00382| \n00383| Starting with **Next.js 16**, the `sitemap` generating function now receives `id` as a promise.\n00384| \n00385| ```js filename=\"app/product/sitemap.js\"\n00386| export async function generateSitemaps() {\n00387| return [{ id: 0 }, { id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }]\n00388| }\n00389| \n00390| // Next.js 16 - asynchronous id access\n00391| export default async function sitemap({ id }) {\n00392| const resolvedId = await id // id is now Promise\n00393| const start = Number(resolvedId) * 50000\n00394| // ...\n00395| }\n00396| ```\n00397| \n00398| ## React 19.2\n00399| \n00400| The App Router in **Next.js 16** uses the latest React [Canary release](https://react.dev/blog/2023/05/03/react-canaries), which includes the newly released React 19.2 features and other features being incrementally stabilized. Highlights include:\n00401| \n00402| - **[View Transitions](https://react.dev/reference/react/ViewTransition)**: Animate elements that update inside a Transition or navigation\n00403| - **[`useEffectEvent`](https://react.dev/reference/react/useEffectEvent)**: Extract non-reactive logic from Effects into reusable Effect Event functions\n00404| - **[Activity](https://react.dev/reference/react/Activity)**: Render \"background activity\" by hiding UI with `display: none` while maintaining state and cleaning up Effects\n00405| \n00406| Learn more in the [React 19.2 announcement](https://react.dev/blog/2025/10/01/react-19-2).\n00407| \n00408| ## React Compiler Support\n00409| \n00410| Built-in support for the React Compiler is now stable in **Next.js 16** following the React Compiler's 1.0 release. The React Compiler automatically memoizes components, reducing unnecessary re-renders with zero manual code changes.\n00411| \n00412| The `reactCompiler` configuration option has been promoted from `experimental` to stable. It is not enabled by default as we continue gathering build performance data across different application types.\n00413| \n00414| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00415| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00416| \n00417| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00418| reactCompiler: true,\n00419| }\n00420| \n00421| export default nextConfig\n00422| ```\n00423| \n00424| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00425| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00426| const nextConfig = {\n00427| reactCompiler: true,\n00428| }\n00429| \n00430| module.exports = nextConfig\n00431| ```\n00432| \n00433| Install the latest version of the React Compiler plugin:\n00434| \n00435| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00436| pnpm add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00437| ```\n00438| \n00439| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00440| npm install -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00441| ```\n00442| \n00443| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00444| yarn add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00445| ```\n00446| \n00447| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00448| bun add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler\n00449| ```\n00450| \n00451| > **Good to know:** Expect compile times in development and during builds to be higher when enabling this option as the React Compiler relies on Babel.\n00452| \n00453| ## Caching APIs\n00454| \n00455| ### revalidateTag\n00456| \n00457| [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) now requires a second argument specifying a [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile. The single-argument form is deprecated and will produce a TypeScript error.\n00458| \n00459| ```ts\n00460| // Before\n00461| revalidateTag('posts')\n00462| \n00463| // After\n00464| revalidateTag('posts', 'max')\n00465| ```\n00466| \n00467| If you need immediate expiration rather than stale-while-revalidate, use [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) in Server Actions instead.\n00468| \n00469| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00470| 'use server'\n00471| \n00472| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00473| \n00474| export async function updateArticle(articleId: string) {\n00475| // Mark article data as stale - article readers see stale data while it revalidates\n00476| revalidateTag(`article-${articleId}`, 'max')\n00477| }\n00478| ```\n00479| \n00480| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00481| 'use server'\n00482| \n00483| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00484| \n00485| export async function updateArticle(articleId) {\n00486| // Mark article data as stale - article readers see stale data while it revalidates\n00487| revalidateTag(`article-${articleId}`, 'max')\n00488| }\n00489| ```\n00490| \n00491| Use `revalidateTag` for content where a slight delay in updates is acceptable, such as blog posts, product catalogs, or documentation. Users receive stale content while fresh data loads in the background.\n00492| \n00493| ### updateTag\n00494| \n00495| [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) is a new [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data#what-are-server-functions)-only API that provides **read-your-writes** semantics, where a user makes a change and the UI immediately shows the change, rather than stale data.\n00496| \n00497| It does this by expiring and immediately refreshing data within the same request.\n00498| \n00499| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00500| 'use server'\n00501| \n00502| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00503| \n00504| export async function updateUserProfile(userId: string, profile: Profile) {\n00505| await db.users.update(userId, profile)\n00506| \n00507| // Expire cache and refresh immediately - user sees their changes right away\n00508| updateTag(`user-${userId}`)\n00509| }\n00510| ```\n00511| \n00512| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00513| 'use server'\n00514| \n00515| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00516| \n00517| export async function updateUserProfile(userId, profile) {\n00518| await db.users.update(userId, profile)\n00519| \n00520| // Expire cache and refresh immediately - user sees their changes right away\n00521| updateTag(`user-${userId}`)\n00522| }\n00523| ```\n00524| \n00525| This ensures interactive features reflect changes immediately. Perfect for forms, user settings, and any workflow where users expect to see their updates instantly.\n00526| \n00527| Learn more about when to use `updateTag` or `revalidateTag` [here](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag#when-to-use-updatetag).\n00528| \n00529| ### refresh\n00530| \n00531| [`refresh`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh) allows you to refresh the client router from within a Server Action.\n00532| \n00533| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00534| 'use server'\n00535| \n00536| import { refresh } from 'next/cache'\n00537| \n00538| export async function markNotificationAsRead(notificationId: string) {\n00539| // Update the notification in the database\n00540| await db.notifications.markAsRead(notificationId)\n00541| \n00542| // Refresh the notification count displayed in the header\n00543| refresh()\n00544| }\n00545| ```\n00546| \n00547| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00548| 'use server'\n00549| \n00550| import { refresh } from 'next/cache'\n00551| \n00552| export async function markNotificationAsRead(notificationId) {\n00553| // Update the notification in the database\n00554| await db.notifications.markAsRead(notificationId)\n00555| \n00556| // Refresh the notification count displayed in the header\n00557| refresh()\n00558| }\n00559| ```\n00560| \n00561| Use it when you need to refresh the client router after performing an action.\n00562| \n00563| ### cacheLife and cacheTag\n00564| \n00565| [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife) and [`cacheTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag) are now stable. The `unstable_` prefix is no longer needed.\n00566| \n00567| Wherever you had aliased imports like:\n00568| \n00569| ```ts\n00570| import {\n00571| unstable_cacheLife as cacheLife,\n00572| unstable_cacheTag as cacheTag,\n00573| } from 'next/cache'\n00574| ```\n00575| \n00576| You can update your imports to:\n00577| \n00578| ```ts\n00579| import { cacheLife, cacheTag } from 'next/cache'\n00580| ```\n00581| \n00582| ## Enhanced Routing and Navigation\n00583| \n00584| **Next.js 16** includes a complete overhaul of the routing and navigation system, making page transitions leaner and faster. This optimizes how Next.js prefetches and caches navigation data:\n00585| \n00586| - **Layout deduplication**: When prefetching multiple URLs with a shared layout, the layout is downloaded once.\n00587| - **Incremental prefetching**: Next.js only prefetches parts not already in cache, rather than entire pages.\n00588| \n00589| These changes require **no code modifications** and are designed to improve performance across all apps.\n00590| \n00591| However, you may see more individual prefetch requests with much lower total transfer sizes. We believe this is the right trade-off for nearly all applications.\n00592| \n00593| If the increased request count causes issues, please let us know by creating an [issue](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues) or [discussion](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions) item.\n00594| \n00595| ## Partial Prerendering (PPR)\n00596| \n00597| **Next.js 16** removes the experimental **Partial Prerendering (PPR)** flag and configuration options, including the route level segment `experimental_ppr`.\n00598| \n00599| Starting with **Next.js 16**, you can opt into PPR using the [`cacheComponents`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) configuration.\n00600| \n00601| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00602| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00603| const nextConfig = {\n00604| cacheComponents: true,\n00605| }\n00606| \n00607| module.exports = nextConfig\n00608| ```\n00609| \n00610| PPR in **Next.js 16** works differently than in **Next.js 15** canaries. If you are using PPR today, stay in the current Next.js 15 canary you are using. See [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components) for migration patterns.\n00611| \n00612| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00613| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00614| const nextConfig = {\n00615| // If you are using PPR today\n00616| // stay in the current Next.js 15 canary\n00617| experimental: {\n00618| ppr: true,\n00619| },\n00620| }\n00621| \n00622| module.exports = nextConfig\n00623| ```\n00624| \n00625| ## `middleware` to `proxy`\n00626| \n00627| The `middleware` filename is deprecated, and has been renamed to `proxy` to clarify network boundary and routing focus.\n00628| \n00629| The `edge` runtime is **NOT** supported in `proxy`. The `proxy` runtime is `nodejs`, and it cannot be configured. If you want to continue using the `edge` runtime, keep using `middleware`. We will follow up on a minor release with further `edge` runtime instructions.\n00630| \n00631| ```bash filename=\"Terminal\"\n00632| # Rename your middleware file\n00633| mv middleware.ts proxy.ts\n00634| # or\n00635| mv middleware.js proxy.js\n00636| ```\n00637| \n00638| The named export `middleware` is also deprecated. Rename your function to `proxy`.\n00639| \n00640| ```ts filename=\"proxy.ts\" switcher\n00641| export function proxy(request: Request) {}\n00642| ```\n00643| \n00644| ```js filename=\"proxy.js\" switcher\n00645| export function proxy(request) {}\n00646| ```\n00647| \n00648| We recommend changing the function name to `proxy`, even if you are using a default export.\n00649| \n00650| Configuration flags that contained the `middleware` name are also renamed. For example, `skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize` is now `skipProxyUrlNormalize`\n00651| \n00652| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00653| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00654| \n00655| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00656| skipProxyUrlNormalize: true,\n00657| }\n00658| \n00659| export default nextConfig\n00660| ```\n00661| \n00662| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00663| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00664| const nextConfig = {\n00665| skipProxyUrlNormalize: true,\n00666| }\n00667| \n00668| module.exports = nextConfig\n00669| ```\n00670| \n00671| The version 16 [codemod](/docs/app/guides/upgrading/codemods#160) is able to update these flags too.\n00672| \n00673| ## `next/image` changes\n00674| \n00675| ### Local Images with Query Strings (Breaking change)\n00676| \n00677| Local image sources with query strings now require `images.localPatterns.search` configuration to prevent enumeration attacks.\n00678| \n00679| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n00680| import Image from 'next/image'\n00681| \n00682| export default function Page() {\n00683| return \n00684| }\n00685| ```\n00686| \n00687| If you need to use query strings with local images, add the pattern to your configuration:\n00688| \n00689| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00690| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00691| \n00692| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00693| images: {\n00694| localPatterns: [\n00695| {\n00696| pathname: '/assets/**',\n00697| search: '?v=1',\n00698| },\n00699| ],\n00700| },\n00701| }\n00702| \n00703| export default nextConfig\n00704| ```\n00705| \n00706| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00707| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00708| const nextConfig = {\n00709| images: {\n00710| localPatterns: [\n00711| {\n00712| pathname: '/assets/**',\n00713| search: '?v=1',\n00714| },\n00715| ],\n00716| },\n00717| }\n00718| \n00719| module.exports = nextConfig\n00720| ```\n00721| \n00722| ### `minimumCacheTTL` Default (Breaking change)\n00723| \n00724| The default value for `images.minimumCacheTTL` has changed from `60 seconds` to `4 hours` (14400 seconds). This reduces revalidation cost for images without cache-control headers.\n00725| \n00726| For some Next.js users, image revalidation was happening frequently, often because the upstream source images missed a `cache-control` header. This caused revalidation to happen every `60` seconds, which increased CPU usage and cost.\n00727| \n00728| Since most images do not change often, this short interval is not ideal. Setting the default to 4 hours offers a more durable cache by default, while still allowing images to update a few times per day if needed.\n00729| \n00730| If you need the previous behavior, change `minimumCacheTTL` to a lower value, for example back to `60` seconds:\n00731| \n00732| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00733| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00734| \n00735| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00736| images: {\n00737| minimumCacheTTL: 60,\n00738| },\n00739| }\n00740| \n00741| export default nextConfig\n00742| ```\n00743| \n00744| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00745| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00746| const nextConfig = {\n00747| images: {\n00748| minimumCacheTTL: 60,\n00749| },\n00750| }\n00751| \n00752| module.exports = nextConfig\n00753| ```\n00754| \n00755| ### `imageSizes` Default (Breaking change)\n00756| \n00757| The value `16` has been removed from the default `images.imageSizes` array.\n00758| \n00759| We have looked at request analytics and found out that very few projects ever serve 16 pixels width images. Removing this setting reduces the size of the `srcset` attribute shipped to the browser by `next/image`.\n00760| \n00761| If you need to support 16px images:\n00762| \n00763| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00764| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00765| \n00766| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00767| images: {\n00768| imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384],\n00769| },\n00770| }\n00771| \n00772| export default nextConfig\n00773| ```\n00774| \n00775| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00776| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00777| const nextConfig = {\n00778| images: {\n00779| imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384],\n00780| },\n00781| }\n00782| \n00783| module.exports = nextConfig\n00784| ```\n00785| \n00786| Rather than lack of developer usage, we believe 16 pixels width images have become less common, because `devicePixelRatio: 2` actually fetches a 32px image to prevent blurriness in retina displays.\n00787| \n00788| ### `qualities` Default (Breaking change)\n00789| \n00790| The default value for `images.qualities` has changed from allowing all qualities to only `[75]`.\n00791| \n00792| If you need to support multiple quality levels:\n00793| \n00794| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00795| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00796| \n00797| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00798| images: {\n00799| qualities: [50, 75, 100],\n00800| },\n00801| }\n00802| \n00803| export default nextConfig\n00804| ```\n00805| \n00806| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00807| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00808| const nextConfig = {\n00809| images: {\n00810| qualities: [50, 75, 100],\n00811| },\n00812| }\n00813| \n00814| module.exports = nextConfig\n00815| ```\n00816| \n00817| If you specify a `quality` prop not included in the `image.qualities` array, the quality will be coerced to the closest value in `images.qualities`. For example, given the configuration above, a `quality` prop of 80, is coerced to 75.\n00818| \n00819| ### Local IP Restriction (Breaking change)\n00820| \n00821| A new security restriction blocks local IP optimization by default. Set `images.dangerouslyAllowLocalIP` to `true` only for private networks.\n00822| \n00823| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00824| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00825| \n00826| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00827| images: {\n00828| dangerouslyAllowLocalIP: true, // Only for private networks\n00829| },\n00830| }\n00831| \n00832| export default nextConfig\n00833| ```\n00834| \n00835| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00836| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00837| const nextConfig = {\n00838| images: {\n00839| dangerouslyAllowLocalIP: true, // Only for private networks\n00840| },\n00841| }\n00842| \n00843| module.exports = nextConfig\n00844| ```\n00845| \n00846| This might be necessary when hosting Next.js in a VPC with split-horizon DNS and you receive status 400 Bad Request. Only enable once you understand the SSRF risk.\n00847| \n00848| ### Maximum Redirects (Breaking change)\n00849| \n00850| The default for `images.maximumRedirects` has changed from unlimited to 3 redirects maximum.\n00851| \n00852| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00853| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00854| \n00855| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00856| images: {\n00857| maximumRedirects: 0, // Disable redirects\n00858| // or\n00859| maximumRedirects: 5, // Increase for edge cases\n00860| },\n00861| }\n00862| \n00863| export default nextConfig\n00864| ```\n00865| \n00866| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00867| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00868| const nextConfig = {\n00869| images: {\n00870| maximumRedirects: 0, // Disable redirects\n00871| // or\n00872| maximumRedirects: 5, // Increase for edge cases\n00873| },\n00874| }\n00875| \n00876| module.exports = nextConfig\n00877| ```\n00878| \n00879| ### `next/legacy/image` Component (deprecated)\n00880| \n00881| The `next/legacy/image` component is deprecated. Use `next/image` instead:\n00882| \n00883| ```tsx\n00884| // Before\n00885| import Image from 'next/legacy/image'\n00886| \n00887| // After\n00888| import Image from 'next/image'\n00889| ```\n00890| \n00891| ### `images.domains` Configuration (deprecated)\n00892| \n00893| The `images.domains` config is deprecated.\n00894| \n00895| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00896| // image.domains is deprecated\n00897| module.exports = {\n00898| images: {\n00899| domains: ['example.com'],\n00900| },\n00901| }\n00902| ```\n00903| \n00904| Use `images.remotePatterns` instead for improved security:\n00905| \n00906| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n00907| // Use image.remotePatterns instead\n00908| module.exports = {\n00909| images: {\n00910| remotePatterns: [\n00911| {\n00912| protocol: 'https',\n00913| hostname: 'example.com',\n00914| },\n00915| ],\n00916| },\n00917| }\n00918| ```\n00919| \n00920| ## Concurrent `dev` and `build`\n00921| \n00922| `next dev` and `next build` now use separate output directories, enabling concurrent execution. The `next dev` command outputs to `.next/dev`.\n00923| \n00924| Additionally, a lockfile mechanism prevents multiple `next dev` or `next build` instances on the same project.\n00925| \n00926| The [Turbopack tracing command](/docs/app/guides/local-development#turbopack-tracing) should be:\n00927| \n00928| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n00929| pnpm next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00930| ```\n00931| \n00932| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n00933| npx next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00934| ```\n00935| \n00936| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n00937| yarn next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00938| ```\n00939| \n00940| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n00941| bunx next internal trace .next-profiles/trace-turbopack\n00942| ```\n00943| \n00944| ## Parallel Routes `default.js` requirement\n00945| \n00946| All [parallel route](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/parallel-routes) slots now require explicit `default.js` files. Builds will fail without them.\n00947| \n00948| To maintain previous behavior, create a [`default.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) file that calls `notFound()` or returns `null`.\n00949| \n00950| ```tsx filename=\"app/@modal/default.tsx\"\n00951| import { notFound } from 'next/navigation'\n00952| \n00953| export default function Default() {\n00954| notFound()\n00955| }\n00956| ```\n00957| \n00958| Or return `null`:\n00959| \n00960| ```tsx filename=\"app/@modal/default.tsx\"\n00961| export default function Default() {\n00962| return null\n00963| }\n00964| ```\n00965| \n00966| ## ESLint Flat Config\n00967| \n00968| `@next/eslint-plugin-next` now defaults to ESLint Flat Config format, aligning with ESLint v10 which will drop legacy config support.\n00969| \n00970| Make sure to review our API reference for the [`@next/eslint-plugin-next`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/eslint#setup-eslint) plugin.\n00971| \n00972| If you're using the legacy `.eslintrc` format, consider migrating to the flat config format. See the [ESLint migration guide](https://eslint.org/docs/latest/use/configure/migration-guide) for details.\n00973| \n00974| ## Scroll Behavior Override\n00975| \n00976| In **previous versions of Next.js**, if you had set `scroll-behavior: smooth` globally on your `` element via CSS, Next.js would override this during SPA route transitions, as follows:\n00977| \n00978| 1. Temporarily set `scroll-behavior` to `auto`\n00979| 2. Perform the navigation (causing instant scroll to top)\n00980| 3. Restore your original `scroll-behavior` value\n00981| \n00982| This ensured that page navigation always felt snappy and instant, even when you had smooth scrolling enabled for in-page navigation. However, this manipulation could be expensive, especially at the start of every navigation.\n00983| \n00984| In **Next.js 16**, this behavior has changed. By default, Next.js will **no longer override** your `scroll-behavior` setting during navigation.\n00985| \n00986| **If you want Next.js to perform this override** (the previous default behavior), add the `data-scroll-behavior=\"smooth\"` attribute to your `` element:\n00987| \n00988| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\"\n00989| export default function RootLayout({ children }) {\n00990| return (\n00991| \n00992| {children}\n00993| \n00994| )\n00995| }\n00996| ```\n00997| \n00998| ## Performance Improvements\n00999| \n01000| Significant performance optimizations for `next dev` and `next start` commands, along with improved terminal output with clearer formatting, better error messages, and improved performance metrics.\n01001| \n01002| **Next.js 16** removes the `size` and `First Load JS` metrics from the `next build` output. We found these to be inaccurate in server-driven architectures using React Server Components. Both our Turbopack and Webpack implementations had issues, and disagreed on how to account for Client Components payload.\n01003| \n01004| The most effective way to measure actual route performance is through tools such as [Chrome Lighthouse](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/overview) or Vercel Analytics, which focus on Core Web Vitals and downloaded resource sizes.\n01005| \n01006| ### `next dev` config load\n01007| \n01008| In previous versions the Next config file was loaded twice during development:\n01009| \n01010| - When running the `next dev` command\n01011| - When the `next dev` command started the Next.js server\n01012| \n01013| This was inefficient because the `next dev` command doesn't need the config file to start the Next.js server.\n01014| \n01015| A consequence of this change is that, when running `next dev` checking if `process.argv` includes `'dev'`, in your Next.js config file, will return `false`.\n01016| \n01017| > **Good to know**: The `typegen`, and `build` commands, are still visible in `process.argv`.\n01018| \n01019| This is specially important for plugins that trigger side-effects on `next dev`. If that's the case, it might be enough to check if `NODE_ENV` is set to `development`.\n01020| \n01021| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01022| import { startServer } from 'docs-lib/dev-server'\n01023| \n01024| const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development'\n01025| \n01026| if (isDev) {\n01027| startServer()\n01028| }\n01029| \n01030| const nextConfig = {\n01031| /* Your config options */\n01032| }\n01033| \n01034| module.exports = nextConfig\n01035| ```\n01036| \n01037| Alternatively, use the [`phase`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js#phase) in which the configuration is loaded.\n01038| \n01039| ## Build Adapters API (alpha)\n01040| \n01041| Following the [Build Adapters RFC](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/77740), the first alpha version of the Build Adapters API is now available.\n01042| \n01043| Build Adapters allow you to create custom adapters that hook into the build process, enabling deployment platforms and custom build integrations to modify Next.js configuration or process build output.\n01044| \n01045| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01046| const nextConfig = {\n01047| experimental: {\n01048| adapterPath: require.resolve('./my-adapter.js'),\n01049| },\n01050| }\n01051| \n01052| module.exports = nextConfig\n01053| ```\n01054| \n01055| `adapterPath` was promoted to a stable, top-level option in 16.2.0. See [`adapterPath`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/adapterPath) for the current API reference.\n01056| \n01057| ## Modern Sass API\n01058| \n01059| `sass-loader` has been bumped to v16, which supports [modern Sass syntax](https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/#md:usage) and new features.\n01060| \n01061| ## Removals\n01062| \n01063| These features were previously deprecated and are now removed:\n01064| \n01065| ### AMP Support\n01066| \n01067| AMP adoption has declined significantly, and maintaining this feature adds complexity to the framework. All AMP APIs and configurations have been removed:\n01068| \n01069| - `amp` configuration from your Next config file\n01070| - `next/amp` hook imports and usage (`useAmp`)\n01071| \n01072| ```tsx\n01073| // Removed\n01074| import { useAmp } from 'next/amp'\n01075| \n01076| // Removed\n01077| export const config = { amp: true }\n01078| ```\n01079| \n01080| - `export const config = { amp: true }` from pages\n01081| \n01082| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01083| const nextConfig = {\n01084| // Removed\n01085| amp: {\n01086| canonicalBase: 'https://example.com',\n01087| },\n01088| }\n01089| \n01090| export default nextConfig\n01091| ```\n01092| \n01093| Evaluate if AMP is still necessary for your use case. Most performance benefits can now be achieved through Next.js's built-in optimizations and modern web standards.\n01094| \n01095| ### `next lint` Command\n01096| \n01097| The `next lint` command has been removed. Use Biome or ESLint directly. `next build` no longer runs linting.\n01098| \n01099| A codemod is available to automate migration:\n01100| \n01101| ```bash package=\"pnpm\"\n01102| pnpm dlx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01103| ```\n01104| \n01105| ```bash package=\"npm\"\n01106| npx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01107| ```\n01108| \n01109| ```bash package=\"yarn\"\n01110| yarn dlx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01111| ```\n01112| \n01113| ```bash package=\"bun\"\n01114| bunx @next/codemod@canary next-lint-to-eslint-cli .\n01115| ```\n01116| \n01117| The `eslint` option in the Next.js config file is also removed.\n01118| \n01119| ```js filename=\"next.config.mjs\"\n01120| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n01121| const nextConfig = {\n01122| // No longer supported\n01123| // eslint: {},\n01124| }\n01125| \n01126| export default nextConfig\n01127| ```\n01128| \n01129| ### Runtime Configuration\n01130| \n01131| `serverRuntimeConfig` and `publicRuntimeConfig` have been removed. Use environment variables instead.\n01132| \n01133| **Before (Next.js 15):**\n01134| \n01135| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01136| module.exports = {\n01137| serverRuntimeConfig: {\n01138| dbUrl: process.env.DATABASE_URL,\n01139| },\n01140| publicRuntimeConfig: {\n01141| apiUrl: '/api',\n01142| },\n01143| }\n01144| ```\n01145| \n01146| ```tsx filename=\"pages/index.tsx\"\n01147| import getConfig from 'next/config'\n01148| \n01149| export default function Page() {\n01150| const { publicRuntimeConfig } = getConfig()\n01151| return API URL: {publicRuntimeConfig.apiUrl}
\n01152| }\n01153| ```\n01154| \n01155| **After (Next.js 16):**\n01156| \n01157| For server-only values, access environment variables directly in Server Components:\n01158| \n01159| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n01160| async function fetchData() {\n01161| const dbUrl = process.env.DATABASE_URL\n01162| // Use for server-side operations only\n01163| return await db.query(dbUrl, 'SELECT * FROM users')\n01164| }\n01165| \n01166| export default async function Page() {\n01167| const data = await fetchData()\n01168| return {/* render data */}
\n01169| }\n01170| ```\n01171| \n01172| > **Good to know**: Use the [taint API](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/taint) to prevent accidentally passing sensitive server values to Client Components.\n01173| \n01174| For client-accessible values, use the `NEXT_PUBLIC_` prefix:\n01175| \n01176| ```bash filename=\".env.local\"\n01177| NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL=\"/api\"\n01178| ```\n01179| \n01180| ```tsx filename=\"app/components/client-component.tsx\"\n01181| 'use client'\n01182| \n01183| export default function ClientComponent() {\n01184| const apiUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL\n01185| return API URL: {apiUrl}
\n01186| }\n01187| ```\n01188| \n01189| To ensure environment variables are read at runtime (not bundled at build time), use the [`connection()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/connection) function before reading from `process.env`:\n01190| \n01191| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\"\n01192| import { connection } from 'next/server'\n01193| \n01194| export default async function Page() {\n01195| await connection()\n01196| const config = process.env.RUNTIME_CONFIG\n01197| return {config}
\n01198| }\n01199| ```\n01200| \n01201| Learn more about [environment variables](/docs/app/guides/environment-variables).\n01202| \n01203| ### `devIndicators` Options\n01204| \n01205| The following options have been removed from [`devIndicators`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/devIndicators):\n01206| \n01207| - `appIsrStatus`\n01208| - `buildActivity`\n01209| - `buildActivityPosition`\n01210| \n01211| The indicator itself remains available.\n01212| \n01213| ### `experimental.dynamicIO` and `experimental.useCache`\n01214| \n01215| The `experimental.dynamicIO` and `experimental.useCache` flags are deprecated. Use top-level [`cacheComponents`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) instead.\n01216| \n01217| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01218| // Before: experimental.useCache\n01219| module.exports = {\n01220| experimental: {\n01221| useCache: true,\n01222| },\n01223| }\n01224| ```\n01225| \n01226| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\"\n01227| // Before: experimental.dynamicIO\n01228| module.exports = {\n01229| experimental: {\n01230| dynamicIO: true,\n01231| },\n01232| }\n01233| ```\n01234| \n01235| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n01236| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n01237| \n01238| // After\n01239| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n01240| cacheComponents: true,\n01241| }\n01242| \n01243| export default nextConfig\n01244| ```\n01245| \n01246| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n01247| // After\n01248| module.exports = {\n01249| cacheComponents: true,\n01250| }\n01251| ```\n01252| \n01253| For more on Cache Components, see [Migrating to Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/migrating-to-cache-components).\n01254| \n01255| ### `unstable_rootParams`\n01256| \n01257| The `unstable_rootParams` function has been removed. Use [`next/root-params`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-root-params) instead.\n01258| \n\n(End of file - total 1258 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/upgrading/version-16.md",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "---\ntitle: How to upgrade to version 16\nnav_title: Version 16\ndescription: Upgrade your Next.js Application from Version 15 to 16.\n---\n\n{/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n\n## Upgrading from 15 to 16\n\n### Using AI Agents with Next.js DevTools MCP\n\nIf you're using an AI coding assistant that supports the [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io), you can use the **Next.js DevTools MCP** to automate the upgrade process and migration tasks.\n\n#### Setup\n\nAdd the following configuration to your MCP client, for each coding agent you can read [this section](https://github.com/vercel/next-devtools-mcp#mcp-client-configuration) for configuration details.\n\n**example:**\n"
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+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:20.388Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "I now have everything I need. The docs are explicit:\n\n- `connection()` from `next/server` is the **recommended** approach. Its doc states: *\"useful when a component doesn't use Request-time APIs like `cookies` or `headers`, but still needs to produce different output per request, such as `Math.random()` or `new Date()`\"* — exactly our case.\n- `unstable_noStore` is deprecated (v15+) in favor of `connection`.\n- Route segment config `dynamic`/`revalidate`/`fetchCache` are **removed** in v16 (when Cache Components is on), so `export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'` is not the recommended path.\n\nLet me verify `connection` is exported from `next/server` in this canary build, then write the component.",
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+ "messageID": "msg_ed14bfb4a001rSz42zZJe1Tfk5",
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+ "text": "I now have everything I need. The docs are explicit:\n\n- `connection()` from `next/server` is the **recommended** approach. Its doc states: *\"useful when a component doesn't use Request-time APIs like `cookies` or `headers`, but still needs to produce different output per request, such as `Math.random()` or `new Date()`\"* — exactly our case.\n- `unstable_noStore` is deprecated (v15+) in favor of `connection`.\n- Route segment config `dynamic`/`revalidate`/`fetchCache` are **removed** in v16 (when Cache Components is on), so `export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'` is not the recommended path.\n\nLet me verify `connection` is exported from `next/server` in this canary build, then write the component.",
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+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:20.388Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
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+ "path": "/workspace/node_modules/next/server.d.ts"
+ }
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+ "state": {
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+ "input": {
+ "pattern": "connection",
+ "path": "/workspace/node_modules/next/server.d.ts"
+ },
+ "output": "Found 1 matches\n/workspace/node_modules/next/server.d.ts:\n Line 22: export { connection } from 'next/dist/server/request/connection'",
+ "title": "connection",
+ "metadata": {
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+ "type": "tool_result",
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+ "result": "Found 1 matches\n/workspace/node_modules/next/server.d.ts:\n Line 22: export { connection } from 'next/dist/server/request/connection'",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "pattern": "connection",
+ "path": "/workspace/node_modules/next/server.d.ts"
+ },
+ "output": "Found 1 matches\n/workspace/node_modules/next/server.d.ts:\n Line 22: export { connection } from 'next/dist/server/request/connection'",
+ "title": "connection",
+ "metadata": {
+ "matches": 1,
+ "truncated": false
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627900386,
+ "end": 1781627900388
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:20.400Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && grep -rn \"connection\" node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/reject.ts node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/ 2>/dev/null | grep -i connection | head -20; echo \"---types---\"; grep -rn \"export.*connection\" node_modules/next/types/index.d.ts node_modules/next/dist/**/*.d.ts 2>/dev/null | grep -i \"connection\" | head -20",
+ "description": "Verify connection export from next/server",
+ "_extractedCommand": "cd /workspace && grep -rn \"connection\" node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/reject.ts node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/ 2>/dev/null | grep -i connection | head -20; echo \"---types---\"; grep -rn \"export.*connection\" node_modules/next/types/index.d.ts node_modules/next/dist/**/*.d.ts 2>/dev/null | grep -i \"connection\" | head -20"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627900400,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14c51dc001Htk6Cir2gXgM19",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14bfb4a001rSz42zZJe1Tfk5",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_1a5107b44daf4b9894996b21",
+ "tool": "bash",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && grep -rn \"connection\" node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/reject.ts node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/ 2>/dev/null | grep -i connection | head -20; echo \"---types---\"; grep -rn \"export.*connection\" node_modules/next/types/index.d.ts node_modules/next/dist/**/*.d.ts 2>/dev/null | grep -i \"connection\" | head -20",
+ "description": "Verify connection export from next/server"
+ },
+ "output": "node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js:144: const error = Object.defineProperty(new Error(`Route ${store.route} used ${expression} without first calling \\`await connection()\\`.`), \"__NEXT_ERROR_CODE\", {\nnode_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js.map:1:{\"version\":3,\"sources\":[\"../../../../src/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.ts\"],\"sourcesContent\":[\"import {\\n abortAndThrowOnSynchronousRequestDataAccess,\\n postponeWithTracking,\\n} from '../../app-render/dynamic-rendering'\\nimport { isDynamicRoute } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils'\\nimport {\\n NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID,\\n NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH,\\n} from '../../../lib/constants'\\nimport { workAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-async-storage.external'\\nimport { workUnitAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-unit-async-storage.external'\\nimport { DynamicServerError } from '../../../client/components/hooks-server-context'\\nimport { InvariantError } from '../../../shared/lib/invariant-error'\\nimport {\\n ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly,\\n ActionDidRevalidateStaticAndDynamic as ActionDidRevalidate,\\n} from '../../../shared/lib/action-revalidation-kind'\\nimport { removeTrailingSlash } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils/remove-trailing-slash'\\nimport { encodeCacheTag } from '../../lib/encode-cache-tag'\\n\\ntype CacheLifeConfig = {\\n expire?: number\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n *\\n * The second argument specifies a [`cacheLife`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile\\n * (e.g. `\\\"max\\\"`), or a `{ expire }` object. For immediate expiration in Server Actions, use\\n * [`updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) instead.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag)\\n */\\nexport function revalidateTag(tag: string, profile: string | CacheLifeConfig) {\\n if (!profile) {\\n console.warn(\\n '\\\"revalidateTag\\\" without the second argument is now deprecated, add second argument of \\\"max\\\" or use \\\"updateTag\\\". See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/revalidate-tag-single-arg'\\n )\\n }\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `revalidateTag ${tag}`, profile)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to update [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n * This can only be called from within a Server Action to enable read-your-own-writes semantics.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag)\\n */\\nexport function updateTag(tag: string) {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n // TODO: change this after investigating why phase: 'action' is\\n // set for route handlers\\n if (!workStore || workStore.page.endsWith('/route')) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'updateTag can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'To invalidate cache tags in Route Handlers or other contexts, use revalidateTag instead. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag'\\n )\\n }\\n // updateTag uses immediate expiration (no profile) without deprecation warning\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `updateTag ${tag}`, undefined)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to refresh client cache from server actions.\\n * It's useful as dynamic data can be cached on the client which won't\\n * be refreshed by updateTag\\n */\\nexport function refresh() {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n if (\\n !workStore ||\\n workStore.page.endsWith('/route') ||\\n workUnitStore?.phase !== 'action'\\n ) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'refresh can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh'\\n )\\n }\\n\\n if (workStore) {\\n // The Server Action version of refresh() only revalidates the dynamic data\\n // on the client. It doesn't affect cached data.\\n workStore.pathWasRevalidated = ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly\\n }\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific path.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidatePath`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath)\\n */\\nexport function revalidatePath(originalPath: string, type?: 'layout' | 'page') {\\n if (originalPath.length > NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH) {\\n console.warn(\\n `Warning: revalidatePath received \\\"${originalPath}\\\" which exceeded max length of ${NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH}. 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To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n }\\n\\n switch (workUnitStore.type) {\\n case 'cache':\\n case 'private-cache':\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" inside a \\\"use cache\\\" which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n case 'unstable-cache':\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" inside a function cached with \\\"unstable_cache(...)\\\" which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. 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+ "title": "Verify connection export from next/server",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js:144: const error = Object.defineProperty(new Error(`Route ${store.route} used ${expression} without first calling \\`await connection()\\`.`), \"__NEXT_ERROR_CODE\", {\nnode_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js.map:1:{\"version\":3,\"sources\":[\"../../../../src/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.ts\"],\"sourcesContent\":[\"import {\\n abortAndThrowOnSynchronousRequestDataAccess,\\n postponeWithTracking,\\n} from '../../app-render/dynamic-rendering'\\nimport { isDynamicRoute } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils'\\nimport {\\n NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID,\\n NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH,\\n} from '../../../lib/constants'\\nimport { workAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-async-storage.external'\\nimport { workUnitAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-unit-async-storage.external'\\nimport { DynamicServerError } from '../../../client/components/hooks-server-context'\\nimport { InvariantError } from '../../../shared/lib/invariant-error'\\nimport {\\n ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly,\\n ActionDidRevalidateStaticAndDynamic as ActionDidRevalidate,\\n} from '../../../shared/lib/action-revalidation-kind'\\nimport { removeTrailingSlash } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils/remove-trailing-slash'\\nimport { encodeCacheTag } from '../../lib/encode-cache-tag'\\n\\ntype CacheLifeConfig = {\\n expire?: number\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n *\\n * The second argument specifies a [`cacheLife`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile\\n * (e.g. `\\\"max\\\"`), or a `{ expire }` object. For immediate expiration in Server Actions, use\\n * [`updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) instead.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag)\\n */\\nexport function revalidateTag(tag: string, profile: string | CacheLifeConfig) {\\n if (!profile) {\\n console.warn(\\n '\\\"revalidateTag\\\" without the second argument is now deprecated, add second argument of \\\"max\\\" or use \\\"updateTag\\\". See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/revalidate-tag-single-arg'\\n )\\n }\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `revalidateTag ${tag}`, profile)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to update [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n * This can only be called from within a Server Action to enable read-your-own-writes semantics.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag)\\n */\\nexport function updateTag(tag: string) {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n // TODO: change this after investigating why phase: 'action' is\\n // set for route handlers\\n if (!workStore || workStore.page.endsWith('/route')) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'updateTag can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'To invalidate cache tags in Route Handlers or other contexts, use revalidateTag instead. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag'\\n )\\n }\\n // updateTag uses immediate expiration (no profile) without deprecation warning\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `updateTag ${tag}`, undefined)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to refresh client cache from server actions.\\n * It's useful as dynamic data can be cached on the client which won't\\n * be refreshed by updateTag\\n */\\nexport function refresh() {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n if (\\n !workStore ||\\n workStore.page.endsWith('/route') ||\\n workUnitStore?.phase !== 'action'\\n ) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'refresh can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh'\\n )\\n }\\n\\n if (workStore) {\\n // The Server Action version of refresh() only revalidates the dynamic data\\n // on the client. It doesn't affect cached data.\\n workStore.pathWasRevalidated = ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly\\n }\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific path.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidatePath`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath)\\n */\\nexport function revalidatePath(originalPath: string, type?: 'layout' | 'page') {\\n if (originalPath.length > NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH) {\\n console.warn(\\n `Warning: revalidatePath received \\\"${originalPath}\\\" which exceeded max length of ${NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH}. See more info here https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath`\\n )\\n return\\n }\\n\\n let normalizedPath = `${NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID}${encodeCacheTag(removeTrailingSlash(originalPath))}`\\n\\n if (type) {\\n normalizedPath += `${normalizedPath.endsWith('/') ? '' : '/'}${type}`\\n } else if (isDynamicRoute(originalPath)) {\\n console.warn(\\n `Warning: a dynamic page path \\\"${originalPath}\\\" was passed to \\\"revalidatePath\\\", but the \\\"type\\\" parameter is missing. 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To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n }\\n\\n switch (workUnitStore.type) {\\n case 'cache':\\n case 'private-cache':\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" inside a \\\"use cache\\\" which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n case 'unstable-cache':\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" inside a function cached with \\\"unstable_cache(...)\\\" which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. 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See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n case 'prerender':\\n case 'prerender-runtime':\\n // cacheComponents Prerender\\n const error = new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used ${expression} without first calling \\\\`await connection()\\\\`.`\\n )\\n return abortAndThrowOnSynchronousRequestDataAccess(\\n store.route,\\n expression,\\n error,\\n workUnitStore\\n )\\n case 'prerender-client':\\n case 'validation-client':\\n throw new InvariantError(\\n `${expression} must not be used within a client component. 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+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Verify connection export from next/server"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627900381,
+ "end": 1781627900398
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:20.400Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "result": "node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js:144: const error = Object.defineProperty(new Error(`Route ${store.route} used ${expression} without first calling \\`await connection()\\`.`), \"__NEXT_ERROR_CODE\", {\nnode_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js.map:1:{\"version\":3,\"sources\":[\"../../../../src/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.ts\"],\"sourcesContent\":[\"import {\\n abortAndThrowOnSynchronousRequestDataAccess,\\n postponeWithTracking,\\n} from '../../app-render/dynamic-rendering'\\nimport { isDynamicRoute } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils'\\nimport {\\n NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID,\\n NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH,\\n} from '../../../lib/constants'\\nimport { workAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-async-storage.external'\\nimport { workUnitAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-unit-async-storage.external'\\nimport { DynamicServerError } from '../../../client/components/hooks-server-context'\\nimport { InvariantError } from '../../../shared/lib/invariant-error'\\nimport {\\n ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly,\\n ActionDidRevalidateStaticAndDynamic as ActionDidRevalidate,\\n} from '../../../shared/lib/action-revalidation-kind'\\nimport { removeTrailingSlash } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils/remove-trailing-slash'\\nimport { encodeCacheTag } from '../../lib/encode-cache-tag'\\n\\ntype CacheLifeConfig = {\\n expire?: number\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n *\\n * The second argument specifies a [`cacheLife`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile\\n * (e.g. `\\\"max\\\"`), or a `{ expire }` object. 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' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag'\\n )\\n }\\n // updateTag uses immediate expiration (no profile) without deprecation warning\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `updateTag ${tag}`, undefined)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to refresh client cache from server actions.\\n * It's useful as dynamic data can be cached on the client which won't\\n * be refreshed by updateTag\\n */\\nexport function refresh() {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n if (\\n !workStore ||\\n workStore.page.endsWith('/route') ||\\n workUnitStore?.phase !== 'action'\\n ) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'refresh can only be called from within a Server Action. 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+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && grep -rn \"connection\" node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/reject.ts node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/ 2>/dev/null | grep -i connection | head -20; echo \"---types---\"; grep -rn \"export.*connection\" node_modules/next/types/index.d.ts node_modules/next/dist/**/*.d.ts 2>/dev/null | grep -i \"connection\" | head -20",
+ "description": "Verify connection export from next/server"
+ },
+ "output": "node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js:144: const error = Object.defineProperty(new Error(`Route ${store.route} used ${expression} without first calling \\`await connection()\\`.`), \"__NEXT_ERROR_CODE\", {\nnode_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js.map:1:{\"version\":3,\"sources\":[\"../../../../src/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.ts\"],\"sourcesContent\":[\"import {\\n abortAndThrowOnSynchronousRequestDataAccess,\\n postponeWithTracking,\\n} from '../../app-render/dynamic-rendering'\\nimport { isDynamicRoute } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils'\\nimport {\\n NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID,\\n NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH,\\n} from '../../../lib/constants'\\nimport { workAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-async-storage.external'\\nimport { workUnitAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-unit-async-storage.external'\\nimport { DynamicServerError } from '../../../client/components/hooks-server-context'\\nimport { InvariantError } from '../../../shared/lib/invariant-error'\\nimport {\\n ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly,\\n ActionDidRevalidateStaticAndDynamic as ActionDidRevalidate,\\n} from '../../../shared/lib/action-revalidation-kind'\\nimport { removeTrailingSlash } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils/remove-trailing-slash'\\nimport { encodeCacheTag } from '../../lib/encode-cache-tag'\\n\\ntype CacheLifeConfig = {\\n expire?: number\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n *\\n * The second argument specifies a [`cacheLife`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile\\n * (e.g. `\\\"max\\\"`), or a `{ expire }` object. 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See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/revalidate-tag-single-arg'\\n )\\n }\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `revalidateTag ${tag}`, profile)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to update [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n * This can only be called from within a Server Action to enable read-your-own-writes semantics.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag)\\n */\\nexport function updateTag(tag: string) {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n // TODO: change this after investigating why phase: 'action' is\\n // set for route handlers\\n if (!workStore || workStore.page.endsWith('/route')) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'updateTag can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'To invalidate cache tags in Route Handlers or other contexts, use revalidateTag instead. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag'\\n )\\n }\\n // updateTag uses immediate expiration (no profile) without deprecation warning\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `updateTag ${tag}`, undefined)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to refresh client cache from server actions.\\n * It's useful as dynamic data can be cached on the client which won't\\n * be refreshed by updateTag\\n */\\nexport function refresh() {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n if (\\n !workStore ||\\n workStore.page.endsWith('/route') ||\\n workUnitStore?.phase !== 'action'\\n ) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'refresh can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh'\\n )\\n }\\n\\n if (workStore) {\\n // The Server Action version of refresh() only revalidates the dynamic data\\n // on the client. It doesn't affect cached data.\\n workStore.pathWasRevalidated = ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly\\n }\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific path.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidatePath`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath)\\n */\\nexport function revalidatePath(originalPath: string, type?: 'layout' | 'page') {\\n if (originalPath.length > NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH) {\\n console.warn(\\n `Warning: revalidatePath received \\\"${originalPath}\\\" which exceeded max length of ${NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH}. 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+ "title": "Verify connection export from next/server",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js:144: const error = Object.defineProperty(new Error(`Route ${store.route} used ${expression} without first calling \\`await connection()\\`.`), \"__NEXT_ERROR_CODE\", {\nnode_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js.map:1:{\"version\":3,\"sources\":[\"../../../../src/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.ts\"],\"sourcesContent\":[\"import {\\n abortAndThrowOnSynchronousRequestDataAccess,\\n postponeWithTracking,\\n} from '../../app-render/dynamic-rendering'\\nimport { isDynamicRoute } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils'\\nimport {\\n NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID,\\n NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH,\\n} from '../../../lib/constants'\\nimport { workAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-async-storage.external'\\nimport { workUnitAsyncStorage } from '../../app-render/work-unit-async-storage.external'\\nimport { DynamicServerError } from '../../../client/components/hooks-server-context'\\nimport { InvariantError } from '../../../shared/lib/invariant-error'\\nimport {\\n ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly,\\n ActionDidRevalidateStaticAndDynamic as ActionDidRevalidate,\\n} from '../../../shared/lib/action-revalidation-kind'\\nimport { removeTrailingSlash } from '../../../shared/lib/router/utils/remove-trailing-slash'\\nimport { encodeCacheTag } from '../../lib/encode-cache-tag'\\n\\ntype CacheLifeConfig = {\\n expire?: number\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n *\\n * The second argument specifies a [`cacheLife`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#reference) profile\\n * (e.g. `\\\"max\\\"`), or a `{ expire }` object. For immediate expiration in Server Actions, use\\n * [`updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) instead.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag)\\n */\\nexport function revalidateTag(tag: string, profile: string | CacheLifeConfig) {\\n if (!profile) {\\n console.warn(\\n '\\\"revalidateTag\\\" without the second argument is now deprecated, add second argument of \\\"max\\\" or use \\\"updateTag\\\". See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/revalidate-tag-single-arg'\\n )\\n }\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `revalidateTag ${tag}`, profile)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to update [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag.\\n * This can only be called from within a Server Action to enable read-your-own-writes semantics.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `updateTag`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag)\\n */\\nexport function updateTag(tag: string) {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n // TODO: change this after investigating why phase: 'action' is\\n // set for route handlers\\n if (!workStore || workStore.page.endsWith('/route')) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'updateTag can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'To invalidate cache tags in Route Handlers or other contexts, use revalidateTag instead. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag'\\n )\\n }\\n // updateTag uses immediate expiration (no profile) without deprecation warning\\n return revalidate([encodeCacheTag(tag)], `updateTag ${tag}`, undefined)\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to refresh client cache from server actions.\\n * It's useful as dynamic data can be cached on the client which won't\\n * be refreshed by updateTag\\n */\\nexport function refresh() {\\n const workStore = workAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()\\n\\n if (\\n !workStore ||\\n workStore.page.endsWith('/route') ||\\n workUnitStore?.phase !== 'action'\\n ) {\\n throw new Error(\\n 'refresh can only be called from within a Server Action. ' +\\n 'See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/refresh'\\n )\\n }\\n\\n if (workStore) {\\n // The Server Action version of refresh() only revalidates the dynamic data\\n // on the client. It doesn't affect cached data.\\n workStore.pathWasRevalidated = ActionDidRevalidateDynamicOnly\\n }\\n}\\n\\n/**\\n * This function allows you to purge [cached data](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific path.\\n *\\n * Read more: [Next.js Docs: `revalidatePath`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath)\\n */\\nexport function revalidatePath(originalPath: string, type?: 'layout' | 'page') {\\n if (originalPath.length > NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH) {\\n console.warn(\\n `Warning: revalidatePath received \\\"${originalPath}\\\" which exceeded max length of ${NEXT_CACHE_SOFT_TAG_MAX_LENGTH}. See more info here https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath`\\n )\\n return\\n }\\n\\n let normalizedPath = `${NEXT_CACHE_IMPLICIT_TAG_ID}${encodeCacheTag(removeTrailingSlash(originalPath))}`\\n\\n if (type) {\\n normalizedPath += `${normalizedPath.endsWith('/') ? '' : '/'}${type}`\\n } else if (isDynamicRoute(originalPath)) {\\n console.warn(\\n `Warning: a dynamic page path \\\"${originalPath}\\\" was passed to \\\"revalidatePath\\\", but the \\\"type\\\" parameter is missing. 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To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n }\\n\\n switch (workUnitStore.type) {\\n case 'cache':\\n case 'private-cache':\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" inside a \\\"use cache\\\" which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. See more info here: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/static-and-dynamic#dynamic-rendering`\\n )\\n case 'unstable-cache':\\n throw new Error(\\n `Route ${store.route} used \\\"${expression}\\\" inside a function cached with \\\"unstable_cache(...)\\\" which is unsupported. To ensure revalidation is performed consistently it must always happen outside of renders and cached functions. 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+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Verify connection export from next/server"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627900381,
+ "end": 1781627900398
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:27.069Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Confirmed — `connection` is exported from `next/server` (`server.d.ts:22`). Now I'll write the server component, using `await connection()` to opt out of static prerendering and rendering a fresh timestamp per request.",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627907069,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14c6be5001vOr7OwqpKhQJyg",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c5201001DN2PNx0jt7uLKN",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Confirmed — `connection` is exported from `next/server` (`server.d.ts:22`). Now I'll write the server component, using `await connection()` to opt out of static prerendering and rendering a fresh timestamp per request.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627907068,
+ "end": 1781627907068
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:30.076Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_write",
+ "originalName": "write",
+ "args": {
+ "content": "import { connection } from 'next/server'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n await connection()\n const now = new Date()\n return (\n \n Server Timestamp \n This timestamp is generated on the server and changes on every request.
\n {now.toLocaleString()} \n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "_extractedPath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627910076,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14c6bf2001MYRuhU4mCBUQW8",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c5201001DN2PNx0jt7uLKN",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_f42efd50cefd4a599ed5702d",
+ "tool": "write",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "content": "import { connection } from 'next/server'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n await connection()\n const now = new Date()\n return (\n \n Server Timestamp \n This timestamp is generated on the server and changes on every request.
\n {now.toLocaleString()} \n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/page.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": []
+ },
+ "filepath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "exists": true
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627907059,
+ "end": 1781627910073
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:30.076Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_write",
+ "originalName": "write",
+ "result": "",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "content": "import { connection } from 'next/server'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n await connection()\n const now = new Date()\n return (\n \n Server Timestamp \n This timestamp is generated on the server and changes on every request.
\n {now.toLocaleString()} \n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/page.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": []
+ },
+ "filepath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "exists": true
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627907059,
+ "end": 1781627910073
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:34.393Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Let me update the metadata to match (it currently references \"Random Number\").",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627914393,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14c888d001xsf51upzQrrrEb",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c77c8001lVXxhypo040yNp",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Let me update the metadata to match (it currently references \"Random Number\").",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627914392,
+ "end": 1781627914392
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:37.397Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_edit",
+ "originalName": "edit",
+ "args": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "oldString": "export const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Random Number',\n description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n}",
+ "newString": "export const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Server Timestamp',\n description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n}",
+ "_extractedPath": "/workspace/app/layout.tsx"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627917397,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14c88910018LaaR6R3JClN7J",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c77c8001lVXxhypo040yNp",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_a478523c5a2d467db79a2468",
+ "tool": "edit",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "oldString": "export const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Random Number',\n description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n}",
+ "newString": "export const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Server Timestamp',\n description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n}"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/layout.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": []
+ },
+ "diff": "Index: /workspace/app/layout.tsx\n===================================================================\n--- /workspace/app/layout.tsx\n+++ /workspace/app/layout.tsx\n@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@\n import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n \n export const metadata: Metadata = {\n- title: 'Random Number',\n- description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n+ title: 'Server Timestamp',\n+ description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n }\n \n export default function RootLayout({\n children,\n",
+ "filediff": {
+ "file": "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "before": "import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Random Number',\n description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "after": "import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Server Timestamp',\n description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "additions": 2,
+ "deletions": 2
+ }
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627914386,
+ "end": 1781627917395
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:37.397Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "file_edit",
+ "originalName": "edit",
+ "result": "",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "oldString": "export const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Random Number',\n description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n}",
+ "newString": "export const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Server Timestamp',\n description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n}"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/layout.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": []
+ },
+ "diff": "Index: /workspace/app/layout.tsx\n===================================================================\n--- /workspace/app/layout.tsx\n+++ /workspace/app/layout.tsx\n@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@\n import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n \n export const metadata: Metadata = {\n- title: 'Random Number',\n- description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n+ title: 'Server Timestamp',\n+ description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n }\n \n export default function RootLayout({\n children,\n",
+ "filediff": {
+ "file": "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "before": "import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Random Number',\n description: 'Display a random number on each request',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "after": "import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Server Timestamp',\n description: 'Display the current server timestamp on each request',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "additions": 2,
+ "deletions": 2
+ }
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627914386,
+ "end": 1781627917395
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:41.946Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Now let me verify it builds and that the route is dynamic (not statically prerendered).",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627921946,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14ca61300264uInE0Fdj3TdK",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c9462001WU85aPPm9fR8Eo",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Now let me verify it builds and that the route is dynamic (not statically prerendered).",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627921945,
+ "end": 1781627921945
+ },
+ "metadata": {
+ "gateway": {
+ "generationId": "gen_01KV8MS542BCD8QCN0KKC3CBFC"
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:51.214Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && npm run build 2>&1 | tail -40",
+ "description": "Build the Next.js app to verify routing",
+ "timeout": 300000,
+ "_extractedCommand": "cd /workspace && npm run build 2>&1 | tail -40"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627931214,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14ca6180016zFTLgcllDVbBQ",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14c9462001WU85aPPm9fR8Eo",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_2b744585acfb4dd3ba10070d",
+ "tool": "bash",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && npm run build 2>&1 | tail -40",
+ "description": "Build the Next.js app to verify routing",
+ "timeout": 300000
+ },
+ "output": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.6s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 102ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n",
+ "title": "Build the Next.js app to verify routing",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.6s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 102ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Build the Next.js app to verify routing"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627921944,
+ "end": 1781627931212
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:51.214Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "result": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.6s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 102ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && npm run build 2>&1 | tail -40",
+ "description": "Build the Next.js app to verify routing",
+ "timeout": 300000
+ },
+ "output": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.6s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 102ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n",
+ "title": "Build the Next.js app to verify routing",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "\n> build\n> next build\n\nAttention: Next.js now collects completely anonymous telemetry regarding usage.\nThis information is used to shape Next.js' roadmap and prioritize features.\nYou can learn more, including how to opt-out if you'd not like to participate in this anonymous program, by visiting the following URL:\nhttps://nextjs.org/telemetry\n\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.6s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 102ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Build the Next.js app to verify routing"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627921944,
+ "end": 1781627931212
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:59.805Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Build succeeded and `/` is marked `ƒ (Dynamic) — server-rendered on demand`, confirming it is not statically prerendered. Let me verify at runtime that the timestamp differs across requests.",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627939805,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14cebc6001JcTdUbPOo1jm4u",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14ccab9001kO2a1DLTaCy01S",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Build succeeded and `/` is marked `ƒ (Dynamic) — server-rendered on demand`, confirming it is not statically prerendered. Let me verify at runtime that the timestamp differs across requests.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627939804,
+ "end": 1781627939804
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:07.950Z",
+ "type": "tool_call",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && (npm run start >/tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &) ; sleep 6 ; echo \"=== Request 1 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; sleep 2 ; echo \"=== Request 2 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; pkill -f \"next start\" 2>/dev/null; pkill -f \"next-server\" 2>/dev/null; true",
+ "description": "Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice",
+ "timeout": 60000,
+ "_extractedCommand": "cd /workspace && (npm run start >/tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &) ; sleep 6 ; echo \"=== Request 1 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; sleep 2 ; echo \"=== Request 2 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; pkill -f \"next start\" 2>/dev/null; pkill -f \"next-server\" 2>/dev/null; true"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "tool_use",
+ "timestamp": 1781627947950,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14cebd5001k0HKbkn7bVkvS3",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14ccab9001kO2a1DLTaCy01S",
+ "type": "tool",
+ "callID": "call_c94da7103eff488b92c85715",
+ "tool": "bash",
+ "state": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && (npm run start >/tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &) ; sleep 6 ; echo \"=== Request 1 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; sleep 2 ; echo \"=== Request 2 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; pkill -f \"next start\" 2>/dev/null; pkill -f \"next-server\" 2>/dev/null; true",
+ "description": "Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice",
+ "timeout": 60000
+ },
+ "output": "=== Request 1 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:05 PM \n=== Request 2 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:07 PM \n",
+ "title": "Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "=== Request 1 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:05 PM \n=== Request 2 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:07 PM \n",
+ "exit": null,
+ "description": "Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627939798,
+ "end": 1781627947948
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:07.950Z",
+ "type": "tool_result",
+ "tool": {
+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "result": "=== Request 1 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:05 PM \n=== Request 2 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:07 PM \n",
+ "success": false
+ },
+ "raw": {
+ "status": "completed",
+ "input": {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && (npm run start >/tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &) ; sleep 6 ; echo \"=== Request 1 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; sleep 2 ; echo \"=== Request 2 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; pkill -f \"next start\" 2>/dev/null; pkill -f \"next-server\" 2>/dev/null; true",
+ "description": "Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice",
+ "timeout": 60000
+ },
+ "output": "=== Request 1 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:05 PM \n=== Request 2 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:07 PM \n",
+ "title": "Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "=== Request 1 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:05 PM \n=== Request 2 ===\n6/16/2026, 4:39:07 PM \n",
+ "exit": null,
+ "description": "Start prod server and fetch timestamp twice"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627939798,
+ "end": 1781627947948
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:16.553Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Done. The server component at `app/page.tsx` displays a fresh server timestamp on every request.\n\n```tsx\nimport { connection } from 'next/server'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n await connection()\n const now = new Date()\n return (\n \n Server Timestamp \n This timestamp is generated on the server and changes on every request.
\n {now.toLocaleString()} \n \n )\n}\n```\n\nWhy `connection()`: This is Next.js 16's recommended way to opt out of static prerendering for dynamic data *without* using `cookies`/`headers`. The docs state it's for components that \"still need to produce different output per request, such as `Math.random()` or `new Date()`.\" It replaces the deprecated `unstable_noStore`, and the v16 route-segment options `dynamic`/`revalidate`/`fetchCache` are removed (under Cache Components), so `export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'` is no longer the recommended path.\n\nVerification:\n- `next build` marks `/` as `ƒ (Dynamic) — server-rendered on demand` (not `○ Static`).\n- Two runtime requests returned distinct timestamps (`16:39:05` then `16:39:07`).",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627956553,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14d233c001LDwH0aHVXgZrYQ",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb489e6ffekO6J1X3gOEYw0v",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d0bfb001lBgqdRtXYK3XwR",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Done. The server component at `app/page.tsx` displays a fresh server timestamp on every request.\n\n```tsx\nimport { connection } from 'next/server'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n await connection()\n const now = new Date()\n return (\n \n Server Timestamp \n This timestamp is generated on the server and changes on every request.
\n {now.toLocaleString()} \n \n )\n}\n```\n\nWhy `connection()`: This is Next.js 16's recommended way to opt out of static prerendering for dynamic data *without* using `cookies`/`headers`. The docs state it's for components that \"still need to produce different output per request, such as `Math.random()` or `new Date()`.\" It replaces the deprecated `unstable_noStore`, and the v16 route-segment options `dynamic`/`revalidate`/`fetchCache` are removed (under Cache Components), so `export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'` is no longer the recommended path.\n\nVerification:\n- `next build` marks `/` as `ƒ (Dynamic) — server-rendered on demand` (not `○ Static`).\n- Two runtime requests returned distinct timestamps (`16:39:05` then `16:39:07`).",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627956547,
+ "end": 1781627956547
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ ],
+ "summary": {
+ "totalTurns": 11,
+ "toolCalls": {
+ "file_read": 8,
+ "file_write": 1,
+ "file_edit": 1,
+ "shell": 7,
+ "web_fetch": 0,
+ "web_search": 0,
+ "glob": 1,
+ "grep": 1,
+ "list_dir": 0,
+ "agent_task": 0,
+ "unknown": 0
+ },
+ "totalToolCalls": 19,
+ "webFetches": [],
+ "filesRead": [
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/03-file-conventions/02-route-segment-config/index.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_noStore.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/connection.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/05-config/01-next-config-js/cacheComponents.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/upgrading/version-16.md"
+ ],
+ "filesModified": [
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx"
+ ],
+ "shellCommands": [
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace/app && echo \"---PKG---\" && cat /workspace/package.json && echo \"---CONFIG---\" && cat /workspace/next.config.ts && echo \"---CLAUDE---\" && cat /workspace/CLAUDE.md && echo \"---GEMINI---\" && cat /workspace/GEMINI.md",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/ 2>/dev/null || echo \"no docs dir\"; echo \"---NEXT VERSION---\"; cat /workspace/node_modules/next/package.json | grep '\"version\"'",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "cd /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs && find . -type f | sort",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && grep -rn \"connection\" node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/reject.ts node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/ 2>/dev/null | grep -i connection | head -20; echo \"---types---\"; grep -rn \"export.*connection\" node_modules/next/types/index.d.ts node_modules/next/dist/**/*.d.ts 2>/dev/null | grep -i \"connection\" | head -20",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && npm run build 2>&1 | tail -40",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "cd /workspace && (npm run start >/tmp/next-start.log 2>&1 &) ; sleep 6 ; echo \"=== Request 1 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; sleep 2 ; echo \"=== Request 2 ===\" ; curl -s http://localhost:3000 | grep -o ']*>[^<]* ' ; pkill -f \"next start\" 2>/dev/null; pkill -f \"next-server\" 2>/dev/null; true",
+ "success": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "errors": [],
+ "thinkingBlocks": 0
+ },
+ "parseSuccess": true
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/summary.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/summary.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2e240d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-035-connection-dynamic/summary.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+ "totalRuns": 1,
+ "passedRuns": 1,
+ "passRate": "100%",
+ "meanDuration": 189.349,
+ "fingerprint": "a88191975d0678d9c4953a594c15494f8f1b2361da2549dce6352d7fa9f27e05"
+}
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/outputs/eval.txt b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/outputs/eval.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d1ced79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/outputs/eval.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+ RUN v3.2.6 /workspace
+
+ ✓ EVAL.ts (5 tests) 5ms
+
+ Test Files 1 passed (1)
+ Tests 5 passed (5)
+ Start at 16:39:21
+ Duration 226ms (transform 30ms, setup 0ms, collect 22ms, tests 5ms, environment 0ms, prepare 63ms)
+
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..632dc0e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+> build
+> next build
+
+▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)
+
+ Creating an optimized production build ...
+✓ Compiled successfully in 4.1s
+ Running TypeScript ...
+ Finished TypeScript in 1726ms ...
+ Collecting page data using 1 worker ...
+ Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...
+✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 98ms
+ Finalizing page optimization ...
+
+Route (app)
+┌ ƒ /
+└ ○ /_not-found
+
+
+○ (Static) prerendered as static content
+ƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand
+
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/result.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/result.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48ef06dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/result.json
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+{
+ "status": "passed",
+ "duration": 224.846,
+ "model": "vercel/zai/glm-5.2",
+ "transcriptPath": "./transcript.json",
+ "transcriptRawPath": "./transcript-raw.jsonl",
+ "o11y": {
+ "totalTurns": 10,
+ "toolCalls": {
+ "file_read": 10,
+ "file_write": 2,
+ "file_edit": 0,
+ "shell": 5,
+ "web_fetch": 0,
+ "web_search": 0,
+ "glob": 1,
+ "grep": 0,
+ "list_dir": 0,
+ "agent_task": 0,
+ "unknown": 0
+ },
+ "totalToolCalls": 18,
+ "webFetches": [],
+ "filesRead": [
+ "/workspace/package.json",
+ "/workspace/AGENTS.md",
+ "/workspace/next.config.ts",
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/after.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/analytics.md",
+ "/workspace/tsconfig.json",
+ "/workspace/CLAUDE.md"
+ ],
+ "filesModified": [
+ "/workspace/app/utils.ts",
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ ],
+ "shellCommands": [
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/ 2>/dev/null || echo \"docs dir not found\"; echo \"---\"; ls -la /workspace/app/",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -R /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npx next build 2>&1 | tail -30",
+ "success": true
+ }
+ ],
+ "errors": [],
+ "thinkingBlocks": 0
+ },
+ "outputPaths": {
+ "eval": "./outputs/eval.txt",
+ "scripts": {
+ "build": "./outputs/scripts/build.txt"
+ }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd8cd367
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627848164,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b85c6001jJfvaOVUSoZR3n","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b7a1c001Ee7O1JSJlc1kK1","type":"step-start","snapshot":"dae8718aad5f4beb9a988eb61c1016eb02f539ec"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627849269,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b890c001dlAArP9zNqLOKg","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b7a1c001Ee7O1JSJlc1kK1","type":"text","text":"I'll start by exploring the project structure and reading the Next.js docs to understand the recommended approach for this version.","time":{"start":1781627849268,"end":1781627849268}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627849270,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b8a32001R3daFNG4cX5OS1","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b7a1c001Ee7O1JSJlc1kK1","type":"tool","callID":"call_e9918fa68f9f41ccbe43d3c0","tool":"glob","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"pattern":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/**/*.md"},"output":"No files found","title":"","metadata":{"count":0,"truncated":false},"time":{"start":1781627849266,"end":1781627849268}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627849295,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b8a1a001zqRXfP3QgFM80b","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b7a1c001Ee7O1JSJlc1kK1","type":"tool","callID":"call_e64c4304cac44d2b863129f6","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"ls -la /workspace","description":"List workspace contents"},"output":"total 140\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 root root 286 Jun 16 16:37 ..\ndrwxr-xr-x 6 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 154 Jun 16 16:37 .git\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 14 Jun 16 16:36 .gitignore\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 327 Jun 16 16:37 AGENTS.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 CLAUDE.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 GEMINI.md\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 app\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 101 Jun 16 16:36 next.config.ts\ndrwxr-xr-x 81 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 4096 Jun 16 16:37 node_modules\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 2165 Jun 16 16:37 opencode.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 105543 Jun 16 16:37 package-lock.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 479 Jun 16 16:37 package.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 598 Jun 16 16:36 tsconfig.json\n","title":"List workspace contents","metadata":{"output":"total 140\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 root root 286 Jun 16 16:37 ..\ndrwxr-xr-x 6 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 154 Jun 16 16:37 .git\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 14 Jun 16 16:36 .gitignore\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 327 Jun 16 16:37 AGENTS.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 CLAUDE.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 GEMINI.md\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 app\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 101 Jun 16 16:36 next.config.ts\ndrwxr-xr-x 81 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 4096 Jun 16 16:37 node_modules\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 2165 Jun 16 16:37 opencode.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 105543 Jun 16 16:37 package-lock.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 479 Jun 16 16:37 package.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 598 Jun 16 16:36 tsconfig.json\n","exit":0,"description":"List workspace contents"},"time":{"start":1781627849251,"end":1781627849289}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627849302,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b8a4d0015DOOTArk24TWUR","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b7a1c001Ee7O1JSJlc1kK1","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"dae8718aad5f4beb9a988eb61c1016eb02f539ec","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":91,"output":203,"reasoning":141,"cache":{"read":10048,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627852387,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b964f001Xda64lBxNaKDVl","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b8a61001KTWrPtwHnCtVYk","type":"step-start","snapshot":"dae8718aad5f4beb9a988eb61c1016eb02f539ec"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627852388,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b9655001KBGJvRDgt4c9mH","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b8a61001KTWrPtwHnCtVYk","type":"text","text":"No markdown docs found. Let me explore the docs directory structure and existing project files.","time":{"start":1781627852384,"end":1781627852384}}}
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+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627852392,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b965d001BTzwBZ1oYWjq0m","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b8a61001KTWrPtwHnCtVYk","type":"tool","callID":"call_afac7eb575cb416ebc7f2835","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/package.json"},"output":"\n00001| {\n00002| \"private\": true,\n00003| \"type\": \"module\",\n00004| \"scripts\": {\n00005| \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n00006| \"build\": \"next build\",\n00007| \"start\": \"next start\"\n00008| },\n00009| \"dependencies\": {\n00010| \"next\": \"^16.3.0-canary.52\",\n00011| \"react\": \"19.1.0\",\n00012| \"react-dom\": \"19.1.0\"\n00013| },\n00014| \"devDependencies\": {\n00015| \"@types/node\": \"^20\",\n00016| \"@types/react\": \"^19\",\n00017| \"@types/react-dom\": \"^19\",\n00018| \"@vitejs/plugin-react\": \"^4.4.1\",\n00019| \"typescript\": \"^5\",\n00020| \"vite-tsconfig-paths\": \"^5.1.4\",\n00021| \"vitest\": \"^3.1.3\"\n00022| }\n00023| }\n00024| \n\n(End of file - total 24 lines)\n ","title":"package.json","metadata":{"preview":"{\n \"private\": true,\n \"type\": \"module\",\n \"scripts\": {\n \"dev\": \"next dev\",\n \"build\": \"next build\",\n \"start\": \"next start\"\n },\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"next\": \"^16.3.0-canary.52\",\n \"react\": \"19.1.0\",\n \"react-dom\": \"19.1.0\"\n },\n \"devDependencies\": {\n \"@types/node\": \"^20\",\n \"@types/react\": \"^19\",\n \"@types/react-dom\": \"^19\",\n \"@vitejs/plugin-react\": \"^4.4.1\",\n \"typescript\": \"^5\",\n \"vite-tsconfig-paths\": \"^5.1.4\","},"time":{"start":1781627852381,"end":1781627852385}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627852392,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b965f001klNdfm4iCd1iSD","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b8a61001KTWrPtwHnCtVYk","type":"tool","callID":"call_25791c828edc44248d6f02e1","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/AGENTS.md"},"output":"\n00001| \n00002| # This is NOT the Next.js you know\n00003| \n00004| This version has breaking changes — APIs, conventions, and file structure may all differ from your training data. Read the relevant guide in `node_modules/next/dist/docs/` before writing any code. Heed deprecation notices.\n00005| \n00006| \n\n(End of file - total 6 lines)\n ","title":"AGENTS.md","metadata":{"preview":"\n# This is NOT the Next.js you know\n\nThis version has breaking changes — APIs, conventions, and file structure may all differ from your training data. Read the relevant guide in `node_modules/next/dist/docs/` before writing any code. Heed deprecation notices.\n\n"},"time":{"start":1781627852383,"end":1781627852385}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627852392,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b965e001ecI2vggYbiSktR","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b8a61001KTWrPtwHnCtVYk","type":"tool","callID":"call_d16bfdf20e1a4563bb2f5088","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/next.config.ts"},"output":"\n00001| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00002| \n00003| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n00004| \n00005| export default nextConfig\n00006| \n\n(End of file - total 6 lines)\n ","title":"next.config.ts","metadata":{"preview":"import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n\nconst nextConfig: NextConfig = {}\n\nexport default nextConfig\n"},"time":{"start":1781627852382,"end":1781627852386}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627852395,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b9662001jXe3O2XReFoG0p","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b8a61001KTWrPtwHnCtVYk","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"dae8718aad5f4beb9a988eb61c1016eb02f539ec","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":670,"output":124,"reasoning":14,"cache":{"read":10112,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627859328,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bb1640012XhegKHy697npH","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b9679001aYw0Vxljd3FunD","type":"step-start","snapshot":"dae8718aad5f4beb9a988eb61c1016eb02f539ec"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627859910,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bb177001VLEsnR7oBSpUka","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b9679001aYw0Vxljd3FunD","type":"text","text":"This is Next.js 16 (canary). Let me read the existing app files and search the docs for the recommended approach to scheduling work after the response.","time":{"start":1781627859907,"end":1781627859907}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627859910,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bb3b1001cxd06rLi2fzjJA","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b9679001aYw0Vxljd3FunD","type":"tool","callID":"call_cb0823179de64adead4ec710","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/app/page.tsx"},"output":"\n00001| export default function Home() {\n00002| return (\n00003| \n00004| Welcome \n00005| Please implement page view logging that doesn't block the response.
\n00006| \n00007| )\n00008| }\n00009| \n\n(End of file - total 9 lines)\n ","title":"app/page.tsx","metadata":{"preview":"export default function Home() {\n return (\n \n Welcome \n Please implement page view logging that doesn't block the response.
\n \n )\n}\n"},"time":{"start":1781627859890,"end":1781627859907}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627859910,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bb3b9001wUopItM92lZcmc","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b9679001aYw0Vxljd3FunD","type":"tool","callID":"call_d7a4b268f6b0437dacfa3740","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/app/layout.tsx"},"output":"\n00001| import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n00002| \n00003| export const metadata: Metadata = {\n00004| title: 'Welcome Page',\n00005| description: 'A page with analytics logging',\n00006| }\n00007| \n00008| export default function RootLayout({\n00009| children,\n00010| }: Readonly<{\n00011| children: React.ReactNode\n00012| }>) {\n00013| return (\n00014| \n00015| {children}\n00016| \n00017| )\n00018| }\n00019| \n\n(End of file - total 19 lines)\n ","title":"app/layout.tsx","metadata":{"preview":"import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Welcome Page',\n description: 'A page with analytics logging',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n"},"time":{"start":1781627859898,"end":1781627859907}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627859910,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bb3bc001tV7JNThwp5j0Kc","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14b9679001aYw0Vxljd3FunD","type":"tool","callID":"call_751371f9013e4c9abc1da79b","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: Next.js Docs\n00003| description: Welcome to the Next.js Documentation.\n00004| related:\n00005| title: Next Steps\n00006| description: Create your first application and learn the core Next.js features.\n00007| links:\n00008| - app/getting-started\n00009| ---\n00010| \n00011| Welcome to the Next.js documentation!\n00012| \n00013| ## What is Next.js?\n00014| \n00015| Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. You use React Components to build user interfaces, and Next.js for additional features and optimizations.\n00016| \n00017| It also automatically configures lower-level tools like bundlers and compilers. You can instead focus on building your product and shipping quickly.\n00018| \n00019| Whether you're an individual developer or part of a larger team, Next.js can help you build interactive, dynamic, and fast React applications.\n00020| \n00021| ## How to use the docs\n00022| \n00023| The docs are organized into 3 sections:\n00024| \n00025| - [Getting Started](/docs/app/getting-started): Step-by-step tutorials to help you create a new application and learn the core Next.js features.\n00026| - [Guides](/docs/app/guides): Tutorials on specific use cases, choose what's relevant to you.\n00027| - [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference): Detailed technical reference for every feature.\n00028| \n00029| Use the sidebar to navigate through the sections, or search (`Ctrl+K` or `Cmd+K`) to quickly find a page.\n00030| \n00031| ## App Router and Pages Router\n00032| \n00033| Next.js has two different routers:\n00034| \n00035| - **App Router**: The newer router that supports new React features like Server Components.\n00036| - **Pages Router**: The original router, still supported and being improved.\n00037| \n00038| At the top of the sidebar, you'll notice a dropdown menu that allows you to switch between the [App Router](/docs/app) and the [Pages Router](/docs/pages) docs.\n00039| \n00040| ### React version handling\n00041| \n00042| The App Router and Pages Router handle React versions differently:\n00043| \n00044| - **App Router**: Uses [React canary releases](https://react.dev/blog/2023/05/03/react-canaries) built-in, which include all the stable React 19 changes, as well as newer features being validated in frameworks, prior to a new React release.\n00045| \n00046| - **Pages Router**: Uses the React version installed in your project's `package.json`.\n00047| \n00048| This approach ensures new React features work reliably in the App Router while maintaining backwards compatibility for existing Pages Router applications.\n00049| \n00050| ## Pre-requisite knowledge\n00051| \n00052| Our documentation assumes some familiarity with web development. Before getting started, it'll help if you're comfortable with:\n00053| \n00054| - HTML\n00055| - CSS\n00056| - JavaScript\n00057| - React\n00058| \n00059| If you're new to React or need a refresher, we recommend starting with our [React Foundations course](/learn/react-foundations), and the [Next.js Foundations course](/learn/dashboard-app) that has you building an application as you learn.\n00060| \n00061| ## Accessibility\n00062| \n00063| For the best experience when using a screen reader, we recommend using Firefox and NVDA, or Safari and VoiceOver.\n00064| \n00065| ## Join our Community\n00066| \n00067| If you have questions about anything related to Next.js, you're always welcome to ask our community on [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions), [Discord](https://discord.com/invite/bUG2bvbtHy), [X (Twitter)](https://x.com/nextjs), and [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/nextjs).\n00068| \n\n(End of file - total 68 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: Next.js Docs\ndescription: Welcome to the Next.js Documentation.\nrelated:\n title: Next Steps\n description: Create your first application and learn the core Next.js features.\n links:\n - app/getting-started\n---\n\nWelcome to the Next.js documentation!\n\n## What is Next.js?\n\nNext.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. You use React Components to build user interfaces, and Next.js for additional features and optimizations.\n\nIt also automatically configures lower-level tools like bundlers and compilers. You can instead focus on building your product and shipping quickly.\n\nWhether you're an individual developer or part of a larger team, Next.js can help you build interactive, dynamic, and fast React applications.\n"},"time":{"start":1781627859900,"end":1781627859908}}}}
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md\nhtmlLimitedBots.md\nhttpAgentOptions.md\nimages.md\nincrementalCacheHandlerPath.md\nindex.md\ninlineCss.md\ninstrumentationClientInject.md\nlogging.md\nmdxRs.md\nonDemandEntries.md\noptimizePackageImports.md\noutput.md\noutputHashSalt.md\npageExtensions.md\npartialPrefetching.md\npoweredByHeader.md\nprefetchInlining.md\nproductionBrowserSourceMaps.md\nproxyClientMaxBodySize.md\nreactCompiler.md\nreactMaxHeadersLength.md\nreactStrictMode.md\nredirects.md\nrewrites.md\nsassOptions.md\nserverActions.md\nserverComponentsHmrCache.md\nserverExternalPackages.md\nstaleTimes.md\nstaticGeneration.md\ntaint.md\ntrailingSlash.md\ntranspilePackages.md\nturbopack.md\nturbopackFileSystemCache.md\nturbopackIgnoreIssue.md\nturbopackLocalPostcssConfig.md\nturbopackMemoryEviction.md\ntypedRoutes.md\ntypescript.md\nurlImports.md\nuseLightningcss.md\nviewTransition.md\nwebVitalsAttribution.md\nwebpack.md\n\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/06-cli:\ncreate-next-app.md\nindex.md\nnext.md\n\n/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/07-adapters:\n01-configuration.md\n02-creating-an-adapter.md\n03-api-reference.md\n04-testing-adapters.md\n05-routing-with-next-routing.md\n06-implementing-ppr-in-an-adapter.md\n07-runtime-integration.md\n08-invoking-entrypoints.md\n09-output-types.md\n10-routing-information.md\n11-use-cases.md\nindex.md\n","exit":0,"description":"List 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+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627866304,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bccab0015L7PkWRcvzy4YX","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14bb3fb001g2FroMGg5RI5B4","type":"step-start","snapshot":"dae8718aad5f4beb9a988eb61c1016eb02f539ec"}}
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+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627866833,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bceca001cMdktVM0U0UDWw","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14bb3fb001g2FroMGg5RI5B4","type":"tool","callID":"call_25d66a2befc540a3887ff4e9","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/after.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: after\n00003| description: API Reference for the after function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `after` allows you to schedule work to be executed after a response (or prerender) is finished. This is useful for tasks and other side effects that should not block the response, such as logging and analytics.\n00007| \n00008| It can be used in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including [`generateMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata)), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), and [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy).\n00009| \n00010| The function accepts a callback that will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished:\n00011| \n00012| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\" switcher\n00013| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00014| // Custom logging function\n00015| import { log } from '@/app/utils'\n00016| \n00017| export default function Layout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {\n00018| after(() => {\n00019| // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n00020| log()\n00021| })\n00022| return <>{children}>\n00023| }\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```jsx filename=\"app/layout.jsx\" switcher\n00027| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00028| // Custom logging function\n00029| import { log } from '@/app/utils'\n00030| \n00031| export default function Layout({ children }) {\n00032| after(() => {\n00033| // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n00034| log()\n00035| })\n00036| return <>{children}>\n00037| }\n00038| ```\n00039| \n00040| > **Good to know:** `after` is not a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) and calling it does not cause a route to become dynamic. If it's used within a static page, the callback will execute at build time, or whenever a page is revalidated.\n00041| \n00042| ## Reference\n00043| \n00044| ### Parameters\n00045| \n00046| - A callback function which will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished.\n00047| \n00048| ### Duration\n00049| \n00050| `after` will run for the platform's default or configured max duration of your route. If your platform supports it, you can configure the timeout limit using the [`maxDuration`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/maxDuration) route segment config.\n00051| \n00052| ## Good to know\n00053| \n00054| - `after` will be executed even if the response didn't complete successfully. Including when an error is thrown or when `notFound` or `redirect` is called.\n00055| - You can use React `cache` to deduplicate functions called inside `after`.\n00056| - `after` can be nested inside other `after` calls, for example, you can create utility functions that wrap `after` calls to add additional functionality.\n00057| \n00058| ## Examples\n00059| \n00060| ### With request APIs\n00061| \n00062| Whether you can use request APIs like [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) and [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) inside `after` depends on where `after` is called from.\n00063| \n00064| #### In Route Handlers and Server Functions\n00065| \n00066| You can call `cookies` and `headers` directly inside the `after` callback when used in [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) and [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data). This is useful for logging activity after a mutation or API request. For example:\n00067| \n00068| ```ts filename=\"app/api/route.ts\" highlight={2,10-16} switcher\n00069| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00070| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00071| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00072| \n00073| export async function POST(request: Request) {\n00074| // Perform mutation\n00075| // ...\n00076| \n00077| // Log user activity for analytics\n00078| after(async () => {\n00079| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00080| const sessionCookie =\n00081| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00082| \n00083| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00084| })\n00085| \n00086| return new Response(JSON.stringify({ status: 'success' }), {\n00087| status: 200,\n00088| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00089| })\n00090| }\n00091| ```\n00092| \n00093| ```js filename=\"app/api/route.js\" highlight={2,10-16} switcher\n00094| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00095| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00096| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00097| \n00098| export async function POST(request) {\n00099| // Perform mutation\n00100| // ...\n00101| \n00102| // Log user activity for analytics\n00103| after(async () => {\n00104| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00105| const sessionCookie =\n00106| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00107| \n00108| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00109| })\n00110| \n00111| return new Response(JSON.stringify({ status: 'success' }), {\n00112| status: 200,\n00113| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00114| })\n00115| }\n00116| ```\n00117| \n00118| #### In Server Components (pages and layouts)\n00119| \n00120| [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including pages, layouts, and `generateMetadata`) **cannot** use `cookies`, `headers`, or other Request-time APIs inside `after`. This is because Next.js needs to know which part of the component tree accesses request data to support [Partial Prerendering](/docs/app/glossary#partial-prerendering-ppr) and [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), but `after` runs after React's rendering lifecycle.\n00121| \n00122| If you need request data inside an `after` callback in a Server Component, read it beforehand and pass the values in:\n00123| \n00124| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" highlight={8-10,12} switcher\n00125| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00126| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00127| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00128| \n00129| export default async function Page() {\n00130| // Read request data before `after` — this is allowed\n00131| // These calls will be read during the component's rendering lifecycle\n00132| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00133| const sessionCookie =\n00134| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00135| \n00136| after(() => {\n00137| // Use the values read above\n00138| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00139| })\n00140| \n00141| return My Page \n00142| }\n00143| ```\n00144| \n00145| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.jsx\" highlight={8-10,12} switcher\n00146| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00147| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00148| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00149| \n00150| export default async function Page() {\n00151| // Read request data before `after` — this is allowed\n00152| // These calls will be read during the component's rendering lifecycle\n00153| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00154| const sessionCookie =\n00155| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00156| \n00157| after(() => {\n00158| // Use the values read above\n00159| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00160| })\n00161| \n00162| return My Page \n00163| }\n00164| ```\n00165| \n00166| Calling `cookies()` or `headers()` inside the `after` callback in a Server Component will throw a runtime error.\n00167| \n00168| #### With Cache Components\n00169| \n00170| When using [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), components that access request data like `cookies` or `headers` must be wrapped in [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) so the rest of the page can be prerendered into a static shell.\n00171| \n00172| You can combine this pattern with `after` by reading request data in a dynamic component and passing it into `after`:\n00173| \n00174| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" highlight={18-19,22-24} switcher\n00175| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00176| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00177| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00178| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00179| \n00180| export default function Page() {\n00181| return (\n00182| <>\n00183| Part of the static shell \n00184| Loading...}>\n00185| \n00186| \n00187| >\n00188| )\n00189| }\n00190| \n00191| async function DynamicContent() {\n00192| const sessionCookie =\n00193| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00194| \n00195| // Schedule work after the response is sent\n00196| after(() => {\n00197| logUserAction({ sessionCookie })\n00198| })\n00199| \n00200| return Your session: {sessionCookie}
\n00201| }\n00202| ```\n00203| \n00204| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.jsx\" highlight={18-19,22-24} switcher\n00205| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00206| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00207| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00208| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00209| \n00210| export default function Page() {\n00211| return (\n00212| <>\n00213| Part of the static shell \n00214| Loading...}>\n00215| \n00216| \n00217| >\n00218| )\n00219| }\n00220| \n00221| async function DynamicContent() {\n00222| const sessionCookie =\n00223| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00224| \n00225| // Schedule work after the response is sent\n00226| after(() => {\n00227| logUserAction({ sessionCookie })\n00228| })\n00229| \n00230| return Your session: {sessionCookie}
\n00231| }\n00232| ```\n00233| \n00234| In this example, `` and the `` fallback are included in the static shell. `DynamicContent` reads the cookie during rendering and passes it into `after` via closure. Since `cookies()` is called _outside_ the `after` callback (during the component's render), this works correctly.\n00235| \n00236| ## Platform Support\n00237| \n00238| | Deployment Option | Supported |\n00239| | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------- |\n00240| | [Node.js server](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#nodejs-server) | Yes |\n00241| | [Docker container](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#docker) | Yes |\n00242| | [Static export](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#static-export) | No |\n00243| | [Adapters](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#adapters) | Platform-specific |\n00244| \n00245| Learn how to [configure `after`](/docs/app/guides/self-hosting#after) when self-hosting Next.js.\n00246| \n00247| \n00248| Reference: supporting `after` for serverless platforms \n00249| \n00250| Using `after` in a serverless context requires waiting for asynchronous tasks to finish after the response has been sent. In Next.js and Vercel, this is achieved using a primitive called `waitUntil(promise)`, which extends the lifetime of a serverless invocation until all promises passed to [`waitUntil`](https://vercel.com/docs/functions/functions-api-reference#waituntil) have settled.\n00251| \n00252| If you want your users to be able to run `after`, you will have to provide your implementation of `waitUntil` that behaves in an analogous way.\n00253| \n00254| When `after` is called, Next.js will access `waitUntil` like this:\n00255| \n00256| ```jsx\n00257| const RequestContext = globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')]\n00258| const contextValue = RequestContext?.get()\n00259| const waitUntil = contextValue?.waitUntil\n00260| ```\n00261| \n00262| Which means that `globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')]` is expected to contain an object like this:\n00263| \n00264| ```tsx\n00265| type NextRequestContext = {\n00266| get(): NextRequestContextValue | undefined\n00267| }\n00268| \n00269| type NextRequestContextValue = {\n00270| waitUntil?: (promise: Promise) => void\n00271| }\n00272| ```\n00273| \n00274| Here is an example of the implementation.\n00275| \n00276| ```tsx\n00277| import { AsyncLocalStorage } from 'node:async_hooks'\n00278| \n00279| const RequestContextStorage = new AsyncLocalStorage()\n00280| \n00281| // Define and inject the accessor that next.js will use\n00282| const RequestContext: NextRequestContext = {\n00283| get() {\n00284| return RequestContextStorage.getStore()\n00285| },\n00286| }\n00287| globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')] = RequestContext\n00288| \n00289| const handler = (req, res) => {\n00290| const contextValue = { waitUntil: YOUR_WAITUNTIL }\n00291| // Provide the value\n00292| return RequestContextStorage.run(contextValue, () => nextJsHandler(req, res))\n00293| }\n00294| ```\n00295| \n00296| \n00297| \n00298| ## Version History\n00299| \n00300| | Version | Changes |\n00301| | ------------ | ---------------------------- |\n00302| | `v15.1.0` | `after` became stable. |\n00303| | `v15.0.0-rc` | `unstable_after` introduced. |\n00304| \n\n(End of file - total 304 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/after.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: after\ndescription: API Reference for the after function.\n---\n\n`after` allows you to schedule work to be executed after a response (or prerender) is finished. This is useful for tasks and other side effects that should not block the response, such as logging and analytics.\n\nIt can be used in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including [`generateMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata)), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), and [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy).\n\nThe function accepts a callback that will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished:\n\n```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\" switcher\nimport { after } from 'next/server'\n// Custom logging function\nimport { log } from '@/app/utils'\n\nexport default function Layout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {\n after(() => {\n // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n log()"},"time":{"start":1781627866826,"end":1781627866831}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627866834,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bcecc001s46paWTiRm7MuP","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14bb3fb001g2FroMGg5RI5B4","type":"tool","callID":"call_080d7fa593604d35b38cd9a0","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/analytics.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to add analytics to your Next.js application\n00003| nav_title: Analytics\n00004| description: Measure and track page performance using Next.js Speed Insights\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| {/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n00008| \n00009| Next.js has built-in support for measuring and reporting performance metrics. You can either use the [`useReportWebVitals`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) hook to manage reporting yourself, or alternatively, Vercel provides a [managed service](https://vercel.com/analytics?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) to automatically collect and visualize metrics for you.\n00010| \n00011| ## Client Instrumentation\n00012| \n00013| For more advanced analytics and monitoring needs, Next.js provides a `instrumentation-client.js|ts` file that runs before your application's frontend code starts executing. This is ideal for setting up global analytics, error tracking, or performance monitoring tools.\n00014| \n00015| To use it, create an `instrumentation-client.js` or `instrumentation-client.ts` file in your application's root directory:\n00016| \n00017| ```js filename=\"instrumentation-client.js\"\n00018| // Initialize analytics before the app starts\n00019| console.log('Analytics initialized')\n00020| \n00021| // Set up global error tracking\n00022| window.addEventListener('error', (event) => {\n00023| // Send to your error tracking service\n00024| reportError(event.error)\n00025| })\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| ## Build Your Own\n00029| \n00030| \n00031| \n00032| ```jsx filename=\"pages/_app.js\"\n00033| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00034| \n00035| function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {\n00036| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00037| console.log(metric)\n00038| })\n00039| \n00040| return \n00041| }\n00042| ```\n00043| \n00044| View the [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information.\n00045| \n00046| \n00047| \n00048| \n00049| \n00050| ```jsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.js\"\n00051| 'use client'\n00052| \n00053| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00054| \n00055| export function WebVitals() {\n00056| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00057| console.log(metric)\n00058| })\n00059| }\n00060| ```\n00061| \n00062| ```jsx filename=\"app/layout.js\"\n00063| import { WebVitals } from './_components/web-vitals'\n00064| \n00065| export default function Layout({ children }) {\n00066| return (\n00067| \n00068| \n00069| \n00070| {children}\n00071| \n00072| \n00073| )\n00074| }\n00075| ```\n00076| \n00077| > Since the `useReportWebVitals` hook requires the `'use client'` directive, the most performant approach is to create a separate component that the root layout imports. This confines the client boundary exclusively to the `WebVitals` component.\n00078| \n00079| View the [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information.\n00080| \n00081| \n00082| \n00083| ## Web Vitals\n00084| \n00085| [Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/) are a set of useful metrics that aim to capture the user\n00086| experience of a web page. The following web vitals are all included:\n00087| \n00088| - [Time to First Byte](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Time_to_first_byte) (TTFB)\n00089| - [First Contentful Paint](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/First_contentful_paint) (FCP)\n00090| - [Largest Contentful Paint](https://web.dev/lcp/) (LCP)\n00091| - [First Input Delay](https://web.dev/fid/) (FID)\n00092| - [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://web.dev/cls/) (CLS)\n00093| - [Interaction to Next Paint](https://web.dev/inp/) (INP)\n00094| \n00095| You can handle all the results of these metrics using the `name` property.\n00096| \n00097| \n00098| \n00099| ```jsx filename=\"pages/_app.js\"\n00100| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00101| \n00102| function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {\n00103| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00104| switch (metric.name) {\n00105| case 'FCP': {\n00106| // handle FCP results\n00107| }\n00108| case 'LCP': {\n00109| // handle LCP results\n00110| }\n00111| // ...\n00112| }\n00113| })\n00114| \n00115| return \n00116| }\n00117| ```\n00118| \n00119| \n00120| \n00121| \n00122| \n00123| ```tsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.tsx\" switcher\n00124| 'use client'\n00125| \n00126| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00127| \n00128| export function WebVitals() {\n00129| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00130| switch (metric.name) {\n00131| case 'FCP': {\n00132| // handle FCP results\n00133| }\n00134| case 'LCP': {\n00135| // handle LCP results\n00136| }\n00137| // ...\n00138| }\n00139| })\n00140| }\n00141| ```\n00142| \n00143| ```jsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.js\" switcher\n00144| 'use client'\n00145| \n00146| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00147| \n00148| export function WebVitals() {\n00149| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00150| switch (metric.name) {\n00151| case 'FCP': {\n00152| // handle FCP results\n00153| }\n00154| case 'LCP': {\n00155| // handle LCP results\n00156| }\n00157| // ...\n00158| }\n00159| })\n00160| }\n00161| ```\n00162| \n00163| \n00164| \n00165| \n00166| \n00167| ## Custom Metrics\n00168| \n00169| In addition to the core metrics listed above, there are some additional custom metrics that\n00170| measure the time it takes for the page to hydrate and render:\n00171| \n00172| - `Next.js-hydration`: Length of time it takes for the page to start and finish hydrating (in ms)\n00173| - `Next.js-route-change-to-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to start rendering after a\n00174| route change (in ms)\n00175| - `Next.js-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to finish render after a route change (in ms)\n00176| \n00177| You can handle all the results of these metrics separately:\n00178| \n00179| ```js\n00180| export function reportWebVitals(metric) {\n00181| switch (metric.name) {\n00182| case 'Next.js-hydration':\n00183| // handle hydration results\n00184| break\n00185| case 'Next.js-route-change-to-render':\n00186| // handle route-change to render results\n00187| break\n00188| case 'Next.js-render':\n00189| // handle render results\n00190| break\n00191| default:\n00192| break\n00193| }\n00194| }\n00195| ```\n00196| \n00197| These metrics work in all browsers that support the [User Timing API](https://caniuse.com/#feat=user-timing).\n00198| \n00199| \n00200| \n00201| ## Sending results to external systems\n00202| \n00203| You can send results to any endpoint to measure and track\n00204| real user performance on your site. For example:\n00205| \n00206| ```js\n00207| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00208| const body = JSON.stringify(metric)\n00209| const url = 'https://example.com/analytics'\n00210| \n00211| // Use `navigator.sendBeacon()` if available, falling back to `fetch()`.\n00212| if (navigator.sendBeacon) {\n00213| navigator.sendBeacon(url, body)\n00214| } else {\n00215| fetch(url, { body, method: 'POST', keepalive: true })\n00216| }\n00217| })\n00218| ```\n00219| \n00220| > **Good to know**: If you use [Google Analytics](https://analytics.google.com/analytics/web/), using the\n00221| > `id` value can allow you to construct metric distributions manually (to calculate percentiles,\n00222| > etc.)\n00223| \n00224| > ```js\n00225| > useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00226| > // Use `window.gtag` if you initialized Google Analytics as this example:\n00227| > // https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/examples/with-google-analytics\n00228| > window.gtag('event', metric.name, {\n00229| > value: Math.round(\n00230| > metric.name === 'CLS' ? metric.value * 1000 : metric.value\n00231| > ), // values must be integers\n00232| > event_label: metric.id, // id unique to current page load\n00233| > non_interaction: true, // avoids affecting bounce rate.\n00234| > })\n00235| > })\n00236| > ```\n00237| >\n00238| > Read more about [sending results to Google Analytics](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/web-vitals#send-the-results-to-google-analytics).\n00239| \n\n(End of file - total 239 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/analytics.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: How to add analytics to your Next.js application\nnav_title: Analytics\ndescription: Measure and track page performance using Next.js Speed Insights\n---\n\n{/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n\nNext.js has built-in support for measuring and reporting performance metrics. You can either use the [`useReportWebVitals`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) hook to manage reporting yourself, or alternatively, Vercel provides a [managed service](https://vercel.com/analytics?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) to automatically collect and visualize metrics for you.\n\n## Client Instrumentation\n\nFor more advanced analytics and monitoring needs, Next.js provides a `instrumentation-client.js|ts` file that runs before your application's frontend code starts executing. This is ideal for setting up global analytics, error tracking, or performance monitoring tools.\n\nTo use it, create an `instrumentation-client.js` or `instrumentation-client.ts` file in your application's root directory:\n\n```js filename=\"instrumentation-client.js\"\n// Initialize analytics before the app starts\nconsole.log('Analytics initialized')\n"},"time":{"start":1781627866829,"end":1781627866831}}}}
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+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627884925,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c1579001S8TK0jBPs7NsgK","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14bceed001HVUnc7fITBBM0s","type":"tool","callID":"call_9b87610307e84e0f8f1dd554","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/CLAUDE.md"},"output":"\n00001| @AGENTS.md\n00002| \n\n(End of file - total 2 lines)\n ","title":"CLAUDE.md","metadata":{"preview":"@AGENTS.md\n"},"time":{"start":1781627884921,"end":1781627884923}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627884928,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c157b0012QDs8iyLMlJdBt","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14bceed001HVUnc7fITBBM0s","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"dae8718aad5f4beb9a988eb61c1016eb02f539ec","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":10766,"output":460,"reasoning":405,"cache":{"read":10176,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627889278,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c266c001ND2HOZS1F7imMX","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c158d001f05Npj3OjiTMuI","type":"step-start","snapshot":"dae8718aad5f4beb9a988eb61c1016eb02f539ec"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627899287,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c43db001ygvRArJaRMuzdR","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c158d001f05Npj3OjiTMuI","type":"text","text":"I have everything I need. The `after` function from `next/server` is Next.js's recommended approach for scheduling non-blocking work after the response. Key constraint: in Server Components, request APIs like `headers()`/`cookies()` cannot be called *inside* the `after` callback — they must be read beforehand and passed in via closure.\n\nLet me create the analytics utility and update the page.","time":{"start":1781627899286,"end":1781627899286}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627902294,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c4d90001yAIoCOfeOFRm1T","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c158d001f05Npj3OjiTMuI","type":"tool","callID":"call_bb670d6191a44a90826423ff","tool":"write","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"content":"type PageViewEvent = {\n path: string\n userAgent: string\n timestamp: string\n}\n\nconst ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT = process.env.ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT\n\nexport async function logPageView(event: PageViewEvent) {\n try {\n if (!ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT) {\n console.log('[analytics] page view:', event)\n return\n }\n\n await fetch(ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT, {\n method: 'POST',\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n body: JSON.stringify(event),\n })\n } catch (error) {\n console.error('[analytics] failed to log page view:', error)\n }\n}\n","filePath":"/workspace/app/utils.ts"},"output":"","title":"app/utils.ts","metadata":{"diagnostics":{"/workspace/next.config.ts":[],"/workspace/app/layout.tsx":[],"/workspace/app/page.tsx":[],"/workspace/app/utils.ts":[]},"filepath":"/workspace/app/utils.ts","exists":false},"time":{"start":1781627899280,"end":1781627902291}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627902298,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c59540019wHXBTpbuy3PjV","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c158d001f05Npj3OjiTMuI","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"4ee4fe1963fb7d08f5c1139922a270ffd099b88a","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":7128,"output":810,"reasoning":568,"cache":{"read":14592,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627909577,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c75b6001imZuIsaipx3l5Y","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c5963001ithmYJq8ndBA24","type":"step-start","snapshot":"4ee4fe1963fb7d08f5c1139922a270ffd099b88a"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627912063,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c7f6e001s56kgGYEBiF00I","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c5963001ithmYJq8ndBA24","type":"text","text":"Now let me update the page to be an async Server Component that reads request data before `after` and schedules the page view logging.","time":{"start":1781627912061,"end":1781627912061}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627915067,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c7f75001qGU5XLqAH2nfzU","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c5963001ithmYJq8ndBA24","type":"tool","callID":"call_b12b477fc55d469fadbfc777","tool":"write","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"content":"import { after } from 'next/server'\nimport { headers } from 'next/headers'\nimport { logPageView } from '@/app/utils'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n // Read request data before `after` — Server Components cannot access\n // request-time APIs (like `headers`) inside the `after` callback.\n const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n\n // Schedule the analytics call to run after the response is sent,\n // so it does not block the response from reaching the user.\n after(() => {\n logPageView({\n path: '/',\n userAgent,\n timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),\n })\n })\n\n return (\n \n Welcome \n This page view is being logged to our analytics service.
\n \n )\n}\n","filePath":"/workspace/app/page.tsx"},"output":"","title":"app/page.tsx","metadata":{"diagnostics":{"/workspace/next.config.ts":[],"/workspace/app/layout.tsx":[],"/workspace/app/page.tsx":[],"/workspace/app/utils.ts":[]},"filepath":"/workspace/app/page.tsx","exists":true},"time":{"start":1781627912053,"end":1781627915063}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627915071,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c8b39001bw8T2wmzfEoDdY","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c5963001ithmYJq8ndBA24","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"a9b7c734165564dc8e911006734c65ac257bbf30","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":838,"output":328,"reasoning":99,"cache":{"read":21696,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627935905,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14cdc99001pBACyXFos3F0lE","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c8b47001wKuGt0ay2Y3N5I","type":"step-start","snapshot":"a9b7c734165564dc8e911006734c65ac257bbf30"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627935906,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14cdc990020jCF54pe6vs0Qc","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c8b47001wKuGt0ay2Y3N5I","type":"text","text":"Now let me verify the code typechecks and builds correctly.","time":{"start":1781627935902,"end":1781627935902},"metadata":{"gateway":{"generationId":"gen_01KV8MS2VSZSZHX0D0BFJDJNCP"}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627937691,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14cdc9c001O3jAwEoQMFaR1t","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c8b47001wKuGt0ay2Y3N5I","type":"tool","callID":"call_e1efe67d94a34509baa5b68a","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30","description":"Run TypeScript typecheck","workdir":"/workspace"},"output":"","title":"Run TypeScript typecheck","metadata":{"output":"","exit":0,"description":"Run TypeScript typecheck"},"time":{"start":1781627935901,"end":1781627937688}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627937697,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14ce399001HoywNzoAsCZqRg","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14c8b47001wKuGt0ay2Y3N5I","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"705062c72a7a3e8e46984303a3444121935eee58","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":1938,"output":54,"reasoning":0,"cache":{"read":20928,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627941112,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14cf0e1001Obt4SwcbfOfEyE","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14ce3b0001QoBMKaCX3gcd1i","type":"step-start","snapshot":"705062c72a7a3e8e46984303a3444121935eee58"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627942135,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14cf4df001v3NG2o1h536gQn","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14ce3b0001QoBMKaCX3gcd1i","type":"text","text":"Typecheck passes. Let me run a build to confirm everything compiles end-to-end.","time":{"start":1781627942135,"end":1781627942135}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627951134,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14cf4e7001TO3pGmcdjvRYOL","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14ce3b0001QoBMKaCX3gcd1i","type":"tool","callID":"call_62965a7bbee7466b9c5fa341","tool":"bash","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"command":"npx next build 2>&1 | tail -30","description":"Build the Next.js app","workdir":"/workspace","timeout":180000},"output":"\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.3s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 114ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n","title":"Build the Next.js app","metadata":{"output":"\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.3s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 114ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n","exit":0,"description":"Build the Next.js app"},"time":{"start":1781627942119,"end":1781627951131}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627951224,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14d181c001jC97xurdsI6s5K","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14ce3b0001QoBMKaCX3gcd1i","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"bfc0ab6067cc86b5da36be9cff6a78c46c5d588f","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":76,"output":167,"reasoning":103,"cache":{"read":22848,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627955094,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14d277e00152kYOwCtg64B6y","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14d1888001hNz5A5lTCi80Ho","type":"step-start","snapshot":"bfc0ab6067cc86b5da36be9cff6a78c46c5d588f"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627958627,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14d2fa8001yZVWz6PdSKNQXw","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14d1888001hNz5A5lTCi80Ho","type":"text","text":"Build succeeds. Here's what I implemented:\n\n**`app/page.tsx`** — an async Server Component that uses `after` from `next/server`, Next.js's recommended API for scheduling work after the response is sent without blocking it. Per the docs, Server Components cannot call request-time APIs (`headers`/`cookies`) *inside* the `after` callback, so the `user-agent` is read beforehand and passed in via closure.\n\n**`app/utils.ts`** — a `logPageView` function that POSTs the event to an analytics endpoint (configurable via `ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT`, falling back to a console log), with errors caught so logging failures never surface to the user.\n\nNote: the `/` route is now dynamic (`ƒ`) because `headers()` is a request-time API used to read the user-agent — `after` itself doesn't force dynamism, as the docs confirm.","time":{"start":1781627958625,"end":1781627958625}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627958633,"sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","part":{"id":"prt_ed14d3561001lms7tJJMtpy1mZ","sessionID":"ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0","messageID":"msg_ed14d1888001hNz5A5lTCi80Ho","type":"step-finish","reason":"stop","snapshot":"bfc0ab6067cc86b5da36be9cff6a78c46c5d588f","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":13153,"output":367,"reasoning":177,"cache":{"read":10176,"write":0}}}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/transcript.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/transcript.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f42d87ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/run-1/transcript.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1539 @@
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+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:37:29.269Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "I'll start by exploring the project structure and reading the Next.js docs to understand the recommended approach for this version.",
+ "raw": {
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+ "timestamp": 1781627849269,
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+ "time": {
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+ }
+ }
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+ "type": "tool_call",
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+ "name": "glob",
+ "originalName": "glob",
+ "args": {
+ "pattern": "node_modules/next/dist/docs/**/*.md"
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+ "name": "shell",
+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace",
+ "description": "List workspace contents",
+ "_extractedCommand": "ls -la /workspace"
+ }
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+ "command": "ls -la /workspace",
+ "description": "List workspace contents"
+ },
+ "output": "total 140\ndrwxr-xr-x 5 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 227 Jun 16 16:37 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 root root 286 Jun 16 16:37 ..\ndrwxr-xr-x 6 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 154 Jun 16 16:37 .git\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 14 Jun 16 16:36 .gitignore\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 327 Jun 16 16:37 AGENTS.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 CLAUDE.md\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 11 Jun 16 16:37 GEMINI.md\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 40 Jun 16 16:36 app\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 101 Jun 16 16:36 next.config.ts\ndrwxr-xr-x 81 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 4096 Jun 16 16:37 node_modules\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 2165 Jun 16 16:37 opencode.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 105543 Jun 16 16:37 package-lock.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 479 Jun 16 16:37 package.json\n-rw-r--r-- 1 vercel-sandbox vercel-sandbox 598 Jun 16 16:36 tsconfig.json\n",
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+ "content": "I found `after.md` - the function for scheduling work after the response. Let me read it along with the analytics guide and the page file convention doc.",
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+ "text": "I found `after.md` - the function for scheduling work after the response. Let me read it along with the analytics guide and the page file convention doc.",
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: after\n00003| description: API Reference for the after function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `after` allows you to schedule work to be executed after a response (or prerender) is finished. This is useful for tasks and other side effects that should not block the response, such as logging and analytics.\n00007| \n00008| It can be used in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including [`generateMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata)), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), and [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy).\n00009| \n00010| The function accepts a callback that will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished:\n00011| \n00012| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\" switcher\n00013| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00014| // Custom logging function\n00015| import { log } from '@/app/utils'\n00016| \n00017| export default function Layout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {\n00018| after(() => {\n00019| // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n00020| log()\n00021| })\n00022| return <>{children}>\n00023| }\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```jsx filename=\"app/layout.jsx\" switcher\n00027| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00028| // Custom logging function\n00029| import { log } from '@/app/utils'\n00030| \n00031| export default function Layout({ children }) {\n00032| after(() => {\n00033| // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n00034| log()\n00035| })\n00036| return <>{children}>\n00037| }\n00038| ```\n00039| \n00040| > **Good to know:** `after` is not a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) and calling it does not cause a route to become dynamic. If it's used within a static page, the callback will execute at build time, or whenever a page is revalidated.\n00041| \n00042| ## Reference\n00043| \n00044| ### Parameters\n00045| \n00046| - A callback function which will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished.\n00047| \n00048| ### Duration\n00049| \n00050| `after` will run for the platform's default or configured max duration of your route. If your platform supports it, you can configure the timeout limit using the [`maxDuration`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/maxDuration) route segment config.\n00051| \n00052| ## Good to know\n00053| \n00054| - `after` will be executed even if the response didn't complete successfully. Including when an error is thrown or when `notFound` or `redirect` is called.\n00055| - You can use React `cache` to deduplicate functions called inside `after`.\n00056| - `after` can be nested inside other `after` calls, for example, you can create utility functions that wrap `after` calls to add additional functionality.\n00057| \n00058| ## Examples\n00059| \n00060| ### With request APIs\n00061| \n00062| Whether you can use request APIs like [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) and [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) inside `after` depends on where `after` is called from.\n00063| \n00064| #### In Route Handlers and Server Functions\n00065| \n00066| You can call `cookies` and `headers` directly inside the `after` callback when used in [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) and [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data). This is useful for logging activity after a mutation or API request. For example:\n00067| \n00068| ```ts filename=\"app/api/route.ts\" highlight={2,10-16} switcher\n00069| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00070| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00071| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00072| \n00073| export async function POST(request: Request) {\n00074| // Perform mutation\n00075| // ...\n00076| \n00077| // Log user activity for analytics\n00078| after(async () => {\n00079| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00080| const sessionCookie =\n00081| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00082| \n00083| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00084| })\n00085| \n00086| return new Response(JSON.stringify({ status: 'success' }), {\n00087| status: 200,\n00088| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00089| })\n00090| }\n00091| ```\n00092| \n00093| ```js filename=\"app/api/route.js\" highlight={2,10-16} switcher\n00094| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00095| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00096| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00097| \n00098| export async function POST(request) {\n00099| // Perform mutation\n00100| // ...\n00101| \n00102| // Log user activity for analytics\n00103| after(async () => {\n00104| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00105| const sessionCookie =\n00106| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00107| \n00108| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00109| })\n00110| \n00111| return new Response(JSON.stringify({ status: 'success' }), {\n00112| status: 200,\n00113| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00114| })\n00115| }\n00116| ```\n00117| \n00118| #### In Server Components (pages and layouts)\n00119| \n00120| [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including pages, layouts, and `generateMetadata`) **cannot** use `cookies`, `headers`, or other Request-time APIs inside `after`. This is because Next.js needs to know which part of the component tree accesses request data to support [Partial Prerendering](/docs/app/glossary#partial-prerendering-ppr) and [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), but `after` runs after React's rendering lifecycle.\n00121| \n00122| If you need request data inside an `after` callback in a Server Component, read it beforehand and pass the values in:\n00123| \n00124| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" highlight={8-10,12} switcher\n00125| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00126| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00127| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00128| \n00129| export default async function Page() {\n00130| // Read request data before `after` — this is allowed\n00131| // These calls will be read during the component's rendering lifecycle\n00132| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00133| const sessionCookie =\n00134| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00135| \n00136| after(() => {\n00137| // Use the values read above\n00138| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00139| })\n00140| \n00141| return My Page \n00142| }\n00143| ```\n00144| \n00145| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.jsx\" highlight={8-10,12} switcher\n00146| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00147| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00148| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00149| \n00150| export default async function Page() {\n00151| // Read request data before `after` — this is allowed\n00152| // These calls will be read during the component's rendering lifecycle\n00153| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00154| const sessionCookie =\n00155| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00156| \n00157| after(() => {\n00158| // Use the values read above\n00159| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00160| })\n00161| \n00162| return My Page \n00163| }\n00164| ```\n00165| \n00166| Calling `cookies()` or `headers()` inside the `after` callback in a Server Component will throw a runtime error.\n00167| \n00168| #### With Cache Components\n00169| \n00170| When using [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), components that access request data like `cookies` or `headers` must be wrapped in [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) so the rest of the page can be prerendered into a static shell.\n00171| \n00172| You can combine this pattern with `after` by reading request data in a dynamic component and passing it into `after`:\n00173| \n00174| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" highlight={18-19,22-24} switcher\n00175| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00176| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00177| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00178| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00179| \n00180| export default function Page() {\n00181| return (\n00182| <>\n00183| Part of the static shell \n00184| Loading...}>\n00185| \n00186| \n00187| >\n00188| )\n00189| }\n00190| \n00191| async function DynamicContent() {\n00192| const sessionCookie =\n00193| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00194| \n00195| // Schedule work after the response is sent\n00196| after(() => {\n00197| logUserAction({ sessionCookie })\n00198| })\n00199| \n00200| return Your session: {sessionCookie}
\n00201| }\n00202| ```\n00203| \n00204| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.jsx\" highlight={18-19,22-24} switcher\n00205| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00206| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00207| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00208| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00209| \n00210| export default function Page() {\n00211| return (\n00212| <>\n00213| Part of the static shell \n00214| Loading...}>\n00215| \n00216| \n00217| >\n00218| )\n00219| }\n00220| \n00221| async function DynamicContent() {\n00222| const sessionCookie =\n00223| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00224| \n00225| // Schedule work after the response is sent\n00226| after(() => {\n00227| logUserAction({ sessionCookie })\n00228| })\n00229| \n00230| return Your session: {sessionCookie}
\n00231| }\n00232| ```\n00233| \n00234| In this example, `` and the `` fallback are included in the static shell. `DynamicContent` reads the cookie during rendering and passes it into `after` via closure. Since `cookies()` is called _outside_ the `after` callback (during the component's render), this works correctly.\n00235| \n00236| ## Platform Support\n00237| \n00238| | Deployment Option | Supported |\n00239| | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------- |\n00240| | [Node.js server](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#nodejs-server) | Yes |\n00241| | [Docker container](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#docker) | Yes |\n00242| | [Static export](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#static-export) | No |\n00243| | [Adapters](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#adapters) | Platform-specific |\n00244| \n00245| Learn how to [configure `after`](/docs/app/guides/self-hosting#after) when self-hosting Next.js.\n00246| \n00247| \n00248| Reference: supporting `after` for serverless platforms \n00249| \n00250| Using `after` in a serverless context requires waiting for asynchronous tasks to finish after the response has been sent. In Next.js and Vercel, this is achieved using a primitive called `waitUntil(promise)`, which extends the lifetime of a serverless invocation until all promises passed to [`waitUntil`](https://vercel.com/docs/functions/functions-api-reference#waituntil) have settled.\n00251| \n00252| If you want your users to be able to run `after`, you will have to provide your implementation of `waitUntil` that behaves in an analogous way.\n00253| \n00254| When `after` is called, Next.js will access `waitUntil` like this:\n00255| \n00256| ```jsx\n00257| const RequestContext = globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')]\n00258| const contextValue = RequestContext?.get()\n00259| const waitUntil = contextValue?.waitUntil\n00260| ```\n00261| \n00262| Which means that `globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')]` is expected to contain an object like this:\n00263| \n00264| ```tsx\n00265| type NextRequestContext = {\n00266| get(): NextRequestContextValue | undefined\n00267| }\n00268| \n00269| type NextRequestContextValue = {\n00270| waitUntil?: (promise: Promise) => void\n00271| }\n00272| ```\n00273| \n00274| Here is an example of the implementation.\n00275| \n00276| ```tsx\n00277| import { AsyncLocalStorage } from 'node:async_hooks'\n00278| \n00279| const RequestContextStorage = new AsyncLocalStorage()\n00280| \n00281| // Define and inject the accessor that next.js will use\n00282| const RequestContext: NextRequestContext = {\n00283| get() {\n00284| return RequestContextStorage.getStore()\n00285| },\n00286| }\n00287| globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')] = RequestContext\n00288| \n00289| const handler = (req, res) => {\n00290| const contextValue = { waitUntil: YOUR_WAITUNTIL }\n00291| // Provide the value\n00292| return RequestContextStorage.run(contextValue, () => nextJsHandler(req, res))\n00293| }\n00294| ```\n00295| \n00296| \n00297| \n00298| ## Version History\n00299| \n00300| | Version | Changes |\n00301| | ------------ | ---------------------------- |\n00302| | `v15.1.0` | `after` became stable. |\n00303| | `v15.0.0-rc` | `unstable_after` introduced. |\n00304| \n\n(End of file - total 304 lines)\n ",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: after\ndescription: API Reference for the after function.\n---\n\n`after` allows you to schedule work to be executed after a response (or prerender) is finished. This is useful for tasks and other side effects that should not block the response, such as logging and analytics.\n\nIt can be used in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including [`generateMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata)), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), and [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy).\n\nThe function accepts a callback that will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished:\n\n```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\" switcher\nimport { after } from 'next/server'\n// Custom logging function\nimport { log } from '@/app/utils'\n\nexport default function Layout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {\n after(() => {\n // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n log()"
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+ "result": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: after\n00003| description: API Reference for the after function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `after` allows you to schedule work to be executed after a response (or prerender) is finished. This is useful for tasks and other side effects that should not block the response, such as logging and analytics.\n00007| \n00008| It can be used in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including [`generateMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata)), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), and [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy).\n00009| \n00010| The function accepts a callback that will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished:\n00011| \n00012| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\" switcher\n00013| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00014| // Custom logging function\n00015| import { log } from '@/app/utils'\n00016| \n00017| export default function Layout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {\n00018| after(() => {\n00019| // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n00020| log()\n00021| })\n00022| return <>{children}>\n00023| }\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```jsx filename=\"app/layout.jsx\" switcher\n00027| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00028| // Custom logging function\n00029| import { log } from '@/app/utils'\n00030| \n00031| export default function Layout({ children }) {\n00032| after(() => {\n00033| // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n00034| log()\n00035| })\n00036| return <>{children}>\n00037| }\n00038| ```\n00039| \n00040| > **Good to know:** `after` is not a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) and calling it does not cause a route to become dynamic. If it's used within a static page, the callback will execute at build time, or whenever a page is revalidated.\n00041| \n00042| ## Reference\n00043| \n00044| ### Parameters\n00045| \n00046| - A callback function which will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished.\n00047| \n00048| ### Duration\n00049| \n00050| `after` will run for the platform's default or configured max duration of your route. If your platform supports it, you can configure the timeout limit using the [`maxDuration`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/maxDuration) route segment config.\n00051| \n00052| ## Good to know\n00053| \n00054| - `after` will be executed even if the response didn't complete successfully. Including when an error is thrown or when `notFound` or `redirect` is called.\n00055| - You can use React `cache` to deduplicate functions called inside `after`.\n00056| - `after` can be nested inside other `after` calls, for example, you can create utility functions that wrap `after` calls to add additional functionality.\n00057| \n00058| ## Examples\n00059| \n00060| ### With request APIs\n00061| \n00062| Whether you can use request APIs like [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) and [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) inside `after` depends on where `after` is called from.\n00063| \n00064| #### In Route Handlers and Server Functions\n00065| \n00066| You can call `cookies` and `headers` directly inside the `after` callback when used in [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) and [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data). This is useful for logging activity after a mutation or API request. For example:\n00067| \n00068| ```ts filename=\"app/api/route.ts\" highlight={2,10-16} switcher\n00069| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00070| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00071| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00072| \n00073| export async function POST(request: Request) {\n00074| // Perform mutation\n00075| // ...\n00076| \n00077| // Log user activity for analytics\n00078| after(async () => {\n00079| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00080| const sessionCookie =\n00081| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00082| \n00083| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00084| })\n00085| \n00086| return new Response(JSON.stringify({ status: 'success' }), {\n00087| status: 200,\n00088| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00089| })\n00090| }\n00091| ```\n00092| \n00093| ```js filename=\"app/api/route.js\" highlight={2,10-16} switcher\n00094| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00095| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00096| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00097| \n00098| export async function POST(request) {\n00099| // Perform mutation\n00100| // ...\n00101| \n00102| // Log user activity for analytics\n00103| after(async () => {\n00104| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00105| const sessionCookie =\n00106| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00107| \n00108| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00109| })\n00110| \n00111| return new Response(JSON.stringify({ status: 'success' }), {\n00112| status: 200,\n00113| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00114| })\n00115| }\n00116| ```\n00117| \n00118| #### In Server Components (pages and layouts)\n00119| \n00120| [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including pages, layouts, and `generateMetadata`) **cannot** use `cookies`, `headers`, or other Request-time APIs inside `after`. This is because Next.js needs to know which part of the component tree accesses request data to support [Partial Prerendering](/docs/app/glossary#partial-prerendering-ppr) and [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), but `after` runs after React's rendering lifecycle.\n00121| \n00122| If you need request data inside an `after` callback in a Server Component, read it beforehand and pass the values in:\n00123| \n00124| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" highlight={8-10,12} switcher\n00125| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00126| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00127| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00128| \n00129| export default async function Page() {\n00130| // Read request data before `after` — this is allowed\n00131| // These calls will be read during the component's rendering lifecycle\n00132| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00133| const sessionCookie =\n00134| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00135| \n00136| after(() => {\n00137| // Use the values read above\n00138| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00139| })\n00140| \n00141| return My Page \n00142| }\n00143| ```\n00144| \n00145| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.jsx\" highlight={8-10,12} switcher\n00146| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00147| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00148| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00149| \n00150| export default async function Page() {\n00151| // Read request data before `after` — this is allowed\n00152| // These calls will be read during the component's rendering lifecycle\n00153| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00154| const sessionCookie =\n00155| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00156| \n00157| after(() => {\n00158| // Use the values read above\n00159| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00160| })\n00161| \n00162| return My Page \n00163| }\n00164| ```\n00165| \n00166| Calling `cookies()` or `headers()` inside the `after` callback in a Server Component will throw a runtime error.\n00167| \n00168| #### With Cache Components\n00169| \n00170| When using [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), components that access request data like `cookies` or `headers` must be wrapped in [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) so the rest of the page can be prerendered into a static shell.\n00171| \n00172| You can combine this pattern with `after` by reading request data in a dynamic component and passing it into `after`:\n00173| \n00174| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" highlight={18-19,22-24} switcher\n00175| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00176| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00177| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00178| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00179| \n00180| export default function Page() {\n00181| return (\n00182| <>\n00183| Part of the static shell \n00184| Loading...}>\n00185| \n00186| \n00187| >\n00188| )\n00189| }\n00190| \n00191| async function DynamicContent() {\n00192| const sessionCookie =\n00193| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00194| \n00195| // Schedule work after the response is sent\n00196| after(() => {\n00197| logUserAction({ sessionCookie })\n00198| })\n00199| \n00200| return Your session: {sessionCookie}
\n00201| }\n00202| ```\n00203| \n00204| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.jsx\" highlight={18-19,22-24} switcher\n00205| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00206| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00207| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00208| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00209| \n00210| export default function Page() {\n00211| return (\n00212| <>\n00213| Part of the static shell \n00214| Loading...}>\n00215| \n00216| \n00217| >\n00218| )\n00219| }\n00220| \n00221| async function DynamicContent() {\n00222| const sessionCookie =\n00223| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00224| \n00225| // Schedule work after the response is sent\n00226| after(() => {\n00227| logUserAction({ sessionCookie })\n00228| })\n00229| \n00230| return Your session: {sessionCookie}
\n00231| }\n00232| ```\n00233| \n00234| In this example, `` and the `` fallback are included in the static shell. `DynamicContent` reads the cookie during rendering and passes it into `after` via closure. Since `cookies()` is called _outside_ the `after` callback (during the component's render), this works correctly.\n00235| \n00236| ## Platform Support\n00237| \n00238| | Deployment Option | Supported |\n00239| | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------- |\n00240| | [Node.js server](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#nodejs-server) | Yes |\n00241| | [Docker container](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#docker) | Yes |\n00242| | [Static export](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#static-export) | No |\n00243| | [Adapters](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#adapters) | Platform-specific |\n00244| \n00245| Learn how to [configure `after`](/docs/app/guides/self-hosting#after) when self-hosting Next.js.\n00246| \n00247| \n00248| Reference: supporting `after` for serverless platforms \n00249| \n00250| Using `after` in a serverless context requires waiting for asynchronous tasks to finish after the response has been sent. In Next.js and Vercel, this is achieved using a primitive called `waitUntil(promise)`, which extends the lifetime of a serverless invocation until all promises passed to [`waitUntil`](https://vercel.com/docs/functions/functions-api-reference#waituntil) have settled.\n00251| \n00252| If you want your users to be able to run `after`, you will have to provide your implementation of `waitUntil` that behaves in an analogous way.\n00253| \n00254| When `after` is called, Next.js will access `waitUntil` like this:\n00255| \n00256| ```jsx\n00257| const RequestContext = globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')]\n00258| const contextValue = RequestContext?.get()\n00259| const waitUntil = contextValue?.waitUntil\n00260| ```\n00261| \n00262| Which means that `globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')]` is expected to contain an object like this:\n00263| \n00264| ```tsx\n00265| type NextRequestContext = {\n00266| get(): NextRequestContextValue | undefined\n00267| }\n00268| \n00269| type NextRequestContextValue = {\n00270| waitUntil?: (promise: Promise) => void\n00271| }\n00272| ```\n00273| \n00274| Here is an example of the implementation.\n00275| \n00276| ```tsx\n00277| import { AsyncLocalStorage } from 'node:async_hooks'\n00278| \n00279| const RequestContextStorage = new AsyncLocalStorage()\n00280| \n00281| // Define and inject the accessor that next.js will use\n00282| const RequestContext: NextRequestContext = {\n00283| get() {\n00284| return RequestContextStorage.getStore()\n00285| },\n00286| }\n00287| globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')] = RequestContext\n00288| \n00289| const handler = (req, res) => {\n00290| const contextValue = { waitUntil: YOUR_WAITUNTIL }\n00291| // Provide the value\n00292| return RequestContextStorage.run(contextValue, () => nextJsHandler(req, res))\n00293| }\n00294| ```\n00295| \n00296| \n00297| \n00298| ## Version History\n00299| \n00300| | Version | Changes |\n00301| | ------------ | ---------------------------- |\n00302| | `v15.1.0` | `after` became stable. |\n00303| | `v15.0.0-rc` | `unstable_after` introduced. |\n00304| \n\n(End of file - total 304 lines)\n ",
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This is useful for tasks and other side effects that should not block the response, such as logging and analytics.\n00007| \n00008| It can be used in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including [`generateMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata)), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), and [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy).\n00009| \n00010| The function accepts a callback that will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished:\n00011| \n00012| ```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\" switcher\n00013| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00014| // Custom logging function\n00015| import { log } from '@/app/utils'\n00016| \n00017| export default function Layout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {\n00018| after(() => {\n00019| // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n00020| log()\n00021| })\n00022| return <>{children}>\n00023| }\n00024| ```\n00025| \n00026| ```jsx filename=\"app/layout.jsx\" switcher\n00027| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00028| // Custom logging function\n00029| import { log } from '@/app/utils'\n00030| \n00031| export default function Layout({ children }) {\n00032| after(() => {\n00033| // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n00034| log()\n00035| })\n00036| return <>{children}>\n00037| }\n00038| ```\n00039| \n00040| > **Good to know:** `after` is not a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) and calling it does not cause a route to become dynamic. If it's used within a static page, the callback will execute at build time, or whenever a page is revalidated.\n00041| \n00042| ## Reference\n00043| \n00044| ### Parameters\n00045| \n00046| - A callback function which will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished.\n00047| \n00048| ### Duration\n00049| \n00050| `after` will run for the platform's default or configured max duration of your route. If your platform supports it, you can configure the timeout limit using the [`maxDuration`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config/maxDuration) route segment config.\n00051| \n00052| ## Good to know\n00053| \n00054| - `after` will be executed even if the response didn't complete successfully. Including when an error is thrown or when `notFound` or `redirect` is called.\n00055| - You can use React `cache` to deduplicate functions called inside `after`.\n00056| - `after` can be nested inside other `after` calls, for example, you can create utility functions that wrap `after` calls to add additional functionality.\n00057| \n00058| ## Examples\n00059| \n00060| ### With request APIs\n00061| \n00062| Whether you can use request APIs like [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) and [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) inside `after` depends on where `after` is called from.\n00063| \n00064| #### In Route Handlers and Server Functions\n00065| \n00066| You can call `cookies` and `headers` directly inside the `after` callback when used in [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) and [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data). This is useful for logging activity after a mutation or API request. For example:\n00067| \n00068| ```ts filename=\"app/api/route.ts\" highlight={2,10-16} switcher\n00069| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00070| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00071| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00072| \n00073| export async function POST(request: Request) {\n00074| // Perform mutation\n00075| // ...\n00076| \n00077| // Log user activity for analytics\n00078| after(async () => {\n00079| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00080| const sessionCookie =\n00081| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00082| \n00083| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00084| })\n00085| \n00086| return new Response(JSON.stringify({ status: 'success' }), {\n00087| status: 200,\n00088| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00089| })\n00090| }\n00091| ```\n00092| \n00093| ```js filename=\"app/api/route.js\" highlight={2,10-16} switcher\n00094| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00095| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00096| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00097| \n00098| export async function POST(request) {\n00099| // Perform mutation\n00100| // ...\n00101| \n00102| // Log user activity for analytics\n00103| after(async () => {\n00104| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00105| const sessionCookie =\n00106| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00107| \n00108| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00109| })\n00110| \n00111| return new Response(JSON.stringify({ status: 'success' }), {\n00112| status: 200,\n00113| headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n00114| })\n00115| }\n00116| ```\n00117| \n00118| #### In Server Components (pages and layouts)\n00119| \n00120| [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including pages, layouts, and `generateMetadata`) **cannot** use `cookies`, `headers`, or other Request-time APIs inside `after`. This is because Next.js needs to know which part of the component tree accesses request data to support [Partial Prerendering](/docs/app/glossary#partial-prerendering-ppr) and [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), but `after` runs after React's rendering lifecycle.\n00121| \n00122| If you need request data inside an `after` callback in a Server Component, read it beforehand and pass the values in:\n00123| \n00124| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" highlight={8-10,12} switcher\n00125| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00126| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00127| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00128| \n00129| export default async function Page() {\n00130| // Read request data before `after` — this is allowed\n00131| // These calls will be read during the component's rendering lifecycle\n00132| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00133| const sessionCookie =\n00134| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00135| \n00136| after(() => {\n00137| // Use the values read above\n00138| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00139| })\n00140| \n00141| return My Page \n00142| }\n00143| ```\n00144| \n00145| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.jsx\" highlight={8-10,12} switcher\n00146| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00147| import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'\n00148| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00149| \n00150| export default async function Page() {\n00151| // Read request data before `after` — this is allowed\n00152| // These calls will be read during the component's rendering lifecycle\n00153| const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n00154| const sessionCookie =\n00155| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00156| \n00157| after(() => {\n00158| // Use the values read above\n00159| logUserAction({ sessionCookie, userAgent })\n00160| })\n00161| \n00162| return My Page \n00163| }\n00164| ```\n00165| \n00166| Calling `cookies()` or `headers()` inside the `after` callback in a Server Component will throw a runtime error.\n00167| \n00168| #### With Cache Components\n00169| \n00170| When using [Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/caching), components that access request data like `cookies` or `headers` must be wrapped in [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) so the rest of the page can be prerendered into a static shell.\n00171| \n00172| You can combine this pattern with `after` by reading request data in a dynamic component and passing it into `after`:\n00173| \n00174| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" highlight={18-19,22-24} switcher\n00175| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00176| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00177| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00178| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00179| \n00180| export default function Page() {\n00181| return (\n00182| <>\n00183| Part of the static shell \n00184| Loading...}>\n00185| \n00186| \n00187| >\n00188| )\n00189| }\n00190| \n00191| async function DynamicContent() {\n00192| const sessionCookie =\n00193| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00194| \n00195| // Schedule work after the response is sent\n00196| after(() => {\n00197| logUserAction({ sessionCookie })\n00198| })\n00199| \n00200| return Your session: {sessionCookie}
\n00201| }\n00202| ```\n00203| \n00204| ```jsx filename=\"app/page.jsx\" highlight={18-19,22-24} switcher\n00205| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00206| import { after } from 'next/server'\n00207| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00208| import { logUserAction } from '@/app/utils'\n00209| \n00210| export default function Page() {\n00211| return (\n00212| <>\n00213| Part of the static shell \n00214| Loading...}>\n00215| \n00216| \n00217| >\n00218| )\n00219| }\n00220| \n00221| async function DynamicContent() {\n00222| const sessionCookie =\n00223| (await cookies()).get('session-id')?.value || 'anonymous'\n00224| \n00225| // Schedule work after the response is sent\n00226| after(() => {\n00227| logUserAction({ sessionCookie })\n00228| })\n00229| \n00230| return Your session: {sessionCookie}
\n00231| }\n00232| ```\n00233| \n00234| In this example, `` and the `` fallback are included in the static shell. `DynamicContent` reads the cookie during rendering and passes it into `after` via closure. Since `cookies()` is called _outside_ the `after` callback (during the component's render), this works correctly.\n00235| \n00236| ## Platform Support\n00237| \n00238| | Deployment Option | Supported |\n00239| | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------- |\n00240| | [Node.js server](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#nodejs-server) | Yes |\n00241| | [Docker container](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#docker) | Yes |\n00242| | [Static export](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#static-export) | No |\n00243| | [Adapters](/docs/app/getting-started/deploying#adapters) | Platform-specific |\n00244| \n00245| Learn how to [configure `after`](/docs/app/guides/self-hosting#after) when self-hosting Next.js.\n00246| \n00247| \n00248| Reference: supporting `after` for serverless platforms \n00249| \n00250| Using `after` in a serverless context requires waiting for asynchronous tasks to finish after the response has been sent. In Next.js and Vercel, this is achieved using a primitive called `waitUntil(promise)`, which extends the lifetime of a serverless invocation until all promises passed to [`waitUntil`](https://vercel.com/docs/functions/functions-api-reference#waituntil) have settled.\n00251| \n00252| If you want your users to be able to run `after`, you will have to provide your implementation of `waitUntil` that behaves in an analogous way.\n00253| \n00254| When `after` is called, Next.js will access `waitUntil` like this:\n00255| \n00256| ```jsx\n00257| const RequestContext = globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')]\n00258| const contextValue = RequestContext?.get()\n00259| const waitUntil = contextValue?.waitUntil\n00260| ```\n00261| \n00262| Which means that `globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')]` is expected to contain an object like this:\n00263| \n00264| ```tsx\n00265| type NextRequestContext = {\n00266| get(): NextRequestContextValue | undefined\n00267| }\n00268| \n00269| type NextRequestContextValue = {\n00270| waitUntil?: (promise: Promise) => void\n00271| }\n00272| ```\n00273| \n00274| Here is an example of the implementation.\n00275| \n00276| ```tsx\n00277| import { AsyncLocalStorage } from 'node:async_hooks'\n00278| \n00279| const RequestContextStorage = new AsyncLocalStorage()\n00280| \n00281| // Define and inject the accessor that next.js will use\n00282| const RequestContext: NextRequestContext = {\n00283| get() {\n00284| return RequestContextStorage.getStore()\n00285| },\n00286| }\n00287| globalThis[Symbol.for('@next/request-context')] = RequestContext\n00288| \n00289| const handler = (req, res) => {\n00290| const contextValue = { waitUntil: YOUR_WAITUNTIL }\n00291| // Provide the value\n00292| return RequestContextStorage.run(contextValue, () => nextJsHandler(req, res))\n00293| }\n00294| ```\n00295| \n00296| \n00297| \n00298| ## Version History\n00299| \n00300| | Version | Changes |\n00301| | ------------ | ---------------------------- |\n00302| | `v15.1.0` | `after` became stable. |\n00303| | `v15.0.0-rc` | `unstable_after` introduced. |\n00304| \n\n(End of file - total 304 lines)\n ",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: after\ndescription: API Reference for the after function.\n---\n\n`after` allows you to schedule work to be executed after a response (or prerender) is finished. This is useful for tasks and other side effects that should not block the response, such as logging and analytics.\n\nIt can be used in [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components) (including [`generateMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata)), [Server Functions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data), [Route Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route), and [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy).\n\nThe function accepts a callback that will be executed after the response (or prerender) is finished:\n\n```tsx filename=\"app/layout.tsx\" switcher\nimport { after } from 'next/server'\n// Custom logging function\nimport { log } from '@/app/utils'\n\nexport default function Layout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {\n after(() => {\n // Execute after the layout is rendered and sent to the user\n log()"
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+ "output": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to add analytics to your Next.js application\n00003| nav_title: Analytics\n00004| description: Measure and track page performance using Next.js Speed Insights\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| {/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n00008| \n00009| Next.js has built-in support for measuring and reporting performance metrics. You can either use the [`useReportWebVitals`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) hook to manage reporting yourself, or alternatively, Vercel provides a [managed service](https://vercel.com/analytics?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) to automatically collect and visualize metrics for you.\n00010| \n00011| ## Client Instrumentation\n00012| \n00013| For more advanced analytics and monitoring needs, Next.js provides a `instrumentation-client.js|ts` file that runs before your application's frontend code starts executing. This is ideal for setting up global analytics, error tracking, or performance monitoring tools.\n00014| \n00015| To use it, create an `instrumentation-client.js` or `instrumentation-client.ts` file in your application's root directory:\n00016| \n00017| ```js filename=\"instrumentation-client.js\"\n00018| // Initialize analytics before the app starts\n00019| console.log('Analytics initialized')\n00020| \n00021| // Set up global error tracking\n00022| window.addEventListener('error', (event) => {\n00023| // Send to your error tracking service\n00024| reportError(event.error)\n00025| })\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| ## Build Your Own\n00029| \n00030| \n00031| \n00032| ```jsx filename=\"pages/_app.js\"\n00033| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00034| \n00035| function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {\n00036| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00037| console.log(metric)\n00038| })\n00039| \n00040| return \n00041| }\n00042| ```\n00043| \n00044| View the [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information.\n00045| \n00046| \n00047| \n00048| \n00049| \n00050| ```jsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.js\"\n00051| 'use client'\n00052| \n00053| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00054| \n00055| export function WebVitals() {\n00056| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00057| console.log(metric)\n00058| })\n00059| }\n00060| ```\n00061| \n00062| ```jsx filename=\"app/layout.js\"\n00063| import { WebVitals } from './_components/web-vitals'\n00064| \n00065| export default function Layout({ children }) {\n00066| return (\n00067| \n00068| \n00069| \n00070| {children}\n00071| \n00072| \n00073| )\n00074| }\n00075| ```\n00076| \n00077| > Since the `useReportWebVitals` hook requires the `'use client'` directive, the most performant approach is to create a separate component that the root layout imports. This confines the client boundary exclusively to the `WebVitals` component.\n00078| \n00079| View the [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information.\n00080| \n00081| \n00082| \n00083| ## Web Vitals\n00084| \n00085| [Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/) are a set of useful metrics that aim to capture the user\n00086| experience of a web page. The following web vitals are all included:\n00087| \n00088| - [Time to First Byte](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Time_to_first_byte) (TTFB)\n00089| - [First Contentful Paint](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/First_contentful_paint) (FCP)\n00090| - [Largest Contentful Paint](https://web.dev/lcp/) (LCP)\n00091| - [First Input Delay](https://web.dev/fid/) (FID)\n00092| - [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://web.dev/cls/) (CLS)\n00093| - [Interaction to Next Paint](https://web.dev/inp/) (INP)\n00094| \n00095| You can handle all the results of these metrics using the `name` property.\n00096| \n00097| \n00098| \n00099| ```jsx filename=\"pages/_app.js\"\n00100| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00101| \n00102| function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {\n00103| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00104| switch (metric.name) {\n00105| case 'FCP': {\n00106| // handle FCP results\n00107| }\n00108| case 'LCP': {\n00109| // handle LCP results\n00110| }\n00111| // ...\n00112| }\n00113| })\n00114| \n00115| return \n00116| }\n00117| ```\n00118| \n00119| \n00120| \n00121| \n00122| \n00123| ```tsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.tsx\" switcher\n00124| 'use client'\n00125| \n00126| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00127| \n00128| export function WebVitals() {\n00129| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00130| switch (metric.name) {\n00131| case 'FCP': {\n00132| // handle FCP results\n00133| }\n00134| case 'LCP': {\n00135| // handle LCP results\n00136| }\n00137| // ...\n00138| }\n00139| })\n00140| }\n00141| ```\n00142| \n00143| ```jsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.js\" switcher\n00144| 'use client'\n00145| \n00146| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00147| \n00148| export function WebVitals() {\n00149| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00150| switch (metric.name) {\n00151| case 'FCP': {\n00152| // handle FCP results\n00153| }\n00154| case 'LCP': {\n00155| // handle LCP results\n00156| }\n00157| // ...\n00158| }\n00159| })\n00160| }\n00161| ```\n00162| \n00163| \n00164| \n00165| \n00166| \n00167| ## Custom Metrics\n00168| \n00169| In addition to the core metrics listed above, there are some additional custom metrics that\n00170| measure the time it takes for the page to hydrate and render:\n00171| \n00172| - `Next.js-hydration`: Length of time it takes for the page to start and finish hydrating (in ms)\n00173| - `Next.js-route-change-to-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to start rendering after a\n00174| route change (in ms)\n00175| - `Next.js-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to finish render after a route change (in ms)\n00176| \n00177| You can handle all the results of these metrics separately:\n00178| \n00179| ```js\n00180| export function reportWebVitals(metric) {\n00181| switch (metric.name) {\n00182| case 'Next.js-hydration':\n00183| // handle hydration results\n00184| break\n00185| case 'Next.js-route-change-to-render':\n00186| // handle route-change to render results\n00187| break\n00188| case 'Next.js-render':\n00189| // handle render results\n00190| break\n00191| default:\n00192| break\n00193| }\n00194| }\n00195| ```\n00196| \n00197| These metrics work in all browsers that support the [User Timing API](https://caniuse.com/#feat=user-timing).\n00198| \n00199| \n00200| \n00201| ## Sending results to external systems\n00202| \n00203| You can send results to any endpoint to measure and track\n00204| real user performance on your site. For example:\n00205| \n00206| ```js\n00207| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00208| const body = JSON.stringify(metric)\n00209| const url = 'https://example.com/analytics'\n00210| \n00211| // Use `navigator.sendBeacon()` if available, falling back to `fetch()`.\n00212| if (navigator.sendBeacon) {\n00213| navigator.sendBeacon(url, body)\n00214| } else {\n00215| fetch(url, { body, method: 'POST', keepalive: true })\n00216| }\n00217| })\n00218| ```\n00219| \n00220| > **Good to know**: If you use [Google Analytics](https://analytics.google.com/analytics/web/), using the\n00221| > `id` value can allow you to construct metric distributions manually (to calculate percentiles,\n00222| > etc.)\n00223| \n00224| > ```js\n00225| > useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00226| > // Use `window.gtag` if you initialized Google Analytics as this example:\n00227| > // https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/examples/with-google-analytics\n00228| > window.gtag('event', metric.name, {\n00229| > value: Math.round(\n00230| > metric.name === 'CLS' ? metric.value * 1000 : metric.value\n00231| > ), // values must be integers\n00232| > event_label: metric.id, // id unique to current page load\n00233| > non_interaction: true, // avoids affecting bounce rate.\n00234| > })\n00235| > })\n00236| > ```\n00237| >\n00238| > Read more about [sending results to Google Analytics](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/web-vitals#send-the-results-to-google-analytics).\n00239| \n\n(End of file - total 239 lines)\n ",
+ "title": "node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/analytics.md",
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+ "preview": "---\ntitle: How to add analytics to your Next.js application\nnav_title: Analytics\ndescription: Measure and track page performance using Next.js Speed Insights\n---\n\n{/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n\nNext.js has built-in support for measuring and reporting performance metrics. You can either use the [`useReportWebVitals`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) hook to manage reporting yourself, or alternatively, Vercel provides a [managed service](https://vercel.com/analytics?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) to automatically collect and visualize metrics for you.\n\n## Client Instrumentation\n\nFor more advanced analytics and monitoring needs, Next.js provides a `instrumentation-client.js|ts` file that runs before your application's frontend code starts executing. This is ideal for setting up global analytics, error tracking, or performance monitoring tools.\n\nTo use it, create an `instrumentation-client.js` or `instrumentation-client.ts` file in your application's root directory:\n\n```js filename=\"instrumentation-client.js\"\n// Initialize analytics before the app starts\nconsole.log('Analytics initialized')\n"
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+ "result": "\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How to add analytics to your Next.js application\n00003| nav_title: Analytics\n00004| description: Measure and track page performance using Next.js Speed Insights\n00005| ---\n00006| \n00007| {/* The content of this doc is shared between the app and pages router. You can use the `Content ` component to add content that is specific to the Pages Router. Any shared content should not be wrapped in a component. */}\n00008| \n00009| Next.js has built-in support for measuring and reporting performance metrics. You can either use the [`useReportWebVitals`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) hook to manage reporting yourself, or alternatively, Vercel provides a [managed service](https://vercel.com/analytics?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) to automatically collect and visualize metrics for you.\n00010| \n00011| ## Client Instrumentation\n00012| \n00013| For more advanced analytics and monitoring needs, Next.js provides a `instrumentation-client.js|ts` file that runs before your application's frontend code starts executing. This is ideal for setting up global analytics, error tracking, or performance monitoring tools.\n00014| \n00015| To use it, create an `instrumentation-client.js` or `instrumentation-client.ts` file in your application's root directory:\n00016| \n00017| ```js filename=\"instrumentation-client.js\"\n00018| // Initialize analytics before the app starts\n00019| console.log('Analytics initialized')\n00020| \n00021| // Set up global error tracking\n00022| window.addEventListener('error', (event) => {\n00023| // Send to your error tracking service\n00024| reportError(event.error)\n00025| })\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| ## Build Your Own\n00029| \n00030| \n00031| \n00032| ```jsx filename=\"pages/_app.js\"\n00033| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00034| \n00035| function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {\n00036| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00037| console.log(metric)\n00038| })\n00039| \n00040| return \n00041| }\n00042| ```\n00043| \n00044| View the [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information.\n00045| \n00046| \n00047| \n00048| \n00049| \n00050| ```jsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.js\"\n00051| 'use client'\n00052| \n00053| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00054| \n00055| export function WebVitals() {\n00056| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00057| console.log(metric)\n00058| })\n00059| }\n00060| ```\n00061| \n00062| ```jsx filename=\"app/layout.js\"\n00063| import { WebVitals } from './_components/web-vitals'\n00064| \n00065| export default function Layout({ children }) {\n00066| return (\n00067| \n00068| \n00069| \n00070| {children}\n00071| \n00072| \n00073| )\n00074| }\n00075| ```\n00076| \n00077| > Since the `useReportWebVitals` hook requires the `'use client'` directive, the most performant approach is to create a separate component that the root layout imports. This confines the client boundary exclusively to the `WebVitals` component.\n00078| \n00079| View the [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information.\n00080| \n00081| \n00082| \n00083| ## Web Vitals\n00084| \n00085| [Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/) are a set of useful metrics that aim to capture the user\n00086| experience of a web page. The following web vitals are all included:\n00087| \n00088| - [Time to First Byte](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Time_to_first_byte) (TTFB)\n00089| - [First Contentful Paint](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/First_contentful_paint) (FCP)\n00090| - [Largest Contentful Paint](https://web.dev/lcp/) (LCP)\n00091| - [First Input Delay](https://web.dev/fid/) (FID)\n00092| - [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://web.dev/cls/) (CLS)\n00093| - [Interaction to Next Paint](https://web.dev/inp/) (INP)\n00094| \n00095| You can handle all the results of these metrics using the `name` property.\n00096| \n00097| \n00098| \n00099| ```jsx filename=\"pages/_app.js\"\n00100| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00101| \n00102| function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {\n00103| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00104| switch (metric.name) {\n00105| case 'FCP': {\n00106| // handle FCP results\n00107| }\n00108| case 'LCP': {\n00109| // handle LCP results\n00110| }\n00111| // ...\n00112| }\n00113| })\n00114| \n00115| return \n00116| }\n00117| ```\n00118| \n00119| \n00120| \n00121| \n00122| \n00123| ```tsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.tsx\" switcher\n00124| 'use client'\n00125| \n00126| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00127| \n00128| export function WebVitals() {\n00129| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00130| switch (metric.name) {\n00131| case 'FCP': {\n00132| // handle FCP results\n00133| }\n00134| case 'LCP': {\n00135| // handle LCP results\n00136| }\n00137| // ...\n00138| }\n00139| })\n00140| }\n00141| ```\n00142| \n00143| ```jsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.js\" switcher\n00144| 'use client'\n00145| \n00146| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00147| \n00148| export function WebVitals() {\n00149| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00150| switch (metric.name) {\n00151| case 'FCP': {\n00152| // handle FCP results\n00153| }\n00154| case 'LCP': {\n00155| // handle LCP results\n00156| }\n00157| // ...\n00158| }\n00159| })\n00160| }\n00161| ```\n00162| \n00163| \n00164| \n00165| \n00166| \n00167| ## Custom Metrics\n00168| \n00169| In addition to the core metrics listed above, there are some additional custom metrics that\n00170| measure the time it takes for the page to hydrate and render:\n00171| \n00172| - `Next.js-hydration`: Length of time it takes for the page to start and finish hydrating (in ms)\n00173| - `Next.js-route-change-to-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to start rendering after a\n00174| route change (in ms)\n00175| - `Next.js-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to finish render after a route change (in ms)\n00176| \n00177| You can handle all the results of these metrics separately:\n00178| \n00179| ```js\n00180| export function reportWebVitals(metric) {\n00181| switch (metric.name) {\n00182| case 'Next.js-hydration':\n00183| // handle hydration results\n00184| break\n00185| case 'Next.js-route-change-to-render':\n00186| // handle route-change to render results\n00187| break\n00188| case 'Next.js-render':\n00189| // handle render results\n00190| break\n00191| default:\n00192| break\n00193| }\n00194| }\n00195| ```\n00196| \n00197| These metrics work in all browsers that support the [User Timing API](https://caniuse.com/#feat=user-timing).\n00198| \n00199| \n00200| \n00201| ## Sending results to external systems\n00202| \n00203| You can send results to any endpoint to measure and track\n00204| real user performance on your site. For example:\n00205| \n00206| ```js\n00207| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00208| const body = JSON.stringify(metric)\n00209| const url = 'https://example.com/analytics'\n00210| \n00211| // Use `navigator.sendBeacon()` if available, falling back to `fetch()`.\n00212| if (navigator.sendBeacon) {\n00213| navigator.sendBeacon(url, body)\n00214| } else {\n00215| fetch(url, { body, method: 'POST', keepalive: true })\n00216| }\n00217| })\n00218| ```\n00219| \n00220| > **Good to know**: If you use [Google Analytics](https://analytics.google.com/analytics/web/), using the\n00221| > `id` value can allow you to construct metric distributions manually (to calculate percentiles,\n00222| > etc.)\n00223| \n00224| > ```js\n00225| > useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00226| > // Use `window.gtag` if you initialized Google Analytics as this example:\n00227| > // https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/examples/with-google-analytics\n00228| > window.gtag('event', metric.name, {\n00229| > value: Math.round(\n00230| > metric.name === 'CLS' ? metric.value * 1000 : metric.value\n00231| > ), // values must be integers\n00232| > event_label: metric.id, // id unique to current page load\n00233| > non_interaction: true, // avoids affecting bounce rate.\n00234| > })\n00235| > })\n00236| > ```\n00237| >\n00238| > Read more about [sending results to Google Analytics](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/web-vitals#send-the-results-to-google-analytics).\n00239| \n\n(End of file - total 239 lines)\n ",
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You can either use the [`useReportWebVitals`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) hook to manage reporting yourself, or alternatively, Vercel provides a [managed service](https://vercel.com/analytics?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) to automatically collect and visualize metrics for you.\n00010| \n00011| ## Client Instrumentation\n00012| \n00013| For more advanced analytics and monitoring needs, Next.js provides a `instrumentation-client.js|ts` file that runs before your application's frontend code starts executing. This is ideal for setting up global analytics, error tracking, or performance monitoring tools.\n00014| \n00015| To use it, create an `instrumentation-client.js` or `instrumentation-client.ts` file in your application's root directory:\n00016| \n00017| ```js filename=\"instrumentation-client.js\"\n00018| // Initialize analytics before the app starts\n00019| console.log('Analytics initialized')\n00020| \n00021| // Set up global error tracking\n00022| window.addEventListener('error', (event) => {\n00023| // Send to your error tracking service\n00024| reportError(event.error)\n00025| })\n00026| ```\n00027| \n00028| ## Build Your Own\n00029| \n00030| \n00031| \n00032| ```jsx filename=\"pages/_app.js\"\n00033| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00034| \n00035| function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {\n00036| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00037| console.log(metric)\n00038| })\n00039| \n00040| return \n00041| }\n00042| ```\n00043| \n00044| View the [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information.\n00045| \n00046| \n00047| \n00048| \n00049| \n00050| ```jsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.js\"\n00051| 'use client'\n00052| \n00053| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00054| \n00055| export function WebVitals() {\n00056| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00057| console.log(metric)\n00058| })\n00059| }\n00060| ```\n00061| \n00062| ```jsx filename=\"app/layout.js\"\n00063| import { WebVitals } from './_components/web-vitals'\n00064| \n00065| export default function Layout({ children }) {\n00066| return (\n00067| \n00068| \n00069| \n00070| {children}\n00071| \n00072| \n00073| )\n00074| }\n00075| ```\n00076| \n00077| > Since the `useReportWebVitals` hook requires the `'use client'` directive, the most performant approach is to create a separate component that the root layout imports. This confines the client boundary exclusively to the `WebVitals` component.\n00078| \n00079| View the [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information.\n00080| \n00081| \n00082| \n00083| ## Web Vitals\n00084| \n00085| [Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/) are a set of useful metrics that aim to capture the user\n00086| experience of a web page. The following web vitals are all included:\n00087| \n00088| - [Time to First Byte](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Time_to_first_byte) (TTFB)\n00089| - [First Contentful Paint](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/First_contentful_paint) (FCP)\n00090| - [Largest Contentful Paint](https://web.dev/lcp/) (LCP)\n00091| - [First Input Delay](https://web.dev/fid/) (FID)\n00092| - [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://web.dev/cls/) (CLS)\n00093| - [Interaction to Next Paint](https://web.dev/inp/) (INP)\n00094| \n00095| You can handle all the results of these metrics using the `name` property.\n00096| \n00097| \n00098| \n00099| ```jsx filename=\"pages/_app.js\"\n00100| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00101| \n00102| function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {\n00103| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00104| switch (metric.name) {\n00105| case 'FCP': {\n00106| // handle FCP results\n00107| }\n00108| case 'LCP': {\n00109| // handle LCP results\n00110| }\n00111| // ...\n00112| }\n00113| })\n00114| \n00115| return \n00116| }\n00117| ```\n00118| \n00119| \n00120| \n00121| \n00122| \n00123| ```tsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.tsx\" switcher\n00124| 'use client'\n00125| \n00126| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00127| \n00128| export function WebVitals() {\n00129| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00130| switch (metric.name) {\n00131| case 'FCP': {\n00132| // handle FCP results\n00133| }\n00134| case 'LCP': {\n00135| // handle LCP results\n00136| }\n00137| // ...\n00138| }\n00139| })\n00140| }\n00141| ```\n00142| \n00143| ```jsx filename=\"app/_components/web-vitals.js\" switcher\n00144| 'use client'\n00145| \n00146| import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals'\n00147| \n00148| export function WebVitals() {\n00149| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00150| switch (metric.name) {\n00151| case 'FCP': {\n00152| // handle FCP results\n00153| }\n00154| case 'LCP': {\n00155| // handle LCP results\n00156| }\n00157| // ...\n00158| }\n00159| })\n00160| }\n00161| ```\n00162| \n00163| \n00164| \n00165| \n00166| \n00167| ## Custom Metrics\n00168| \n00169| In addition to the core metrics listed above, there are some additional custom metrics that\n00170| measure the time it takes for the page to hydrate and render:\n00171| \n00172| - `Next.js-hydration`: Length of time it takes for the page to start and finish hydrating (in ms)\n00173| - `Next.js-route-change-to-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to start rendering after a\n00174| route change (in ms)\n00175| - `Next.js-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to finish render after a route change (in ms)\n00176| \n00177| You can handle all the results of these metrics separately:\n00178| \n00179| ```js\n00180| export function reportWebVitals(metric) {\n00181| switch (metric.name) {\n00182| case 'Next.js-hydration':\n00183| // handle hydration results\n00184| break\n00185| case 'Next.js-route-change-to-render':\n00186| // handle route-change to render results\n00187| break\n00188| case 'Next.js-render':\n00189| // handle render results\n00190| break\n00191| default:\n00192| break\n00193| }\n00194| }\n00195| ```\n00196| \n00197| These metrics work in all browsers that support the [User Timing API](https://caniuse.com/#feat=user-timing).\n00198| \n00199| \n00200| \n00201| ## Sending results to external systems\n00202| \n00203| You can send results to any endpoint to measure and track\n00204| real user performance on your site. For example:\n00205| \n00206| ```js\n00207| useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00208| const body = JSON.stringify(metric)\n00209| const url = 'https://example.com/analytics'\n00210| \n00211| // Use `navigator.sendBeacon()` if available, falling back to `fetch()`.\n00212| if (navigator.sendBeacon) {\n00213| navigator.sendBeacon(url, body)\n00214| } else {\n00215| fetch(url, { body, method: 'POST', keepalive: true })\n00216| }\n00217| })\n00218| ```\n00219| \n00220| > **Good to know**: If you use [Google Analytics](https://analytics.google.com/analytics/web/), using the\n00221| > `id` value can allow you to construct metric distributions manually (to calculate percentiles,\n00222| > etc.)\n00223| \n00224| > ```js\n00225| > useReportWebVitals((metric) => {\n00226| > // Use `window.gtag` if you initialized Google Analytics as this example:\n00227| > // https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/examples/with-google-analytics\n00228| > window.gtag('event', metric.name, {\n00229| > value: Math.round(\n00230| > metric.name === 'CLS' ? metric.value * 1000 : metric.value\n00231| > ), // values must be integers\n00232| > event_label: metric.id, // id unique to current page load\n00233| > non_interaction: true, // avoids affecting bounce rate.\n00234| > })\n00235| > })\n00236| > ```\n00237| >\n00238| > Read more about [sending results to Google Analytics](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/web-vitals#send-the-results-to-google-analytics).\n00239| \n\n(End of file - total 239 lines)\n ",
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+ "title": "tsconfig.json",
+ "metadata": {
+ "preview": "{\n \"compilerOptions\": {\n \"lib\": [\"dom\", \"dom.iterable\", \"esnext\"],\n \"allowJs\": true,\n \"skipLibCheck\": true,\n \"strict\": true,\n \"noEmit\": true,\n \"esModuleInterop\": true,\n \"module\": \"esnext\",\n \"moduleResolution\": \"bundler\",\n \"resolveJsonModule\": true,\n \"isolatedModules\": true,\n \"jsx\": \"preserve\",\n \"incremental\": true,\n \"plugins\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"next\"\n }\n ],\n \"paths\": {"
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+ "_extractedPath": "/workspace/CLAUDE.md"
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+ },
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+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "I have everything I need. The `after` function from `next/server` is Next.js's recommended approach for scheduling non-blocking work after the response. Key constraint: in Server Components, request APIs like `headers()`/`cookies()` cannot be called *inside* the `after` callback — they must be read beforehand and passed in via closure.\n\nLet me create the analytics utility and update the page.",
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+ "text": "I have everything I need. The `after` function from `next/server` is Next.js's recommended approach for scheduling non-blocking work after the response. Key constraint: in Server Components, request APIs like `headers()`/`cookies()` cannot be called *inside* the `after` callback — they must be read beforehand and passed in via closure.\n\nLet me create the analytics utility and update the page.",
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+ "end": 1781627899286
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+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:22.294Z",
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+ "content": "type PageViewEvent = {\n path: string\n userAgent: string\n timestamp: string\n}\n\nconst ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT = process.env.ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT\n\nexport async function logPageView(event: PageViewEvent) {\n try {\n if (!ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT) {\n console.log('[analytics] page view:', event)\n return\n }\n\n await fetch(ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT, {\n method: 'POST',\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n body: JSON.stringify(event),\n })\n } catch (error) {\n console.error('[analytics] failed to log page view:', error)\n }\n}\n",
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+ "callID": "call_bb670d6191a44a90826423ff",
+ "tool": "write",
+ "state": {
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+ "input": {
+ "content": "type PageViewEvent = {\n path: string\n userAgent: string\n timestamp: string\n}\n\nconst ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT = process.env.ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT\n\nexport async function logPageView(event: PageViewEvent) {\n try {\n if (!ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT) {\n console.log('[analytics] page view:', event)\n return\n }\n\n await fetch(ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT, {\n method: 'POST',\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n body: JSON.stringify(event),\n })\n } catch (error) {\n console.error('[analytics] failed to log page view:', error)\n }\n}\n",
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+ "output": "",
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+ "input": {
+ "content": "type PageViewEvent = {\n path: string\n userAgent: string\n timestamp: string\n}\n\nconst ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT = process.env.ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT\n\nexport async function logPageView(event: PageViewEvent) {\n try {\n if (!ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT) {\n console.log('[analytics] page view:', event)\n return\n }\n\n await fetch(ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT, {\n method: 'POST',\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n body: JSON.stringify(event),\n })\n } catch (error) {\n console.error('[analytics] failed to log page view:', error)\n }\n}\n",
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+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/utils.ts",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
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+ "time": {
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+ "end": 1781627902291
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+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:32.063Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Now let me update the page to be an async Server Component that reads request data before `after` and schedules the page view logging.",
+ "raw": {
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+ "timestamp": 1781627912063,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0",
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+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Now let me update the page to be an async Server Component that reads request data before `after` and schedules the page view logging.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627912061,
+ "end": 1781627912061
+ }
+ }
+ }
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+ "type": "tool_call",
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+ "content": "import { after } from 'next/server'\nimport { headers } from 'next/headers'\nimport { logPageView } from '@/app/utils'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n // Read request data before `after` — Server Components cannot access\n // request-time APIs (like `headers`) inside the `after` callback.\n const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n\n // Schedule the analytics call to run after the response is sent,\n // so it does not block the response from reaching the user.\n after(() => {\n logPageView({\n path: '/',\n userAgent,\n timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),\n })\n })\n\n return (\n \n Welcome \n This page view is being logged to our analytics service.
\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "_extractedPath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ }
+ },
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+ "callID": "call_b12b477fc55d469fadbfc777",
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+ "state": {
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+ "content": "import { after } from 'next/server'\nimport { headers } from 'next/headers'\nimport { logPageView } from '@/app/utils'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n // Read request data before `after` — Server Components cannot access\n // request-time APIs (like `headers`) inside the `after` callback.\n const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n\n // Schedule the analytics call to run after the response is sent,\n // so it does not block the response from reaching the user.\n after(() => {\n logPageView({\n path: '/',\n userAgent,\n timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),\n })\n })\n\n return (\n \n Welcome \n This page view is being logged to our analytics service.
\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/page.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
+ "diagnostics": {
+ "/workspace/next.config.ts": [],
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx": [],
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx": [],
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+ "filepath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
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+ "end": 1781627915063
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+ "originalName": "write",
+ "result": "",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ "raw": {
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+ "input": {
+ "content": "import { after } from 'next/server'\nimport { headers } from 'next/headers'\nimport { logPageView } from '@/app/utils'\n\nexport default async function Home() {\n // Read request data before `after` — Server Components cannot access\n // request-time APIs (like `headers`) inside the `after` callback.\n const userAgent = (await headers()).get('user-agent') || 'unknown'\n\n // Schedule the analytics call to run after the response is sent,\n // so it does not block the response from reaching the user.\n after(() => {\n logPageView({\n path: '/',\n userAgent,\n timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),\n })\n })\n\n return (\n \n Welcome \n This page view is being logged to our analytics service.
\n \n )\n}\n",
+ "filePath": "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "app/page.tsx",
+ "metadata": {
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+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:38:55.906Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Now let me verify the code typechecks and builds correctly.",
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+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Now let me verify the code typechecks and builds correctly.",
+ "time": {
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+ "end": 1781627935902
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+ "generationId": "gen_01KV8MS2VSZSZHX0D0BFJDJNCP"
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+ "type": "tool_call",
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+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "args": {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30",
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "workdir": "/workspace",
+ "_extractedCommand": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30"
+ }
+ },
+ "raw": {
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+ "tool": "bash",
+ "state": {
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+ "input": {
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+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "workdir": "/workspace"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck"
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+ },
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+ "type": "tool_result",
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+ "originalName": "bash",
+ "result": "",
+ "success": true
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+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30",
+ "description": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "workdir": "/workspace"
+ },
+ "output": "",
+ "title": "Run TypeScript typecheck",
+ "metadata": {
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+ "exit": 0,
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+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:02.135Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Typecheck passes. Let me run a build to confirm everything compiles end-to-end.",
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+ "messageID": "msg_ed14ce3b0001QoBMKaCX3gcd1i",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Typecheck passes. Let me run a build to confirm everything compiles end-to-end.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627942135,
+ "end": 1781627942135
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
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+ "title": "Build the Next.js app",
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+ "exit": 0,
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+ "title": "Build the Next.js app",
+ "metadata": {
+ "output": "\n▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)\n\n Creating an optimized production build ...\n✓ Compiled successfully in 4.3s\n Running TypeScript ...\n\n We detected TypeScript in your project and reconfigured your tsconfig.json file for you.\n The following suggested values were added to your tsconfig.json. These values can be changed to fit your project's needs:\n\n \t- include was updated to add '.next/dev/types/**/*.ts'\n\n The following mandatory changes were made to your tsconfig.json:\n\n \t- jsx was set to react-jsx (next.js uses the React automatic runtime)\n\n Finished TypeScript in 2.3s ...\n Collecting page data using 1 worker ...\n Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...\n✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 114ms\n Finalizing page optimization ...\n\nRoute (app)\n┌ ƒ /\n└ ○ /_not-found\n\n\n○ (Static) prerendered as static content\nƒ (Dynamic) server-rendered on demand\n\n",
+ "exit": 0,
+ "description": "Build the Next.js app"
+ },
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627942119,
+ "end": 1781627951131
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "timestamp": "2026-06-16T16:39:18.627Z",
+ "type": "message",
+ "role": "assistant",
+ "content": "Build succeeds. Here's what I implemented:\n\n**`app/page.tsx`** — an async Server Component that uses `after` from `next/server`, Next.js's recommended API for scheduling work after the response is sent without blocking it. Per the docs, Server Components cannot call request-time APIs (`headers`/`cookies`) *inside* the `after` callback, so the `user-agent` is read beforehand and passed in via closure.\n\n**`app/utils.ts`** — a `logPageView` function that POSTs the event to an analytics endpoint (configurable via `ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT`, falling back to a console log), with errors caught so logging failures never surface to the user.\n\nNote: the `/` route is now dynamic (`ƒ`) because `headers()` is a request-time API used to read the user-agent — `after` itself doesn't force dynamism, as the docs confirm.",
+ "raw": {
+ "type": "text",
+ "timestamp": 1781627958627,
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0",
+ "part": {
+ "id": "prt_ed14d2fa8001yZVWz6PdSKNQXw",
+ "sessionID": "ses_12eb48638ffeCf8jUrmBrMgqa0",
+ "messageID": "msg_ed14d1888001hNz5A5lTCi80Ho",
+ "type": "text",
+ "text": "Build succeeds. Here's what I implemented:\n\n**`app/page.tsx`** — an async Server Component that uses `after` from `next/server`, Next.js's recommended API for scheduling work after the response is sent without blocking it. Per the docs, Server Components cannot call request-time APIs (`headers`/`cookies`) *inside* the `after` callback, so the `user-agent` is read beforehand and passed in via closure.\n\n**`app/utils.ts`** — a `logPageView` function that POSTs the event to an analytics endpoint (configurable via `ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT`, falling back to a console log), with errors caught so logging failures never surface to the user.\n\nNote: the `/` route is now dynamic (`ƒ`) because `headers()` is a request-time API used to read the user-agent — `after` itself doesn't force dynamism, as the docs confirm.",
+ "time": {
+ "start": 1781627958625,
+ "end": 1781627958625
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ ],
+ "summary": {
+ "totalTurns": 10,
+ "toolCalls": {
+ "file_read": 10,
+ "file_write": 2,
+ "file_edit": 0,
+ "shell": 5,
+ "web_fetch": 0,
+ "web_search": 0,
+ "glob": 1,
+ "grep": 0,
+ "list_dir": 0,
+ "agent_task": 0,
+ "unknown": 0
+ },
+ "totalToolCalls": 18,
+ "webFetches": [],
+ "filesRead": [
+ "/workspace/package.json",
+ "/workspace/AGENTS.md",
+ "/workspace/next.config.ts",
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/after.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/analytics.md",
+ "/workspace/tsconfig.json",
+ "/workspace/CLAUDE.md"
+ ],
+ "filesModified": [
+ "/workspace/app/utils.ts",
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ ],
+ "shellCommands": [
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/ 2>/dev/null || echo \"docs dir not found\"; echo \"---\"; ls -la /workspace/app/",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -R /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -30",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npx next build 2>&1 | tail -30",
+ "success": true
+ }
+ ],
+ "errors": [],
+ "thinkingBlocks": 0
+ },
+ "parseSuccess": true
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/summary.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/summary.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65fb6d84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-036-after-response/summary.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+ "totalRuns": 1,
+ "passedRuns": 1,
+ "passRate": "100%",
+ "meanDuration": 224.846,
+ "fingerprint": "c97547e4fdf80ba6df7c20f14e43af88d1f2d3d62c1f2bda851895fce43d9717"
+}
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/outputs/eval.txt b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/outputs/eval.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c56345ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/outputs/eval.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+ RUN v3.2.6 /workspace
+
+ ✓ EVAL.ts (5 tests) 5ms
+
+ Test Files 1 passed (1)
+ Tests 5 passed (5)
+ Start at 16:42:02
+ Duration 229ms (transform 43ms, setup 0ms, collect 30ms, tests 5ms, environment 0ms, prepare 75ms)
+
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..330cc314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/outputs/scripts/build.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+> build
+> next build
+
+▲ Next.js 16.3.0-canary.52 (Turbopack)
+
+ Creating an optimized production build ...
+✓ Compiled successfully in 4.1s
+ Running TypeScript ...
+ Finished TypeScript in 1788ms ...
+ Collecting page data using 1 worker ...
+ Generating static pages using 1 worker (0/3) ...
+✓ Generating static pages using 1 worker (3/3) in 107ms
+ Finalizing page optimization ...
+
+Route (app)
+┌ ○ /
+└ ○ /_not-found
+
+
+○ (Static) prerendered as static content
+
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/result.json b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/result.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47954142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/result.json
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+{
+ "status": "passed",
+ "duration": 348.589,
+ "model": "vercel/zai/glm-5.2",
+ "transcriptPath": "./transcript.json",
+ "transcriptRawPath": "./transcript-raw.jsonl",
+ "o11y": {
+ "totalTurns": 12,
+ "toolCalls": {
+ "file_read": 10,
+ "file_write": 3,
+ "file_edit": 0,
+ "shell": 10,
+ "web_fetch": 0,
+ "web_search": 0,
+ "glob": 0,
+ "grep": 0,
+ "list_dir": 0,
+ "agent_task": 0,
+ "unknown": 5
+ },
+ "totalToolCalls": 28,
+ "webFetches": [],
+ "filesRead": [
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md",
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx",
+ "/workspace/app/layout.tsx",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/01-getting-started/07-mutating-data.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/01-getting-started/09-revalidating.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/updateTag.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/how-revalidation-works.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/revalidateTag.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/01-getting-started/08-caching.md",
+ "/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/caching-without-cache-components.md"
+ ],
+ "filesModified": [
+ "/workspace/app/lib/data.ts",
+ "/workspace/app/lib/actions.ts",
+ "/workspace/app/page.tsx"
+ ],
+ "shellCommands": [
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace && echo \"---PACKAGE---\" && cat /workspace/package.json 2>/dev/null",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -la /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/ 2>/dev/null && echo \"---VERSION---\" && cat /workspace/node_modules/next/package.json 2>/dev/null | grep '\"version\"'",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "find /workspace/app -type f && echo \"---CONFIG---\" && cat /workspace/next.config.ts && echo \"---TSCONFIG---\" && cat /workspace/tsconfig.json",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "ls -R /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app 2>/dev/null | head -100",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "find /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference -type d | sort",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "find /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference -iname '*tag*' -o -iname '*revalidate*' 2>/dev/null | sort",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "grep -oE \"updateTag|revalidateTag|revalidatePath|cacheTag|cacheLife\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/build/compiled/*/next-cache.js 2>/dev/null | sort -u; echo \"---EXPORTS in next/cache---\"; grep -rEo \"(updateTag|revalidateTag|revalidatePath|cacheTag|cacheLife|refresh)\\b\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/exported-rsc.jsm 2>/dev/null | sort -u; echo \"---search updateTag def---\"; grep -rl \"updateTag\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/ 2>/dev/null | grep -v docs | head -20",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "echo \"=== next/cache exports ===\"; grep -oE \"unstable_cache|updateTag|revalidateTag|cacheTag|revalidatePath\" /workspace/node_modules/next/dist/server/web/spec-extension/revalidate.js 2>/dev/null | sort -u; echo; echo \"=== next/cache entry re-exports these? ===\"; node -e \"const c=require('/workspace/node_modules/next/cache.js'); console.log(Object.keys(c).filter(k=>/cache|revalidate|update|refresh/i.test(k)))\" 2>/dev/null || grep -rn \"unstable_cache\\|updateTag\" /workspace/node_modules/next/cache.js 2>/dev/null | head; echo; echo \"=== CLAUDE.md / GEMINI.md ===\"; cat /workspace/CLAUDE.md /workspace/GEMINI.md; echo; echo \"=== opencode.json ===\"; cat /workspace/opencode.json",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npx tsc --noEmit 2>&1 | head -40; echo \"=== TSC EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]} ===\"",
+ "success": true
+ },
+ {
+ "command": "npm run build 2>&1 | tail -45; echo \"=== BUILD EXIT: ${PIPESTATUS[0]} ===\"",
+ "success": true
+ }
+ ],
+ "errors": [],
+ "thinkingBlocks": 0
+ },
+ "outputPaths": {
+ "eval": "./outputs/eval.txt",
+ "scripts": {
+ "build": "./outputs/scripts/build.txt"
+ }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edd59e82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/results/glm-5.2--agents-md/2026-06-16T16-36-48.069Z/agent-037-updatetag-cache/run-1/transcript-raw.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627851638,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14b9353001QnndbUKoSukuoJ","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14b6bf3001P7D38jiq680gzP","type":"step-start","snapshot":"80455da426e95cbc494295034832b2f2d0e10899"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627876986,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14bf65b001NXTrS1eFQFBJEv","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14b6bf3001P7D38jiq680gzP","type":"text","text":"I'll start by exploring the project structure and reading the Next.js docs, since the AGENTS.md warns this is a different version of Next.js with breaking changes.","time":{"start":1781627876985,"end":1781627876985}}}
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+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627881296,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c07490013DIQWhDMxqcVr6","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14bf6b30016OpInKxFPYMDCo","type":"tool","callID":"call_2e120ebf89644a19a177a0ef","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: Next.js Docs\n00003| description: Welcome to the Next.js Documentation.\n00004| related:\n00005| title: Next Steps\n00006| description: Create your first application and learn the core Next.js features.\n00007| links:\n00008| - app/getting-started\n00009| ---\n00010| \n00011| Welcome to the Next.js documentation!\n00012| \n00013| ## What is Next.js?\n00014| \n00015| Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. You use React Components to build user interfaces, and Next.js for additional features and optimizations.\n00016| \n00017| It also automatically configures lower-level tools like bundlers and compilers. You can instead focus on building your product and shipping quickly.\n00018| \n00019| Whether you're an individual developer or part of a larger team, Next.js can help you build interactive, dynamic, and fast React applications.\n00020| \n00021| ## How to use the docs\n00022| \n00023| The docs are organized into 3 sections:\n00024| \n00025| - [Getting Started](/docs/app/getting-started): Step-by-step tutorials to help you create a new application and learn the core Next.js features.\n00026| - [Guides](/docs/app/guides): Tutorials on specific use cases, choose what's relevant to you.\n00027| - [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference): Detailed technical reference for every feature.\n00028| \n00029| Use the sidebar to navigate through the sections, or search (`Ctrl+K` or `Cmd+K`) to quickly find a page.\n00030| \n00031| ## App Router and Pages Router\n00032| \n00033| Next.js has two different routers:\n00034| \n00035| - **App Router**: The newer router that supports new React features like Server Components.\n00036| - **Pages Router**: The original router, still supported and being improved.\n00037| \n00038| At the top of the sidebar, you'll notice a dropdown menu that allows you to switch between the [App Router](/docs/app) and the [Pages Router](/docs/pages) docs.\n00039| \n00040| ### React version handling\n00041| \n00042| The App Router and Pages Router handle React versions differently:\n00043| \n00044| - **App Router**: Uses [React canary releases](https://react.dev/blog/2023/05/03/react-canaries) built-in, which include all the stable React 19 changes, as well as newer features being validated in frameworks, prior to a new React release.\n00045| \n00046| - **Pages Router**: Uses the React version installed in your project's `package.json`.\n00047| \n00048| This approach ensures new React features work reliably in the App Router while maintaining backwards compatibility for existing Pages Router applications.\n00049| \n00050| ## Pre-requisite knowledge\n00051| \n00052| Our documentation assumes some familiarity with web development. Before getting started, it'll help if you're comfortable with:\n00053| \n00054| - HTML\n00055| - CSS\n00056| - JavaScript\n00057| - React\n00058| \n00059| If you're new to React or need a refresher, we recommend starting with our [React Foundations course](/learn/react-foundations), and the [Next.js Foundations course](/learn/dashboard-app) that has you building an application as you learn.\n00060| \n00061| ## Accessibility\n00062| \n00063| For the best experience when using a screen reader, we recommend using Firefox and NVDA, or Safari and VoiceOver.\n00064| \n00065| ## Join our Community\n00066| \n00067| If you have questions about anything related to Next.js, you're always welcome to ask our community on [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions), [Discord](https://discord.com/invite/bUG2bvbtHy), [X (Twitter)](https://x.com/nextjs), and [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/nextjs).\n00068| \n\n(End of file - total 68 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/index.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: Next.js Docs\ndescription: Welcome to the Next.js Documentation.\nrelated:\n title: Next Steps\n description: Create your first application and learn the core Next.js features.\n links:\n - app/getting-started\n---\n\nWelcome to the Next.js documentation!\n\n## What is Next.js?\n\nNext.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. You use React Components to build user interfaces, and Next.js for additional features and optimizations.\n\nIt also automatically configures lower-level tools like bundlers and compilers. You can instead focus on building your product and shipping quickly.\n\nWhether you're an individual developer or part of a larger team, Next.js can help you build interactive, dynamic, and fast React applications.\n"},"time":{"start":1781627881289,"end":1781627881294}}}}
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+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627886293,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c1ac3001lQsoR8jPKxqm8v","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c075c001q7eMTZL0qR6yeW","type":"step-start","snapshot":"80455da426e95cbc494295034832b2f2d0e10899"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627887561,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c1fae0014eoa0P2oT95i0b","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c075c001q7eMTZL0qR6yeW","type":"text","text":"Let me read the existing app files and the key docs about revalidation, mutating data, and how revalidation works.","time":{"start":1781627887558,"end":1781627887558}}}
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\n00009| \n00010| )\n00011| }\n00012| \n\n(End of file - total 12 lines)\n ","title":"app/page.tsx","metadata":{"preview":"export default function Home() {\n return (\n \n Posts \n \n Please implement a Server Action for creating posts with cache\n invalidation.\n
\n \n )\n}\n"},"time":{"start":1781627887540,"end":1781627887558}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627887561,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c1fbb0019j11sicwOk13J3","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c075c001q7eMTZL0qR6yeW","type":"tool","callID":"call_83499b8413db4ff9a0403dc3","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/app/layout.tsx"},"output":"\n00001| import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n00002| \n00003| export const metadata: Metadata = {\n00004| title: 'Posts',\n00005| description: 'Create and view posts',\n00006| }\n00007| \n00008| export default function RootLayout({\n00009| children,\n00010| }: Readonly<{\n00011| children: React.ReactNode\n00012| }>) {\n00013| return (\n00014| \n00015| {children}\n00016| \n00017| )\n00018| }\n00019| \n\n(End of file - total 19 lines)\n ","title":"app/layout.tsx","metadata":{"preview":"import type { Metadata } from 'next'\n\nexport const metadata: Metadata = {\n title: 'Posts',\n description: 'Create and view posts',\n}\n\nexport default function RootLayout({\n children,\n}: Readonly<{\n children: React.ReactNode\n}>) {\n return (\n \n {children}\n \n )\n}\n"},"time":{"start":1781627887547,"end":1781627887558}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627887561,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c1fc2001xBI1I2eqkqTRHZ","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c075c001q7eMTZL0qR6yeW","type":"tool","callID":"call_16979e97ef1a403b84ea9b4e","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/01-getting-started/07-mutating-data.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: Mutating Data\n00003| description: Learn how to mutate data using Server Functions and Server Actions in Next.js.\n00004| related:\n00005| title: API Reference\n00006| description: Learn more about the features mentioned in this page by reading the API Reference.\n00007| links:\n00008| - app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath\n00009| - app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag\n00010| - app/api-reference/functions/redirect\n00011| ---\n00012| \n00013| You can mutate data in Next.js using [React Server Functions](https://react.dev/reference/rsc/server-functions). This page will go through how you can [create](#creating-server-functions) and [invoke](#invoking-server-functions) Server Functions.\n00014| \n00015| ## What are Server Functions?\n00016| \n00017| A **Server Function** is an asynchronous function that runs on the server. You can call them from the client through a network request, which is why they must be asynchronous.\n00018| \n00019| In an `action` or mutation context, they are also called **Server Actions**.\n00020| \n00021| By convention, a Server Action is an async function used with [`startTransition`](https://react.dev/reference/react/startTransition). This happens automatically when the function is:\n00022| \n00023| - Passed to a ` ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/01-getting-started/07-mutating-data.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: Mutating Data\ndescription: Learn how to mutate data using Server Functions and Server Actions in Next.js.\nrelated:\n title: API Reference\n description: Learn more about the features mentioned in this page by reading the API Reference.\n links:\n - app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath\n - app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag\n - app/api-reference/functions/redirect\n---\n\nYou can mutate data in Next.js using [React Server Functions](https://react.dev/reference/rsc/server-functions). This page will go through how you can [create](#creating-server-functions) and [invoke](#invoking-server-functions) Server Functions.\n\n## What are Server Functions?\n\nA **Server Function** is an asynchronous function that runs on the server. You can call them from the client through a network request, which is why they must be asynchronous.\n\nIn an `action` or mutation context, they are also called **Server Actions**.\n"},"time":{"start":1781627887555,"end":1781627887558}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627887564,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c1fbd001dSHsDmdSTinN7u","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c075c001q7eMTZL0qR6yeW","type":"tool","callID":"call_c6ca8260145044ffa5709f0c","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/01-getting-started/09-revalidating.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: Revalidating\n00003| description: Learn how to revalidate cached data using time-based and on-demand strategies.\n00004| related:\n00005| title: API Reference\n00006| description: Learn more about the APIs mentioned on this page.\n00007| links:\n00008| - app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife\n00009| - app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag\n00010| - app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag\n00011| - app/api-reference/functions/updateTag\n00012| - app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath\n00013| ---\n00014| \n00015| > This page covers revalidation with [Cache Components](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents), enabled by setting [`cacheComponents: true`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) in your `next.config.ts` file. If you're not using Cache Components, see the [Caching and Revalidating (Previous Model)](/docs/app/guides/caching-without-cache-components) guide.\n00016| \n00017| Revalidation is the process of updating cached data. It lets you keep serving fast, cached responses while ensuring content stays fresh. There are two strategies:\n00018| \n00019| - **Time-based revalidation**: Automatically refresh cached data after a set duration using [`cacheLife`](#cachelife).\n00020| - **On-demand revalidation**: Manually invalidate cached data after a mutation using [`revalidateTag`](#revalidatetag), [`updateTag`](#updatetag), or [`revalidatePath`](#revalidatepath).\n00021| \n00022| ## `cacheLife`\n00023| \n00024| [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife) controls how long cached data remains valid. Use it inside a [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) scope to set the cache lifetime.\n00025| \n00026| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/data.ts\" highlight={1,4,5}\n00027| import { cacheLife } from 'next/cache'\n00028| \n00029| export async function getProducts() {\n00030| 'use cache'\n00031| cacheLife('hours')\n00032| return db.query('SELECT * FROM products')\n00033| }\n00034| ```\n00035| \n00036| `cacheLife` accepts a profile name or a custom configuration object:\n00037| \n00038| | Profile | `stale` | `revalidate` | `expire` |\n00039| | --------- | ------- | ------------ | -------- |\n00040| | `default` | 5m | 15m | never |\n00041| | `seconds` | 30s | 1s | 60s |\n00042| | `minutes` | 5m | 1m | 1h |\n00043| | `hours` | 5m | 1h | 1d |\n00044| | `days` | 5m | 1d | 1w |\n00045| | `weeks` | 5m | 1w | 30d |\n00046| | `max` | 5m | 30d | 1y |\n00047| \n00048| For fine-grained control, pass an object:\n00049| \n00050| ```tsx highlight={2-6}\n00051| 'use cache'\n00052| cacheLife({\n00053| stale: 3600, // 1 hour until considered stale\n00054| revalidate: 7200, // 2 hours until revalidated\n00055| expire: 86400, // 1 day until expired\n00056| })\n00057| ```\n00058| \n00059| > **Good to know:** A cache is considered \"short-lived\" when it uses the `seconds` profile, `revalidate: 0`, or `expire` under 5 minutes. Short-lived caches are automatically excluded from prerenders and become dynamic holes instead. See [Prerendering behavior](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife#prerendering-behavior) for details.\n00060| \n00061| See the [`cacheLife` API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife) for all profiles and custom configuration options.\n00062| \n00063| ## `cacheTag`\n00064| \n00065| [`cacheTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag) lets you tag cached data so it can be invalidated on-demand. Use it inside a [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) scope:\n00066| \n00067| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/data.ts\" switcher\n00068| import { cacheTag } from 'next/cache'\n00069| \n00070| export async function getProducts() {\n00071| 'use cache'\n00072| cacheTag('products')\n00073| return db.query('SELECT * FROM products')\n00074| }\n00075| ```\n00076| \n00077| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/data.js\" switcher\n00078| import { cacheTag } from 'next/cache'\n00079| \n00080| export async function getProducts() {\n00081| 'use cache'\n00082| cacheTag('products')\n00083| return db.query('SELECT * FROM products')\n00084| }\n00085| ```\n00086| \n00087| Once tagged, invalidate the cache using [`revalidateTag`](#revalidatetag) or [`updateTag`](#updatetag).\n00088| \n00089| See the [`cacheTag` API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag) to learn more.\n00090| \n00091| ## `revalidateTag`\n00092| \n00093| `revalidateTag` invalidates cache entries by tag using stale-while-revalidate semantics — stale content is served immediately while fresh content loads in the background. This is ideal for content where a slight delay in updates is acceptable, like blog posts or product catalogs.\n00094| \n00095| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/actions.ts\" highlight={1,5} switcher\n00096| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00097| \n00098| export async function updateUser(id: string) {\n00099| // Mutate data\n00100| revalidateTag('user', 'max') // Recommended: stale-while-revalidate\n00101| }\n00102| ```\n00103| \n00104| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/actions.js\" highlight={1,5} switcher\n00105| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00106| \n00107| export async function updateUser(id) {\n00108| // Mutate data\n00109| revalidateTag('user', 'max') // Recommended: stale-while-revalidate\n00110| }\n00111| ```\n00112| \n00113| You can reuse the same tag in multiple functions to revalidate them all at once. Call `revalidateTag` in a [Server Action](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route).\n00114| \n00115| > **Good to know:** The second argument sets how long stale content can be served while fresh content generates in the background. Once it expires, subsequent requests block until fresh content is ready. Using `'max'` gives the longest stale window.\n00116| \n00117| See the [`revalidateTag` API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) to learn more.\n00118| \n00119| ## `updateTag`\n00120| \n00121| `updateTag` immediately expires cached data for read-your-own-writes scenarios — the user sees their change right away instead of stale content. Unlike `revalidateTag`, it can only be used in [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data).\n00122| \n00123| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/actions.ts\" highlight={1,12} switcher\n00124| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00125| import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'\n00126| \n00127| export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {\n00128| const post = await db.post.create({\n00129| data: {\n00130| title: formData.get('title'),\n00131| content: formData.get('content'),\n00132| },\n00133| })\n00134| \n00135| updateTag('posts')\n00136| redirect(`/posts/${post.id}`)\n00137| }\n00138| ```\n00139| \n00140| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/actions.js\" highlight={1,12} switcher\n00141| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00142| import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'\n00143| \n00144| export async function createPost(formData) {\n00145| const post = await db.post.create({\n00146| data: {\n00147| title: formData.get('title'),\n00148| content: formData.get('content'),\n00149| },\n00150| })\n00151| \n00152| updateTag('posts')\n00153| redirect(`/posts/${post.id}`)\n00154| }\n00155| ```\n00156| \n00157| | | `updateTag` | `revalidateTag` |\n00158| | ------------ | --------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |\n00159| | **Where** | Server Actions only | Server Actions and Route Handlers |\n00160| | **Behavior** | Immediately expires cache | Stale-while-revalidate |\n00161| | **Use case** | Read-your-own-writes (user sees their change) | Background refresh (slight delay OK) |\n00162| \n00163| See the [`updateTag` API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) to learn more.\n00164| \n00165| ## `revalidatePath`\n00166| \n00167| `revalidatePath` invalidates all cached data for a specific route path. Use it when you want to revalidate a route without knowing which tags are associated with it.\n00168| \n00169| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/actions.ts\" highlight={1,5} switcher\n00170| import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache'\n00171| \n00172| export async function updateUser(id: string) {\n00173| // Mutate data\n00174| revalidatePath('/profile')\n00175| }\n00176| ```\n00177| \n00178| ```jsx filename=\"app/lib/actions.js\" highlight={1,5} switcher\n00179| import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache'\n00180| \n00181| export async function updateUser(id) {\n00182| // Mutate data\n00183| revalidatePath('/profile')\n00184| }\n00185| ```\n00186| \n00187| > **Good to know**: Prefer tag-based revalidation (`revalidateTag`/`updateTag`) over path-based when possible — it's more precise and avoids over-invalidating.\n00188| \n00189| See the [`revalidatePath` API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) to learn more.\n00190| \n00191| ## What should I cache?\n00192| \n00193| Cache data that doesn't depend on [runtime data](/docs/app/getting-started/caching#working-with-runtime-apis) and that you're OK serving from cache for a period of time. Use `use cache` with `cacheLife` to describe that behavior.\n00194| \n00195| For content management systems with update mechanisms, use tags with longer cache durations and rely on `revalidateTag` to refresh content when it actually changes, rather than expiring the cache preemptively.\n00196| \n00197| > **Good to know:** In serverless environments, in-memory cache entries may not persist across revalidations. See [runtime caching considerations](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache#runtime-caching-considerations) for details.\n00198| \n\n(End of file - total 198 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/01-getting-started/09-revalidating.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: Revalidating\ndescription: Learn how to revalidate cached data using time-based and on-demand strategies.\nrelated:\n title: API Reference\n description: Learn more about the APIs mentioned on this page.\n links:\n - app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife\n - app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag\n - app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag\n - app/api-reference/functions/updateTag\n - app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath\n---\n\n> This page covers revalidation with [Cache Components](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents), enabled by setting [`cacheComponents: true`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) in your `next.config.ts` file. If you're not using Cache Components, see the [Caching and Revalidating (Previous Model)](/docs/app/guides/caching-without-cache-components) guide.\n\nRevalidation is the process of updating cached data. It lets you keep serving fast, cached responses while ensuring content stays fresh. There are two strategies:\n\n- **Time-based revalidation**: Automatically refresh cached data after a set duration using [`cacheLife`](#cachelife).\n- **On-demand revalidation**: Manually invalidate cached data after a mutation using [`revalidateTag`](#revalidatetag), [`updateTag`](#updatetag), or [`revalidatePath`](#revalidatepath)."},"time":{"start":1781627887549,"end":1781627887559}}}}
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It cannot be used in Route Handlers, Client Components, or any other context.\n00013| \n00014| If you need to invalidate cache tags in Route Handlers or other contexts, use [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) instead.\n00015| \n00016| > **Good to know**: `updateTag` immediately expires the cached data for the specified tag. The next request will wait to fetch fresh data rather than serving stale content from the cache, ensuring users see their changes immediately.\n00017| \n00018| ## Parameters\n00019| \n00020| ```tsx\n00021| updateTag(tag: string): void;\n00022| ```\n00023| \n00024| - `tag`: A string representing the cache tag associated with the data you want to update. Must not exceed 256 characters. This value is case-sensitive.\n00025| \n00026| Tags must first be assigned to cached data. You can do this in two ways:\n00027| \n00028| - Using the [`next.tags`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) option with `fetch` for caching external API requests:\n00029| \n00030| ```tsx\n00031| fetch(url, { next: { tags: ['posts'] } })\n00032| ```\n00033| \n00034| - Using [`cacheTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag) inside cached functions or components with the `'use cache'` directive:\n00035| \n00036| ```tsx\n00037| import { cacheTag } from 'next/cache'\n00038| \n00039| async function getData() {\n00040| 'use cache'\n00041| cacheTag('posts')\n00042| // ...\n00043| }\n00044| ```\n00045| \n00046| ## Returns\n00047| \n00048| `updateTag` does not return a value.\n00049| \n00050| ## Differences from revalidateTag\n00051| \n00052| While both `updateTag` and `revalidateTag` invalidate cached data, they serve different purposes:\n00053| \n00054| - **`updateTag`**:\n00055| - Can only be used in Server Actions\n00056| - Next request waits for fresh data (no stale content served)\n00057| - Designed for read-your-own-writes scenarios\n00058| \n00059| - **`revalidateTag`**:\n00060| - Can be used in Server Actions and Route Handlers\n00061| - With `profile=\"max\"` (recommended): Serves cached data while fetching fresh data in the background (stale-while-revalidate)\n00062| - With custom profile: Can be configured to any cache life profile for advanced usage\n00063| - Without profile: legacy behavior which is equivalent to `updateTag`\n00064| \n00065| ## Examples\n00066| \n00067| ### Server Action with Read-Your-Own-Writes\n00068| \n00069| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00070| 'use server'\n00071| \n00072| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00073| import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'\n00074| \n00075| export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {\n00076| const title = formData.get('title')\n00077| const content = formData.get('content')\n00078| \n00079| // Create the post in your database\n00080| const post = await db.post.create({\n00081| data: { title, content },\n00082| })\n00083| \n00084| // Invalidate cache tags so the new post is immediately visible\n00085| // 'posts' tag: affects any page that displays a list of posts\n00086| updateTag('posts')\n00087| // 'post-{id}' tag: affects the individual post detail page\n00088| updateTag(`post-${post.id}`)\n00089| \n00090| // Redirect to the new post - user will see fresh data, not cached\n00091| redirect(`/posts/${post.id}`)\n00092| }\n00093| ```\n00094| \n00095| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00096| 'use server'\n00097| \n00098| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00099| import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'\n00100| \n00101| export async function createPost(formData) {\n00102| const title = formData.get('title')\n00103| const content = formData.get('content')\n00104| \n00105| // Create the post in your database\n00106| const post = await db.post.create({\n00107| data: { title, content },\n00108| })\n00109| \n00110| // Invalidate cache tags so the new post is immediately visible\n00111| // 'posts' tag: affects any page that displays a list of posts\n00112| updateTag('posts')\n00113| // 'post-{id}' tag: affects the individual post detail page\n00114| updateTag(`post-${post.id}`)\n00115| \n00116| // Redirect to the new post - user will see fresh data, not cached\n00117| redirect(`/posts/${post.id}`)\n00118| }\n00119| ```\n00120| \n00121| ### Error when used outside Server Actions\n00122| \n00123| ```ts filename=\"app/api/posts/route.ts\" switcher\n00124| import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00125| \n00126| export async function POST() {\n00127| // This will throw an error\n00128| updateTag('posts')\n00129| // Error: updateTag can only be called from within a Server Action\n00130| \n00131| // Use revalidateTag instead in Route Handlers\n00132| revalidateTag('posts', 'max')\n00133| }\n00134| ```\n00135| \n00136| ## When to use updateTag\n00137| \n00138| Use `updateTag` when:\n00139| \n00140| - You're in a Server Action\n00141| - You need immediate cache invalidation for read-your-own-writes\n00142| - You want to ensure the next request sees updated data\n00143| \n00144| Use `revalidateTag` instead when:\n00145| \n00146| - You're in a Route Handler or other non-action context\n00147| - You want stale-while-revalidate semantics\n00148| - You're building a webhook or API endpoint for cache invalidation\n00149| \n00150| ## Related\n00151| \n00152| - [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) - For invalidating tags in Route Handlers\n00153| - [`revalidatePath`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) - For invalidating specific paths\n00154| \n\n(End of file - total 154 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/updateTag.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: updateTag\ndescription: API Reference for the updateTag function.\n---\n\n`updateTag` allows you to update cached data on-demand for a specific cache tag from within [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data).\n\nThis function is designed for **read-your-own-writes** scenarios, where a user makes a change (like creating a post), and the UI immediately shows the change, rather than stale data.\n\n## Usage\n\n`updateTag` can **only** be called from within [Server Actions](/docs/app/getting-started/mutating-data). It cannot be used in Route Handlers, Client Components, or any other context.\n\nIf you need to invalidate cache tags in Route Handlers or other contexts, use [`revalidateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) instead.\n\n> **Good to know**: `updateTag` immediately expires the cached data for the specified tag. The next request will wait to fetch fresh data rather than serving stale content from the cache, ensuring users see their changes immediately.\n\n## Parameters\n\n```tsx"},"time":{"start":1781627900457,"end":1781627900465}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627900472,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c522f0013lA7Oi03rKKznO","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c4374001uNgCnJkEl0Jcy2","type":"tool","callID":"call_4d2029500edd4ac490bb15df","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/how-revalidation-works.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: How revalidation works in Next.js\n00003| nav_title: How Revalidation Works\n00004| description: A deep dive into how Next.js revalidates cached content, including the tag system, cache consistency, and multi-instance coordination.\n00005| related:\n00006| description: Related guides and references.\n00007| links:\n00008| - app/getting-started/caching\n00009| - app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration\n00010| - app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheHandlers\n00011| - app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag\n00012| ---\n00013| \n00014| The [Caching](/docs/app/getting-started/caching) page covers how to use `use cache`, `cacheTag`, and `cacheLife`. This page explains **how revalidation works internally**, for platform engineers and advanced users who need to understand the system to implement [custom cache handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheHandlers) or debug revalidation behavior.\n00015| \n00016| ## The Revalidation Model\n00017| \n00018| Most routes in Next.js can be revalidated on demand. This includes App Router routes and Pages Router routes that produce ISR/prerender cache entries. Pages Router routes that are automatically statically optimized (pure static output) are not revalidated on demand. The ability to update cached content without redeploying is a core part of Next.js's [rendering model](/docs/app/guides/rendering-philosophy).\n00019| \n00020| There are two types of revalidation:\n00021| \n00022| - **Time-based revalidation** uses a stale-while-revalidate pattern. The cached content is served immediately, and a background regeneration is triggered when the content's age exceeds the [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheLife) or `revalidate` duration. The stale content continues to be served until the fresh content is ready.\n00023| - **On-demand revalidation** explicitly invalidates cached content by calling [`revalidateTag()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) or [`revalidatePath()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath). The next request to that content triggers a fresh render.\n00024| \n00025| > **Good to know:** Pages Router on-demand ISR APIs (for example `res.revalidate()` and the `x-prerender-revalidate` flow) are still supported and use the server cache handler (`cacheHandler`, singular). The `cacheHandlers` option (plural) is for `'use cache'` directives.\n00026| \n00027| ## What Gets Revalidated\n00028| \n00029| When a route is revalidated, Next.js regenerates **both** the HTML response and the RSC payload (React Server Components payload) from the same React component tree. Both artifacts are stored together in the same cache entry.\n00030| \n00031| This consistency matters because the RSC payload is used for client-side navigations. Browser navigations and client-side navigations should hold the same content.\n00032| \n00033| ### What happens if they get out of sync\n00034| \n00035| If a platform's cache serves HTML from one render and an RSC payload from a different render, users may see stale or mismatched content during client-side navigation. The primary mitigation is to cache HTML and RSC responses together with the same TTL and invalidation policy, and to respect the [`Vary` header](/docs/app/guides/cdn-caching) that Next.js sets. See [CDN Caching](/docs/app/guides/cdn-caching) for details.\n00036| \n00037| A separate but related problem is **cross-deployment skew**: during rolling deployments, a client built with deploy A may receive responses from a server running deploy B. [`deploymentId`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/deploymentId) mitigates this: when the client detects a different deployment ID from the server, it triggers a hard navigation to fetch consistent content.\n00038| \n00039| ## Tag System Architecture\n00040| \n00041| Next.js uses a tag-based system to track which cached content needs to be invalidated. There are two types of tags:\n00042| \n00043| ### Explicit tags\n00044| \n00045| Explicit tags are set by the developer using [`cacheTag()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag) inside a `use cache` function, or via `next: { tags: [...] }` on a `fetch` call. When [`revalidateTag('my-tag', 'max')`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) is called, all cache entries with that tag are invalidated.\n00046| \n00047| ### Soft tags\n00048| \n00049| Soft tags are automatically generated by Next.js based on the route path, prefixed with `_N_T_`. For example, the route `/blog/hello` generates soft tags like `_N_T_/layout`, `_N_T_/blog/layout`, `_N_T_/blog/hello/layout`, and `_N_T_/blog/hello`. Each segment in the path gets a layout tag, plus the leaf route itself.\n00050| \n00051| Soft tags enable [`revalidatePath()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) to work through the same tag-based system. When `revalidatePath('/blog/hello')` is called, it invalidates cache entries associated with that path's leaf route tag and its ancestor layout soft tags (for example `_N_T_/layout`, `_N_T_/blog/layout`, `_N_T_/blog/hello/layout`, and `_N_T_/blog/hello`).\n00052| \n00053| In the [cache handler API](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheHandlers), soft tags are passed to the `get()` method as the `softTags` parameter. Your handler should check whether any soft tag has been invalidated after the cache entry's timestamp. The `getExpiration()` method returns the most recent revalidation timestamp across all provided tags, or `0` if none have been revalidated. It can also return `Infinity` to signal that the soft tags should instead be passed to `get()` and checked for expiration there. Your handler should treat an entry as stale if the returned timestamp is newer than the entry's own timestamp. See the [cache handler API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheHandlers#getexpiration) for the full semantics.\n00054| \n00055| ## Multi-Instance Considerations\n00056| \n00057| When running multiple Next.js instances behind a load balancer, revalidation events are local by default. Calling `revalidateTag()` on instance A only invalidates the cache on that instance. Other instances continue serving the stale content until they learn about the invalidation.\n00058| \n00059| The cache handler API provides two hooks for distributed coordination:\n00060| \n00061| - **`updateTags()`** is called when `revalidateTag()` is invoked. Your handler should write the invalidation event to shared storage (for example, Redis or a database) so other instances can discover it.\n00062| - **`refreshTags()`** is called periodically, but always before starting a new request. Your handler should check shared storage for recent invalidation events and update its local tag state accordingly.\n00063| \n00064| For implementation details and a Redis example, see [Custom Cache Handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheHandlers).\n00065| \n00066| ## Implementation Patterns for Platforms\n00067| \n00068| ### Single instance\n00069| \n00070| The default file-system cache handles consistency automatically. Cache writes are atomic on the local filesystem, and tag state is maintained in memory. No additional configuration is needed.\n00071| \n00072| ### Multi-instance with shared cache\n00073| \n00074| Without coordination, each instance independently serves content and handles revalidation using only its local cache. Different users may see different content depending on which instance serves their request, and on-demand revalidation only takes effect on the instance that received the call.\n00075| \n00076| To reduce this window and ensure revalidation propagates across instances:\n00077| \n00078| 1. Store tag invalidation timestamps in a shared service (Redis, DynamoDB, or a simple HTTP API).\n00079| 2. Implement `updateTags()` to write to the shared service.\n00080| 3. Implement `refreshTags()` to read from the shared service. Your handler must catch errors in `refreshTags()`: if it throws, the exception propagates as a request failure. Catching the error allows requests to continue with the last known local tag state, serving potentially stale content until connectivity is restored.\n00081| 4. Store cache entries (HTML + RSC payload) in shared storage. Atomic writes reduce the mismatch window further but are not required for correctness.\n00082| \n00083| ### CDN integration\n00084| \n00085| If a CDN caches Next.js responses, it should respect the `Vary` header and the `Cache-Control` directives that Next.js sets. Do not cache HTML and RSC payload responses separately with different TTLs. See [CDN Caching](/docs/app/guides/cdn-caching) for details.\n00086| \n00087| ## Graceful Degradation\n00088| \n00089| The revalidation system prioritizes availability over strict consistency. Content is always served, even when infrastructure guarantees cannot be fully met:\n00090| \n00091| - **Cache write failure**: the response is still served to the user because writes are asynchronous. The cache entry is lost, and the next request triggers a fresh render.\n00092| - **Cache read failure**: your handler should catch internal errors and return `undefined` (the cache miss signal). The route is then server-rendered fresh. A thrown error is not treated as a cache miss; it propagates as a render error, so always return `undefined` to signal a miss.\n00093| - **HTML/RSC cache inconsistency**: if a CDN caches HTML and RSC responses with different TTLs or invalidation timing, users may see mismatched content during client-side navigation. Cache them together and respect the `Vary` header to avoid this.\n00094| - **Cross-deployment skew**: during rolling deployments, configure [`deploymentId`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/deploymentId) so that a build ID change triggers a hard navigation to fetch consistent content.\n00095| \n00096| Cache failures result in degraded performance (stale content, extra renders), not broken applications.\n00097| \n\n(End of file - total 97 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/02-guides/how-revalidation-works.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: How revalidation works in Next.js\nnav_title: How Revalidation Works\ndescription: A deep dive into how Next.js revalidates cached content, including the tag system, cache consistency, and multi-instance coordination.\nrelated:\n description: Related guides and references.\n links:\n - app/getting-started/caching\n - app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration\n - app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheHandlers\n - app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag\n---\n\nThe [Caching](/docs/app/getting-started/caching) page covers how to use `use cache`, `cacheTag`, and `cacheLife`. This page explains **how revalidation works internally**, for platform engineers and advanced users who need to understand the system to implement [custom cache handlers](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheHandlers) or debug revalidation behavior.\n\n## The Revalidation Model\n\nMost routes in Next.js can be revalidated on demand. This includes App Router routes and Pages Router routes that produce ISR/prerender cache entries. Pages Router routes that are automatically statically optimized (pure static output) are not revalidated on demand. The ability to update cached content without redeploying is a core part of Next.js's [rendering model](/docs/app/guides/rendering-philosophy).\n\nThere are two types of revalidation:"},"time":{"start":1781627900463,"end":1781627900465}}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627900473,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c522d001SD4DZhrZKnVT0P","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c4374001uNgCnJkEl0Jcy2","type":"tool","callID":"call_2375144e9f0247d6bf600d0f","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/revalidateTag.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: revalidateTag\n00003| description: API Reference for the revalidateTag function.\n00004| ---\n00005| \n00006| `revalidateTag` allows you to invalidate cached data on-demand for a specific cache tag.\n00007| \n00008| This function is ideal for content where a slight delay in updates is acceptable, such as blog posts, product catalogs, or documentation. Users receive stale content while fresh data loads in the background.\n00009| \n00010| ## Usage\n00011| \n00012| `revalidateTag` can be called in Server Functions and Route Handlers.\n00013| \n00014| `revalidateTag` cannot be called in Client Components or Proxy, as it only works in server environments.\n00015| \n00016| ### Revalidation Behavior\n00017| \n00018| The revalidation behavior depends on whether you provide the second argument:\n00019| \n00020| - **With `profile=\"max\"` (recommended)**: The tag entry is marked as stale, and the next time a resource with that tag is visited, it will use stale-while-revalidate semantics. This means the stale content is served while fresh content is fetched in the background.\n00021| - **With a custom cache life profile**: For advanced usage, you can specify any cache life profile that your application has defined, allowing for custom revalidation behaviors tailored to your specific caching requirements.\n00022| - **Without the second argument (deprecated)**: The tag entry is expired immediately, and the next request to that resource will be a blocking revalidate/cache miss. This behavior is now deprecated, and you should either use `profile=\"max\"` or migrate to [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag).\n00023| \n00024| > **Good to know**: When using `profile=\"max\"`, `revalidateTag` marks tagged data as stale, but fresh data is only fetched when pages using that tag are next visited. This means calling `revalidateTag` will not immediately trigger many revalidations at once. The invalidation only happens when any page using that tag is next visited.\n00025| \n00026| ## Parameters\n00027| \n00028| ```ts\n00029| revalidateTag(tag: string, profile: string | { expire?: number }): void;\n00030| ```\n00031| \n00032| - `tag`: A string representing the cache tag associated with the data you want to revalidate. Must not exceed 256 characters. This value is case-sensitive.\n00033| - `profile`: A string that specifies the revalidation behavior. The recommended value is `\"max\"` which provides stale-while-revalidate semantics, or any of the other default or custom profiles defined in [`cacheLife`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheLife). Alternatively, you can pass an object with an `expire` property for custom expiration behavior.\n00034| \n00035| Tags must first be assigned to cached data. You can do this in two ways:\n00036| \n00037| - Using the [`next.tags`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) option with `fetch` for caching external API requests:\n00038| \n00039| ```tsx\n00040| fetch(url, { next: { tags: ['posts'] } })\n00041| ```\n00042| \n00043| - Using [`cacheTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cacheTag) inside cached functions or components with the `'use cache'` directive:\n00044| \n00045| ```tsx\n00046| import { cacheTag } from 'next/cache'\n00047| \n00048| async function getData() {\n00049| 'use cache'\n00050| cacheTag('posts')\n00051| // ...\n00052| }\n00053| ```\n00054| \n00055| > **Good to know**: The single-argument form `revalidateTag(tag)` is deprecated. It currently works if TypeScript errors are suppressed, but this behavior may be removed in a future version. Update to the two-argument signature.\n00056| \n00057| ## Returns\n00058| \n00059| `revalidateTag` does not return a value.\n00060| \n00061| ## Relationship with `revalidatePath`\n00062| \n00063| `revalidateTag` invalidates data with specific tags across all pages that use those tags, while [`revalidatePath`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) invalidates specific page or layout paths.\n00064| \n00065| > **Good to know**: These functions serve different purposes and may need to be used together for comprehensive data consistency. For detailed examples and considerations, see [relationship with revalidateTag and updateTag](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath#relationship-with-revalidatetag-and-updatetag) for more information.\n00066| \n00067| ## Examples\n00068| \n00069| The following examples demonstrate how to use `revalidateTag` in different contexts. In both cases, we're using `profile=\"max\"` to mark data as stale and use stale-while-revalidate semantics, which is the recommended approach for most use cases.\n00070| \n00071| ### Server Action\n00072| \n00073| ```ts filename=\"app/actions.ts\" switcher\n00074| 'use server'\n00075| \n00076| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00077| \n00078| export default async function submit() {\n00079| await addPost()\n00080| revalidateTag('posts', 'max')\n00081| }\n00082| ```\n00083| \n00084| ```js filename=\"app/actions.js\" switcher\n00085| 'use server'\n00086| \n00087| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00088| \n00089| export default async function submit() {\n00090| await addPost()\n00091| revalidateTag('posts', 'max')\n00092| }\n00093| ```\n00094| \n00095| ### Route Handler\n00096| \n00097| ```ts filename=\"app/api/revalidate/route.ts\" switcher\n00098| import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'\n00099| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00100| \n00101| export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {\n00102| const tag = request.nextUrl.searchParams.get('tag')\n00103| \n00104| if (tag) {\n00105| revalidateTag(tag, 'max')\n00106| return Response.json({ revalidated: true, now: Date.now() })\n00107| }\n00108| \n00109| return Response.json({\n00110| revalidated: false,\n00111| now: Date.now(),\n00112| message: 'Missing tag to revalidate',\n00113| })\n00114| }\n00115| ```\n00116| \n00117| ```js filename=\"app/api/revalidate/route.js\" switcher\n00118| import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'\n00119| \n00120| export async function GET(request) {\n00121| const tag = request.nextUrl.searchParams.get('tag')\n00122| \n00123| if (tag) {\n00124| revalidateTag(tag, 'max')\n00125| return Response.json({ revalidated: true, now: Date.now() })\n00126| }\n00127| \n00128| return Response.json({\n00129| revalidated: false,\n00130| now: Date.now(),\n00131| message: 'Missing tag to revalidate',\n00132| })\n00133| }\n00134| ```\n00135| \n00136| > **Good to know**: For webhooks or third-party services that need immediate expiration, you can pass `{ expire: 0 }` as the second argument: `revalidateTag(tag, { expire: 0 })`. This pattern is necessary when external systems call your Route Handlers and require data to expire immediately. For all other cases, it's recommended to use [`updateTag`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/updateTag) in Server Actions for immediate updates instead.\n00137| \n\n(End of file - total 137 lines)\n ","title":"node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/03-api-reference/04-functions/revalidateTag.md","metadata":{"preview":"---\ntitle: revalidateTag\ndescription: API Reference for the revalidateTag function.\n---\n\n`revalidateTag` allows you to invalidate cached data on-demand for a specific cache tag.\n\nThis function is ideal for content where a slight delay in updates is acceptable, such as blog posts, product catalogs, or documentation. Users receive stale content while fresh data loads in the background.\n\n## Usage\n\n`revalidateTag` can be called in Server Functions and Route Handlers.\n\n`revalidateTag` cannot be called in Client Components or Proxy, as it only works in server environments.\n\n### Revalidation Behavior\n\nThe revalidation behavior depends on whether you provide the second argument:\n\n- **With `profile=\"max\"` (recommended)**: The tag entry is marked as stale, and the next time a resource with that tag is visited, it will use stale-while-revalidate semantics. This means the stale content is served while fresh content is fetched in the background."},"time":{"start":1781627900462,"end":1781627900466}}}}
+{"type":"step_finish","timestamp":1781627900480,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c5233001Tde9ZDqfDrpEVz","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c4374001uNgCnJkEl0Jcy2","type":"step-finish","reason":"tool-calls","snapshot":"80455da426e95cbc494295034832b2f2d0e10899","cost":0,"tokens":{"input":12133,"output":119,"reasoning":32,"cache":{"read":12864,"write":0}}}}
+{"type":"step_start","timestamp":1781627904982,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c63c2001v1cMUQa1OLAUKp","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c524f001Ru2yrcgtLgwsOx","type":"step-start","snapshot":"80455da426e95cbc494295034832b2f2d0e10899"}}
+{"type":"text","timestamp":1781627918993,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c8ad60011F7JUMKS7e2aSC","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c524f001Ru2yrcgtLgwsOx","type":"text","text":"The docs are unambiguous: `updateTag` immediately expires the cache so the next request **waits** for fresh data (no stale content), and it's the read-your-own-writes function for Server Actions. `revalidateTag` with `'max'` serves stale content (stale-while-revalidate), which violates the requirement. Let me verify `updateTag` is actually exported from `next/cache` in this version, and check whether Cache Components is enabled (it affects which caching model to use).","time":{"start":1781627918991,"end":1781627918991}}}
+{"type":"tool_use","timestamp":1781627918993,"sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","part":{"id":"prt_ed14c9a88001wJsZaU9F9OcNPH","sessionID":"ses_12eb49458ffeEFoTsU42b5S27W","messageID":"msg_ed14c524f001Ru2yrcgtLgwsOx","type":"tool","callID":"call_827d79e21580458fb77e47c5","tool":"read","state":{"status":"completed","input":{"filePath":"/workspace/node_modules/next/dist/docs/01-app/01-getting-started/08-caching.md"},"output":"\n00001| ---\n00002| title: Caching\n00003| description: Learn how to cache data and UI in Next.js\n00004| related:\n00005| title: Next Steps\n00006| description: Learn more about revalidation and the APIs mentioned on this page.\n00007| links:\n00008| - app/getting-started/revalidating\n00009| - app/api-reference/directives/use-cache\n00010| - app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents\n00011| - app/guides/instant-navigation\n00012| ---\n00013| \n00014| > This page covers caching with [Cache Components](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents), enabled by setting [`cacheComponents: true`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) in your `next.config.ts` file. If you're not using Cache Components, see the [Caching and Revalidating (Previous Model)](/docs/app/guides/caching-without-cache-components) guide.\n00015| \n00016| Caching is a technique for storing the result of data fetching and other computations so that future requests for the same data can be served faster, without doing the work again.\n00017| \n00018| ## Enabling Cache Components\n00019| \n00020| You can enable Cache Components by adding the [`cacheComponents`](/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/cacheComponents) option to your Next config file:\n00021| \n00022| ```ts filename=\"next.config.ts\" switcher\n00023| import type { NextConfig } from 'next'\n00024| \n00025| const nextConfig: NextConfig = {\n00026| cacheComponents: true,\n00027| }\n00028| \n00029| export default nextConfig\n00030| ```\n00031| \n00032| ```js filename=\"next.config.js\" switcher\n00033| /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */\n00034| const nextConfig = {\n00035| cacheComponents: true,\n00036| }\n00037| \n00038| module.exports = nextConfig\n00039| ```\n00040| \n00041| > **Good to know:** When Cache Components is enabled, `GET` Route Handlers follow the same prerendering model as pages. See [Route Handlers with Cache Components](/docs/app/getting-started/route-handlers#with-cache-components) for details.\n00042| \n00043| ## Usage\n00044| \n00045| The [`use cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache) directive caches the return value of async functions and components. You can apply it at two levels:\n00046| \n00047| - **Data-level**: Cache a function that fetches or computes data (e.g., `getProducts()`, `getUser(id)`)\n00048| - **UI-level**: Cache an entire component or page (e.g., `async function BlogPosts()`)\n00049| \n00050| Two variants cover specific scenarios: [`\"use cache: remote\"`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-remote) for durable, shared remote storage, and [`\"use cache: private\"`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-private) for caching functions that read runtime data.\n00051| \n00052| > Arguments and any closed-over values from parent scopes automatically become part of the [cache key](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache#cache-keys), which means different inputs will produce separate cache entries. This enables personalized or parameterized cached content. See [serialization requirements and constraints](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache#constraints) for details on what can be cached and how arguments work.\n00053| \n00054| ### Data-level caching\n00055| \n00056| To cache an asynchronous function that fetches data, add the `use cache` directive at the top of the function body:\n00057| \n00058| ```tsx filename=\"app/lib/data.ts\" highlight={3,4,5}\n00059| import { cacheLife } from 'next/cache'\n00060| \n00061| export async function getUsers() {\n00062| 'use cache'\n00063| cacheLife('hours')\n00064| return db.query('SELECT * FROM users')\n00065| }\n00066| ```\n00067| \n00068| Data-level caching is useful when the same data is used across multiple components, or when you want to cache the data independently from the UI.\n00069| \n00070| ### UI-level caching\n00071| \n00072| To cache an entire component, page, or layout, add the `use cache` directive at the top of the component or page body:\n00073| \n00074| ```tsx filename=\"app/page.tsx\" highlight={1,4,5}\n00075| import { cacheLife } from 'next/cache'\n00076| \n00077| export default async function Page() {\n00078| 'use cache'\n00079| cacheLife('hours')\n00080| \n00081| const users = await db.query('SELECT * FROM users')\n00082| \n00083| return (\n00084| \n00085| {users.map((user) => (\n00086| {user.name} \n00087| ))}\n00088| \n00089| )\n00090| }\n00091| ```\n00092| \n00093| > If you add \"`use cache`\" at the top of a file, all exported functions in the file will be cached.\n00094| \n00095| ### Streaming uncached data\n00096| \n00097| For components that fetch data from an asynchronous source such as an API, a database, or any other async operation, and require fresh data on every request, do not use `\"use cache\"`.\n00098| \n00099| Instead, wrap the component in [``](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) and provide a fallback UI. The fallback ships with the prerendered shell while the async work runs at request time.\n00100| \n00101| ```tsx filename=\"page.tsx\"\n00102| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00103| \n00104| async function LatestPosts() {\n00105| const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts')\n00106| const posts = await data.json()\n00107| return (\n00108| \n00109| {posts.map((post) => (\n00110| {post.title} \n00111| ))}\n00112| \n00113| )\n00114| }\n00115| \n00116| export default function Page() {\n00117| return (\n00118| <>\n00119| My Blog \n00120| Loading posts...}>\n00121| \n00122| \n00123| >\n00124| )\n00125| }\n00126| ```\n00127| \n00128| For example, `Loading posts...
` is included in the static shell, and the posts stream in at request time.\n00129| \n00130| Without a `` boundary around the uncached read, the dev overlay surfaces the **blocking-route** insight with this fix:\n00131| \n00132| \n00133| ', highlight: true },\n00139| { text: ' ' },\n00140| { text: ' ', highlight: true },\n00141| ]}\n00142| />\n00143| \n00144| \n00145| > **Good to know:** Each fix card links to a detailed walkthrough with patterns, code samples, and trade-offs. Click a card to dive in.\n00146| \n00147| {/* xref to the sync io section - that section should also emphaize that these are not random or timestamp sync invokations, in the referenced section */}\n00148| `` provides a fallback UI while async work completes, but it does not itself opt a component into dynamic rendering. If a component only performs synchronous work, it will complete during prerendering regardless of whether it is wrapped in ``.\n00149| \n00150| ## Working with runtime APIs\n00151| \n00152| Runtime APIs require information that is only available when a user makes a request. These include:\n00153| \n00154| - [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) - User's cookie data\n00155| - [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) - Request headers\n00156| - [`searchParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#searchparams-optional) - URL query parameters\n00157| - [`params`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#params-optional) - Dynamic route parameters. Use [`generateStaticParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) to prerender specific values at build time, or [ISR with Cache Components](/docs/app/guides/incremental-static-regeneration-cache-components) to serve an App Shell while unknown params resolve in the background.\n00158| \n00159| Components that access runtime APIs should be wrapped in ``:\n00160| \n00161| ```tsx filename=\"page.tsx\"\n00162| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00163| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00164| \n00165| async function UserGreeting() {\n00166| const cookieStore = await cookies()\n00167| const theme = cookieStore.get('theme')?.value || 'light'\n00168| return Your theme: {theme}
\n00169| }\n00170| \n00171| export default function Page() {\n00172| return (\n00173| <>\n00174| Dashboard \n00175| Loading...}>\n00176| \n00177| \n00178| >\n00179| )\n00180| }\n00181| ```\n00182| \n00183| A runtime API access without `` surfaces the same **blocking-route** insight in the dev overlay, with the same fix:\n00184| \n00185| \n00186| ', highlight: true },\n00192| { text: ' ' },\n00193| { text: ' ', highlight: true },\n00194| ]}\n00195| />\n00196| \n00197| \n00198| ### Passing runtime values to cached functions\n00199| \n00200| You can extract values from runtime APIs and pass them as arguments to cached functions:\n00201| \n00202| ```tsx filename=\"app/profile/page.tsx\"\n00203| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00204| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00205| \n00206| export default function Page() {\n00207| return (\n00208| Loading... \n00210| \n00211| )\n00212| }\n00213| \n00214| // Component (not cached) reads runtime data\n00215| async function ProfileContent() {\n00216| const session = (await cookies()).get('session')?.value\n00217| return
\n00218| }\n00219| \n00220| // Cached component receives extracted value as a prop\n00221| async function CachedContent({ sessionId }: { sessionId: string }) {\n00222| 'use cache'\n00223| // sessionId becomes part of the cache key\n00224| const data = await fetchUserData(sessionId)\n00225| return
\n00226| }\n00227| ```\n00228| \n00229| At request time, `CachedContent` executes if no matching cache entry is found, and stores the result for future requests with the same `sessionId`.\n00230| \n00231| This pattern also unlocks [runtime prefetching](#runtime-prefetching): on a client transition, the framework can prerender `CachedContent` with the user's actual session and have the result ready before the click.\n00232| \n00233| By default, `use cache` stores entries [in-memory](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache#runtime-caching-considerations). In serverless environments where memory doesn't persist across requests, `CachedContent` may re-evaluate on every request. Consider [`'use cache: remote'`](/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-cache-remote) for durable, shared caching.\n00234| \n00235| ## Static, cached, and streaming\n00236| \n00237| Here's a complete example showing static content, cached dynamic content, and streaming dynamic content working together on a single page:\n00238| \n00239| ```tsx filename=\"app/blog/page.tsx\"\n00240| import { Suspense } from 'react'\n00241| import { cookies } from 'next/headers'\n00242| import { cacheLife, cacheTag } from 'next/cache'\n00243| import Link from 'next/link'\n00244| \n00245| export default function BlogPage() {\n00246| return (\n00247| <>\n00248| {/* Static content - prerendered automatically */}\n00249|
\n00255| \n00256| {/* Cached dynamic content - included in the static shell */}\n00257|
\n00258| \n00259| {/* Runtime dynamic content - streams at request time */}\n00260|
\n00263| >\n00264| )\n00265| }\n00266| \n00267| type Post = { id: string; title: string; author: string; date: string }\n00268| \n00269| // Everyone sees the same blog posts (revalidated every hour)\n00270| async function BlogPosts() {\n00271| 'use cache'\n00272| cacheLife('hours')\n00273| cacheTag('posts')\n00274| \n00275| const res = await fetch('https://api.vercel.app/blog')\n00276| const posts: Post[] = await res.json()\n00277| \n00278| return (\n00279|
\n00292| )\n00293| }\n00294| \n00295| // UI that depends on a value stored in cookies\n00296| async function UserPreferences() {\n00297| const theme = (await cookies()).get('theme')?.value || 'light'\n00298| const favoriteCategory = (await cookies()).get('category')?.value\n00299| \n00300| return (\n00301|
\n00305| )\n00306| }\n00307| ```\n00308| \n00309| During prerendering, the header (static) and blog posts (cached with `use cache`) become part of the static shell, along with the fallback UI for user preferences. The UI preferences stored in cookies stream in at request time.\n00310| \n00311| Reading `cookies()` here doesn't opt-in the whole route into dynamic rendering, the way the previous rendering model did. The Suspense boundary provides fallback UI where the runtime access streams, while static and cached content still ship in the initial HTML.\n00312| \n00313| Just as `