From c3afa6625fc67e2cd1df9a86b6379f26efc347ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 23:42:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/50] breaking: remove automatic tab expansion, add
 BuffeeSanitize extension - Remove expandTabs function from core - text
 inserted as-is - Add BuffeeSanitize extension for opt-in sanitization:   -
 Converts tabs to spaces based on Mode.s   - Removes zero-width chars (ZWSP,
 ZWNJ, ZWJ, BOM)   - Normalizes multi-width Unicode spaces   - API:
 Sanitize.line(), text(), lines() - Update docs with sanitization guidance -
 Add navigation link to API docs

---
 CLAUDE.md              |  1 +
 README.md              | 21 ++++++++--
 buffee.js              | 17 ++++----
 dev/changelog.txt      | 10 +++++
 dist/buffee.min.js     |  2 +-
 docs/api.md            | 16 +++++++
 extensions/sanitize.js | 95 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 test/index.html        |  1 +
 web/extensions.html    | 20 +++++++++
 web/navigation.html    |  1 +
 10 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 extensions/sanitize.js

diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 493d9987..76b478dc 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ Located in `extensions/`, tested in "Extensions" tab of `test/index.html`.
 | `tui.js` | `BuffeeTUI(editor)` | Text-based UI via text manipulation |
 | `ios.js` | `BuffeeIOS(editor)` | iOS touch/keyboard support |
 | `fileloader.js` | `BuffeeFileLoader(editor)` | File loading strategies |
+| `sanitize.js` | `BuffeeSanitize(editor)` | Tab/Unicode sanitization |
 | `ultrahighcapacity.js` | `BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor)` | 1B+ line support |
 | `treesitter.js` | `BuffeeTreeSitter(editor, opts)` | Tree-sitter integration |
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f2457482..9e5c50f5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -44,17 +44,31 @@ Finally, (V8) arrays, not being real arrays, prove miraculuously viable as a buf
 
 ## Usage
 
-### Font Requirements
+### Monowidth Character Handling
+
+Buffee's fixed-width grid layout requires all characters to occupy exactly one cell. This section covers common issues that break grid alignment.
+
+#### Font Requirements
 
 Buffee assumes monospace fonts having accurate CSS `ch` values. If this assumption breaks, the cursor position
-will be visually misaligned from true position. This is  evident with variable-width 
-text but some monospace fonts can cause "drift", fractions of a pixel per character, that accumulate numerical errors. 
+will be visually misaligned from true position. This is  evident with variable-width
+text but some monospace fonts can cause "drift", fractions of a pixel per character, that accumulate numerical errors.
 
 - **Good:** Menlo, Consolas, `monospace` (generic)
 - **Bad:** Monaco
 
 To test: type "A" 100+ times and move cursor to end. If misaligned, try a different font.
 
+#### Tab Sanitization
+
+Tab characters (`\t`) break grid alignment because browsers render them as variable-width. Buffee core does not sanitize input—if you set content containing tabs via `Model.s` or `Span.ins()`, they appear as-is.
+
+**Solutions:**
+- **BuffeeSanitize extension** — Automatically converts tabs to spaces, removes zero-width characters, and normalizes multi-width Unicode spaces. See [Sanitize extension](web/extensions.html#sanitize).
+- **Pre-sanitize** — Clean your text before passing to Buffee: `text.replace(/\t/g, '    ')`
+
+The keyboard controller already handles Tab key presses by inserting spaces (based on `Mode.s`), so typed tabs are not an issue—only programmatic content.
+
 ### CSS 
 
 [style.css](style.css) contains structural styles. Bring-your-own cursor and selection color: 
@@ -166,6 +180,7 @@ Available extensions:
 - **FileLoader** - Multiple strategies for large file loading
 - **UltraHighCapacity** - Gzip-compressed storage for 1B+ lines
 - **iOS** - Touch and on-screen keyboard support
+- **Sanitize** - Tab/Unicode normalization for programmatic content
 
 See: [Extensions](docs/extensions.md)
 
diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index fea208f1..9e327026 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -17,9 +17,8 @@
  * editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
  */
 function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '14.40.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.0.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
-  const expandTabs = s => Mode.s ? s.replace(/\t/g, ' '.repeat(Mode.s)) : s; // 0 = retain tabs
   const spaceRe = /\s/, wordRe = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * @param {string} s - String to insert
      */
     ins(s) {
-      const lines = expandTabs(s).split('\n');
+      const lines = s.split('\n');
       if (this.dir) {
         const [first, second] = Span.bounds(1);
         Model.del(first.y, first.x, second.y, second.x + (this.dir > 0));
@@ -244,7 +243,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
    * @namespace Mode
    */
   const Mode = this.Mode = {
-    s,                                           /** spaces */
+    s,                                         /** spaces                    */
     /**
      * Interactive mode: 1 (normal), 0 (navigation-only), -1 (read-only)
      * - 1: Full editing (default)
@@ -252,11 +251,11 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * - -1: Read-only (no cursor/selection rendering, no navigation) - used by TUI
      * @type {-1|0|1}
      */
-    i: 1,                                      
-    f: 0,                                      /** framecount */
+    i: 1,
+    f: 0,                                      /** framecount                */
     ch,                                        /** line and character height */
-    cw: $caret.getBoundingClientRect().width, /** computed character width  */
-    sub: []
+    cw: $caret.getBoundingClientRect().width,  /** computed character width  */
+    sub: []                                    /** render callbacks          */
   };
 
   /**
@@ -278,7 +277,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * @param {string} text - The full document text
      */
     set s(text) {
-      this._ = expandTabs(text).split('\n');
+      this._ = text.split('\n');
       render();
     },
 
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 1e4ab801..a7e68847 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,15 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.0.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-12]  gz: 2597 / 2.54 KB (-29), br: 2392 / 2.34 KB (-30), min: 5812 / 5.68 KB (-51)
+- breaking: remove automatic tab expansion from core
+- Buffee no longer sanitizes text - tabs/Unicode inserted as-is
+- Users should sanitize text before passing to Model.s or Span.ins
+- new: BuffeeSanitize extension for opt-in text sanitization
+  - Converts tabs to spaces (based on Mode.s)
+  - Removes zero-width characters (ZWSP, ZWNJ, ZWJ, BOM)
+  - Normalizes multi-width Unicode spaces to regular space
+  - API: Sanitize.line(), Sanitize.text(), Sanitize.lines()
+
 ** Extensions [2026-01-12]
 - fix(treesitter.js 1.0.2): use tree-sitter API row/column, viewport.n not viewport.size
 - fix(tui.js 3.0.2): use row/col for elements, viewport.n not viewport.size
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 5419dc8e..b7cd7ded 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{rows:e,cols:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.0.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,d,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,p,u,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=p.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.start+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.start+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.end:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.start||c.y>L.end?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.end:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<c.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t){const 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.md b/docs/api.md
index c2949933..617d60b9 100644
--- a/docs/api.md
+++ b/docs/api.md
@@ -12,6 +12,22 @@ const editor = new Buffee(element, { rows, cols, s })
 | `cols` | number | auto | Fixed text columns |
 | `s` | number | 4 | Tab width (0 = hard tabs) |
 
+## Text Sanitization
+
+Buffee does **not** sanitize text. Content set via `Model.s` or `Span.ins()` is inserted as-is. This means:
+
+- **Tabs** (`\t`) render with browser-default variable width, breaking grid alignment
+- **Zero-width characters** (ZWSP, ZWNJ, ZWJ, BOM) cause invisible cursor drift
+- **Multi-width Unicode spaces** (em space, en space, etc.) misalign subsequent characters
+
+**Solutions:**
+- Use `BuffeeSanitize` extension for automatic sanitization
+- Pre-sanitize text before passing to Buffee
+
+Note: The keyboard controller converts Tab key presses to spaces—only programmatic content is affected.
+
+---
+
 ## Top-level properties
 
 ```javascript
diff --git a/extensions/sanitize.js b/extensions/sanitize.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9caf70fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extensions/sanitize.js
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/**
+ * @fileoverview BuffeeSanitize - Text sanitization extension for Buffee.
+ * Converts tabs to spaces and removes/normalizes problematic Unicode characters.
+ * @version 1.0.0
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Decorator: adds text sanitization to a Buffee instance.
+ * Automatically sanitizes text on insert and content set.
+ *
+ * Handles:
+ * - Tabs → spaces (based on Mode.s)
+ * - Zero-width characters (ZWSP, ZWNJ, ZWJ, BOM)
+ * - Multi-width spaces → regular space
+ *
+ * @param {Buffee} editor - The Buffee instance to extend
+ * @returns {Buffee} The extended editor instance
+ * @example
+ * const editor = BuffeeSanitize(Buffee(container, config));
+ */
+function BuffeeSanitize(editor) {
+  const { Model, Mode } = editor;
+  const origIns = Model.ins.bind(Model);
+
+  // Zero-width characters to remove
+  const zeroWidthRe = /[\u200B\u200C\u200D\uFEFF]/g;
+
+  // Multi-width spaces to normalize (em space, en space, figure space, etc.)
+  const multiSpaceRe = /[\u2000-\u200A\u202F\u205F\u3000]/g;
+
+  /**
+   * Sanitize a single line of text.
+   * @param {string} line - Line to sanitize
+   * @returns {string} Sanitized line
+   */
+  function sanitizeLine(line) {
+    let result = line;
+    // Convert tabs to spaces
+    if (Mode.s) result = result.replace(/\t/g, ' '.repeat(Mode.s));
+    // Remove zero-width characters
+    result = result.replace(zeroWidthRe, '');
+    // Normalize multi-width spaces
+    result = result.replace(multiSpaceRe, ' ');
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sanitize text (may contain newlines).
+   * @param {string} text - Text to sanitize
+   * @returns {string} Sanitized text
+   */
+  function sanitizeText(text) {
+    return text.split('\n').map(sanitizeLine).join('\n');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sanitize an array of lines.
+   * @param {string[]} lines - Lines to sanitize
+   * @returns {string[]} Sanitized lines
+   */
+  function sanitizeLines(lines) {
+    return lines.map(sanitizeLine);
+  }
+
+  // Wrap Model.ins to sanitize lines
+  Model.ins = function(row, col, lines) {
+    origIns(row, col, sanitizeLines(lines));
+  };
+
+  // Wrap Model.s setter to sanitize content
+  const origSetter = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Model, 's') ||
+                     Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object.getPrototypeOf(Model), 's');
+
+  Object.defineProperty(Model, 's', {
+    set(text) {
+      Model._ = sanitizeText(text).split('\n');
+      editor.render();
+    },
+    configurable: true
+  });
+
+  // API
+  const Sanitize = {
+    /** Sanitize a single line */
+    line: sanitizeLine,
+    /** Sanitize text with newlines */
+    text: sanitizeText,
+    /** Sanitize array of lines */
+    lines: sanitizeLines
+  };
+
+  editor.Sanitize = Sanitize;
+
+  return editor;
+}
diff --git a/test/index.html b/test/index.html
index 5fba1c8e..68ef4b28 100644
--- a/test/index.html
+++ b/test/index.html
@@ -467,6 +467,7 @@ <h3>This test setup was AI generated with adult supervision. </h3>
     <script src="../extensions/history.js"></script>
     <script src="../extensions/undotree.js"></script>
     <script src="../extensions/fileloader.js"></script>
+    <script src="../extensions/sanitize.js"></script>
     <script src="lib/test-walkthrough.js"></script>
     <script src="lib/test-runner.js"></script>
     <script src="lib/test-expect.js"></script>
diff --git a/web/extensions.html b/web/extensions.html
index 748b014a..4af01e27 100644
--- a/web/extensions.html
+++ b/web/extensions.html
@@ -98,6 +98,26 @@ <h2>StatusLine</h2>
   <pre>const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(container, config))</pre>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-basic.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
+  <h2>Sanitize</h2>
+  <p><a href="../extensions/sanitize.js"><code>extensions/sanitize.js</code></a></p>
+  <p>Text sanitization for content set via <code>Model.s</code> or <code>Span.ins()</code>. Buffee core does not sanitize text—tabs and problematic Unicode characters are inserted as-is. This extension automatically cleans input text.</p>
+  <p><strong>Handles:</strong></p>
+  <ul>
+    <li><strong>Tabs</strong> → spaces (based on <code>Mode.s</code> setting)</li>
+    <li><strong>Zero-width characters</strong> → removed (ZWSP, ZWNJ, ZWJ, BOM)</li>
+    <li><strong>Multi-width Unicode spaces</strong> → regular space (em space, en space, figure space, etc.)</li>
+  </ul>
+  <pre>const editor = BuffeeSanitize(new Buffee(container, config))
+
+// Automatic sanitization on all inserts
+editor.Model.s = "text\twith\ttabs"  // tabs become spaces
+
+// Manual sanitization utilities
+editor.Sanitize.line("hello\tworld")   // "hello    world"
+editor.Sanitize.text("a\tb\nc\td")     // sanitize multi-line string
+editor.Sanitize.lines(["a\tb", "c\td"]) // sanitize array of lines</pre>
+  <p><strong>Why opt-in?</strong> Buffee's core is minimal. Automatic sanitization adds overhead and may not suit all use cases. Some applications may want to handle tabs differently, preserve certain Unicode, or sanitize upstream.</p>
+
   <hr>
 
   <h2>Using Multiple Extensions</h2>
diff --git a/web/navigation.html b/web/navigation.html
index af6d2d99..e87e9a61 100644
--- a/web/navigation.html
+++ b/web/navigation.html
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 <a href="/buffee/">home</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/getting-started.html">getting started</a> |
+<a href="/buffee/docs/api.md">api</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/samples/">kitchen sink</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/extensions.html">extensions</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/themes.html">themes</a> |

From 03fa756127307e8777b87a22cfbc1222dc57e5a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 23:44:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/50] feat: add Mode.ext to track registered extensions - Add
 ext array to Mode for tracking extension registration order - All extensions
 now push their name to Mode.ext on initialization - Add unit tests for
 extension registration and chaining patterns

---
 buffee.js                       |   5 +-
 dev/changelog.txt               |   5 +
 dist/buffee.min.js              |   2 +-
 extensions/elementals.js        |   1 +
 extensions/fileloader.js        |   1 +
 extensions/highlights.js        |   2 +
 extensions/history.js           |   1 +
 extensions/ios.js               |   1 +
 extensions/sanitize.js          |   1 +
 extensions/statusline.js        |   2 +
 extensions/syntax.js            |   1 +
 extensions/treesitter.js        |   1 +
 extensions/tui.js               |   2 +
 extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js |   1 +
 extensions/undotree.js          |   2 +
 test/lib/test-extensions.js     | 177 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 16 files changed, 202 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 9e327026..463eb26d 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
  * editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
  */
 function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.0.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.1.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   const spaceRe = /\s/, wordRe = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
@@ -255,7 +255,8 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
     f: 0,                                      /** framecount                */
     ch,                                        /** line and character height */
     cw: $caret.getBoundingClientRect().width,  /** computed character width  */
-    sub: []                                    /** render callbacks          */
+    sub: [],                                   /** render callbacks          */
+    ext: []                                    /** registered extensions     */
   };
 
   /**
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index a7e68847..8faa7493 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.1.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-12]  gz: 2601 / 2.54 KB (+4), br: 2395 / 2.34 KB (+3), min: 5819 / 5.68 KB (+7)
+- new: Mode.ext array tracks registered extensions in order
+  - Each extension pushes its name to Mode.ext on initialization
+  - Allows inspection of extension registration order
+
 ** 15.0.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-12]  gz: 2597 / 2.54 KB (-29), br: 2392 / 2.34 KB (-30), min: 5812 / 5.68 KB (-51)
 - breaking: remove automatic tab expansion from core
 - Buffee no longer sanitizes text - tabs/Unicode inserted as-is
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index b7cd7ded..fb2a1507 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},L=this.View={start:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get end(){return Math.min(this.start+this.n-1,E.end)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.start=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,E.end)),C(s)},get _(){return E._.slice(this.start,this.end+1)}},C=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)b.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&b.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)b.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(_){const t=Math.max(d,(L.start+L.N).toString().length)+x;_.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*y}px)`)}$(t)},$=this.render=(t=0)=>{D.f++;for(let t=0;t<L.N;t++)b.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(D.i>=0){const[t,s]=M.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.start+L.n,s.y+1);for(let 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e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&M.ins(e)}),g.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n")),M.del(),p.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const S={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};p.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},x:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{M.del()},Enter:()=>{M.ins("\n")},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),M.dir||n?M.dent(n?-D.s:D.s):M.ins(" ".repeat(D.s))}},r=S[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),D.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&M.dir?M.cursor():n&&!M.dir&&M.select(),r%2&&(e?M.mvLn(s>0):M.mvW(s));else if(!n&&M.dir)if(r%2)M.cursor(M.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=M.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,E.end));o=Math.min(t.x,E._[e].length),M.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.start?L.set(e):e>L.end?L.set(e-L.n+1):$()}else n&&!M.dir&&M.select(),M[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():D.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),M.ins(s)):l[s]&&D.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{rows:e,cols:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.1.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,d,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,p,u,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=p.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.start+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.start+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.end:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.start||c.y>L.end?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.end:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<c.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t){const e=E._[c.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(c.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=c.x;const r=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,h=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;r()&&i.test(e[t]);)h();for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h();else{const s=e[t];for(h();r()&&e[t]===s;)h()}c.x=t,$()}else(n?c.y<E.end:c.y>0)&&(c.x=n?0:E._[--c.y].length,n&&++c.y>L.end?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):!n&&c.y<L.start?L.set(c.y):$())},get dir(){return c===h?0:h.y===c.y&&h.x<c.x||h.y<c.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=M.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=E._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<E.end?[n,""]:[n]}return[E._[t.y].slice(t.x),...E._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),E._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(c.y=t.y,c.x=t.x),h.y=c.y,h.x=c.x,c=h},select(){c=r,c.y=h.y,c.x=h.x},ins(t){const e=t.split("\n");if(this.dir){const[s,n]=M.bounds(1);E.del(s.y,s.x,n.y,n.x+(this.dir>0)),E.ins(s.y,s.x,e),c.y=s.y,e.length>1?(c.y+=e.length-1,c.x=e[e.length-1].length):c.x=s.x+t.length,this.cursor()}else E.ins(c.y,c.x,e),e.length>1?(c.y+=e.length-1,o=c.x=e[e.length-1].length):o=c.x+=t.length;c.y>L.end?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):$()},del(){this.dir?this.ins(""):c.x>0?(E.del(c.y,c.x-1,c.y,c.x),c.x--,$()):c.y>0&&(c.x=E._[c.y-1].length,E.del(c.y-1,c.x,c.y,0),--c.y<L.start?L.set(c.y):$())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=E._[n];if(t>0)E._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);E._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else E._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),$()}},D=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:a,cw:u.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},E=this.Model={_:[""],get end(){return this._.length-1},set s(t){this._=t.split("\n"),$()},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},L=this.View={start:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get end(){return Math.min(this.start+this.n-1,E.end)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.start=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,E.end)),C(s)},get _(){return E._.slice(this.start,this.end+1)}},C=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)b.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&b.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)b.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(_){const t=Math.max(d,(L.start+L.N).toString().length)+x;_.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*y}px)`)}$(t)},$=this.render=(t=0)=>{D.f++;for(let t=0;t<L.N;t++)b.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(D.i>=0){const[t,s]=M.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.start+L.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(L.start,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=E._[e].length,{style:r}=b[2][0][e-L.start];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=c.y-L.start;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){u.style.top=i*a+"px",e=c.x;const{left:t,right:s}=w,n=w.left+c.x*D.cw-p.scrollLeft,l=n+D.cw;p.scrollLeft=Math.round((p.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>s?l-s:0))/D.cw)*D.cw}}u.style.left=e+"ch",D.sub.forEach(e=>e(p,L,t))};s&&!_&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*y}px)`),e&&b.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*a+"px"));const R=t=>{L.n+=t,C(t)};e?R(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{w=p.getBoundingClientRect(),R(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/a)-L.n)}).observe(f),p.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&M.ins(e)}),g.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n")),M.del(),p.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const S={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};p.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},x:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{M.del()},Enter:()=>{M.ins("\n")},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),M.dir||n?M.dent(n?-D.s:D.s):M.ins(" ".repeat(D.s))}},r=S[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),D.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&M.dir?M.cursor():n&&!M.dir&&M.select(),r%2&&(e?M.mvLn(s>0):M.mvW(s));else if(!n&&M.dir)if(r%2)M.cursor(M.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=M.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,E.end));o=Math.min(t.x,E._[e].length),M.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.start?L.set(e):e>L.end?L.set(e-L.n+1):$()}else n&&!M.dir&&M.select(),M[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():D.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),M.ins(s)):l[s]&&D.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/extensions/elementals.js b/extensions/elementals.js
index 3fc8defa..9f64031a 100644
--- a/extensions/elementals.js
+++ b/extensions/elementals.js
@@ -366,6 +366,7 @@ function BuffeeElementals(editor) {
 
   // Attach to editor instance
   editor.Elementals = Elementals;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('Elementals');
 
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/fileloader.js b/extensions/fileloader.js
index c2c6f801..fb26f810 100644
--- a/extensions/fileloader.js
+++ b/extensions/fileloader.js
@@ -394,6 +394,7 @@ function BuffeeFileLoader(editor) {
 
   // Attach to editor instance
   editor.FileLoader = FileLoader;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('FileLoader');
 
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/highlights.js b/extensions/highlights.js
index 980acde0..18b97444 100644
--- a/extensions/highlights.js
+++ b/extensions/highlights.js
@@ -110,5 +110,7 @@ function BuffeeHighlights(editor) {
   };
 
   editor.Highlights = Highlights;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('Highlights');
+
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/history.js b/extensions/history.js
index 5ee5a933..8c5db1cb 100644
--- a/extensions/history.js
+++ b/extensions/history.js
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ function BuffeeHistory(editor) {
   };
 
   editor.History = History;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('History');
 
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/ios.js b/extensions/ios.js
index e8421bd5..93bb54c1 100644
--- a/extensions/ios.js
+++ b/extensions/ios.js
@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@ function BuffeeIOS(editor) {
 
   // Attach to editor instance
   editor.iOS = iOS;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('iOS');
 
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/sanitize.js b/extensions/sanitize.js
index 9caf70fa..1a748c54 100644
--- a/extensions/sanitize.js
+++ b/extensions/sanitize.js
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ function BuffeeSanitize(editor) {
   };
 
   editor.Sanitize = Sanitize;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('Sanitize');
 
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/statusline.js b/extensions/statusline.js
index 0aa7c2e4..fd5a66ad 100644
--- a/extensions/statusline.js
+++ b/extensions/statusline.js
@@ -102,5 +102,7 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
   sub.push(updateStatusLine);
   updateStatusLine(); // Initial population
 
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('StatusLine');
+
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/syntax.js b/extensions/syntax.js
index e49ee8a4..91530f0d 100644
--- a/extensions/syntax.js
+++ b/extensions/syntax.js
@@ -701,6 +701,7 @@ function BuffeeSyntax(editor) {
 
   // Attach to editor instance
   editor.Syntax = Syntax;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('Syntax');
 
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/treesitter.js b/extensions/treesitter.js
index 247f0e1e..572374c4 100644
--- a/extensions/treesitter.js
+++ b/extensions/treesitter.js
@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ function BuffeeTreeSitter(editor, { parser, query }) {
 
   // Attach to editor instance
   editor.TreeSitter = TreeSitter;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('TreeSitter');
 
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/tui.js b/extensions/tui.js
index 69ed2ab6..d2825291 100644
--- a/extensions/tui.js
+++ b/extensions/tui.js
@@ -326,5 +326,7 @@ function BuffeeTUI(editor) {
   });
 
   editor.TUI = TUI;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('TUI');
+
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js b/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
index 3c25a845..1eada6be 100644
--- a/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
+++ b/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ function BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor) {
 
   // Attach to editor instance
   editor.UltraHighCapacity = UltraHighCapacity;
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('UltraHighCapacity');
 
   return editor;
 }
diff --git a/extensions/undotree.js b/extensions/undotree.js
index 446668ed..5eea14a8 100644
--- a/extensions/undotree.js
+++ b/extensions/undotree.js
@@ -356,6 +356,8 @@ function BuffeeUndoTree(editor) {
     set: (v) => { _lastOpTime = v; }
   });
 
+  editor.Mode.ext.push('UndoTree');
+
   return editor;
 }
 
diff --git a/test/lib/test-extensions.js b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
index 3f9d910d..d5cdc830 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-extensions.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
@@ -1131,6 +1131,183 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             }
         });
     });
+
+    // ===== EXTENSION REGISTRATION TESTS =====
+    extRunner.describe('Extension Registration', () => {
+        extRunner.it('Mode.ext starts as empty array', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                assertTrue(Array.isArray(editor.Mode.ext), 'Mode.ext should be an array');
+                assertEqual(editor.Mode.ext.length, 0, 'Mode.ext should be empty initially');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('History registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeHistory(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('History'), 'Mode.ext should include History');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('Sanitize registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeSanitize(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('Sanitize'), 'Mode.ext should include Sanitize');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('Syntax registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeSyntax(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('Syntax'), 'Mode.ext should include Syntax');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('StatusLine registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('StatusLine'), 'Mode.ext should include StatusLine');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('Elementals registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeElementals(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('Elementals'), 'Mode.ext should include Elementals');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('Highlights registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeHighlights(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('Highlights'), 'Mode.ext should include Highlights');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('TUI registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeTUI(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('TUI'), 'Mode.ext should include TUI');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('FileLoader registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeFileLoader(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('FileLoader'), 'Mode.ext should include FileLoader');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('UltraHighCapacity registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('UltraHighCapacity'), 'Mode.ext should include UltraHighCapacity');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('UndoTree registers itself', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                BuffeeUndoTree(editor);
+                assertTrue(editor.Mode.ext.includes('UndoTree'), 'Mode.ext should include UndoTree');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('chained extensions register in order', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                // Chain multiple extensions
+                BuffeeHistory(editor);
+                BuffeeSanitize(editor);
+                BuffeeSyntax(editor);
+                BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
+                BuffeeElementals(editor);
+
+                // Verify registration order
+                assertDeepEqual(editor.Mode.ext, [
+                    'History',
+                    'Sanitize',
+                    'Syntax',
+                    'StatusLine',
+                    'Elementals'
+                ], 'Extensions should be registered in order');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('decorator pattern preserves registration order', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                // Use decorator pattern (nested calls)
+                const decorated = BuffeeHighlights(
+                    BuffeeTUI(
+                        BuffeeFileLoader(
+                            BuffeeHistory(editor)
+                        )
+                    )
+                );
+
+                // Verify registration order (innermost first)
+                assertDeepEqual(decorated.Mode.ext, [
+                    'History',
+                    'FileLoader',
+                    'TUI',
+                    'Highlights'
+                ], 'Decorator pattern should register innermost first');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+
+        extRunner.it('reduce pattern preserves registration order', () => {
+            const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
+            try {
+                // Use reduce pattern
+                const extensions = [BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSanitize, BuffeeUndoTree];
+                extensions.reduce((ed, ext) => ext(ed), editor);
+
+                assertDeepEqual(editor.Mode.ext, [
+                    'History',
+                    'Sanitize',
+                    'UndoTree'
+                ], 'Reduce pattern should register in array order');
+            } finally {
+                cleanup();
+            }
+        });
+    });
 }
 
 // ===========================================

From 3f9f436870acd936eea5bd28c2dd822ee2015e88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 23:53:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/50] =?UTF-8?q?breaking:=20Span.ins=20now=20takes=20arra?=
 =?UTF-8?q?y=20of=20lines=20instead=20of=20string=20-=20`Span.ins('text')`?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=20=E2=86=92=20`Span.ins(['text'])`=20-=20`Span.ins('line1\nlin?=
 =?UTF-8?q?e2')`=20=E2=86=92=20`Span.ins(['line1',=20'line2'])`=20-=20Clie?=
 =?UTF-8?q?nt=20handles=20newline=20splitting,=20not=20buffee=20core=20-?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=20FileLoader:=20removed=20expandTabs=20from=20appendLines=20he?=
 =?UTF-8?q?lper=20-=20sample-loader.html:=20wrap=20with=20BuffeeSanitize?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=20for=20tab=20handling=20-=20Update=20API=20docs=20for=20Span.?=
 =?UTF-8?q?ins=20and=20Mode.ext?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 buffee.js                      | 23 ++++++-------
 dev/changelog.txt              |  7 ++++
 dist/buffee.min.js             |  2 +-
 docs/api.md                    |  5 +--
 extensions/fileloader.js       |  4 +--
 samples/sample-loader.html     |  5 +--
 test/lib/test-extensions.js    | 62 +++++++++++++++++-----------------
 test/specs/spec-regression.dsl |  2 +-
 web/extensions.html            |  5 ++-
 9 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 463eb26d..3b42d084 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
  * editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
  */
 function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.1.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.2.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   const spaceRe = /\s/, wordRe = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
@@ -159,11 +159,10 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
     },
 
     /**
-     * Inserts a string at cursor position, replacing any selection.
-     * @param {string} s - String to insert
+     * Inserts lines at cursor position, replacing any selection.
+     * @param {string[]} lines - Array of lines to insert
      */
-    ins(s) {
-      const lines = s.split('\n');
+    ins(lines) {
       if (this.dir) {
         const [first, second] = Span.bounds(1);
         Model.del(first.y, first.x, second.y, second.x + (this.dir > 0));
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
         if (lines.length > 1) {
           head.y     += lines.length - 1;
           head.x      = lines[lines.length - 1].length;
-        } else head.x = first.x + s.length;
+        } else head.x = first.x + (lines[0]?.length || 0);
 
         this.cursor();
       } else {
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
         if (lines.length > 1) {
                         head.y += lines.length - 1;
                maxCol = head.x  = lines[lines.length - 1].length;
-        } else maxCol = head.x += s.length;
+        } else maxCol = head.x += lines[0]?.length || 0;
       }
       if (head.y > View.end) View.set(head.y - View.n + 1);
       else render();
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
 
     /** Deletes the character before cursor or the current selection. */
     del() {
-      if (this.dir) this.ins('');
+      if (this.dir) this.ins(['']);
       else if (head.x > 0) {
         // Delete character before cursor
         Model.del(head.y, head.x - 1, head.y, head.x);
@@ -410,7 +409,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
   $lines.addEventListener('paste', e => {
     e.preventDefault(); // stop browser from inserting raw clipboard text
     const text = e.clipboardData.getData('text/plain');
-    if (text) Span.ins(text);
+    if (text) Span.ins(text.split('\n'));
   });
   // Triggered by a keydown paste event. a copy event handler can read the clipboard
   // by the standard security model. Meanwhile, we don't have to make the editor "selectable".
@@ -438,10 +437,10 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
       z: () => { e.preventDefault(); if (this.History) this.History[sh ? 'redo' : 'undo'](); },
     },     special = {
       Backspace: () => { Span.del() },
-      Enter: () => { Span.ins('\n') } ,
+      Enter: () => { Span.ins(['', '']) } ,
       Tab: () => {
         e.preventDefault();
-        (Span.dir || sh) ? Span.dent(sh ? -Mode.s : Mode.s) : Span.ins(' '.repeat(Mode.s));
+        (Span.dir || sh) ? Span.dent(sh ? -Mode.s : Mode.s) : Span.ins([' '.repeat(Mode.s)]);
       },
     };
 
@@ -481,7 +480,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
       if (cmd) metaKeys[k.toLowerCase()]?.();
       else if (Mode.i > 0) {
         k === ' ' && e.preventDefault();
-        Span.ins(k);
+        Span.ins([k]);
       }
     } else if (special[k] && Mode.i >= 1) { special[k](); }
   });
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 8faa7493..d892be69 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.2.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-12]  gz: 2600 / 2.54 KB (-1), br: 2402 / 2.35 KB (+7), min: 5834 / 5.70 KB (15)
+- breaking: Span.ins now takes array of lines instead of string
+  - `Span.ins('text')` → `Span.ins(['text'])`
+  - `Span.ins('line1\nline2')` → `Span.ins(['line1', 'line2'])`
+  - Client handles newline splitting, not buffee core
+- FileLoader: remove expandTabs from appendLines helper
+
 ** 15.1.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-12]  gz: 2601 / 2.54 KB (+4), br: 2395 / 2.34 KB (+3), min: 5819 / 5.68 KB (+7)
 - new: Mode.ext array tracks registered extensions in order
   - Each extension pushes its name to Mode.ext on initialization
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index fb2a1507..e6a2f013 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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e=E._[c.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(c.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=c.x;const r=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,h=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;r()&&i.test(e[t]);)h();for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h();else{const s=e[t];for(h();r()&&e[t]===s;)h()}c.x=t,$()}else(n?c.y<E.end:c.y>0)&&(c.x=n?0:E._[--c.y].length,n&&++c.y>L.end?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):!n&&c.y<L.start?L.set(c.y):$())},get dir(){return c===h?0:h.y===c.y&&h.x<c.x||h.y<c.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=M.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=E._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<E.end?[n,""]:[n]}return[E._[t.y].slice(t.x),...E._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),E._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(c.y=t.y,c.x=t.x),h.y=c.y,h.x=c.x,c=h},select(){c=r,c.y=h.y,c.x=h.x},ins(t){const e=t.split("\n");if(this.dir){const[s,n]=M.bounds(1);E.del(s.y,s.x,n.y,n.x+(this.dir>0)),E.ins(s.y,s.x,e),c.y=s.y,e.length>1?(c.y+=e.length-1,c.x=e[e.length-1].length):c.x=s.x+t.length,this.cursor()}else E.ins(c.y,c.x,e),e.length>1?(c.y+=e.length-1,o=c.x=e[e.length-1].length):o=c.x+=t.length;c.y>L.end?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):$()},del(){this.dir?this.ins(""):c.x>0?(E.del(c.y,c.x-1,c.y,c.x),c.x--,$()):c.y>0&&(c.x=E._[c.y-1].length,E.del(c.y-1,c.x,c.y,0),--c.y<L.start?L.set(c.y):$())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=E._[n];if(t>0)E._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);E._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else E._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),$()}},D=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:a,cw:u.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},E=this.Model={_:[""],get end(){return this._.length-1},set s(t){this._=t.split("\n"),$()},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},L=this.View={start:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get end(){return Math.min(this.start+this.n-1,E.end)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.start=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,E.end)),C(s)},get _(){return E._.slice(this.start,this.end+1)}},C=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)b.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&b.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)b.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(_){const t=Math.max(d,(L.start+L.N).toString().length)+x;_.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*y}px)`)}$(t)},$=this.render=(t=0)=>{D.f++;for(let t=0;t<L.N;t++)b.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(D.i>=0){const[t,s]=M.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.start+L.n,s.y+1);for(let 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\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{rows:e,cols:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.2.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,d,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,p,u,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=p.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.start+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.start+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.end:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.start||c.y>L.end?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.end:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<c.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t){const 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E.ins(c.y,c.x,t),t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,o=c.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=c.x+=t[0]?.length||0;c.y>L.end?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):$()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):c.x>0?(E.del(c.y,c.x-1,c.y,c.x),c.x--,$()):c.y>0&&(c.x=E._[c.y-1].length,E.del(c.y-1,c.x,c.y,0),--c.y<L.start?L.set(c.y):$())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=E._[n];if(t>0)E._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);E._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else E._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),$()}},D=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:a,cw:u.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},E=this.Model={_:[""],get end(){return this._.length-1},set s(t){this._=t.split("\n"),$()},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},L=this.View={start:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get end(){return Math.min(this.start+this.n-1,E.end)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.start=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,E.end)),C(s)},get _(){return E._.slice(this.start,this.end+1)}},C=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)b.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&b.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)b.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(_){const t=Math.max(d,(L.start+L.N).toString().length)+x;_.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*y}px)`)}$(t)},$=this.render=(t=0)=>{D.f++;for(let t=0;t<L.N;t++)b.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(D.i>=0){const[t,s]=M.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.start+L.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(L.start,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=E._[e].length,{style:r}=b[2][0][e-L.start];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=c.y-L.start;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){u.style.top=i*a+"px",e=c.x;const{left:t,right:s}=w,n=w.left+c.x*D.cw-p.scrollLeft,l=n+D.cw;p.scrollLeft=Math.round((p.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>s?l-s:0))/D.cw)*D.cw}}u.style.left=e+"ch",D.sub.forEach(e=>e(p,L,t))};s&&!_&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*y}px)`),e&&b.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*a+"px"));const R=t=>{L.n+=t,C(t)};e?R(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{w=p.getBoundingClientRect(),R(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/a)-L.n)}).observe(f),p.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&M.ins(e.split("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n")),M.del(),p.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const S={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};p.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},x:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{M.del()},Enter:()=>{M.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),M.dir||n?M.dent(n?-D.s:D.s):M.ins([" ".repeat(D.s)])}},r=S[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),D.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&M.dir?M.cursor():n&&!M.dir&&M.select(),r%2&&(e?M.mvLn(s>0):M.mvW(s));else if(!n&&M.dir)if(r%2)M.cursor(M.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=M.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,E.end));o=Math.min(t.x,E._[e].length),M.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.start?L.set(e):e>L.end?L.set(e-L.n+1):$()}else n&&!M.dir&&M.select(),M[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():D.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),M.ins([s])):l[s]&&D.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.md b/docs/api.md
index 617d60b9..a9bc6174 100644
--- a/docs/api.md
+++ b/docs/api.md
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Span
   .mvLn(value)   // move to '\n'      : 1 end   ,  0 front
   .mvW(value)    // move by words     : 1 next  , -1 prev
   .del()         // delete text Span-wise delete
-  .ins(text)     // insert text Span-wise insert
+  .ins(lines)    // insert lines (string[]) Span-wise insert
   .select()      // make selection
   .cursor()      // make cursor 
   .dent(value)   // indent or unindent : 1 indent, -1 unident
@@ -96,13 +96,14 @@ Span
 Editor state and configuration.
 
 ```javascript
-mode
+Mode
   .s            // Tab width
   .i            // Edit mode: 1=write, 0=navigate, -1=read
   .f            // Render frame counter
   .ch           // Line height in pixels
   .cw           // Character width in pixels
   .sub          // subscriptions for render callback
+  .ext          // Array of registered extension names (in order)
 ```
 
 ---
diff --git a/extensions/fileloader.js b/extensions/fileloader.js
index fb26f810..aed229dc 100644
--- a/extensions/fileloader.js
+++ b/extensions/fileloader.js
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ function BuffeeFileLoader(editor) {
   const { Model, Mode, render, $ } = editor;
 
   function appendLines(newLines, skipRender = false) {
-    const spaces = Mode.s;
-    const expandTabs = s => spaces ? s.replace(/\t/g, ' '.repeat(spaces)) : s;
-    Model._.push(...newLines.map(expandTabs));
+    Model._.push(...newLines);
     if (!skipRender) render();
   }
 
diff --git a/samples/sample-loader.html b/samples/sample-loader.html
index 518c6225..99812529 100644
--- a/samples/sample-loader.html
+++ b/samples/sample-loader.html
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
   <title>buffee - Ultra High Capacity</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
   <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../extensions/sanitize.js"></script>
   <script src="../extensions/fileloader.js"></script>
   <script src="../extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
@@ -152,9 +153,9 @@ <h3>Logs:</h3>
       logs._render(true);
     }
 
-    const editor = BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(BuffeeFileLoader(BuffeeStatusLine(
+    const editor = BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(BuffeeFileLoader(BuffeeSanitize(BuffeeStatusLine(
       new Buffee(editorEl, { rows: 10, logger: log })
-    )));
+    ))));
 
     editor.Model.s = 'Select a file to load...';
     editorEl.focus();
diff --git a/test/lib/test-extensions.js b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
index d5cdc830..9226fa97 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-extensions.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], 'A', 'Should have "A"');
                 editor.History.undo();
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], '', 'Should be empty after undo');
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
                 editor.History.undo();
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], '', 'Should be empty after undo');
                 editor.History.redo();
@@ -587,9 +587,9 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
-                editor.Span.ins('B');
-                editor.Span.ins('C');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
+                editor.Span.ins(['B']);
+                editor.Span.ins(['C']);
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], 'ABC', 'Should have "ABC"');
                 editor.History.undo();
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], '', 'Should be empty after single undo (coalesced)');
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('AB');
+                editor.Span.ins(['AB']);
                 // Wait to break coalescing
                 editor.History._lastOpTime = 0;
                 editor.Span.del();
@@ -618,11 +618,11 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('Hello');
+                editor.Span.ins(['Hello']);
                 editor.History._lastOpTime = 0;
-                editor.Span.ins('\n');
+                editor.Span.ins(['', '']);
                 editor.History._lastOpTime = 0;
-                editor.Span.ins('World');
+                editor.Span.ins(['World']);
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._.length, 2, 'Should have 2 lines');
                 editor.History.undo();
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[1], '', 'Second line should be empty after undo');
@@ -637,10 +637,10 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
                 editor.History.undo();
                 assertEqual(editor.History.redoStack.length, 1, 'Should have 1 redo item');
-                editor.Span.ins('B');
+                editor.Span.ins(['B']);
                 assertEqual(editor.History.redoStack.length, 0, 'Redo stack should be cleared');
             } finally {
                 cleanup();
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('Hello');
+                editor.Span.ins(['Hello']);
                 assertEqual(editor.Span.bounds()[0].x, 5, 'Cursor should be at col 5');
                 editor.History.undo();
                 assertEqual(editor.Span.bounds()[0].x, 0, 'Cursor should be at col 0 after undo');
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('AB');
+                editor.Span.ins(['AB']);
                 editor.History.undo();
                 assertEqual(editor.Span.bounds()[0].x, 0, 'Cursor should be at col 0 after undo');
                 editor.History.redo();
@@ -678,8 +678,8 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
-                editor.Span.ins('B');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
+                editor.Span.ins(['B']);
                 assertTrue(editor.History.undoStack.length > 0, 'Should have undo items');
                 editor.History.clear();
                 assertEqual(editor.History.undoStack.length, 0, 'Undo stack should be empty');
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
                 // Type "Hello World"
-                editor.Span.ins('Hello World');
+                editor.Span.ins(['Hello World']);
                 editor.History._lastOpTime = 0;
 
                 // Select "Hello" (first 5 chars)
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 tail1.x = 5;
 
                 // Replace selection with "Hi"
-                editor.Span.ins('Hi');
+                editor.Span.ins(['Hi']);
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], 'Hi World', 'Should have replaced "Hello" with "Hi"');
 
                 // Single undo should restore "Hello World"
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             try {
                 BuffeeHistory(editor);
                 // Type some text
-                editor.Span.ins('Hello World');
+                editor.Span.ins(['Hello World']);
                 editor.History._lastOpTime = 0;
 
                 // Make a selection (this changes head to detachedHead internally)
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeUndoTree(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], 'A', 'Should have "A"');
                 editor.UndoTree.undo();
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], '', 'Should be empty after undo');
@@ -781,12 +781,12 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeUndoTree(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
                 editor.UndoTree._lastOpTime = 0; // Break coalescing
                 editor.UndoTree.undo();
 
                 // Make a new edit - should create branch, not discard
-                editor.Span.ins('B');
+                editor.Span.ins(['B']);
 
                 // Root should have 2 children (branches)
                 const tree = editor.UndoTree.getTree();
@@ -802,12 +802,12 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 BuffeeUndoTree(editor);
 
                 // Create first branch
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
                 editor.UndoTree._lastOpTime = 0;
                 editor.UndoTree.undo();
 
                 // Create second branch
-                editor.Span.ins('B');
+                editor.Span.ins(['B']);
                 editor.UndoTree._lastOpTime = 0;
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], 'B', 'Should be on B branch');
 
@@ -830,10 +830,10 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             try {
                 BuffeeUndoTree(editor);
 
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
                 editor.UndoTree._lastOpTime = 0;
                 editor.UndoTree.undo();
-                editor.Span.ins('B');
+                editor.Span.ins(['B']);
                 editor.UndoTree._lastOpTime = 0;
                 editor.UndoTree.undo();
 
@@ -852,12 +852,12 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 BuffeeUndoTree(editor);
 
                 // Create: root -> A -> B -> C
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
                 editor.UndoTree._lastOpTime = 0;
                 const nodeAId = editor.UndoTree.current.id;
-                editor.Span.ins('B');
+                editor.Span.ins(['B']);
                 editor.UndoTree._lastOpTime = 0;
-                editor.Span.ins('C');
+                editor.Span.ins(['C']);
                 editor.UndoTree._lastOpTime = 0;
 
                 assertEqual(editor.Model._[0], 'ABC', 'Should have ABC');
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeUndoTree(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('X');
+                editor.Span.ins(['X']);
 
                 const tree = editor.UndoTree.getTree();
                 assertEqual(tree.id, 0, 'Root should have id 0');
@@ -890,8 +890,8 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeUndoTree(editor);
-                editor.Span.ins('A');
-                editor.Span.ins('B');
+                editor.Span.ins(['A']);
+                editor.Span.ins(['B']);
 
                 assertTrue(editor.UndoTree.canUndo, 'Should be able to undo');
                 editor.UndoTree.clear();
diff --git a/test/specs/spec-regression.dsl b/test/specs/spec-regression.dsl
index bcc8438f..af3fb7e3 100644
--- a/test/specs/spec-regression.dsl
+++ b/test/specs/spec-regression.dsl
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ expect(5).toBe(5);
 ### Replacing selection with multi-char text should position cursor correctly
 TYPE "Hello world"
 left 5 times with shift
-fixture.editor.Span.ins('REPLACED');
+fixture.editor.Span.ins(['REPLACED']);
 expect(fixture).toHaveLines('Hello REPLACED');
 EXPECT cursor at 0,14
 
diff --git a/web/extensions.html b/web/extensions.html
index 4af01e27..f913a98c 100644
--- a/web/extensions.html
+++ b/web/extensions.html
@@ -64,7 +64,10 @@ <h2>TUI Legacy</h2>
   <h2>FileLoader</h2>
   <p><a href="../extensions/fileloader.js"><code>extensions/fileloader.js</code></a></p>
   <p>Multiple file loading strategies optimized for different file sizes. Choose the right loader based on your file size and memory constraints.</p>
-  <pre>const editor = BuffeeFileLoader(Buffee(container, config))
+  <p><strong>Note:</strong> FileLoader does not sanitize text. If files may contain tabs, wrap with <code>BuffeeSanitize</code>:</p>
+  <pre>// With tab sanitization
+const editor = BuffeeFileLoader(BuffeeSanitize(Buffee(container, config)))
+
 await editor.FileLoader.naiveLoad(file)           // &lt;10M lines
 await editor.FileLoader.chunkedBlobLoad(file)     // &lt;70M lines
 await editor.FileLoader.chunkedFileReaderLoad(file)

From 7927ea2909ae79951fb61c1f3fa5edc648bda349 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 06:57:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/50] refactor: rename Model.end to Model.last,
 View.start/end to View.first/last

---
 buffee.js                       | 52 ++++++++++++++++-----------------
 dev/changelog.txt               |  5 ++++
 dist/buffee.min.js              |  2 +-
 docs/api.md                     | 34 +++++++++------------
 extensions/elementals.js        |  2 +-
 extensions/ios.js               |  6 ++--
 extensions/statusline.js        |  2 +-
 extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js | 12 ++++----
 8 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 3b42d084..18d245bc 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
  * editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
  */
 function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.2.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.3.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   const spaceRe = /\s/, wordRe = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
 
   // [array, fragment, parent, updateFn]
   const viewportLayers = [
-    [$ztxt, (el, i) => el.textContent = Model._[View.start + i] ?? null],
-    [$rail, (el, i) => el.textContent = View.start + i + 1],
+    [$ztxt, (el, i) => el.textContent = Model._[View.first + i] ?? null],
+    [$rail, (el, i) => el.textContent = View.first + i + 1],
     [$zsel, (el) => el.style.width = 0]
   ].map(([p, fn]) => [[], document.createDocumentFragment(), p, fn]);
 
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * @param {boolean} [toEdge] - If truthy, go to edge (start if down, end if up) and update maxCol
      */
     mvY(dir, toEdge) {
-      if (dir > 0 ? head.y < Model.end : head.y > 0) {
+      if (dir > 0 ? head.y < Model.last : head.y > 0) {
         const len = Model._[dir > 0 ? ++head.y : --head.y].length;
         head.x = toEdge ? (dir > 0 ? 0 : len) : Math.min(maxCol, len);
         if (toEdge) maxCol = head.x;
-        if (head.y < View.start || head.y > View.end) View.set(dir > 0 ? head.y - View.n + 1 : head.y);
+        if (head.y < View.first || head.y > View.last) View.set(dir > 0 ? head.y - View.n + 1 : head.y);
         else render();
       }
     },
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
     mvX(dir) {
       const right = dir > 0;
       if (right ? head.x < Model._[head.y].length : head.x) { maxCol = right ? ++head.x : --head.x; render(); }
-      else if (right ? head.y < Model.end : head.y) this.mvY(dir, 1);
+      else if (right ? head.y < Model.last : head.y) this.mvY(dir, 1);
     },
 
     /**
@@ -107,11 +107,11 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
         else { const c = s[j]; step(); while (ok() && s[j] === c) step(); }
         head.x = j;
         render();
-      } else if (fwd ? head.y < Model.end : head.y > 0) {
+      } else if (fwd ? head.y < Model.last : head.y > 0) {
         // At edge - move to adjacent line
         head.x = fwd ? 0 : Model._[--head.y].length;
-        if (fwd && ++head.y > View.end) View.set(head.y - View.n + 1);
-        else if (!fwd && head.y < View.start) View.set(head.y);
+        if (fwd && ++head.y > View.last) View.set(head.y - View.n + 1);
+        else if (!fwd && head.y < View.first) View.set(head.y);
         else render();
       }
     },
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
       if(left.y === right.y) {
         const text  = Model._[left.y];
         const slice = text.slice(left.x, right.x + (this.dir > 0));
-        return right.x >= text.length && left.y < Model.end ? [slice, ''] : [slice];
+        return right.x >= text.length && left.y < Model.last ? [slice, ''] : [slice];
       }
       return [
         Model._[left.y].slice(left.x),
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
                maxCol = head.x  = lines[lines.length - 1].length;
         } else maxCol = head.x += lines[0]?.length || 0;
       }
-      if (head.y > View.end) View.set(head.y - View.n + 1);
+      if (head.y > View.last) View.set(head.y - View.n + 1);
       else render();
     },
 
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
         // At start of line - delete newline (join with previous line)
         head.x = Model._[head.y - 1].length;
         Model.del(head.y - 1, head.x, head.y, 0);
-        if (--head.y < View.start) View.set(head.y);
+        if (--head.y < View.first) View.set(head.y);
         else render();
       }
     },
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * Index of the last line in the document.
      * @returns {number} Zero-based index of the last line
      */
-    get end() { return this._.length - 1 },
+    get last() { return this._.length - 1 },
 
     /**
      * Sets the document content from a string. Splits on newlines.
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
    */
   const View = this.View = {
     /** @type {number} Index of the first visible line (0-indexed) */
-    start: 0,
+    first: 0,
     /** @type {number} Number of visible lines */
     n: 0,
     /** @type {number} Number of DOM line containers. +1 if auto-fit (no rows specified) */
@@ -323,17 +323,17 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * Index of the last visible line.
      * @returns {number} Index of the last line in the viewport
      */
-    get end() { return Math.min(this.start + this.n - 1, Model.end); },
+    get last() { return Math.min(this.first + this.n - 1, Model.last); },
 
     /**
      * Sets the viewport position and optionally size.
      * @param {number} start - Line index to start at (0-indexed)
      * @param {number} [size] - Number of lines to display (optional)
      */
-    set(start, size = this.n) {
+    set(first, size = this.n) {
       const delta = size - this.n;
       this.n = size;
-      this.start = Math.max(0, Math.min(start, Model.end));
+      this.first = Math.max(0, Math.min(first, Model.last));
       RENDER(delta);
     },
 
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * Gets the lines currently visible in the viewport.
      * @returns {string[]} Array of visible line contents
      */
-    get _() { return Model._.slice(this.start, this.end + 1); }
+    get _() { return Model._.slice(this.first, this.last + 1); }
   };
 
   // Add / remove lines, selections, rails as row changes
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
       for (d = delta; d < 0; d++) viewportLayers.forEach(([a]) => a.pop()?.remove());
     }
     if ($rail) {
-      const railCols = Math.max(railInit, (View.start + View.N).toString().length) + railPad;
+      const railCols = Math.max(railInit, (View.first + View.N).toString().length) + railPad;
       $rail.style.width = railCols + 'ch';
       if (cols) $pane.style.width = `calc(${railCols + cols}ch + ${padding * 4}px)`;
     }
@@ -373,15 +373,15 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
     if(Mode.i >= 0) {
       // Sels 
       const [firstEdge, secondEdge] = Span.bounds(1);
-      const rEnd = Math.min(View.start + View.n, secondEdge.y + 1);
-      for (let r = Math.max(View.start, firstEdge.y); r < rEnd; r++) {
-        const f = r === firstEdge.y, l = r === secondEdge.y, n = Model._[r].length, {style} = viewportLayers[2][0][r - View.start];
+      const rEnd = Math.min(View.first + View.n, secondEdge.y + 1);
+      for (let r = Math.max(View.first, firstEdge.y); r < rEnd; r++) {
+        const f = r === firstEdge.y, l = r === secondEdge.y, n = Model._[r].length, {style} = viewportLayers[2][0][r - View.first];
         style.left = (f ? firstEdge.x : 0) + 'ch';
         style.width = (f && l ? secondEdge.x - firstEdge.x : f ? n - firstEdge.x + 1 : l ? Math.min(secondEdge.x, n) : n + 1) + 'ch';
       }
 
       // Cursor
-      const headViewRow = head.y - View.start;
+      const headViewRow = head.y - View.first;
       if (headViewRow >= 0 && headViewRow < View.n) {
         $caret.style.top = headViewRow * ch + 'px';
         cursorLeft = head.x;
@@ -462,14 +462,14 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
         } else {
           const edge = Span.bounds(1)[direction > 0 | 0];
           // edge.y is already absolute
-          const targetAbsRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(edge.y + direction, Model.end));
+          const targetAbsRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(edge.y + direction, Model.last));
 
           maxCol = Math.min(edge.x, Model._[targetAbsRow].length);
           Span.cursor({ y: targetAbsRow, x: maxCol});
 
           // Scroll viewport if target is outside visible area
-          if (targetAbsRow < View.start) View.set(targetAbsRow);
-          else if (targetAbsRow > View.end) View.set(targetAbsRow - View.n + 1);
+          if (targetAbsRow < View.first) View.set(targetAbsRow);
+          else if (targetAbsRow > View.last) View.set(targetAbsRow - View.n + 1);
           else render();
         }
       } else { // no meta key.
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index d892be69..3d147d60 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.3.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2606 / 2.54 KB (+6), br: 2405 / 2.35 KB (+3), min: 5848 / 5.71 KB (14)
+- refactor: rename Model.end to Model.last
+- refactor: rename View.start to View.first
+- refactor: rename View.end to View.last
+
 ** 15.2.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-12]  gz: 2600 / 2.54 KB (-1), br: 2402 / 2.35 KB (+7), min: 5834 / 5.70 KB (15)
 - breaking: Span.ins now takes array of lines instead of string
   - `Span.ins('text')` → `Span.ins(['text'])`
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index e6a2f013..120f977a 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{rows:e,cols:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.2.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,d,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,p,u,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=p.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.start+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.start+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.end:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.start||c.y>L.end?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.end:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<c.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t){const e=E._[c.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(c.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=c.x;const r=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,h=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;r()&&i.test(e[t]);)h();for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h();else{const s=e[t];for(h();r()&&e[t]===s;)h()}c.x=t,$()}else(n?c.y<E.end:c.y>0)&&(c.x=n?0:E._[--c.y].length,n&&++c.y>L.end?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):!n&&c.y<L.start?L.set(c.y):$())},get dir(){return c===h?0:h.y===c.y&&h.x<c.x||h.y<c.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=M.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=E._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<E.end?[n,""]:[n]}return[E._[t.y].slice(t.x),...E._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),E._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(c.y=t.y,c.x=t.x),h.y=c.y,h.x=c.x,c=h},select(){c=r,c.y=h.y,c.x=h.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);E.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),E.ins(e.y,e.x,t),c.y=e.y,t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,c.x=t[t.length-1].length):c.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else 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\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{rows:e,cols:s,s:i=4}={}){this.v="15.3.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const n=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,f,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[d,p,u,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=p.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.first+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.last:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.first||c.y>L.last?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.last:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ 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t=Math.max(f,(L.first+L.N).toString().length)+x;_.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(d.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*y}px)`)}$(t)},$=this.render=(t=0)=>{D.f++;for(let t=0;t<L.N;t++)b.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(D.i>=0){const[t,s]=M.bounds(1),i=Math.min(L.first+L.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(L.first,t.y);e<i;e++){const i=e===t.y,n=e===s.y,l=E._[e].length,{style:r}=b[2][0][e-L.first];r.left=(i?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(i&&n?s.x-t.x:i?l-t.x+1:n?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const n=c.y-L.first;if(n>=0&&n<L.n){u.style.top=n*a+"px",e=c.x;const{left:t,right:s}=w,i=w.left+c.x*D.cw-p.scrollLeft,l=i+D.cw;p.scrollLeft=Math.round((p.scrollLeft+(i<t?i-t:l>s?l-s:0))/D.cw)*D.cw}}u.style.left=e+"ch",D.sub.forEach(e=>e(p,L,t))};s&&!_&&(d.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*y}px)`),e&&b.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*a+"px"));const R=t=>{L.n+=t,C(t)};e?R(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{w=p.getBoundingClientRect(),R(Math.floor(d.clientHeight/a)-L.n)}).observe(d),p.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&M.ins(e.split("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n")),M.del(),p.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const S={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};p.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,i=t.shiftKey,n={v:()=>{},c:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},x:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[i?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{M.del()},Enter:()=>{M.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),M.dir||i?M.dent(i?-D.s:D.s):M.ins([" ".repeat(D.s)])}},r=S[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),D.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!i&&M.dir?M.cursor():i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),r%2&&(e?M.mvLn(s>0):M.mvW(s));else if(!i&&M.dir)if(r%2)M.cursor(M.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=M.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,E.last));o=Math.min(t.x,E._[e].length),M.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.set(e):e>L.last?L.set(e-L.n+1):$()}else i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),M[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?n[s.toLowerCase()]?.():D.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),M.ins([s])):l[s]&&D.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.md b/docs/api.md
index a9bc6174..f1f26f09 100644
--- a/docs/api.md
+++ b/docs/api.md
@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ Buffee does **not** sanitize text. Content set via `Model.s` or `Span.ins()` is
 
 Note: The keyboard controller converts Tab key presses to spaces—only programmatic content is affected.
 
----
-
 ## Top-level properties
 
 ```javascript
@@ -48,31 +46,31 @@ editor
 Model
   ._    // Array of text lines, without '\n
   .s    // Set content (string with \n)
-  .end  // Last line index
+  .last // Index of last line of Model
   .ins  // primitive insert
   .del  // primitive del
 ```
 
----
-
 ## View (`editor.View`)
 
+The paradigm is to define first and size, but last is derived. An alternative implementation
+was first and last, but size is derived. The latter's API appears symmetrical but it was not
+as intuitive and the implementation uglier.
+
 ```javascript
 View
-  ._            // subset of model lines in view 
-  .start        // First visible line index
-  .end          // Last visible line index
-  .n            // Number of logical lines
-  .N            // Number of rendered lines
-  .set(line)    // Scroll to line
-  .set(line, n) // Scroll to line, show n lines
+  .first         // Model index of first line of viewport 
+  .last          // Model index of last line viewport 
+  .n             // Viewport size - number of lines (settable)
+  .N             // Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
+  .set(first)    // Scroll to line, keep current size
+  .set(first, n) // Scroll to line with new size
+  ._             // Visible lines array (derived: Model._.slice(first, last + 1))
 ```
 
----
-
 ## Span (`editor.Span`)
 
-Cursor and selection management.
+A continuous text span from a starting and end coordinate. 
 
 ```javascript 
 Span
@@ -89,12 +87,8 @@ Span
   .dent(value)   // indent or unindent : 1 indent, -1 unident
 ```
 
----
-
 ## Mode (`editor.Mode`)
 
-Editor state and configuration.
-
 ```javascript
 Mode
   .s            // Tab width
@@ -106,8 +100,6 @@ Mode
   .ext          // Array of registered extension names (in order)
 ```
 
----
-
 ## Extension API
 
 For building extensions:
diff --git a/extensions/elementals.js b/extensions/elementals.js
index 9f64031a..781e1ed6 100644
--- a/extensions/elementals.js
+++ b/extensions/elementals.js
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ function BuffeeElementals(editor) {
    */
   function updatePositions() {
     for (const el of elements) {
-      const viewportRow = el.row - View.start;
+      const viewportRow = el.row - View.first;
       if (viewportRow >= 0 && viewportRow < View.n) {
         el.$container.style.top = viewportRow * lineHeight + 'px';
         el.$container.style.display = '';
diff --git a/extensions/ios.js b/extensions/ios.js
index 93bb54c1..62673bf6 100644
--- a/extensions/ios.js
+++ b/extensions/ios.js
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ function BuffeeIOS(editor) {
     let row = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y / lineHeight));
     const col = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x / ch));
     // Bounds check row to last meaningful viewport row
-    const linesFromViewStart = Model.end - View.start;
-    const lastMeaningfulViewRow = Math.min(View.n - 1, linesFromViewStart);
+    const linesFromViewFirst = Model.last - View.first;
+    const lastMeaningfulViewRow = Math.min(View.n - 1, linesFromViewFirst);
     row = Math.min(row, lastMeaningfulViewRow);
     // Convert to absolute row
-    const absRow = View.start + row;
+    const absRow = View.first + row;
     // Bounds check col to line length
     const lineLength = Model._[absRow].length;
     Span.cursor({ y: absRow, x: Math.min(col, lineLength) });
diff --git a/extensions/statusline.js b/extensions/statusline.js
index fd5a66ad..b16f9134 100644
--- a/extensions/statusline.js
+++ b/extensions/statusline.js
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
     const [head, tail] = editor.Span.bounds();  // head first, unordered
     const [start, end] = editor.Span.bounds(1); // ordered by position
     const hasSelection = editor.Span.dir !== 0;
-    const lineCount = Model.end + 1;
+    const lineCount = Model.last + 1;
 
     if (showSelection && hasSelection) {
       // Show selection range: "1:5 - 3:10"
diff --git a/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js b/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
index 1eada6be..743e1e69 100644
--- a/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
+++ b/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ function BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor) {
   const $e = $.querySelector('.buffee-pane');
 
   // Store original methods/getters
-  const originalLastIndexGetter = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Model, 'end').get;
+  const originalLastIndexGetter = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Model, 'last').get;
 
   // Chunk state
   let enabled = false;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ function BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor) {
    * @private
    */
   function loadChunksForView() {
-    const startChunkIndex = Math.floor(View.start / chunkSize);
+    const startChunkIndex = Math.floor(View.first / chunkSize);
 
     // Check if we need to load new chunks
     if (currentChunkIndex !== startChunkIndex) {
@@ -303,8 +303,8 @@ function BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor) {
       // Set navigation-only mode (can move cursor, no editing)
       editor.Mode.i = 0;
 
-      // Override Model.end
-      Object.defineProperty(Model, 'end', {
+      // Override Model.last
+      Object.defineProperty(Model, 'last', {
         get: () => totalLines - 1,
         configurable: true
       });
@@ -318,8 +318,8 @@ function BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor) {
     deactivate() {
       enabled = false;
 
-      // Restore original end getter
-      Object.defineProperty(Model, 'end', {
+      // Restore original last getter
+      Object.defineProperty(Model, 'last', {
         get: originalLastIndexGetter,
         configurable: true
       });

From 842d7f5feeee4379651d93e6651feba4f2c92b8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 07:25:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 05/50] refactor(api): remove Model.s api, delegate to user to
 render after Model._ update

---
 API.md                            | 18 +++----
 CLAUDE.md                         |  9 ++--
 buffee.js                         | 14 ++----
 dev/backlog.txt                   |  4 +-
 dev/changelog.txt                 |  9 ++--
 dist/buffee.min.js                |  2 +-
 docs/api.md                       | 62 +++++++----------------
 docs/extensions.md                | 20 ++++++++
 docs/onboarding.md                |  3 +-
 extensions/fileloader.js          |  3 +-
 extensions/highlights.js          |  3 ++
 extensions/sanitize.js            | 12 -----
 extensions/statusline.js          | 26 ++--------
 extensions/syntax.js              | 22 +--------
 extensions/treesitter.js          |  2 +-
 extensions/tui.js                 |  4 +-
 index.html                        |  6 +--
 samples/_template.html            |  3 +-
 samples/sample-basic.html         | 19 ++++---
 samples/sample-conway.html        |  3 +-
 samples/sample-elementals.html    |  6 +--
 samples/sample-gutter-status.html | 20 +++++---
 samples/sample-history.html       |  8 +--
 samples/sample-ios.html           | 19 ++++---
 samples/sample-loader.html        |  5 +-
 samples/sample-matrix.html        |  3 +-
 samples/sample-movie.html         |  9 ++--
 samples/sample-readonly.html      |  3 +-
 samples/sample-sizing.html        | 40 +++++++++------
 samples/sample-syntax.html        | 11 +++--
 samples/sample-tui.html           |  8 +--
 samples/sample-undotree.html      |  3 +-
 test/lib/test-extensions.js       | 82 +++++++++++++++++--------------
 test/lib/test-ui.js               | 12 +++--
 test/specs/spec-features.dsl      | 10 ++--
 test/specs/spec-navigation.dsl    | 12 ++---
 test/specs/spec-selection.dsl     |  8 +--
 web/extensions-profile.html       |  7 +--
 web/extensions.html               |  8 ++-
 web/themes.html                   |  4 +-
 web/wrappers.html                 |  9 ++--
 wrappers/react.jsx                |  6 ++-
 wrappers/svelte.svelte            |  6 ++-
 wrappers/vue.js                   |  6 ++-
 44 files changed, 279 insertions(+), 270 deletions(-)

diff --git a/API.md b/API.md
index 64fbf134..003187a3 100644
--- a/API.md
+++ b/API.md
@@ -123,12 +123,12 @@ Read-only. Returns the line height in pixels, derived from CSS variable `--buffe
 ## Model (`editor.Model`)
 
 ```javascript
-// Set content
-editor.Model.s = "Hello\nWorld";
+// Set content (array of lines)
+editor.Model._ = ["Hello", "World"];
 
 // Access lines
-editor.Model._;        // ["Hello", "World"]
-editor.Model.end;    // 1
+editor.Model._;       // ["Hello", "World"]
+editor.Model.last;    // 1
 ```
 
 ---
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ editor.Model.end;    // 1
 
 ```javascript
 // Read
-editor.View.start;  // First visible line (0-based)
-editor.View.end;    // Last visible line
+editor.View.first;  // First visible line (0-based)
+editor.View.last;   // Last visible line
 editor.View.n;   // Number of visible lines
 editor.View._;  // Array of visible line strings
 
@@ -322,13 +322,13 @@ editor.editMode = 'read';
 
 **Simple view-only mode:**
 ```javascript
-editor.Model.s = "Your content here";
+editor.Model._ = ["Your content here"];
 editor.editMode = 'navigate';
 ```
 
 **TUI mode** (for interactive elements):
 ```javascript
-editor.Model.s = "Your content here";
+editor.Model._ = ["Your content here"];
 editor.TUI.enabled = true;  // Sets editMode to 'read' automatically
 ```
 
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ BuffeeTreeSitter(editor, { parser: jsParser, query: jsQuery });
 editor.TreeSitter.enabled = true;
 
 // After modifying content, mark as dirty to trigger re-parse
-editor.Model.s = "function hello() { return 'world'; }";
+editor.Model._ = ["function hello() { return 'world'; }"];
 editor.TreeSitter.markDirty();
 
 // Force immediate re-parse
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 76b478dc..d60598c8 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -10,11 +10,10 @@
 ```javascript
 BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { rows: 20, cols: 80, s: 4 }));
 
-editor.Model.s = "content";   // Set content
-editor.Model._;               // ["line1", "line2"]
-editor.View.set(5);           // Scroll to line index 5
-editor.Span.ins("text");      // Insert at cursor
-editor.Span.cursor({y:0,x:0});// Move cursor
+editor.Model._ = ["line1", "line2"];  // Set content (array of lines)
+editor.View.set(5);                   // Scroll to line index 5
+editor.Span.ins(["text"]);            // Insert at cursor
+editor.Span.cursor({y:0,x:0});        // Move cursor
 ```
 
 ## Required HTML Structure
diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 18d245bc..db32aa71 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@
  * @param {number} [config.s=4] - Spaces per tab/indentation
  * @example
  * const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'), { rows: 25 });
- * editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
+ * editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
+ * editor.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.3.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.4.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   const spaceRe = /\s/, wordRe = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
@@ -272,15 +273,6 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
      */
     get last() { return this._.length - 1 },
 
-    /**
-     * Sets the document content from a string. Splits on newlines.
-     * @param {string} text - The full document text
-     */
-    set s(text) {
-      this._ = text.split('\n');
-      render();
-    },
-
     /**
      * Primitive insert operation. Inserts lines at position.
      * @param {number} row - Row index (absolute, not viewport-relative)
diff --git a/dev/backlog.txt b/dev/backlog.txt
index 394592ee..f6caf09c 100644
--- a/dev/backlog.txt
+++ b/dev/backlog.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 Website
 16. everywhere in web page should use buffee 
 
+Model.end should return coordinate not just last line 
 
+Rename Mode to State 
 
-Model.end should return coordinate not just last line 
+TODO: consolidate 182-220 on extensions.md
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 3d147d60..3a232300 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.4.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2589 / 2.53 KB (-17), br: 2393 / 2.34 KB (-12), min: 5813 / 5.68 KB (-35)
+- api: remove Model.s = "foobar". Delegate to user to render on Model._ = ["foobar"]
+
 ** 15.3.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2606 / 2.54 KB (+6), br: 2405 / 2.35 KB (+3), min: 5848 / 5.71 KB (14)
-- refactor: rename Model.end to Model.last
-- refactor: rename View.start to View.first
-- refactor: rename View.end to View.last
+- api: rename Model.end to Model.last
+- api: rename View.start to View.first
+- api: rename View.end to View.last
 
 ** 15.2.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-12]  gz: 2600 / 2.54 KB (-1), br: 2402 / 2.35 KB (+7), min: 5834 / 5.70 KB (15)
 - breaking: Span.ins now takes array of lines instead of string
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 120f977a..2f5634d3 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{rows:e,cols:s,s:i=4}={}){this.v="15.3.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const n=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,f,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[d,p,u,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=p.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.first+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.last:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.first||c.y>L.last?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.last:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<c.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t){const e=E._[c.y],s=e.length,i=t>0;if(c.x!==(i?s:0)){let t=c.x;const r=i?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,h=i?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(n.test(e[t])){for(;r()&&n.test(e[t]);)h();for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h();else{const s=e[t];for(h();r()&&e[t]===s;)h()}c.x=t,$()}else(i?c.y<E.last:c.y>0)&&(c.x=i?0:E._[--c.y].length,i&&++c.y>L.last?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):!i&&c.y<L.first?L.set(c.y):$())},get dir(){return c===h?0:h.y===c.y&&h.x<c.x||h.y<c.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=M.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=E._[t.y],i=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<E.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[E._[t.y].slice(t.x),...E._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),E._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(c.y=t.y,c.x=t.x),h.y=c.y,h.x=c.x,c=h},select(){c=r,c.y=h.y,c.x=h.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);E.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),E.ins(e.y,e.x,t),c.y=e.y,t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,c.x=t[t.length-1].length):c.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else E.ins(c.y,c.x,t),t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,o=c.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=c.x+=t[0]?.length||0;c.y>L.last?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):$()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):c.x>0?(E.del(c.y,c.x-1,c.y,c.x),c.x--,$()):c.y>0&&(c.x=E._[c.y-1].length,E.del(c.y-1,c.x,c.y,0),--c.y<L.first?L.set(c.y):$())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);for(let i=e.y;i<=s.y;i++){const n=E._[i];if(t>0)E._[i]=" ".repeat(t)+n;else{const l=i===e.y?e:i===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=n.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,n.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);E._[i]=n.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else E._[i]=n.slice(Math.min(-t,n.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),$()}},D=this.Mode={s:i,i:1,f:0,ch:a,cw:u.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},E=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},set s(t){this._=t.split("\n"),$()},ins(t,e,s){const i=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=i:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+i)},del(t,e,s,i){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(i),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},L=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,E.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,E.last)),C(s)},get _(){return E._.slice(this.first,this.last+1)}},C=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)b.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&b.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)b.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(_){const t=Math.max(f,(L.first+L.N).toString().length)+x;_.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(d.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*y}px)`)}$(t)},$=this.render=(t=0)=>{D.f++;for(let t=0;t<L.N;t++)b.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(D.i>=0){const[t,s]=M.bounds(1),i=Math.min(L.first+L.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(L.first,t.y);e<i;e++){const i=e===t.y,n=e===s.y,l=E._[e].length,{style:r}=b[2][0][e-L.first];r.left=(i?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(i&&n?s.x-t.x:i?l-t.x+1:n?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const n=c.y-L.first;if(n>=0&&n<L.n){u.style.top=n*a+"px",e=c.x;const{left:t,right:s}=w,i=w.left+c.x*D.cw-p.scrollLeft,l=i+D.cw;p.scrollLeft=Math.round((p.scrollLeft+(i<t?i-t:l>s?l-s:0))/D.cw)*D.cw}}u.style.left=e+"ch",D.sub.forEach(e=>e(p,L,t))};s&&!_&&(d.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*y}px)`),e&&b.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*a+"px"));const R=t=>{L.n+=t,C(t)};e?R(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{w=p.getBoundingClientRect(),R(Math.floor(d.clientHeight/a)-L.n)}).observe(d),p.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&M.ins(e.split("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n")),M.del(),p.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const S={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};p.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,i=t.shiftKey,n={v:()=>{},c:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},x:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[i?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{M.del()},Enter:()=>{M.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),M.dir||i?M.dent(i?-D.s:D.s):M.ins([" ".repeat(D.s)])}},r=S[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),D.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!i&&M.dir?M.cursor():i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),r%2&&(e?M.mvLn(s>0):M.mvW(s));else if(!i&&M.dir)if(r%2)M.cursor(M.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=M.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,E.last));o=Math.min(t.x,E._[e].length),M.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.set(e):e>L.last?L.set(e-L.n+1):$()}else i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),M[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?n[s.toLowerCase()]?.():D.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),M.ins([s])):l[s]&&D.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{rows:e,cols:s,s:i=4}={}){this.v="15.4.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const n=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,f,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[d,u,p,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=u.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.first+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.last:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.first||c.y>L.last?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.last:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<c.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t){const e=E._[c.y],s=e.length,i=t>0;if(c.x!==(i?s:0)){let t=c.x;const r=i?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,h=i?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(n.test(e[t])){for(;r()&&n.test(e[t]);)h();for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h();else{const s=e[t];for(h();r()&&e[t]===s;)h()}c.x=t,$()}else(i?c.y<E.last:c.y>0)&&(c.x=i?0:E._[--c.y].length,i&&++c.y>L.last?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):!i&&c.y<L.first?L.set(c.y):$())},get dir(){return c===h?0:h.y===c.y&&h.x<c.x||h.y<c.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=M.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=E._[t.y],i=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<E.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[E._[t.y].slice(t.x),...E._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),E._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(c.y=t.y,c.x=t.x),h.y=c.y,h.x=c.x,c=h},select(){c=r,c.y=h.y,c.x=h.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);E.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),E.ins(e.y,e.x,t),c.y=e.y,t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,c.x=t[t.length-1].length):c.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else E.ins(c.y,c.x,t),t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,o=c.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=c.x+=t[0]?.length||0;c.y>L.last?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):$()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):c.x>0?(E.del(c.y,c.x-1,c.y,c.x),c.x--,$()):c.y>0&&(c.x=E._[c.y-1].length,E.del(c.y-1,c.x,c.y,0),--c.y<L.first?L.set(c.y):$())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);for(let i=e.y;i<=s.y;i++){const n=E._[i];if(t>0)E._[i]=" ".repeat(t)+n;else{const l=i===e.y?e:i===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=n.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,n.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);E._[i]=n.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else E._[i]=n.slice(Math.min(-t,n.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),$()}},D=this.Mode={s:i,i:1,f:0,ch:a,cw:p.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},E=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const i=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=i:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+i)},del(t,e,s,i){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(i),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},L=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,E.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,E.last)),C(s)},get _(){return E._.slice(this.first,this.last+1)}},C=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)b.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&b.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)b.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(_){const t=Math.max(f,(L.first+L.N).toString().length)+x;_.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(d.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*y}px)`)}$(t)},$=this.render=(t=0)=>{D.f++;for(let t=0;t<L.N;t++)b.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(D.i>=0){const[t,s]=M.bounds(1),i=Math.min(L.first+L.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(L.first,t.y);e<i;e++){const i=e===t.y,n=e===s.y,l=E._[e].length,{style:r}=b[2][0][e-L.first];r.left=(i?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(i&&n?s.x-t.x:i?l-t.x+1:n?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const n=c.y-L.first;if(n>=0&&n<L.n){p.style.top=n*a+"px",e=c.x;const{left:t,right:s}=w,i=w.left+c.x*D.cw-u.scrollLeft,l=i+D.cw;u.scrollLeft=Math.round((u.scrollLeft+(i<t?i-t:l>s?l-s:0))/D.cw)*D.cw}}p.style.left=e+"ch",D.sub.forEach(e=>e(u,L,t))};s&&!_&&(d.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*y}px)`),e&&b.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*a+"px"));const R=t=>{L.n+=t,C(t)};e?R(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{w=u.getBoundingClientRect(),R(Math.floor(d.clientHeight/a)-L.n)}).observe(d),u.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&M.ins(e.split("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n")),M.del(),u.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const S={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};u.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,i=t.shiftKey,n={v:()=>{},c:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},x:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[i?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{M.del()},Enter:()=>{M.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),M.dir||i?M.dent(i?-D.s:D.s):M.ins([" ".repeat(D.s)])}},r=S[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),D.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!i&&M.dir?M.cursor():i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),r%2&&(e?M.mvLn(s>0):M.mvW(s));else if(!i&&M.dir)if(r%2)M.cursor(M.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=M.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,E.last));o=Math.min(t.x,E._[e].length),M.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.set(e):e>L.last?L.set(e-L.n+1):$()}else i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),M[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?n[s.toLowerCase()]?.():D.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),M.ins([s])):l[s]&&D.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.md b/docs/api.md
index f1f26f09..578f177d 100644
--- a/docs/api.md
+++ b/docs/api.md
@@ -12,20 +12,6 @@ const editor = new Buffee(element, { rows, cols, s })
 | `cols` | number | auto | Fixed text columns |
 | `s` | number | 4 | Tab width (0 = hard tabs) |
 
-## Text Sanitization
-
-Buffee does **not** sanitize text. Content set via `Model.s` or `Span.ins()` is inserted as-is. This means:
-
-- **Tabs** (`\t`) render with browser-default variable width, breaking grid alignment
-- **Zero-width characters** (ZWSP, ZWNJ, ZWJ, BOM) cause invisible cursor drift
-- **Multi-width Unicode spaces** (em space, en space, etc.) misalign subsequent characters
-
-**Solutions:**
-- Use `BuffeeSanitize` extension for automatic sanitization
-- Pre-sanitize text before passing to Buffee
-
-Note: The keyboard controller converts Tab key presses to spaces—only programmatic content is affected.
-
 ## Top-level properties
 
 ```javascript
@@ -40,34 +26,42 @@ editor
   .Mode              // see Mode  namespace below
 ```
 
-## Model (`editor.Model`)\
+## Model (`editor.Model`)
 
 ```javascript
 Model
-  ._    // Array of text lines, without '\n
-  .s    // Set content (string with \n)
-  .last // Index of last line of Model
+  ._    // text buffer. Assumes user sanitized '\n', '\t', zero-width, multi-width chars 
   .ins  // primitive insert
   .del  // primitive del
+
+  // Convenience utilities
+  .last // index of last line of Model
 ```
 
-## View (`editor.View`)
+When updating buffer, recall render if necessary. Suppose you append to ._ and the new lines 
+are out of view, then a render would not be necessary. While we could have added a setter 
+for the model that would know to call render, this would meant that the Model has to be concerned
+with the view. The philosophy is that Model should be agnostic to existence of rendering.
 
-The paradigm is to define first and size, but last is derived. An alternative implementation
-was first and last, but size is derived. The latter's API appears symmetrical but it was not
-as intuitive and the implementation uglier.
+## View (`editor.View`)
 
 ```javascript
 View
   .first         // Model index of first line of viewport 
-  .last          // Model index of last line viewport 
   .n             // Viewport size - number of lines (settable)
-  .N             // Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
   .set(first)    // Scroll to line, keep current size
   .set(first, n) // Scroll to line with new size
   ._             // Visible lines array (derived: Model._.slice(first, last + 1))
+
+  // Convenience utilities
+  .last          // Model index of last line viewport 
+  .N             // Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
 ```
 
+The paradigm is to define first and size, but last is derived. An alternative implementation
+was first and last, but size is derived. The latter's API appears symmetrical but it was not
+as intuitive and the implementation uglier.
+
 ## Span (`editor.Span`)
 
 A continuous text span from a starting and end coordinate. 
@@ -99,23 +93,3 @@ Mode
   .sub          // subscriptions for render callback
   .ext          // Array of registered extension names (in order)
 ```
-
-## Extension API
-
-For building extensions:
-
-```javascript
-const { Model, View, Span, Mode, render, $ } = editor;
-
-// Register render hook
-Mode.renderHooks.push(($container, viewport, rebuilt) => {
-  // Called after each render
-});
-
-// Wrap primitives
-const originalIns = Model.ins.bind(Model);
-Model.ins = function(row, col, lines) {
-  // Custom logic
-  return originalIns(row, col, lines);
-};
-```
diff --git a/docs/extensions.md b/docs/extensions.md
index 483489ed..b92a74b6 100644
--- a/docs/extensions.md
+++ b/docs/extensions.md
@@ -179,6 +179,26 @@ Enables touch-to-position cursor and virtual keyboard handling.
 
 ---
 
+## Extension API
+
+For building extensions:
+
+```javascript
+const { Model, View, Span, Mode, render, $ } = editor;
+
+// Register render hook
+Mode.renderHooks.push(($container, viewport, rebuilt) => {
+  // Called after each render
+});
+
+// Wrap primitives
+const originalIns = Model.ins.bind(Model);
+Model.ins = function(row, col, lines) {
+  // Custom logic
+  return originalIns(row, col, lines);
+};
+```
+
 ## Creating Extensions
 
 ```javascript
diff --git a/docs/onboarding.md b/docs/onboarding.md
index a6eb31e9..ca2d6137 100644
--- a/docs/onboarding.md
+++ b/docs/onboarding.md
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
 ## Set Content
 
 ```javascript
-editor.Model.s = "Hello, World!";
+editor.Model._ = ["Hello, World!"];  // Array of lines
+editor.render();  // Trigger re-render after setting content
 ```
 
 ## Sizing
diff --git a/extensions/fileloader.js b/extensions/fileloader.js
index aed229dc..500b50f4 100644
--- a/extensions/fileloader.js
+++ b/extensions/fileloader.js
@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ function BuffeeFileLoader(editor) {
     async naiveLoad(file) {
       const t0 = performance.now();
       const text = await file.text();
-      Model.s = text;
+      Model._ = text.split('\n');
+      render();
       const t1 = performance.now();
       return {
         lines: Model._.length,
diff --git a/extensions/highlights.js b/extensions/highlights.js
index 18b97444..a10ebd3f 100644
--- a/extensions/highlights.js
+++ b/extensions/highlights.js
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
  * @returns {Buffee} The extended editor instance
  */
 function BuffeeHighlights(editor) {
+  // Idempotent: return if already applied
+  if (editor.Highlights) return editor;
+
   const { $, Mode } = editor;
   const lineHeight = Mode.ch;
 
diff --git a/extensions/sanitize.js b/extensions/sanitize.js
index 1a748c54..d285e3cf 100644
--- a/extensions/sanitize.js
+++ b/extensions/sanitize.js
@@ -67,18 +67,6 @@ function BuffeeSanitize(editor) {
     origIns(row, col, sanitizeLines(lines));
   };
 
-  // Wrap Model.s setter to sanitize content
-  const origSetter = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Model, 's') ||
-                     Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object.getPrototypeOf(Model), 's');
-
-  Object.defineProperty(Model, 's', {
-    set(text) {
-      Model._ = sanitizeText(text).split('\n');
-      editor.render();
-    },
-    configurable: true
-  });
-
   // API
   const Sanitize = {
     /** Sanitize a single line */
diff --git a/extensions/statusline.js b/extensions/statusline.js
index b16f9134..431a0ca4 100644
--- a/extensions/statusline.js
+++ b/extensions/statusline.js
@@ -23,26 +23,7 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
   const $spaces = $.querySelector('.buffee-spaces');
 
   let lastRow = -1, lastCol = -1, lastEndRow = -1, lastEndCol = -1, lastHasSelection = false;
-  let lastLineCount = -1, lastSpaces = -1, lastOriginalLineCount = -1;
-  let byteCount = 0, originalLineCount = 0;
-
-  // Capture initial state if text was already set before this extension
-  if (Model._.length > 1 || Model._[0] !== '') {
-    const text = Model._.join('\n');
-    byteCount = new TextEncoder().encode(text).length;
-    originalLineCount = Model._.length;
-  }
-
-  // Wrap Model.s setter to calculate byteCount and originalLineCount
-  const originalTextDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Model, 's');
-  Object.defineProperty(Model, 's', {
-    set(text) {
-      byteCount = new TextEncoder().encode(text).length;
-      originalLineCount = text.split('\n').length;
-      originalTextDescriptor.set.call(this, text);
-    },
-    configurable: true
-  });
+  let lastLineCount = -1, lastSpaces = -1;
 
   function updateStatusLine() {
     const [head, tail] = editor.Span.bounds();  // head first, unordered
@@ -88,10 +69,9 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
       lastEndCol = -1;
     }
 
-    if ($lineCounter && (lineCount !== lastLineCount || originalLineCount !== lastOriginalLineCount)) {
-      $lineCounter.textContent = `${lineCount.toLocaleString()}L, originally: ${originalLineCount}L ${byteCount} bytes`;
+    if ($lineCounter && lineCount !== lastLineCount) {
+      $lineCounter.textContent = `${lineCount.toLocaleString()} lines`;
       lastLineCount = lineCount;
-      lastOriginalLineCount = originalLineCount;
     }
     if ($spaces && Mode.s !== lastSpaces) {
       $spaces.textContent = `Spaces: ${Mode.s}`;
diff --git a/extensions/syntax.js b/extensions/syntax.js
index 91530f0d..dd2b7856 100644
--- a/extensions/syntax.js
+++ b/extensions/syntax.js
@@ -47,24 +47,6 @@ function BuffeeSyntax(editor) {
     }
   };
 
-  // Hook Model.s setter for bulk content changes
-  const textDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Model, 's');
-  if (textDescriptor && textDescriptor.set) {
-    const originalTextSetter = textDescriptor.set;
-    Object.defineProperty(Model, 's', {
-      set: function(text) {
-        originalTextSetter.call(this, text);
-        if (enabled) {
-          // Full document change - reset cache completely
-          stateCache.length = 1;
-          stateCache[0] = 0;
-        }
-      },
-      get: textDescriptor.get,
-      configurable: true
-    });
-  }
-
   // Built-in token types with default colors
   const defaultColors = {
     keyword: '#C678DD',
@@ -258,13 +240,13 @@ function BuffeeSyntax(editor) {
     if (!enabled || !language) return;
 
     // Ensure we have state cache up to viewport end
-    ensureStateCache(viewport.start + viewport.n);
+    ensureStateCache(viewport.first + viewport.n);
 
     // Use $textLayer which contains the pre elements (not $container which is $e)
     const lineContainer = $textLayer || $container;
 
     for (let i = 0; i < viewport.n; i++) {
-      const absLine = viewport.start + i;
+      const absLine = viewport.first + i;
       if (absLine >= Model._.length) break;
 
       const lineEl = lineContainer.children[i];
diff --git a/extensions/treesitter.js b/extensions/treesitter.js
index 572374c4..b7c8b6ef 100644
--- a/extensions/treesitter.js
+++ b/extensions/treesitter.js
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ function BuffeeTreeSitter(editor, { parser, query }) {
       $line.textContent = viewport.lines[i] || null;
 
       // Apply highlighting
-      minJ = highlightLine($line, viewport.start + i, minJ);
+      minJ = highlightLine($line, viewport.first + i, minJ);
     }
   });
 
diff --git a/extensions/tui.js b/extensions/tui.js
index d2825291..1a21f8a2 100644
--- a/extensions/tui.js
+++ b/extensions/tui.js
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ function BuffeeTUI(editor) {
       for (const el of elements) {
         for (let i = 0; i < el.contents.length; i++) {
           const absRow = el.row + i;
-          const viewportRow = absRow - viewport.start;
+          const viewportRow = absRow - viewport.first;
 
           if (viewportRow >= 0 && viewportRow < viewport.n) {
             const $line = $textLayer.children[viewportRow];
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ function BuffeeTUI(editor) {
 
     for (let i = 0; i < currentEl.contents.length; i++) {
       const absRow = currentEl.row + i;
-      const viewportRow = absRow - viewport.start;
+      const viewportRow = absRow - viewport.first;
 
       if (viewportRow >= 0 && viewportRow < viewport.n) {
         Highlights.create(viewportRow, currentEl.col, currentEl.width);
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 4f58eba8..c215191a 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
 
     fetch("assets/instructions.txt")
       .then(response => response.text())
-      .then(source => primary.Model.s = source)
+      .then(source => { primary.Model._ = source.split('\n'); primary.render(); })
       .catch(err => console.error("Error reading instructions.txt:", err));
 
     // Fetch Hacker News as plaintext
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
     }
 
     fetchHackerNewsText()
-      .then(text => hackernews.Model.s = text)
+      .then(text => { hackernews.Model._ = text.split('\n'); hackernews.render(); })
       .catch(err => console.error("Error fetching Hacker News:", err));
 
     // TUI Mode Demo
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
     }
 
     // Initialize with template
-    tuiDemo.Model.s = fileTemplate.trim();
+    tuiDemo.Model._ = fileTemplate.trim().split('\n');
 
     // Show initial file (also creates the file list elements)
     loadFile('main.js');
diff --git a/samples/_template.html b/samples/_template.html
index 535782aa..5ad50368 100644
--- a/samples/_template.html
+++ b/samples/_template.html
@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ <h1>[Sample Name]</h1>
     // BuffeeSyntax(editor);
 
     // Set content
-    editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
+    editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
+    editor.render();
   </script>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/samples/sample-basic.html b/samples/sample-basic.html
index d1af34a4..cb85e60b 100644
--- a/samples/sample-basic.html
+++ b/samples/sample-basic.html
@@ -47,14 +47,17 @@ <h1>Basic Editor</h1>
     const el = document.getElementById('editor');
     const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { rows: 10 }));
 
-    editor.Model.s = `// Welcome to buffee
-// Start typing...
-
-function hello() {
-  console.log("Hello, world!");
-}
-
-hello();`;
+    editor.Model._ = [
+      '// Welcome to buffee',
+      '// Start typing...',
+      '',
+      'function hello() {',
+      '  console.log("Hello, world!");',
+      '}',
+      '',
+      'hello();'
+    ];
+    editor.render();
 
     el.focus();
   </script>
diff --git a/samples/sample-conway.html b/samples/sample-conway.html
index 32f2e4d6..20b51567 100644
--- a/samples/sample-conway.html
+++ b/samples/sample-conway.html
@@ -120,7 +120,8 @@ <h1>Conway's Game of Life</h1>
         }
         lines.push(line);
       }
-      editor.Model.s = lines.join('\n');
+      editor.Model._ = lines;
+      editor.render();
     }
 
     function playConway() {
diff --git a/samples/sample-elementals.html b/samples/sample-elementals.html
index 7a080dba..f49d78c0 100644
--- a/samples/sample-elementals.html
+++ b/samples/sample-elementals.html
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ <h2>Mixed Elements</h2>
     const buttonsEl = document.getElementById('buttons-demo');
     const buttonsEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(buttonsEl, { rows: 5 }));
     BuffeeElementals(buttonsEditor);
-    buttonsEditor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n';
+    buttonsEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', ''];
     buttonsEditor.Elementals.addButton({
       row: 1, col: 2,
       label: 'Save',
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ <h2>Mixed Elements</h2>
     const inputsEl = document.getElementById('inputs-demo');
     const inputsEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(inputsEl, { rows: 5 }));
     BuffeeElementals(inputsEditor);
-    inputsEditor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n';
+    inputsEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', ''];
     inputsEditor.Elementals.addLabel({ row: 1, col: 2, text: 'Name:' });
     inputsEditor.Elementals.addInput({
       row: 1, col: 9,
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ <h2>Mixed Elements</h2>
     const mixedEl = document.getElementById('mixed-demo');
     const mixedEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(mixedEl, { rows: 8 }));
     BuffeeElementals(mixedEditor);
-    mixedEditor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n\n\n\n';
+    mixedEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', '', '', ''];
 
     // Form layout
     mixedEditor.Elementals.addLabel({ row: 1, col: 2, text: 'Search:' });
diff --git a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
index b15887b2..a7d4040b 100644
--- a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
+++ b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
@@ -171,37 +171,45 @@ <h2>6. Gutter on right</h2>
 
 hello();`;
 
+    const contentLines = content.split('\n');
+
     // Default
     const elDefault = document.getElementById('editor-default');
     const edDefault = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elDefault, { rows: 6 }));
-    edDefault.Model.s = content;
+    edDefault.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
+    edDefault.render();
 
     // No gutter
     const elNoGutter = document.getElementById('editor-no-gutter');
     const edNoGutter = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elNoGutter, { rows: 10 }));
-    edNoGutter.Model.s = content;
+    edNoGutter.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
+    edNoGutter.render();
 
     // No status bar
     const elNoStatus = document.getElementById('editor-no-status');
     const edNoStatus = new Buffee(elNoStatus, {
       rows: 10
     });
-    edNoStatus.Model.s = content;
+    edNoStatus.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
+    edNoStatus.render();
 
     // Status line on top
     const elStatusTop = document.getElementById('editor-status-top');
     const edStatusTop = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elStatusTop, { rows: 10 }));
-    edStatusTop.Model.s = content;
+    edStatusTop.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
+    edStatusTop.render();
 
     // Selection range display
     const elSelection = document.getElementById('editor-selection');
     const edSelection = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elSelection, { rows: 6 }), { showSelection: true });
-    edSelection.Model.s = content;
+    edSelection.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
+    edSelection.render();
 
     // Gutter on right
     const elGutterRight = document.getElementById('editor-gutter-right');
     const edGutterRight = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elGutterRight, { rows: 10 }));
-    edGutterRight.Model.s = content;
+    edGutterRight.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
+    edGutterRight.render();
   </script>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/samples/sample-history.html b/samples/sample-history.html
index 8e792a69..aaf62c21 100644
--- a/samples/sample-history.html
+++ b/samples/sample-history.html
@@ -73,15 +73,15 @@ <h2>With History</h2>
     // Editor WITHOUT history - undo/redo will be no-ops
     const el1 = document.getElementById('editor-no-history');
     const editorNoHistory = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el1, { rows: 10 }));
-    editorNoHistory.Model.s = `// No history - Cmd+Z won't work
-// Try typing and undoing...`;
+    editorNoHistory.Model._ = ['// No history - Cmd+Z won\'t work', '// Try typing and undoing...'];
+    editorNoHistory.render();
 
     // Editor WITH history - full undo/redo support
     const el2 = document.getElementById('editor-with-history');
     const editorWithHistory = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el2, { rows: 10 }));
     BuffeeHistory(editorWithHistory);  // Enable history extension
-    editorWithHistory.Model.s = `// With history - Cmd+Z works!
-// Try typing and undoing...`;
+    editorWithHistory.Model._ = ['// With history - Cmd+Z works!', '// Try typing and undoing...'];
+    editorWithHistory.render();
   </script>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/samples/sample-ios.html b/samples/sample-ios.html
index 173abe54..8e4c8b9f 100644
--- a/samples/sample-ios.html
+++ b/samples/sample-ios.html
@@ -55,14 +55,17 @@ <h2>JavaScript</h2>
       BuffeeIOS(editor);
     }
 
-    editor.Model.s = `// iOS Support Demo
-// On iOS: tap to position cursor, use on-screen keyboard
-
-function greet(name) {
-  return "Hello, " + name + "!";
-}
-
-console.log(greet("iOS"));`;
+    editor.Model._ = [
+      '// iOS Support Demo',
+      '// On iOS: tap to position cursor, use on-screen keyboard',
+      '',
+      'function greet(name) {',
+      '  return "Hello, " + name + "!";',
+      '}',
+      '',
+      'console.log(greet("iOS"));'
+    ];
+    editor.render();
 
     el.focus();
   </script>
diff --git a/samples/sample-loader.html b/samples/sample-loader.html
index 99812529..2e515a2f 100644
--- a/samples/sample-loader.html
+++ b/samples/sample-loader.html
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ <h3>Logs:</h3>
       } else {
         logs.Model._.push(s);
       }
-      logs.View.start = Math.max(0, logs.Model._.length - logs.View.n - 1);
+      logs.View.first = Math.max(0, logs.Model._.length - logs.View.n - 1);
       logs._render(true);
     }
 
@@ -157,7 +157,8 @@ <h3>Logs:</h3>
       new Buffee(editorEl, { rows: 10, logger: log })
     ))));
 
-    editor.Model.s = 'Select a file to load...';
+    editor.Model._ = ['Select a file to load...'];
+    editor.render();
     editorEl.focus();
 
     // View controls
diff --git a/samples/sample-matrix.html b/samples/sample-matrix.html
index 3d9b1640..5c701091 100644
--- a/samples/sample-matrix.html
+++ b/samples/sample-matrix.html
@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ <h1>Matrix Digital Rain</h1>
         lines.push(line);
       }
 
-      editor.Model.s = lines.join('\n');
+      editor.Model._ = lines;
+      editor.render();
     }
 
     // Start Matrix animation
diff --git a/samples/sample-movie.html b/samples/sample-movie.html
index 3d2e268c..9ab37dcf 100644
--- a/samples/sample-movie.html
+++ b/samples/sample-movie.html
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ <h1>ASCII Movie</h1>
     const editorEl = document.getElementById('editor');
     const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { rows: 13 }));
 
-    editor.Model.s = 'Loading Star Wars ASCII movie...';
+    editor.Model._ = ['Loading Star Wars ASCII movie...'];
+    editor.render();
 
     let movieData = null;
     let frames = [];
@@ -87,13 +88,15 @@ <h1>ASCII Movie</h1>
         showFrame(750);
       } catch (err) {
         console.error("Error loading Star Wars movie:", err);
-        editor.Model.s = "Error loading movie. Check that sw.txt is in the assets directory.";
+        editor.Model._ = ["Error loading movie. Check that sw.txt is in the assets directory."];
+        editor.render();
       }
     }
 
     function showFrame(frameIndex) {
       if (frames.length > 0) {
-        editor.Model.s = frames[frameIndex % frames.length];
+        editor.Model._ = frames[frameIndex % frames.length].split('\n');
+        editor.render();
         document.getElementById('frame-counter').textContent = `${frameIndex + 1} / ${frames.length}`;
         document.getElementById('frame-slider').value = frameIndex;
       }
diff --git a/samples/sample-readonly.html b/samples/sample-readonly.html
index 4b80b22f..97fde97c 100644
--- a/samples/sample-readonly.html
+++ b/samples/sample-readonly.html
@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ <h2>2: Ultra High Capacity Mode </h2>
     const elTui = document.getElementById('editor-tui');
     const edTui = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elTui, { rows: 10 }));
     BuffeeTUI(edTui);
-    edTui.Model.s = content;
+    edTui.Model._ = content.split('\n');
+    edTui.render();
     edTui.TUI.enabled = true;
 
     // Option 2: Ultra High Capacity mode (for large files)
diff --git a/samples/sample-sizing.html b/samples/sample-sizing.html
index 157323c6..e09ed1b7 100644
--- a/samples/sample-sizing.html
+++ b/samples/sample-sizing.html
@@ -196,50 +196,58 @@ <h2>8. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (contain: inline-size)</h2>
     // 1. Auto-rows and auto-cols (default behavior)
     const elAutoBoth = document.getElementById('editor-auto-both');
     const edAutoBoth = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elAutoBoth));
-    edAutoBoth.Model.s = ruler(120) + '\n// Auto-rows and auto-cols\n// Drag corner to resize\n' +
-      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`).join('\n');
+    edAutoBoth.Model._ = [ruler(120), '// Auto-rows and auto-cols', '// Drag corner to resize'].concat(
+      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
+    edAutoBoth.render();
 
     // 2. Fixed-rows, auto-cols
     const elFixedRowsAutoCols = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-auto-cols');
     const edFixedRowsAutoCols = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsAutoCols, { rows: 8 }));
-    edFixedRowsAutoCols.Model.s = ruler(120) + '\n// Fixed 8 rows, auto-cols\nLine 3\n' +
-      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`).join('\n');
+    edFixedRowsAutoCols.Model._ = [ruler(120), '// Fixed 8 rows, auto-cols', 'Line 3'].concat(
+      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
+    edFixedRowsAutoCols.render();
 
     // 3. rows smaller than container
     const elFixedRowsLarge = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-large-container');
     const edFixedRowsLarge = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsLarge, { rows: 5 }));
-    edFixedRowsLarge.Model.s = ruler(80) + '\n// rows: 5 overrides container height\n' +
-      Array.from({length: 10}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 3}`).join('\n');
+    edFixedRowsLarge.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// rows: 5 overrides container height'].concat(
+      Array.from({length: 10}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 3}`));
+    edFixedRowsLarge.render();
 
     // 4. rows larger than container
     const elFixedRowsOverflow = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-overflow');
     const edFixedRowsOverflow = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsOverflow, { rows: 20 }));
-    edFixedRowsOverflow.Model.s = ruler(80) + '\n// rows: 20 exceeds container height\n' +
-      Array.from({length: 25}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 3}`).join('\n');
+    edFixedRowsOverflow.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// rows: 20 exceeds container height'].concat(
+      Array.from({length: 25}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 3}`));
+    edFixedRowsOverflow.render();
 
     // 5. rows larger than container (scrollable)
     const elFixedRowsScroll = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-scroll');
     const edFixedRowsScroll = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsScroll, { rows: 20 }));
-    edFixedRowsScroll.Model.s = ruler(80) + '\n// rows: 20 exceeds container height\n// Scroll to see more\n' +
-      Array.from({length: 25}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`).join('\n');
+    edFixedRowsScroll.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// rows: 20 exceeds container height', '// Scroll to see more'].concat(
+      Array.from({length: 25}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
+    edFixedRowsScroll.render();
 
     // 6. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (status bar stretches)
     const elFixedCols = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-cols');
     const edFixedCols = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedCols, { cols: 40 }));
-    edFixedCols.Model.s = ruler(40) + '\n// Fixed 55 cols\n// Status bar stretches\n' +
-      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`).join('\n');
+    edFixedCols.Model._ = [ruler(40), '// Fixed 55 cols', '// Status bar stretches'].concat(
+      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
+    edFixedCols.render();
 
     // 7. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (fit-content)
     const elFitContent = document.getElementById('editor-fit-content');
     const edFitContent = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFitContent, { cols: 40 }));
-    edFitContent.Model.s = ruler(55) + '\n// Fixed 55 cols\n// width: fit-content\n' +
-      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`).join('\n');
+    edFitContent.Model._ = [ruler(55), '// Fixed 55 cols', '// width: fit-content'].concat(
+      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
+    edFitContent.render();
 
     // 8. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (contain: inline-size)
     const elContain = document.getElementById('editor-contain');
     const edContain = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elContain, { cols: 20 }));
-    edContain.Model.s = ruler(20) + '\n// Fixed 20 cols\n// contain: inline-size\n' +
-      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`).join('\n');
+    edContain.Model._ = [ruler(20), '// Fixed 20 cols', '// contain: inline-size'].concat(
+      Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
+    edContain.render();
 
   </script>
 </body>
diff --git a/samples/sample-syntax.html b/samples/sample-syntax.html
index 92b59d4b..7b945df7 100644
--- a/samples/sample-syntax.html
+++ b/samples/sample-syntax.html
@@ -329,13 +329,16 @@ <h1>Hello World</h1>
     };
 
     // Load initial sample
-    editor.Model.s = samples.javascript;
+    editor.Model._ = samples.javascript.split('\n');
+    editor.render();
 
     // Language switcher
     langSelect.addEventListener('change', () => {
       const lang = langSelect.value;
       editor.Syntax.setLanguage(lang);
-      editor.Model.s = samples[lang];
+      editor.Syntax.clearCache();
+      editor.Model._ = samples[lang].split('\n');
+      editor.render();
       updateStateDisplay();
     });
 
@@ -430,8 +433,8 @@ <h1>Hello World</h1>
       const viewport = editor.View;
       const lines = [];
 
-      for (let i = 0; i < viewport.n && viewport.start + i < editor.Model._.length; i++) {
-        const absLine = viewport.start + i;
+      for (let i = 0; i < viewport.n && viewport.first + i < editor.Model._.length; i++) {
+        const absLine = viewport.first + i;
         const state = cache[absLine] !== undefined ? cache[absLine] : '?';
         lines.push(`L${absLine + 1}: state=${state}`);
       }
diff --git a/samples/sample-tui.html b/samples/sample-tui.html
index 1a60b120..3e4b75f4 100644
--- a/samples/sample-tui.html
+++ b/samples/sample-tui.html
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
     const plainEl = document.getElementById('buttons-plain');
     const plainEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(plainEl, { rows: 3 }));
     BuffeeTUI(plainEditor);
-    plainEditor.Model.s = '\n  Select action:';
+    plainEditor.Model._ = ['', '  Select action:'];
     plainEditor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 20, label: '[Save]', onActivate: () => { alert('Save clicked'); } });
     plainEditor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 28, label: '[Load]', onActivate: () => { alert('Load clicked'); } });
     plainEditor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 36, label: '[Exit]', onActivate: () => { alert('Exit clicked'); } });
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
     const borderEl = document.getElementById('buttons-border');
     const borderEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(borderEl, { rows: 5 }));
     BuffeeTUI(borderEditor);
-    borderEditor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n';
+    borderEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', ''];
     borderEditor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: ' OK ', border: true, onActivate: () => { alert('OK clicked'); } });
     borderEditor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 12, label: ' Cancel ', border: true, onActivate: () => { alert('Cancel clicked'); } });
     borderEditor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 26, label: ' Apply ', border: true, onActivate: () => { alert('Apply clicked'); } });
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
     const promptEl = document.getElementById('prompt-demo');
     const promptEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(promptEl, { rows: 8 }));
     BuffeeTUI(promptEditor);
-    promptEditor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n\n\n\n';
+    promptEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', '', '', ''];
     promptEditor.TUI.addPrompt({ row: 1, col: 2, width: 30, title: 'Search', onActivate: (el) => { alert('Search: ' + el.input); } });
     promptEditor.TUI.addPrompt({ row: 5, col: 2, width: 40, title: 'Command', onActivate: (el) => { alert('Command: ' + el.input); } });
     promptEditor.TUI.enabled = true;
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
     const scrollEl = document.getElementById('scrollbox-demo');
     const scrollEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(scrollEl, { rows: 10 }));
     BuffeeTUI(scrollEditor);
-    scrollEditor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n';
+    scrollEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', ''];
     const logLines = [
       '[INFO] Server started on port 3000',
       '[INFO] Database connected',
diff --git a/samples/sample-undotree.html b/samples/sample-undotree.html
index e94f8499..90a7c654 100644
--- a/samples/sample-undotree.html
+++ b/samples/sample-undotree.html
@@ -266,7 +266,8 @@ <h2>History Tree</h2>
 
     btnClear.onclick = () => {
       editor.UndoTree.clear();
-      editor.Model.s = '';
+      editor.Model._ = [''];
+      editor.render();
       updateTree();
     };
 
diff --git a/test/lib/test-extensions.js b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
index 9226fa97..cea8583a 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-extensions.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
@@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 BuffeeSyntax(editor);
                 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
                 editor.Syntax.enabled = true;
-                editor.Model.s = 'const x = 42;';
+                editor.Model._ = ['const x = 42;'];
+                editor.render();
 
                 const { tokens } = editor.Syntax.tokenizeLine('const x = 42;', 0);
                 assertTrue(tokens.length > 0, 'Should have tokens');
@@ -160,7 +161,8 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             try {
                 BuffeeSyntax(editor);
                 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
-                editor.Model.s = '/* start\nmiddle\nend */';
+                editor.Model._ = ['/* start', 'middle', 'end */'];
+                editor.render();
 
                 // First line starts comment
                 const result1 = editor.Syntax.tokenizeLine('/* start', 0);
@@ -184,14 +186,15 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 BuffeeSyntax(editor);
                 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
                 editor.Syntax.enabled = true;
-                editor.Model.s = 'line1\nline2\nline3';
+                editor.Model._ = ['line1', 'line2', 'line3'];
+                editor.render();
 
                 // Force state cache population
                 editor.Syntax.ensureStateCache(2);
                 assertTrue(editor.Syntax.stateCache.length >= 3, 'State cache should be populated');
 
-                // Simulate edit by setting text
-                editor.Model.s = 'changed';
+                // clearCache should reset the cache
+                editor.Syntax.clearCache();
                 assertEqual(editor.Syntax.stateCache.length, 1, 'State cache should be reset');
             } finally {
                 cleanup();
@@ -230,7 +233,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
                 editor.Syntax.enabled = true;
                 // Create 10 lines to fill viewport
-                editor.Model.s = 'const a = 1;\nconst b = 2;\nconst c = 3;\nconst d = 4;\nconst e = 5;\nconst f = 6;\nconst g = 7;\nconst h = 8;\nconst i = 9;\nconst j = 10;';
+                editor.Model._ = ['const a = 1;', 'const b = 2;', 'const c = 3;', 'const d = 4;', 'const e = 5;', 'const f = 6;', 'const g = 7;', 'const h = 8;', 'const i = 9;', 'const j = 10;'];
                 editor.render();
 
                 // Check that highlighting was applied to lines in viewport
@@ -243,8 +246,8 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             }
         });
 
-        // Regression: Model.s setter hook must invalidate cache
-        extRunner.it('resets state cache when Model.s is set', () => {
+        // Regression: clearCache must invalidate state cache
+        extRunner.it('resets state cache when clearCache is called', () => {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeSyntax(editor);
@@ -252,13 +255,14 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 editor.Syntax.enabled = true;
 
                 // Set initial multiline content
-                editor.Model.s = '/* comment\nstill comment\nend */';
+                editor.Model._ = ['/* comment', 'still comment', 'end */'];
+                editor.render();
                 editor.Syntax.ensureStateCache(3);
                 assertTrue(editor.Syntax.stateCache.length >= 3, 'Cache should be populated');
 
-                // Setting Model.s should reset cache
-                editor.Model.s = 'new content';
-                assertEqual(editor.Syntax.stateCache.length, 1, 'Cache should be reset to 1 after Model.s set');
+                // clearCache should reset cache
+                editor.Syntax.clearCache();
+                assertEqual(editor.Syntax.stateCache.length, 1, 'Cache should be reset to 1 after clearCache');
             } finally {
                 cleanup();
             }
@@ -272,7 +276,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeElementals(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', ''];
                 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 2, col: 5, label: 'Test' });
                 editor.Elementals.enabled = true;
                 editor.render();
@@ -290,7 +294,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeElementals(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', ''];
                 // Add in non-sorted order: C at row 3, A at row 1 col 2, B at row 1 col 5
                 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 3, col: 1, label: 'C' });
                 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: 'A' });
@@ -315,7 +319,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeElementals(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', ''];
                 const id = editor.Elementals.addButton({
                     row: 1, col: 5, label: 'Test'
                 });
@@ -331,7 +335,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeElementals(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', ''];
                 editor.Elementals.addLabel({ row: 1, col: 5, text: 'Label' });
                 assertEqual(editor.Elementals.elements.length, 1, 'Should have 1 element');
                 assertEqual(editor.Elementals.elements[0].type, 'label', 'Should be label type');
@@ -344,7 +348,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeElementals(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', ''];
                 editor.Elementals.addInput({
                     row: 1, col: 5, width: 20, placeholder: 'Type here'
                 });
@@ -359,7 +363,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeElementals(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', ''];
                 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: 'A' });
                 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 2, col: 2, label: 'B' });
                 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 3, col: 2, label: 'C' });
@@ -376,7 +380,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeElementals(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', ''];
                 const id = editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: 'Test' });
                 assertEqual(editor.Elementals.elements.length, 1, 'Should have 1 element');
                 editor.Elementals.removeElement(id);
@@ -390,7 +394,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeElementals(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', ''];
                 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: 'A' });
                 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 2, col: 2, label: 'B' });
                 assertEqual(editor.Elementals.elements.length, 2, 'Should have 2 elements');
@@ -409,7 +413,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeTUI(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', ''];
                 // Add in non-sorted order: C at row 3, A at row 1 col 2, B at row 1 col 5
                 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 3, col: 1, label: 'C' });
                 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: 'A' });
@@ -431,7 +435,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeTUI(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', ''];
                 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 0, label: 'First' });
                 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 2, col: 0, label: 'Second' });
                 editor.TUI.enabled = true;
@@ -453,7 +457,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             try {
                 BuffeeTUI(editor);
                 // Create enough lines to fill viewport (10 lines in test editor)
-                editor.Model.s = '0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9';
+                editor.Model._ = ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'];
                 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 5, col: 0, label: 'Mid' });
                 editor.TUI.enabled = true;
                 editor.render();
@@ -483,7 +487,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeTUI(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', ''];
                 const id = editor.TUI.addButton({
                     row: 1, col: 2, label: ' OK '
                 });
@@ -498,7 +502,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeTUI(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', ''];
                 const id = editor.TUI.addButton({
                     row: 1, col: 2, label: 'OK', border: true
                 });
@@ -514,7 +518,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeTUI(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', ''];
                 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: 'A' });
                 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 2, col: 2, label: 'B' });
                 editor.TUI.enabled = true;
@@ -530,7 +534,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeTUI(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = '\n\n\n';
+                editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', ''];
                 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: 'Test' });
                 editor.TUI.clear();
                 assertEqual(editor.TUI.elements.length, 0, 'Should have 0 elements after clear');
@@ -926,7 +930,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHighlights(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = 'Hello World';
+                editor.Model._ = ['Hello World'];
 
                 const hl = editor.Highlights.create(0, 6, 5);
                 assertTrue(!!hl, 'Should return highlight element');
@@ -969,7 +973,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHighlights(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = 'Line 0\nLine 1\nLine 2\nLine 3\nLine 4';
+                editor.Model._ = ['Line 0', 'Line 1', 'Line 2', 'Line 3', 'Line 4'];
 
                 editor.Highlights.create(0, 0, 3);
                 editor.Highlights.create(2, 5, 4);
@@ -986,7 +990,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
             const { editor, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeHighlights(editor);
-                editor.Model.s = 'Line 0\nLine 1\nLine 2';
+                editor.Model._ = ['Line 0', 'Line 1', 'Line 2'];
 
                 const hl0 = editor.Highlights.create(0, 0, 5);
                 const hl2 = editor.Highlights.create(2, 0, 5);
@@ -1081,18 +1085,19 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
 
     // ===== STATUSLINE TESTS =====
     extRunner.describe('StatusLine', () => {
-        extRunner.it('updates originalLineCount immediately when Model.s is set', () => {
+        extRunner.it('updates line count when Model._ is set and render is called', () => {
             const { editor, container, cleanup } = createTestEditor();
             try {
                 BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
                 const $lineCounter = container.querySelector('.buffee-linecount');
 
                 // Set text with 5 lines
-                editor.Model.s = 'line1\nline2\nline3\nline4\nline5';
+                editor.Model._ = ['line1', 'line2', 'line3', 'line4', 'line5'];
+                editor.render();
 
-                // Should immediately show correct originalLineCount (not 0L)
-                assertTrue($lineCounter.textContent.includes('originally: 5L'),
-                    'Should show originally: 5L, got: ' + $lineCounter.textContent);
+                // Should show correct line count
+                assertTrue($lineCounter.textContent.includes('5'),
+                    'Should show 5 lines, got: ' + $lineCounter.textContent);
             } finally {
                 cleanup();
             }
@@ -1279,12 +1284,13 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                     )
                 );
 
-                // Verify registration order (innermost first)
+                // Verify registration order (innermost first, dependencies before dependents)
+                // TUI internally initializes Highlights, so Highlights registers before TUI
                 assertDeepEqual(decorated.Mode.ext, [
                     'History',
                     'FileLoader',
-                    'TUI',
-                    'Highlights'
+                    'Highlights',
+                    'TUI'
                 ], 'Decorator pattern should register innermost first');
             } finally {
                 cleanup();
diff --git a/test/lib/test-ui.js b/test/lib/test-ui.js
index a7abcc18..f711e064 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-ui.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-ui.js
@@ -184,7 +184,10 @@
         }
 
         function setEditorContent(text) {
-            if (dslEditor) dslEditor.Model.s = text;
+            if (dslEditor) {
+                dslEditor.Model._ = text.split('\n');
+                dslEditor.render();
+            }
         }
 
         let jsOutputEditor = null;
@@ -258,7 +261,9 @@
 
                 // Display generated JavaScript
                 if (jsOutputEditor) {
-                    jsOutputEditor.Model.s = jsOutput;
+                    jsOutputEditor.Syntax.clearCache();
+                    jsOutputEditor.Model._ = jsOutput.split('\n');
+                    jsOutputEditor.render();
                 }
                 const outputEl = document.getElementById('js-output');
                 outputEl.dataset.plainJs = jsOutput; // Store plain JavaScript for eval
@@ -344,7 +349,8 @@
                 lastCompileHadErrors = false;
                 lastCompileErrors = [];
                 if (jsOutputEditor) {
-                    jsOutputEditor.Model.s = `Error: ${error.message}`;
+                    jsOutputEditor.Model._ = [`Error: ${error.message}`];
+                    jsOutputEditor.render();
                 }
                 delete outputEl.dataset.plainJs;
                 outputEl.classList.remove('has-errors');
diff --git a/test/specs/spec-features.dsl b/test/specs/spec-features.dsl
index a0674887..04c2a243 100644
--- a/test/specs/spec-features.dsl
+++ b/test/specs/spec-features.dsl
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ expect(gutterWidthPx()).toBeCloseTo(initialWidth);
 ## should resize gutter based on visible lines
 ### Gutter based on viewport position, not total lines
 // Add 15 lines (more than viewport of 10)
-fixture.editor.Model.s = "1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15";
+fixture.editor.Model._ = ["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13","14","15"];
+fixture.editor.render();
 const $gutter = fixture.node.querySelector(".buffee-rail");
 // Using tolerance because computed style can differ slightly from actual
 const gutterWidthPx = () => parseFloat(getComputedStyle($gutter).width);
@@ -46,16 +47,17 @@ const initialWidth = gutterWidthPx();
 // View shows lines 1-10, largest visible = 10, gutter = 3ch (~43px)
 expect(initialWidth).toBeCloseTo(43.35);
 // Scroll down - still 2-digit line numbers visible
-fixture.editor.View.set(fixture.editor.View.start + 2);
+fixture.editor.View.set(fixture.editor.View.first + 2);
 expect(gutterWidthPx()).toBeCloseTo(initialWidth);
 // Scroll back up
-fixture.editor.View.set(fixture.editor.View.start - 2);
+fixture.editor.View.set(fixture.editor.View.first - 2);
 expect(gutterWidthPx()).toBeCloseTo(initialWidth);
 
 ## should grow gutter when scrolling to 3-digit lines
 ### Gutter grows from 2 to 3 digits when line 100 is visible
 // Create 100 lines
-fixture.editor.Model.s = Array(100).fill("x").join("\n");
+fixture.editor.Model._ = Array(100).fill("x");
+fixture.editor.render();
 const $gutter = fixture.node.querySelector(".buffee-rail");
 // Using tolerance because computed style can differ slightly from actual
 const gutterWidthPx = () => parseFloat(getComputedStyle($gutter).width);
diff --git a/test/specs/spec-navigation.dsl b/test/specs/spec-navigation.dsl
index bfbc4ee9..e9586cc3 100644
--- a/test/specs/spec-navigation.dsl
+++ b/test/specs/spec-navigation.dsl
@@ -236,14 +236,14 @@ TYPE "line9"
 enter
 TYPE "line10"
 // Cursor at end of last line, viewport scrolled down
-expect(fixture.editor.View.start).toBe(1);
+expect(fixture.editor.View.first).toBe(1);
 // Move cursor to start of first viewport line (line1 = absolute row 1)
 up 9 times
 left with meta
 EXPECT cursor at 1,0
 // Alt+Left should scroll viewport up and move cursor to end of line0
 left with alt
-expect(fixture.editor.View.start).toBe(0);
+expect(fixture.editor.View.first).toBe(0);
 EXPECT cursor at 0,5
 
 ## should scroll viewport down when moveWord at last viewport line
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ TYPE "line14"
 // Go back to beginning
 up 14 times
 left with meta
-expect(fixture.editor.View.start).toBe(0);
+expect(fixture.editor.View.first).toBe(0);
 EXPECT cursor at 0,0
 // Navigate to end of line9 (last visible row, with lines 10-14 below)
 down 9 times
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ right with meta
 EXPECT cursor at 9,5
 // Alt+Right should scroll viewport down and move cursor to start of line10
 right with alt
-expect(fixture.editor.View.start).toBe(1);
+expect(fixture.editor.View.first).toBe(1);
 EXPECT cursor at 10,0
 
 ## should not move when moveWord at end of file
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@ EXPECT cursor at 0,0
 ### Regression: Up at first line of file does not scroll viewport negative
 // Empty editor, cursor at 0,0
 EXPECT cursor at 0,0
-expect(fixture.editor.View.start).toBe(0);
+expect(fixture.editor.View.first).toBe(0);
 // Press up - should be no-op
 up
-expect(fixture.editor.View.start).toBe(0);
+expect(fixture.editor.View.first).toBe(0);
 EXPECT cursor at 0,0
 
diff --git a/test/specs/spec-selection.dsl b/test/specs/spec-selection.dsl
index 9ad511b9..9e5d4cfb 100644
--- a/test/specs/spec-selection.dsl
+++ b/test/specs/spec-selection.dsl
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ TYPE "line14"
 // Go to beginning
 up 14 times
 left with meta
-expect(fixture.editor.View.start).toBe(0);
+expect(fixture.editor.View.first).toBe(0);
 EXPECT cursor at 0,0
 // Select down 12 lines (more than viewport of 10)
 down 12 times with shift
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ TYPE "after"
 up 14 times
 left with meta
 right 2 times
-expect(fixture.editor.View.start).toBe(0);
+expect(fixture.editor.View.first).toBe(0);
 // Select down 5 rows (stays within viewport of 10)
 down 5 times with shift
 EXPECT selection at 0,2-5,2
@@ -683,8 +683,8 @@ down 8 times with shift
 right 2 times with shift
 EXPECT selection at 0,2-13,4
 // View scrolled to keep head visible (row 13)
-// View.start = 13 - 10 + 1 = 4, showing rows 4-13
-expect(fixture.editor.View.start).toBe(4);
+// View.first = 13 - 10 + 1 = 4, showing rows 4-13
+expect(fixture.editor.View.first).toBe(4);
 // First edge (row 0) is now ABOVE viewport - not rendered
 // Row 4 is viewport row 0, rendered as middle line (full width)
 const $vp0 = fixture.node.querySelectorAll(".buffee-zsel > pre")[0];
diff --git a/web/extensions-profile.html b/web/extensions-profile.html
index 7bca7c64..e8a16340 100644
--- a/web/extensions-profile.html
+++ b/web/extensions-profile.html
@@ -284,7 +284,8 @@ <h2 class="text-white text-lg">UltraHighCapacity</h2>
 
       // Generate test content
       const testCode = generateCode(1000);
-      editor.Model.s = testCode;
+      editor.Model._ = testCode.split('\n');
+      editor.render();
 
       const testLine = 'const greeting = "Hello, World!"; // This is a comment';
 
@@ -323,7 +324,7 @@ <h2 class="text-white text-lg">UltraHighCapacity</h2>
       const iterations = getIterations();
       const editor = createFreshEditor();
       BuffeeElementals(editor);
-      editor.Model.s = '\n'.repeat(100);
+      editor.Model._ = Array(101).fill('');
 
       // Profile addButton
       let start = performance.now();
@@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ <h2 class="text-white text-lg">UltraHighCapacity</h2>
       const iterations = getIterations();
       const editor = createFreshEditor();
       BuffeeTUI(editor);
-      editor.Model.s = '\n'.repeat(100);
+      editor.Model._ = Array(101).fill('');
 
       // Profile addButton
       let start = performance.now();
diff --git a/web/extensions.html b/web/extensions.html
index f913a98c..4b1c3078 100644
--- a/web/extensions.html
+++ b/web/extensions.html
@@ -112,8 +112,12 @@ <h2>Sanitize</h2>
   </ul>
   <pre>const editor = BuffeeSanitize(new Buffee(container, config))
 
-// Automatic sanitization on all inserts
-editor.Model.s = "text\twith\ttabs"  // tabs become spaces
+// Automatic sanitization on Model.ins() calls
+editor.Span.ins("text\twith\ttabs")  // tabs become spaces
+
+// Use sanitization utilities when setting Model._ directly
+editor.Model._ = editor.Sanitize.lines(["a\tb", "c\td"])
+editor.render()
 
 // Manual sanitization utilities
 editor.Sanitize.line("hello\tworld")   // "hello    world"
diff --git a/web/themes.html b/web/themes.html
index 9a27559a..a1d6a218 100644
--- a/web/themes.html
+++ b/web/themes.html
@@ -279,10 +279,12 @@ <h2>Boring</h2>
 
     const themeNames = ['eva', 'hn', 'neo', 'star', 'chelsey', 'drak', 'kai', 'nord', 'darkly', 'gruv', 'boring'];
 
+    const sampleLines = sampleCode.split('\n');
     themeNames.forEach(name => {
       const el = document.getElementById('ed-' + name);
       const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el));
-      editor.Model.s = sampleCode;
+      editor.Model._ = sampleLines.slice();
+      editor.render();
     });
   </script>
 </body>
diff --git a/web/wrappers.html b/web/wrappers.html
index 83cde82f..55caa9dc 100644
--- a/web/wrappers.html
+++ b/web/wrappers.html
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ <h2>React</h2>
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (editorRef.current) {
-      editorRef.current.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
+      editorRef.current.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
+      editorRef.current.render();
     }
   }, []);
 
@@ -40,7 +41,8 @@ <h2>Svelte</h2>
 
   function handleReady(e) {
     editor = e.detail;
-    editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
+    editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
+    editor.render();
   }
 &lt;/script&gt;
 
@@ -52,7 +54,8 @@ <h2>Vue</h2>
 import BuffeeEditor from './vue.js';
 
 function handleReady(editor) {
-  editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
+  editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
+  editor.render();
 }
 &lt;/script&gt;
 
diff --git a/wrappers/react.jsx b/wrappers/react.jsx
index 9f86986e..6f9cf348 100644
--- a/wrappers/react.jsx
+++ b/wrappers/react.jsx
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
  *
  *   useEffect(() => {
  *     if (editorRef.current) {
- *       editorRef.current.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
+ *       editorRef.current.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
+ *       editorRef.current.render();
  *     }
  *   }, []);
  *
@@ -67,7 +68,8 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
     editorRef.current = editor;
 
     if (initialText) {
-      editor.Model.s = initialText;
+      editor.Model._ = initialText.split('\n');
+      editor.render();
     }
 
     if (onReady) {
diff --git a/wrappers/svelte.svelte b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
index 3571035a..ee227a87 100644
--- a/wrappers/svelte.svelte
+++ b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 
     function handleReady(e) {
       editor = e.detail;
-      editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
+      editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
+      editor.render();
     }
   </script>
 
@@ -94,7 +95,8 @@
     }
 
     if (initialText) {
-      editor.Model.s = initialText;
+      editor.Model._ = initialText.split('\n');
+      editor.render();
     }
 
     dispatch('ready', editor);
diff --git a/wrappers/vue.js b/wrappers/vue.js
index cd390526..a351a713 100644
--- a/wrappers/vue.js
+++ b/wrappers/vue.js
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
  * const editorRef = ref(null);
  *
  * function handleReady(editor) {
- *   editor.Model.s = 'Hello, World!';
+ *   editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
+ *   editor.render();
  * }
  * </script>
  *
@@ -74,7 +75,8 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
       editor.value = ed;
 
       if (props.initialText) {
-        editor.value.Model.s = props.initialText;
+        editor.value.Model._ = props.initialText.split('\n');
+        editor.value.render();
       }
 
       emit('ready', editor.value);

From 9ec02f27497227e2ae8426aee1fdd383a6d929dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 07:48:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 06/50] refactor(api): s/rows/h s/cols/w in config params

---
 API.md                            | 493 ------------------------------
 CLAUDE.md                         |   8 +-
 CONTRIBUTING.md                   |  11 +-
 README.md                         |   6 +-
 buffee.js                         |  26 +-
 dev/changelog.txt                 |   3 +
 dist/buffee.min.js                |   2 +-
 docs/api.md                       |   8 +-
 docs/onboarding.md                |  12 +-
 index.html                        |   6 +-
 samples/README.md                 |   2 +-
 samples/_template.html            |   4 +-
 samples/sample-basic.html         |   2 +-
 samples/sample-conway.html        |   2 +-
 samples/sample-elementals.html    |   6 +-
 samples/sample-gutter-status.html |  12 +-
 samples/sample-history.html       |   4 +-
 samples/sample-ios.html           |   2 +-
 samples/sample-loader.html        |   4 +-
 samples/sample-matrix.html        |   2 +-
 samples/sample-movie.html         |   2 +-
 samples/sample-readonly.html      |   4 +-
 samples/sample-sizing.html        |  82 ++---
 samples/sample-syntax.html        |   2 +-
 samples/sample-tui.html           |  16 +-
 samples/sample-undotree.html      |   2 +-
 test/lib/test-extensions.js       |   2 +-
 test/lib/test-runner.js           |   2 +-
 test/lib/test-ui.js               |   8 +-
 web/extensions-profile.html       |   2 +-
 web/getting-started.html          |  10 +-
 wrappers/vue.js                   |  12 +-
 32 files changed, 135 insertions(+), 624 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 API.md

diff --git a/API.md b/API.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 003187a3..00000000
--- a/API.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,493 +0,0 @@
-# buffee API Reference
-
-## Installation
-
-Include the JavaScript function `Buffee`
-
-```html
-<script src="buffee.js"></script>
-```
-
-## Required HTML Structure
-
-See `web/template.html`
-
-## Include the referenced CSSS
-
-See `style.css`
-
-## Sizing the Editor
-
-By default, the editor auto-fits to its container (both rows and columns). Use `rows` and `cols` to fix dimensions.
-
-| Dimension | Default | Fixed |
-|-----------|---------|-------|
-| Height | Auto-fits to container | `rows: N` |
-| Width | Fills parent (100%) | `cols: N` |
-
-### Fixed Dimensions
-
-```javascript
-// Fixed 80 columns × 25 rows
-new Buffee(el, { rows: 25, cols: 80 });
-```
-
-The `cols` option auto-calculates container width to fit exactly N text columns plus gutter.
-
-### Auto-fit (Default)
-
-```javascript
-// Auto-fit to container (default behavior)
-new Buffee(el, {});
-```
-
-Requires the container to have defined dimensions:
-```css
-#editor { width: 100%; height: 100%; }
-```
-
-### Dimensions
-
-- Height = `rows` × `lineHeight` pixels (or auto-calculated from container)
-- Width = `cols` + gutterCols in `ch` units (or 100% of parent)
-
-### Auto-fit Details
-
-Auto-fit is enabled by default. The editor will:
-- Calculate how many lines fit based on container height and `lineHeight`
-- Update automatically when the container is resized (via ResizeObserver)
-
-**Container requirements:**
-- The container must have a defined height (e.g., `height: 300px` or `height: 100%` with a sized parent)
-- Use `overflow: hidden` on the container to clip partial lines
-
-```html
-<div style="height: 400px; overflow: hidden;">
-  <blockquote class="buffee no-select" tabindex="0" id="editor" style="height: 100%;">
-    ...
-  </blockquote>
-</div>
-```
-
-To disable auto-fit, specify `rows`.
-
-## Initialize
-
-```javascript
-const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'), {
-  // rows: 20,  // Omit to auto-fit, or specify for fixed height
-  // cols: 80,  // Omit to fill parent, or specify for fixed width
-  s: 4
-});
-```
-
-## Constructor Options
-
-| Option | Type | Default | Description |
-|--------|------|---------|-------------|
-| `rows` | number | (auto) | Fixed visible lines (omit to auto-fit) |
-| `cols` | number | (auto) | Fixed text columns (omit to fill parent) |
-| `s` | number | `4` | Tab width and indentation (0 = hard tabs) |
-| `logger` | function | `console.log` | Custom logger |
-
----
-
-## Spaces (`editor.Mode.s`)
-
-Controls tab width and indentation. Soft tabs are enabled by default - tab characters are replaced with spaces.
-
-```javascript
-editor.Mode.s = 4;  // Tab key inserts 4 spaces, \t chars become 4 spaces (default)
-editor.Mode.s = 2;  // Use 2 spaces instead
-editor.Mode.s = 0;  // Hard tabs (not recommended - cursor positioning may break)
-```
-
----
-
-## Line Height (`editor.lineHeight`)
-
-```javascript
-editor.lineHeight;  // 24 (default, from CSS --buffee-cell)
-```
-
-Read-only. Returns the line height in pixels, derived from CSS variable `--buffee-cell`. To customize, override in CSS:
-
-```css
-.buffee { --buffee-cell: 20px; }
-```
-
-**Warning:** Do not modify this value - changing it will cause rendering issues.
-
----
-
-## Model (`editor.Model`)
-
-```javascript
-// Set content (array of lines)
-editor.Model._ = ["Hello", "World"];
-
-// Access lines
-editor.Model._;       // ["Hello", "World"]
-editor.Model.last;    // 1
-```
-
----
-
-## View (`editor.View`)
-
-```javascript
-// Read
-editor.View.first;  // First visible line (0-based)
-editor.View.last;   // Last visible line
-editor.View.n;   // Number of visible lines
-editor.View._;  // Array of visible line strings
-
-// Navigate
-editor.View.set(5);       // Scroll to line index 5
-editor.View.set(99, 25);  // Scroll to line index 99, show 25 lines
-```
-
----
-
-## Span (`editor.Span`)
-
-```javascript
-// Cursor position
-editor.Span.cursor({ y: 0, x: 5 });
-editor.Span.select();  // Begin selection (detach head from tail)
-editor.Span.bounds(1);    // [start, end] in document order
-editor.Span.bounds();     // [head, tail] - mutable position objects
-
-// Selected text
-editor.Span._;  // Array of selected lines
-
-// Movement
-editor.Span.mvY(1);   // Down
-editor.Span.mvY(-1);  // Up
-editor.Span.mvX(1);   // Right
-editor.Span.mvX(-1);  // Left
-editor.Span.mvW(1);   // Forward word
-editor.Span.mvW(-1);  // Backward word
-editor.Span.mvLn(true);  // End of line
-editor.Span.mvLn(false); // Start of line (smart home)
-
-// Editing
-editor.Span.ins("text");
-editor.Span.del();
-editor.Span.dent(4);   // Indent by 4 spaces
-editor.Span.dent(-4);  // Unindent by 4 spaces
-```
-
----
-
-## TUI Extension (`editor.TUI`)
-
-TUI is an optional extension for interactive terminal-style UI elements. Include the separate script and initialize:
-
-```html
-<script src="buffee.js"></script>
-<script src="extensions/tui.js"></script>
-```
-
-```javascript
-const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'), options);
-BuffeeTUI(editor);  // Initialize TUI extension
-
-// Now use editor.TUI
-editor.TUI.enabled = true;
-
-// Add button (returns ID)
-const id = editor.TUI.addButton({
-  row: 5,           // Absolute row (0-indexed)
-  col: 10,          // Column (0-indexed)
-  label: "Button",
-  border: true,     // Optional: draws +--+ border around label
-  onActivate: (el) => console.log("Clicked!", el)
-});
-
-// Add prompt (returns ID)
-const promptId = editor.TUI.addPrompt({
-  row: 8,
-  col: 2,
-  width: 30,        // Total width including borders
-  title: "Search",
-  onActivate: (el) => console.log("Submitted:", el.input)
-});
-
-// Add scrollbox (returns ID)
-const scrollId = editor.TUI.addScrollBox({
-  row: 12,
-  col: 2,
-  width: 40,
-  height: 8,        // Total height including borders
-  title: "Logs",
-  lines: ["Line 1", "Line 2", "..."],
-  onActivate: (el) => console.log("Selected at offset:", el.scrollOffset)
-});
-
-// Remove
-editor.TUI.removeElement(id);
-editor.TUI.clear();
-
-// Query
-editor.TUI.elements;          // Raw array of elements (not a copy - mutations are shared)
-editor.TUI.currentElement();
-
-// Navigation
-editor.TUI.nextElement();      // Move to next (bind to Tab)
-editor.TUI.activateElement();  // Trigger callback (bind to Enter)
-
-// Key handling (element-specific behavior)
-editor.TUI.handleKeyDown(key); // Returns true if handled
-
-// Highlighting (enabled by default)
-editor.TUI.setHighlight(true);   // Enable
-editor.TUI.setHighlight(false);  // Disable
-```
-
-### Element Types
-
-**Button** (`type: 'button'`)
-- Displays label text, optionally with `+-|` border
-- Enter key activates (triggers `onActivate`)
-
-**Prompt** (`type: 'prompt'`)
-- Displays input box with box-drawing characters: `┌─┐│└┘`
-- Printable ASCII keys insert into input
-- Backspace deletes last character
-- Enter submits (triggers `onActivate` with `el.input`)
-
-**ScrollBox** (`type: 'scrollbox'`)
-- Displays scrollable content with box-drawing border
-- ArrowUp/k scrolls up, ArrowDown/j scrolls down
-- Stops when last line is visible at bottom
-- Enter activates (triggers `onActivate` with `el.scrollOffset`)
-
-### Element Properties
-
-| Property | Type | Description |
-|----------|------|-------------|
-| `id` | number | Unique identifier |
-| `type` | string | `'button'`, `'prompt'`, or `'scrollbox'` |
-| `row` | number | Absolute row position |
-| `col` | number | Column position |
-| `width` | number | Element width in characters |
-| `height` | number | Element height in rows |
-| `contents` | string[] | Array of rendered lines |
-| `input` | string | User input (prompts only) |
-| `title` | string | Title (prompts and scrollboxes) |
-| `contentLines` | string[] | Content lines (scrollboxes only) |
-| `scrollOffset` | number | Current scroll position (scrollboxes only) |
-| `onActivate` | function | Callback when activated |
-
-### Keyboard Binding
-
-```javascript
-element.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
-  if (!editor.TUI.enabled) return;
-  if (e.key === 'Tab') {
-    e.preventDefault();
-    editor.TUI.nextElement();
-  } else {
-    e.preventDefault();
-    editor.TUI.handleKeyDown(e.key);
-  }
-});
-```
-
----
-
-## Edit Mode (`editor.editMode`)
-
-Controls editing and navigation behavior. Three modes are available:
-
-| Mode | Navigation | Editing | Use Case |
-|------|------------|---------|----------|
-| `'write'` | Yes | Yes | Default - full editing |
-| `'navigate'` | Yes | No | View-only with scrolling |
-| `'read'` | No | No | Static display (TUI uses this) |
-
-```javascript
-// Default mode - full editing
-editor.editMode = 'write';
-
-// Navigate mode - can scroll, no editing
-editor.editMode = 'navigate';
-
-// Read mode - no navigation or editing
-editor.editMode = 'read';
-```
-
-### Common Patterns
-
-**Simple view-only mode:**
-```javascript
-editor.Model._ = ["Your content here"];
-editor.editMode = 'navigate';
-```
-
-**TUI mode** (for interactive elements):
-```javascript
-editor.Model._ = ["Your content here"];
-editor.TUI.enabled = true;  // Sets editMode to 'read' automatically
-```
-
-**UltraHighCapacity** (for very large files):
-```javascript
-BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor);
-editor.UltraHighCapacity.activate();  // Sets editMode to 'navigate' automatically
-await editor.UltraHighCapacity.appendLines(["Line 1", "Line 2", ...]);
-```
-
----
-
-## Tree-sitter Extension (`editor.TreeSitter`)
-
-Tree-sitter is an optional extension for syntax highlighting. Include the separate script and initialize with a parser and query:
-
-```html
-<script src="buffee.js"></script>
-<script src="extensions/treesitter.js"></script>
-```
-
-```javascript
-const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'), options);
-BuffeeTreeSitter(editor, { parser: jsParser, query: jsQuery });
-
-// Enable syntax highlighting
-editor.TreeSitter.enabled = true;
-
-// After modifying content, mark as dirty to trigger re-parse
-editor.Model._ = ["function hello() { return 'world'; }"];
-editor.TreeSitter.markDirty();
-
-// Force immediate re-parse
-editor.TreeSitter.reparse();
-
-// Access parse tree and captures (read-only)
-editor.TreeSitter.tree;     // Current parse tree
-editor.TreeSitter.captures; // Current query captures
-```
-
-### CSS Classes
-
-The extension adds these classes for styling:
-
-```css
-.highlight-function { color: #c678dd; }
-.highlight-function-name { color: #61afef; }
-.highlight-string { color: #98c379; }
-```
-
-### Performance
-
-Tree-sitter rendering is capped at 60fps using a dirty flag pattern. Call `markDirty()` after content changes to trigger re-parsing on the next animation frame.
-
----
-
-## UltraHighCapacity Extension (`editor.UltraHighCapacity`)
-
-UltraHighCapacity is an optional extension for loading and viewing very large files (1B+ lines). It compresses lines into gzip chunks and decompresses on-demand for efficient memory usage.
-
-```html
-<script src="buffee.js"></script>
-<script src="extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
-```
-
-```javascript
-const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'), options);
-BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor);
-
-// Activate ultra-high-capacity mode (disables editing)
-editor.UltraHighCapacity.activate(50000);  // 50k lines per chunk
-
-// Append lines (must use this, not Model.s)
-await editor.UltraHighCapacity.appendLines(largeArrayOfLines);
-
-// Check status
-editor.UltraHighCapacity.enabled;     // true
-editor.UltraHighCapacity.totalLines;  // total line count
-editor.UltraHighCapacity.chunkCount;  // number of compressed chunks
-
-// Clear all data
-editor.UltraHighCapacity.clear();
-
-// Deactivate and restore normal mode
-editor.UltraHighCapacity.deactivate();
-```
-
-### Important Notes
-
-- **Do not use `Model.s`** in chunked mode - use `appendLines()` instead
-- Editing is automatically disabled when activated
-- Chunks are loaded asynchronously - "..." placeholders shown while loading
-- View can straddle at most 2 chunks (previous + current or current + next)
-
----
-
-## Extension API
-
-Internal state is exposed via `editor._` for building extensions. Extensions can hook into the render cycle without buffee needing to know about them.
-
-```javascript
-// Public properties
-const { View, Sel, Model, Mode, render, $ } = editor;
-// Mode.f - Number of render calls
-// Mode.ch - Line height in pixels (from CSS --buffee-cell)
-// Mode.cw - Character width in pixels (measured from cursor element)
-
-// Query DOM elements from $ as needed:
-const $e = $.querySelector('.buffee-pane');
-const $textLayer = $.querySelector('.buffee-ztxt');
-
-// Wrappable primitives (for extensions like History, Syntax)
-const { _insert, _delete } = editor;
-
-// Render hooks via Mode.renderHooks
-const { renderHooks } = editor.Mode;
-
-// Cursor positions via Span.bounds()
-const [head, tail] = editor.Span.bounds();
-```
-
-### Render Hooks
-
-Extensions register callbacks that run after each render:
-
-```javascript
-// Called after text content is set
-// rebuilt is non-zero when viewport container changed (resize, initial render)
-renderHooks.push(($container, viewport, rebuilt) => {
-  // Modify textContent, add overlays, update highlights, etc.
-  if (rebuilt) {
-    // Container was rebuilt - set up new DOM elements
-  }
-});
-```
-
-### Example: Custom Extension
-
-```javascript
-function MyExtension(editor) {
-  const { renderHooks } = editor.Mode;
-  const { render } = editor;
-
-  // Register render hook
-  renderHooks.push(($container, viewport, rebuilt) => {
-    // Custom rendering logic
-  });
-
-  // Expose API on editor instance
-  editor.MyExtension = {
-    enable() { editor.Mode.i = 0; render(true); },
-    disable() { editor.Mode.i = 1; render(true); }
-  };
-
-  return editor; // Decorator pattern: return the editor
-}
-
-// Usage
-const editor = new Buffee(el, options);
-MyExtension(editor);
-editor.MyExtension.enable();
-```
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index d60598c8..58589d4d 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 # Claude Instructions for buffee
 
-**Documentation:** `docs/` folder
-- `docs/onboarding.md` — Getting started guide
-- `docs/api.md` — API surface reference
+**Full API reference: `docs/`** — Read these files for complete documentation:
+- `docs/api.md` — Model, View, Span, Mode API
+- `docs/onboarding.md` — Getting started, sizing, keybindings
 - `docs/extensions.md` — Extension documentation
 
 ## Quick Reference
 
 ```javascript
-BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { rows: 20, cols: 80, s: 4 }));
+BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { h: 20, w: 80, s: 4 }));
 
 editor.Model._ = ["line1", "line2"];  // Set content (array of lines)
 editor.View.set(5);                   // Scroll to line index 5
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index a83a6ec2..43384fbe 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 # Commits 
 
-## Scopes:
+## Directory structure
 
 web - github pages related stuff
 test - test related stuff 
-
-## Files 
-
 assets - for github pages assets 
+samples - kitchen sink samples
+theme - css themess 
+wrappers - Component wrappers in JavaScript UI frameworks
+resources - test files, mostly for load testing 
 
 ## Extensions 
 
 1. Add to extensions directory
-2. update web/extensions.html 
+2. update web/extensions.html
 
 ## Distributable
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9e5c50f5..07d6324b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById("editor"), {});
 Editor auto-fits to its container size. For fixed dimensions:
 
 ```javascript
-new Buffee(el, { rows: 20 });      // Fixed row count
-new Buffee(el, { cols: 80 });      // Fixed column width
-new Buffee(el, { rows: 20, cols: 80 }); // Both fixed
+new Buffee(el, { h: 20 });      // Fixed row count
+new Buffee(el, { w: 80 });      // Fixed column width
+new Buffee(el, { h: 20, w: 80 }); // Both fixed
 ```
 
 Container should have explicit height inherit some percentage from parent. 
diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index db32aa71..5235eb5b 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@
  * @constructor
  * @param {HTMLElement} $ - Container element
  * @param {Object} [config={}] - Configuration options
- * @param {number} [config.rows] - Fixed visible lines (omit to auto-fit)
- * @param {number} [config.cols] - Fixed text columns (omit to fill parent)
+ * @param {number} [config.h] - Fixed visible lines (omit to auto-fit)
+ * @param {number} [config.w] - Fixed text columns (omit to fill parent)
  * @param {number} [config.s=4] - Spaces per tab/indentation
  * @example
- * const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'), { rows: 25 });
+ * const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'), { h: 25 });
  * editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
  * editor.render();
  */
-function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.4.0-alpha.1';
+function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
+  this.v = '15.5.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   const spaceRe = /\s/, wordRe = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
@@ -308,8 +308,8 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
     first: 0,
     /** @type {number} Number of visible lines */
     n: 0,
-    /** @type {number} Number of DOM line containers. +1 if auto-fit (no rows specified) */
-    get N() { return this.n + !rows; },
+    /** @type {number} Number of DOM line containers. +1 if auto-fit (no h specified) */
+    get N() { return this.n + !h; },
 
     /**
      * Index of the last visible line.
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
     if ($rail) {
       const railCols = Math.max(railInit, (View.first + View.N).toString().length) + railPad;
       $rail.style.width = railCols + 'ch';
-      if (cols) $pane.style.width = `calc(${railCols + cols}ch + ${padding * 4}px)`;
+      if (w) $pane.style.width = `calc(${railCols + w}ch + ${padding * 4}px)`;
     }
     render(delta);
   };
@@ -388,14 +388,14 @@ function Buffee($, { rows, cols, s = 4 } = {}) {
     Mode.sub.forEach(hook => hook($lines, View, delta));
   }
   
-  // Set container width if cols specified
+  // Set container width if w specified
   // Width = rail(ch) + lines(ch) + margins(px): rail has margin*2, lines has margin*2
-  cols && !$rail && ($pane.style.width = `calc(${cols}ch + ${padding * 2}px)`);
-  // Set container height if rows specified (don't use flex: 1). TODO: perhaps can just set on parent
-  rows && viewportLayers.forEach(([, , p]) => p && (p.style.height = rows * ch + 'px'));
+  w && !$rail && ($pane.style.width = `calc(${w}ch + ${padding * 2}px)`);
+  // Set container height if h specified (don't use flex: 1). TODO: perhaps can just set on parent
+  h && viewportLayers.forEach(([, , p]) => p && (p.style.height = h * ch + 'px'));
   // Initial sizing render
   const resize = delta => {View.n += delta, RENDER(delta)};
-  rows ? resize(rows) : new ResizeObserver(() => {lRect = $lines.getBoundingClientRect(); resize(Math.floor($pane.clientHeight / ch) - View.n)}).observe($pane);
+  h ? resize(h) : new ResizeObserver(() => {lRect = $lines.getBoundingClientRect(); resize(Math.floor($pane.clientHeight / ch) - View.n)}).observe($pane);
 
   // Reading clipboard from the keydown listener involves a different security model.
   $lines.addEventListener('paste', e => {
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 3a232300..3c2d192a 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.5.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2585 / 2.52 KB (-4), br: 2388 / 2.33 KB (-4), min: 5807 / 5.67 KB (-6)
+- config: fixed width/height specified with 'w' and 'h' instead 'cols' and 'rows'
+
 ** 15.4.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2589 / 2.53 KB (-17), br: 2393 / 2.34 KB (-12), min: 5813 / 5.68 KB (-35)
 - api: remove Model.s = "foobar". Delegate to user to render on Model._ = ["foobar"]
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 2f5634d3..d2c2e037 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{rows:e,cols:s,s:i=4}={}){this.v="15.4.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const n=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,f,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[d,u,p,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=u.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.first+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.last:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.first||c.y>L.last?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.last:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<c.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t){const e=E._[c.y],s=e.length,i=t>0;if(c.x!==(i?s:0)){let t=c.x;const r=i?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,h=i?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(n.test(e[t])){for(;r()&&n.test(e[t]);)h();for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h();else{const s=e[t];for(h();r()&&e[t]===s;)h()}c.x=t,$()}else(i?c.y<E.last:c.y>0)&&(c.x=i?0:E._[--c.y].length,i&&++c.y>L.last?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):!i&&c.y<L.first?L.set(c.y):$())},get dir(){return c===h?0:h.y===c.y&&h.x<c.x||h.y<c.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=M.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=E._[t.y],i=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<E.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[E._[t.y].slice(t.x),...E._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),E._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(c.y=t.y,c.x=t.x),h.y=c.y,h.x=c.x,c=h},select(){c=r,c.y=h.y,c.x=h.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);E.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),E.ins(e.y,e.x,t),c.y=e.y,t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,c.x=t[t.length-1].length):c.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else E.ins(c.y,c.x,t),t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,o=c.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=c.x+=t[0]?.length||0;c.y>L.last?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):$()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):c.x>0?(E.del(c.y,c.x-1,c.y,c.x),c.x--,$()):c.y>0&&(c.x=E._[c.y-1].length,E.del(c.y-1,c.x,c.y,0),--c.y<L.first?L.set(c.y):$())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);for(let i=e.y;i<=s.y;i++){const n=E._[i];if(t>0)E._[i]=" ".repeat(t)+n;else{const l=i===e.y?e:i===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=n.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,n.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);E._[i]=n.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else E._[i]=n.slice(Math.min(-t,n.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),$()}},D=this.Mode={s:i,i:1,f:0,ch:a,cw:p.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},E=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const i=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=i:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+i)},del(t,e,s,i){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(i),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},L=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,E.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,E.last)),C(s)},get _(){return E._.slice(this.first,this.last+1)}},C=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)b.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&b.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)b.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(_){const t=Math.max(f,(L.first+L.N).toString().length)+x;_.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(d.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*y}px)`)}$(t)},$=this.render=(t=0)=>{D.f++;for(let t=0;t<L.N;t++)b.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(D.i>=0){const[t,s]=M.bounds(1),i=Math.min(L.first+L.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(L.first,t.y);e<i;e++){const i=e===t.y,n=e===s.y,l=E._[e].length,{style:r}=b[2][0][e-L.first];r.left=(i?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(i&&n?s.x-t.x:i?l-t.x+1:n?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const n=c.y-L.first;if(n>=0&&n<L.n){p.style.top=n*a+"px",e=c.x;const{left:t,right:s}=w,i=w.left+c.x*D.cw-u.scrollLeft,l=i+D.cw;u.scrollLeft=Math.round((u.scrollLeft+(i<t?i-t:l>s?l-s:0))/D.cw)*D.cw}}p.style.left=e+"ch",D.sub.forEach(e=>e(u,L,t))};s&&!_&&(d.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*y}px)`),e&&b.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*a+"px"));const R=t=>{L.n+=t,C(t)};e?R(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{w=u.getBoundingClientRect(),R(Math.floor(d.clientHeight/a)-L.n)}).observe(d),u.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&M.ins(e.split("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n")),M.del(),u.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const S={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};u.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,i=t.shiftKey,n={v:()=>{},c:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},x:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[i?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{M.del()},Enter:()=>{M.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),M.dir||i?M.dent(i?-D.s:D.s):M.ins([" ".repeat(D.s)])}},r=S[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),D.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!i&&M.dir?M.cursor():i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),r%2&&(e?M.mvLn(s>0):M.mvW(s));else if(!i&&M.dir)if(r%2)M.cursor(M.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=M.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,E.last));o=Math.min(t.x,E._[e].length),M.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.set(e):e>L.last?L.set(e-L.n+1):$()}else i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),M[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?n[s.toLowerCase()]?.():D.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),M.ins([s])):l[s]&&D.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:i=4}={}){this.v="15.5.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const n=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,f,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[d,u,p,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=u.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.first+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.last:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.first||c.y>L.last?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.last:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<c.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t){const e=E._[c.y],s=e.length,i=t>0;if(c.x!==(i?s:0)){let t=c.x;const r=i?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,h=i?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(n.test(e[t])){for(;r()&&n.test(e[t]);)h();for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;r()&&l.test(e[t]);)h();else{const s=e[t];for(h();r()&&e[t]===s;)h()}c.x=t,$()}else(i?c.y<E.last:c.y>0)&&(c.x=i?0:E._[--c.y].length,i&&++c.y>L.last?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):!i&&c.y<L.first?L.set(c.y):$())},get dir(){return c===h?0:h.y===c.y&&h.x<c.x||h.y<c.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=M.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=E._[t.y],i=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<E.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[E._[t.y].slice(t.x),...E._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),E._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(c.y=t.y,c.x=t.x),h.y=c.y,h.x=c.x,c=h},select(){c=r,c.y=h.y,c.x=h.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);E.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),E.ins(e.y,e.x,t),c.y=e.y,t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,c.x=t[t.length-1].length):c.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else E.ins(c.y,c.x,t),t.length>1?(c.y+=t.length-1,o=c.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=c.x+=t[0]?.length||0;c.y>L.last?L.set(c.y-L.n+1):$()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):c.x>0?(E.del(c.y,c.x-1,c.y,c.x),c.x--,$()):c.y>0&&(c.x=E._[c.y-1].length,E.del(c.y-1,c.x,c.y,0),--c.y<L.first?L.set(c.y):$())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=M.bounds(1);for(let i=e.y;i<=s.y;i++){const n=E._[i];if(t>0)E._[i]=" ".repeat(t)+n;else{const l=i===e.y?e:i===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=n.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,n.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);E._[i]=n.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else E._[i]=n.slice(Math.min(-t,n.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),$()}},D=this.Mode={s:i,i:1,f:0,ch:a,cw:p.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},E=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const i=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=i:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+i)},del(t,e,s,i){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(i),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},L=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,E.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,E.last)),C(s)},get _(){return E._.slice(this.first,this.last+1)}},C=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)b.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&b.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)b.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(_){const t=Math.max(f,(L.first+L.N).toString().length)+x;_.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(d.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*y}px)`)}$(t)},$=this.render=(t=0)=>{D.f++;for(let t=0;t<L.N;t++)b.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(D.i>=0){const[t,s]=M.bounds(1),i=Math.min(L.first+L.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(L.first,t.y);e<i;e++){const i=e===t.y,n=e===s.y,l=E._[e].length,{style:r}=b[2][0][e-L.first];r.left=(i?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(i&&n?s.x-t.x:i?l-t.x+1:n?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const n=c.y-L.first;if(n>=0&&n<L.n){p.style.top=n*a+"px",e=c.x;const{left:t,right:s}=w,i=w.left+c.x*D.cw-u.scrollLeft,l=i+D.cw;u.scrollLeft=Math.round((u.scrollLeft+(i<t?i-t:l>s?l-s:0))/D.cw)*D.cw}}p.style.left=e+"ch",D.sub.forEach(e=>e(u,L,t))};s&&!_&&(d.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*y}px)`),e&&b.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*a+"px"));const R=t=>{L.n+=t,C(t)};e?R(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{w=u.getBoundingClientRect(),R(Math.floor(d.clientHeight/a)-L.n)}).observe(d),u.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&M.ins(e.split("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n"))}),g.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",M._.join("\n")),M.del(),u.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const S={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};u.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,i=t.shiftKey,n={v:()=>{},c:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},x:()=>{g.focus({preventScroll:!0}),g.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[i?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{M.del()},Enter:()=>{M.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),M.dir||i?M.dent(i?-D.s:D.s):M.ins([" ".repeat(D.s)])}},r=S[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),D.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!i&&M.dir?M.cursor():i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),r%2&&(e?M.mvLn(s>0):M.mvW(s));else if(!i&&M.dir)if(r%2)M.cursor(M.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=M.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,E.last));o=Math.min(t.x,E._[e].length),M.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.set(e):e>L.last?L.set(e-L.n+1):$()}else i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),M[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?n[s.toLowerCase()]?.():D.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),M.ins([s])):l[s]&&D.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.md b/docs/api.md
index 578f177d..21e8a57a 100644
--- a/docs/api.md
+++ b/docs/api.md
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 ## Instantiation
 
 ```javascript
-const editor = new Buffee(element, { rows, cols, s })
+const editor = new Buffee(element, { h, w, s })
 ```
 
 | Option | Type | Default | Description |
 |--------|------|---------|-------------|
-| `rows` | number | auto | Fixed visible lines |
-| `cols` | number | auto | Fixed text columns |
-| `s` | number | 4 | Tab width (0 = hard tabs) |
+| `h`    | number | auto | Fixed visible lines |
+| `w`    | number | auto | Fixed text columns |
+| `s`    | number | 4 | Tab width (0 = hard tabs) |
 
 ## Top-level properties
 
diff --git a/docs/onboarding.md b/docs/onboarding.md
index ca2d6137..b49bf3df 100644
--- a/docs/onboarding.md
+++ b/docs/onboarding.md
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ See `web/template.html` for the required HTML structure:
 
 ```javascript
 const editor = new Buffee(document.querySelector('.buffee'), {
-  rows: 20,  // Optional: fixed height (omit to auto-fit)
-  cols: 80,  // Optional: fixed width (omit to fill parent)
-  s: 4       // Tab width (default: 4)
+  h: 20,  // Optional: fixed height (omit to auto-fit)
+  w: 80,  // Optional: fixed width (omit to fill parent)
+  s: 4    // Tab width (default: 4)
 });
 
 // Optional: add status line updates
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ editor.render();  // Trigger re-render after setting content
 
 | Option | Default | Description |
 |--------|---------|-------------|
-| `rows` | auto | Fixed visible lines (omit to auto-fit to container) |
-| `cols` | auto | Fixed text columns (omit to fill parent width) |
+| `h` | auto | Fixed visible lines (omit to auto-fit to container) |
+| `w` | auto | Fixed text columns (omit to fill parent width) |
 
 ### Auto-fit (Default)
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ The editor auto-fits to its container. Requires the container to have defined di
 ### Fixed Dimensions
 
 ```javascript
-new Buffee(el, { rows: 25, cols: 80 });
+new Buffee(el, { h: 25, w: 80 });
 ```
 
 ## Keybindings
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index c215191a..1d2e1776 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
 <script>
   window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => {
     const mainElement = document.getElementById("playground");
-    const primary = BuffeeHistory(BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(mainElement, { rows: 20 })));
+    const primary = BuffeeHistory(BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(mainElement, { h: 20 })));
     mainElement.querySelector('.buffee-lines').focus();
     window.primary = primary;
 
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
     document.getElementById('buffee-version').textContent = '( v' + primary.v + ' )';
 
     const hackerNewsElement = document.getElementById('hackernews');
-    const hackernews = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(hackerNewsElement, { rows: 20 }));
+    const hackernews = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(hackerNewsElement, { h: 20 }));
 
     fetch("assets/instructions.txt")
       .then(response => response.text())
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
 
     // TUI Mode Demo
     const tuiDemoElement = document.getElementById('tui-demo');
-    const tuiDemo = BuffeeTUI(BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(tuiDemoElement, { rows: 15 })));
+    const tuiDemo = BuffeeTUI(BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(tuiDemoElement, { h: 15 })));
 
 const fileTemplate = `
                 ║
diff --git a/samples/README.md b/samples/README.md
index 2fd27a0a..65ae7c41 100644
--- a/samples/README.md
+++ b/samples/README.md
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ editor.Model.text = 'Hello, World!';
 ## Fixed Size
 
 ```javascript
-new Buffee(el, { rows: 25, cols: 80 });
+new Buffee(el, { h: 25, w: 80 });
 ```
 
 ## With Syntax Highlighting
diff --git a/samples/_template.html b/samples/_template.html
index 5ad50368..3b66ccb3 100644
--- a/samples/_template.html
+++ b/samples/_template.html
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
   <!-- Content -->
   <h1>[Sample Name]</h1>
   <p>[Description of what this sample demonstrates]</p>
-  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { rows: 10 })</code></p>
+  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { h: 10 })</code></p>
 
   <!-- Editor container -->
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor">
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ <h1>[Sample Name]</h1>
   <!-- Initialization -->
   <script>
     const el = document.getElementById('editor');
-    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { rows: 10 }));
+    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { h: 10 }));
 
     // Initialize extensions
     // BuffeeSyntax(editor);
diff --git a/samples/sample-basic.html b/samples/sample-basic.html
index cb85e60b..3edd5a4c 100644
--- a/samples/sample-basic.html
+++ b/samples/sample-basic.html
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ <h1>Basic Editor</h1>
 
   <script>
     const el = document.getElementById('editor');
-    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { rows: 10 }));
+    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { h: 10 }));
 
     editor.Model._ = [
       '// Welcome to buffee',
diff --git a/samples/sample-conway.html b/samples/sample-conway.html
index 20b51567..ddf3490c 100644
--- a/samples/sample-conway.html
+++ b/samples/sample-conway.html
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ <h1>Conway's Game of Life</h1>
 
   <script>
     const editorEl = document.getElementById('editor');
-    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { rows: 30 }));
+    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { h: 30 }));
 
     const CONWAY_COLS = 80;
     const CONWAY_ROWS = 30;
diff --git a/samples/sample-elementals.html b/samples/sample-elementals.html
index f49d78c0..081b1825 100644
--- a/samples/sample-elementals.html
+++ b/samples/sample-elementals.html
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ <h2>Mixed Elements</h2>
 
     // Buttons demo
     const buttonsEl = document.getElementById('buttons-demo');
-    const buttonsEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(buttonsEl, { rows: 5 }));
+    const buttonsEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(buttonsEl, { h: 5 }));
     BuffeeElementals(buttonsEditor);
     buttonsEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', ''];
     buttonsEditor.Elementals.addButton({
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ <h2>Mixed Elements</h2>
 
     // Inputs demo
     const inputsEl = document.getElementById('inputs-demo');
-    const inputsEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(inputsEl, { rows: 5 }));
+    const inputsEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(inputsEl, { h: 5 }));
     BuffeeElementals(inputsEditor);
     inputsEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', ''];
     inputsEditor.Elementals.addLabel({ row: 1, col: 2, text: 'Name:' });
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ <h2>Mixed Elements</h2>
 
     // Mixed demo
     const mixedEl = document.getElementById('mixed-demo');
-    const mixedEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(mixedEl, { rows: 8 }));
+    const mixedEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(mixedEl, { h: 8 }));
     BuffeeElementals(mixedEditor);
     mixedEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', '', '', ''];
 
diff --git a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
index a7d4040b..ad875612 100644
--- a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
+++ b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
@@ -175,39 +175,39 @@ <h2>6. Gutter on right</h2>
 
     // Default
     const elDefault = document.getElementById('editor-default');
-    const edDefault = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elDefault, { rows: 6 }));
+    const edDefault = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elDefault, { h: 6 }));
     edDefault.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
     edDefault.render();
 
     // No gutter
     const elNoGutter = document.getElementById('editor-no-gutter');
-    const edNoGutter = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elNoGutter, { rows: 10 }));
+    const edNoGutter = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elNoGutter, { h: 10 }));
     edNoGutter.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
     edNoGutter.render();
 
     // No status bar
     const elNoStatus = document.getElementById('editor-no-status');
     const edNoStatus = new Buffee(elNoStatus, {
-      rows: 10
+      h: 10
     });
     edNoStatus.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
     edNoStatus.render();
 
     // Status line on top
     const elStatusTop = document.getElementById('editor-status-top');
-    const edStatusTop = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elStatusTop, { rows: 10 }));
+    const edStatusTop = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elStatusTop, { h: 10 }));
     edStatusTop.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
     edStatusTop.render();
 
     // Selection range display
     const elSelection = document.getElementById('editor-selection');
-    const edSelection = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elSelection, { rows: 6 }), { showSelection: true });
+    const edSelection = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elSelection, { h: 6 }), { showSelection: true });
     edSelection.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
     edSelection.render();
 
     // Gutter on right
     const elGutterRight = document.getElementById('editor-gutter-right');
-    const edGutterRight = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elGutterRight, { rows: 10 }));
+    const edGutterRight = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elGutterRight, { h: 10 }));
     edGutterRight.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
     edGutterRight.render();
   </script>
diff --git a/samples/sample-history.html b/samples/sample-history.html
index aaf62c21..2d1b5ee9 100644
--- a/samples/sample-history.html
+++ b/samples/sample-history.html
@@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ <h2>With History</h2>
   <script>
     // Editor WITHOUT history - undo/redo will be no-ops
     const el1 = document.getElementById('editor-no-history');
-    const editorNoHistory = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el1, { rows: 10 }));
+    const editorNoHistory = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el1, { h: 10 }));
     editorNoHistory.Model._ = ['// No history - Cmd+Z won\'t work', '// Try typing and undoing...'];
     editorNoHistory.render();
 
     // Editor WITH history - full undo/redo support
     const el2 = document.getElementById('editor-with-history');
-    const editorWithHistory = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el2, { rows: 10 }));
+    const editorWithHistory = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el2, { h: 10 }));
     BuffeeHistory(editorWithHistory);  // Enable history extension
     editorWithHistory.Model._ = ['// With history - Cmd+Z works!', '// Try typing and undoing...'];
     editorWithHistory.render();
diff --git a/samples/sample-ios.html b/samples/sample-ios.html
index 8e4c8b9f..66f46f2f 100644
--- a/samples/sample-ios.html
+++ b/samples/sample-ios.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ <h2>JavaScript</h2>
 
   <script>
     const el = document.getElementById('editor');
-    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { rows: 10 }));
+    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { h: 10 }));
 
     // Initialize iOS support
     // On non-iOS devices this still works but the touch handling
diff --git a/samples/sample-loader.html b/samples/sample-loader.html
index 2e515a2f..b441d8b1 100644
--- a/samples/sample-loader.html
+++ b/samples/sample-loader.html
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ <h3>Logs:</h3>
     const editorEl = document.getElementById('editor');
     const logsEl = document.getElementById('logs-editor');
 
-    const logs = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(logsEl, { rows: 8 }));
+    const logs = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(logsEl, { h: 8 }));
 
     function log(s) {
       console.log(s);
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ <h3>Logs:</h3>
     }
 
     const editor = BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(BuffeeFileLoader(BuffeeSanitize(BuffeeStatusLine(
-      new Buffee(editorEl, { rows: 10, logger: log })
+      new Buffee(editorEl, { h: 10, logger: log })
     ))));
 
     editor.Model._ = ['Select a file to load...'];
diff --git a/samples/sample-matrix.html b/samples/sample-matrix.html
index 5c701091..7d117533 100644
--- a/samples/sample-matrix.html
+++ b/samples/sample-matrix.html
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ <h1>Matrix Digital Rain</h1>
 
   <script>
     const editorEl = document.getElementById('editor');
-    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { rows: 20 }));
+    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { h: 20 }));
 
     const MATRIX_CHARS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}|;:,.<>?/~`';
     const MATRIX_COLS = 80;
diff --git a/samples/sample-movie.html b/samples/sample-movie.html
index 9ab37dcf..bd11db31 100644
--- a/samples/sample-movie.html
+++ b/samples/sample-movie.html
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ <h1>ASCII Movie</h1>
 
   <script>
     const editorEl = document.getElementById('editor');
-    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { rows: 13 }));
+    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { h: 13 }));
 
     editor.Model._ = ['Loading Star Wars ASCII movie...'];
     editor.render();
diff --git a/samples/sample-readonly.html b/samples/sample-readonly.html
index 97fde97c..3e22bc88 100644
--- a/samples/sample-readonly.html
+++ b/samples/sample-readonly.html
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ <h2>2: Ultra High Capacity Mode </h2>
 
     // Option 1: TUI mode
     const elTui = document.getElementById('editor-tui');
-    const edTui = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elTui, { rows: 10 }));
+    const edTui = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elTui, { h: 10 }));
     BuffeeTUI(edTui);
     edTui.Model._ = content.split('\n');
     edTui.render();
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ <h2>2: Ultra High Capacity Mode </h2>
 
     // Option 2: Ultra High Capacity mode (for large files)
     const elChunked = document.getElementById('editor-chunked');
-    const edChunked = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elChunked, { rows: 10 }));
+    const edChunked = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elChunked, { h: 10 }));
     BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(edChunked);
     edChunked.UltraHighCapacity.activate();
     (async () => {
diff --git a/samples/sample-sizing.html b/samples/sample-sizing.html
index e09ed1b7..212b288e 100644
--- a/samples/sample-sizing.html
+++ b/samples/sample-sizing.html
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@
   <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / <a href="index.html">samples</a> / Editor Sizing</p>
 
   <h1>Editor Sizing</h1>
-  <p>By default, the editor auto-fits to its container. Use <code>rows</code> to fix the number of visible rows.</p>
+  <p>By default, the editor auto-fits to its container. Use <code>h</code> to fix the number of visible rows.</p>
 
-  <h2>1. Auto-rows, auto-cols (recommended)</h2>
+  <h2>1. Auto-h, auto-w (recommended)</h2>
   <p><code>.buffee { width: 960px; height: 300px; padding: 20px; }</code></p>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, {})</code></p>
-  <p>Default behavior: auto-fit rows and cols. Drag bottom-right to resize.</p>
+  <p>Default behavior: auto-fit h and w. Drag bottom-right to resize.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-auto-both" style="width: 960px; height: 300px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; resize: both; overflow: hidden;">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ <h2>1. Auto-rows, auto-cols (recommended)</h2>
     </div>
   </div>
 
-  <h2>2. Fixed-rows, auto-cols</h2>
+  <h2>2. Fixed-h, auto-w</h2>
   <p><code>.buffee { width: 640px; padding: 20px; }</code></p>
-  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { rows: 8 })</code></p>
+  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { h: 8 })</code></p>
   <p>Fixed 8 rows, columns auto-calculated from width. Drag to resize width.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-rows-auto-cols" style="width: 640px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; resize: horizontal; overflow: hidden;">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ <h2>2. Fixed-rows, auto-cols</h2>
     </div>
   </div>
 
-  <h2>3. rows smaller than container</h2>
+  <h2>3. h smaller than container</h2>
   <p><code>.buffee { height: 400px; padding: 20px; }</code></p>
-  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { rows: 5 })</code></p>
-  <p>Container is 400px tall, but editor only shows 5 rows. rows takes precedence instead of autofill remaining space.</p>
+  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { h: 5 })</code></p>
+  <p>Container is 400px tall, but editor only shows 5 rows. h takes precedence instead of autofill remaining space.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-rows-large-container" style="height: 400px; padding: 20px; border: 2px solid #666;">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ <h2>3. rows smaller than container</h2>
     </div>
   </div>
 
-  <h2>4. rows larger than container (clipped)</h2>
+  <h2>4. h larger than container (clipped)</h2>
   <p><code>.buffee { height: 400px; padding: 20px; overflow: hidden; }</code></p>
-  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { rows: 20 })</code></p>
-  <p>Container is 400px tall, but rows requests 20 rows. Use <code>overflow: hidden</code> to clip.</p>
+  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { h: 20 })</code></p>
+  <p>Container is 400px tall, but h requests 20 rows. Use <code>overflow: hidden</code> to clip.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-rows-overflow" style="height: 400px; padding: 20px; border: 2px solid #666; overflow: hidden;">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ <h2>4. rows larger than container (clipped)</h2>
     </div>
   </div>
 
-  <h2>5. rows larger than container (scrollable)</h2>
+  <h2>5. h larger than container (scrollable)</h2>
   <p><code>.buffee { height: 400px; padding: 20px; overflow: scroll; display: block; }</code></p>
-  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { rows: 20 })</code></p>
-  <p>Container is 400px tall, but rows requests 20 rows. Use <code>overflow: scroll</code> and <code>display: block</code> to scroll.</p>
+  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { h: 20 })</code></p>
+  <p>Container is 400px tall, but h requests 20 rows. Use <code>overflow: scroll</code> and <code>display: block</code> to scroll.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-rows-scroll" style="height: 400px; padding: 20px; border: 2px solid #666; overflow: scroll; display: block;">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ <h2>5. rows larger than container (scrollable)</h2>
     </div>
   </div>
 
-  <h2>6. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (status bar stretches)</h2>
+  <h2>6. Auto-h, fixed-w (status bar stretches)</h2>
   <p><code>.buffee { height: 300px; padding: 20px; }</code></p>
-  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { cols: 40 })</code></p>
+  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { w: 40 })</code></p>
   <p>Fixed 55 columns, rows auto-calculated from height. Note: status bar stretches to container width while content is narrower.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-cols" style="height: 300px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; resize: vertical; overflow: hidden;">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
@@ -144,9 +144,9 @@ <h2>6. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (status bar stretches)</h2>
     </div>
   </div>
 
-  <h2>7. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (fit-content)</h2>
+  <h2>7. Auto-h, fixed-w (fit-content)</h2>
   <p><code>.buffee { height: 300px; padding: 20px; width: fit-content; }</code></p>
-  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { cols: 40 })</code></p>
+  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { w: 40 })</code></p>
   <p>Same as example 6, but with <code>width: fit-content</code> so the container shrinks to match content width.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fit-content" style="height: 300px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; width: fit-content; resize: vertical; overflow: hidden;">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
@@ -164,11 +164,11 @@ <h2>7. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (fit-content)</h2>
     </div>
   </div>
 
-  <h2>8. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (contain: inline-size)</h2>
+  <h2>8. Auto-h, fixed-w (contain: inline-size)</h2>
   <p><code>.buffee { height: 300px; padding: 20px; width: fit-content; }</code></p>
   <p><code>.buffee-status { contain: inline-size; }</code></p>
-  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { cols: 20 })</code></p>
-  <p>When <code>cols</code> is small, status line content may be wider than editor. Use <code>contain: inline-size</code> on status bar so gutter + lines determine container width.</p>
+  <p><code>new Buffee(el, { w: 20 })</code></p>
+  <p>When <code>w</code> is small, status line content may be wider than editor. Use <code>contain: inline-size</code> on status bar so gutter + lines determine container width.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-contain" style="height: 300px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; width: fit-content; resize: vertical; overflow: hidden;">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
@@ -193,58 +193,58 @@ <h2>8. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (contain: inline-size)</h2>
       return s;
     }
 
-    // 1. Auto-rows and auto-cols (default behavior)
+    // 1. Auto-h and auto-w (default behavior)
     const elAutoBoth = document.getElementById('editor-auto-both');
     const edAutoBoth = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elAutoBoth));
-    edAutoBoth.Model._ = [ruler(120), '// Auto-rows and auto-cols', '// Drag corner to resize'].concat(
+    edAutoBoth.Model._ = [ruler(120), '// Auto-h and auto-w', '// Drag corner to resize'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
     edAutoBoth.render();
 
-    // 2. Fixed-rows, auto-cols
+    // 2. Fixed-h, auto-w
     const elFixedRowsAutoCols = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-auto-cols');
-    const edFixedRowsAutoCols = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsAutoCols, { rows: 8 }));
-    edFixedRowsAutoCols.Model._ = [ruler(120), '// Fixed 8 rows, auto-cols', 'Line 3'].concat(
+    const edFixedRowsAutoCols = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsAutoCols, { h: 8 }));
+    edFixedRowsAutoCols.Model._ = [ruler(120), '// Fixed 8 rows, auto-w', 'Line 3'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
     edFixedRowsAutoCols.render();
 
-    // 3. rows smaller than container
+    // 3. h smaller than container
     const elFixedRowsLarge = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-large-container');
-    const edFixedRowsLarge = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsLarge, { rows: 5 }));
-    edFixedRowsLarge.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// rows: 5 overrides container height'].concat(
+    const edFixedRowsLarge = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsLarge, { h: 5 }));
+    edFixedRowsLarge.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// h: 5 overrides container height'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 10}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 3}`));
     edFixedRowsLarge.render();
 
-    // 4. rows larger than container
+    // 4. h larger than container
     const elFixedRowsOverflow = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-overflow');
-    const edFixedRowsOverflow = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsOverflow, { rows: 20 }));
-    edFixedRowsOverflow.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// rows: 20 exceeds container height'].concat(
+    const edFixedRowsOverflow = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsOverflow, { h: 20 }));
+    edFixedRowsOverflow.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// h: 20 exceeds container height'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 25}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 3}`));
     edFixedRowsOverflow.render();
 
-    // 5. rows larger than container (scrollable)
+    // 5. h larger than container (scrollable)
     const elFixedRowsScroll = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-scroll');
-    const edFixedRowsScroll = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsScroll, { rows: 20 }));
-    edFixedRowsScroll.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// rows: 20 exceeds container height', '// Scroll to see more'].concat(
+    const edFixedRowsScroll = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsScroll, { h: 20 }));
+    edFixedRowsScroll.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// h: 20 exceeds container height', '// Scroll to see more'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 25}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
     edFixedRowsScroll.render();
 
-    // 6. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (status bar stretches)
+    // 6. Auto-h, fixed-w (status bar stretches)
     const elFixedCols = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-cols');
-    const edFixedCols = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedCols, { cols: 40 }));
+    const edFixedCols = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedCols, { w: 40 }));
     edFixedCols.Model._ = [ruler(40), '// Fixed 55 cols', '// Status bar stretches'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
     edFixedCols.render();
 
-    // 7. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (fit-content)
+    // 7. Auto-h, fixed-w (fit-content)
     const elFitContent = document.getElementById('editor-fit-content');
-    const edFitContent = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFitContent, { cols: 40 }));
+    const edFitContent = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFitContent, { w: 40 }));
     edFitContent.Model._ = [ruler(55), '// Fixed 55 cols', '// width: fit-content'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
     edFitContent.render();
 
-    // 8. Auto-rows, fixed-cols (contain: inline-size)
+    // 8. Auto-h, fixed-w (contain: inline-size)
     const elContain = document.getElementById('editor-contain');
-    const edContain = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elContain, { cols: 20 }));
+    const edContain = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elContain, { w: 20 }));
     edContain.Model._ = [ruler(20), '// Fixed 20 cols', '// contain: inline-size'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
     edContain.render();
diff --git a/samples/sample-syntax.html b/samples/sample-syntax.html
index 7b945df7..b9932b87 100644
--- a/samples/sample-syntax.html
+++ b/samples/sample-syntax.html
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ <h2>State Cache Visualization</h2>
     const langSelect = document.getElementById('lang-select');
     const stateDisplay = document.getElementById('state-display');
 
-    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { rows: 10 }));
+    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { h: 10 }));
 
     // Initialize syntax highlighting
     BuffeeSyntax(editor);
diff --git a/samples/sample-tui.html b/samples/sample-tui.html
index 3e4b75f4..175b939d 100644
--- a/samples/sample-tui.html
+++ b/samples/sample-tui.html
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ <h1>TUI Elements</h1>
   <p>Press <kbd>Tab</kbd> to navigate, <kbd>Enter</kbd> to activate</p>
 
   <h2>Buttons (no border)</h2>
-  <pre>new Buffee(el, { rows: 3 })
+  <pre>new Buffee(el, { h: 3 })
 TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 20, label: '[Save]' })</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="buttons-plain">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ <h2>Buttons (no border)</h2>
   </div>
 
   <h2>Buttons (with border)</h2>
-  <pre>new Buffee(el, { rows: 5 })
+  <pre>new Buffee(el, { h: 5 })
 TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: ' OK ', border: true })</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="buttons-border">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ <h2>Buttons (with border)</h2>
   </div>
 
   <h2>Prompt (type to input, Enter to submit)</h2>
-  <pre>new Buffee(el, { rows: 8 })
+  <pre>new Buffee(el, { h: 8 })
 TUI.addPrompt({ row: 1, col: 2, width: 30, title: 'Search' })
 TUI.handleKeyDown(e.key)</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="prompt-demo">
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ <h2>Prompt (type to input, Enter to submit)</h2>
   </div>
 
   <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
-  <pre>new Buffee(el, { rows: 10 })
+  <pre>new Buffee(el, { h: 10 })
 TUI.addScrollBox({ row: 1, col: 2, width: 40, height: 8, title: 'Logs', lines: [...] })</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="scrollbox-demo">
     <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
 
     // Buttons (no border)
     const plainEl = document.getElementById('buttons-plain');
-    const plainEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(plainEl, { rows: 3 }));
+    const plainEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(plainEl, { h: 3 }));
     BuffeeTUI(plainEditor);
     plainEditor.Model._ = ['', '  Select action:'];
     plainEditor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 20, label: '[Save]', onActivate: () => { alert('Save clicked'); } });
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
 
     // Buttons (with border)
     const borderEl = document.getElementById('buttons-border');
-    const borderEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(borderEl, { rows: 5 }));
+    const borderEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(borderEl, { h: 5 }));
     BuffeeTUI(borderEditor);
     borderEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', ''];
     borderEditor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: ' OK ', border: true, onActivate: () => { alert('OK clicked'); } });
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
 
     // Prompt
     const promptEl = document.getElementById('prompt-demo');
-    const promptEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(promptEl, { rows: 8 }));
+    const promptEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(promptEl, { h: 8 }));
     BuffeeTUI(promptEditor);
     promptEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', '', '', ''];
     promptEditor.TUI.addPrompt({ row: 1, col: 2, width: 30, title: 'Search', onActivate: (el) => { alert('Search: ' + el.input); } });
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
 
     // ScrollBox
     const scrollEl = document.getElementById('scrollbox-demo');
-    const scrollEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(scrollEl, { rows: 10 }));
+    const scrollEditor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(scrollEl, { h: 10 }));
     BuffeeTUI(scrollEditor);
     scrollEditor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', ''];
     const logLines = [
diff --git a/samples/sample-undotree.html b/samples/sample-undotree.html
index 90a7c654..8b8f9f9a 100644
--- a/samples/sample-undotree.html
+++ b/samples/sample-undotree.html
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ <h2>History Tree</h2>
 
   <script>
     const el = document.getElementById('editor');
-    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { rows: 10 }));
+    const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { h: 10 }));
     BuffeeUndoTree(editor);
 
     const btnUndo = document.getElementById('btn-undo');
diff --git a/test/lib/test-extensions.js b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
index cea8583a..3d294cc0 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-extensions.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ function createTestEditor(opts = {}) {
     `;
     document.body.appendChild(container);
     const el = container.querySelector('.buffee');
-    const editor = new Buffee(el, { rows: 10, ...opts });
+    const editor = new Buffee(el, { h: 10, ...opts });
     return { editor, container, cleanup: () => container.remove() };
 }
 
diff --git a/test/lib/test-runner.js b/test/lib/test-runner.js
index 565d4c8b..8a7b4cb3 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-runner.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-runner.js
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class EditorTestHarness {
   constructor(node, size = 10) {
     this.node = node;
     this.blockquote = node.querySelector('.buffee-lines') || node;
-    this.editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(node, { rows: size }));
+    this.editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(node, { h: size }));
     this.walkthrough = new Walkthrough();
     window.currentTestFixture = this;
   }
diff --git a/test/lib/test-ui.js b/test/lib/test-ui.js
index f711e064..e67f5036 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-ui.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-ui.js
@@ -196,15 +196,15 @@
         function initDSLEditor() {
             const dslEditorEl = document.getElementById('dsl-editor');
             dslEditor = new Buffee(dslEditorEl, {
-                          
-                rows: 20
+
+                h: 20
             });
 
             // Initialize JS output editor (read-only, different dimensions)
             const jsOutputEl = document.getElementById('js-output');
             jsOutputEditor = new Buffee(jsOutputEl, {
-                          
-                rows: 20
+
+                h: 20
             });
             jsOutputEditor.Mode.i = 0; // navigate mode
 
diff --git a/web/extensions-profile.html b/web/extensions-profile.html
index e8a16340..5672100e 100644
--- a/web/extensions-profile.html
+++ b/web/extensions-profile.html
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ <h2 class="text-white text-lg">UltraHighCapacity</h2>
         </div>
       `;
       const el = container.querySelector('#test-editor');
-      return new Buffee(el, { rows: 20 });
+      return new Buffee(el, { h: 20 });
     }
 
     function getIterations() {
diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index b5a1c5f2..8d246a89 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ <h2>4. Initialize</h2>
 editor._.render(true);
 </pre>
   <h2>5. Auto-fit View</h2>
-  <p>By default (when <code>rows</code> is omitted), the editor auto-fits to its container height. To disable auto-fit, specify <code>rows</code>:</p>
-  <pre>new Buffee(el, {})                        // Auto-fit (default)
-new Buffee(el, { rows: 20 })      // Fixed row count
-new Buffee(el, { cols: 80 })      // Fixed column width
-new Buffee(el, { rows: 20, cols: 80 }) // Both fixed</pre>
+  <p>By default (when <code>h</code> is omitted), the editor auto-fits to its container height. To disable auto-fit, specify <code>h</code>:</p>
+  <pre>new Buffee(el, {})                  // Auto-fit (default)
+new Buffee(el, { h: 20 })           // Fixed row count
+new Buffee(el, { w: 80 })           // Fixed column width
+new Buffee(el, { h: 20, w: 80 })    // Both fixed</pre>
   <p>For auto-fit to work, the container must have a defined height (e.g., <code>height: 100%</code> with sized parent, or explicit pixels).</p>
 
 </body>
diff --git a/wrappers/vue.js b/wrappers/vue.js
index a351a713..58877ac5 100644
--- a/wrappers/vue.js
+++ b/wrappers/vue.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * </script>
  *
  * <template>
- *   <BuffeeEditor ref="editorRef" :rows="10" theme="eva" @ready="handleReady" />
+ *   <BuffeeEditor ref="editorRef" :h="10" theme="eva" @ready="handleReady" />
  * </template>
  */
 
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
 
   props: {
     /** Fixed number of visible lines */
-    rows: { type: Number, default: undefined },
+    h: { type: Number, default: undefined },
     /** Fixed number of text columns */
-    cols: { type: Number, default: undefined },
+    w: { type: Number, default: undefined },
     /** Spaces per tab */
     spaces: { type: Number, default: 4 },
     /** Theme name (e.g., 'eva', 'nord', 'gruv') */
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
       if (!container.value || typeof Buffee === 'undefined') return;
 
       const config = {
-        rows: props.rows,
-        cols: props.cols,
-        spaces: props.spaces
+        h: props.h,
+        w: props.w,
+        s: props.spaces
       };
 
       let ed = new Buffee(container.value, config);

From 90c105d61ab41ea00c719e4e0557c77c1e51a11f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 07:50:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 07/50] perf: optimize hotpath, regex for move word only when
 used

---
 buffee.js          | 13 ++++++-------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 5235eb5b..a96e20e9 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 /**
  * Creates a new Buffee editor instance bound to $.
  * @constructor
- * @param {HTMLElement} $ - Container element
- * @param {Object} [config={}] - Configuration options
- * @param {number} [config.h] - Fixed visible lines (omit to auto-fit)
- * @param {number} [config.w] - Fixed text columns (omit to fill parent)
+ * @param {HTMLElement} $       - Container element
+ * @param {Object} [config={} ] - Configuration options
+ * @param {number} [config.h  ] - Fixed visible lines (omit to auto-fit)
+ * @param {number} [config.w  ] - Fixed text columns (omit to fill parent)
  * @param {number} [config.s=4] - Spaces per tab/indentation
  * @example
  * const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'), { h: 25 });
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@
  * editor.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.5.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.5.1-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
-  const spaceRe = /\s/, wordRe = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
   // In case where we have cursor, we want head === tail.
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     /**
      * Moves cursor by word in direction. dir: +1 forward, -1 backward. Future: other values for multi-word jumps.
      */
-    mvW(dir) {
+    mvW(dir, spaceRe = /\s/, wordRe = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u) {
       const s = Model._[head.y], n = s.length, fwd = dir > 0;
       if (head.x !== (fwd ? n : 0)) {
         // Move within line
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 3c2d192a..51c1af2a 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.5.1-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2588 / 2.53 KB (+3), br: 2385 / 2.33 KB (-3), min: 5807 / 5.67 KB (0)
+- perf: optimize hotpath, isolate regex for move word until they are needed
+
 ** 15.5.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2585 / 2.52 KB (-4), br: 2388 / 2.33 KB (-4), min: 5807 / 5.67 KB (-6)
 - config: fixed width/height specified with 'w' and 'h' instead 'cols' and 'rows'
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index d2c2e037..0a8b6117 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:i=4}={}){this.v="15.5.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const n=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,r={y:0,x:0};let c={y:0,x:0},h=c,o=c.x;const[a,y,f,x]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[d,u,p,g,_,m,v]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let w=u.getBoundingClientRect();const b=[[m,(t,e)=>t.textContent=E._[L.first+e]??null],[_,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[v,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),M=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&M.dir>0?[h,c]:[c,h],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?c.y<E.last:c.y>0){const s=E._[t>0?++c.y:--c.y].length;c.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=c.x),c.y<L.first||c.y>L.last?L.set(t>0?c.y-L.n+1:c.y):$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?c.x<E._[c.y].length:c.x)?(o=e?++c.x:--c.x,$()):(e?c.y<E.last:c.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=E._[c.y];var s;o=c.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<c.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t){const 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t=M.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,E.last));o=Math.min(t.x,E._[e].length),M.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.set(e):e>L.last?L.set(e-L.n+1):$()}else i&&!M.dir&&M.select(),M[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?n[s.toLowerCase()]?.():D.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),M.ins([s])):l[s]&&D.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:i=4}={}){this.v="15.5.1-alpha.1",this.$=t;const n={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,c=l.x;const[h,o,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g,_]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[_,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(c,s),e&&(c=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):L()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(c=e?++l.x:--l.x,L()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;c=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,L()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const i=M._[l.y],n=i.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?n:0)){let t=l.x;const c=r?()=>t<n:()=>t>0,h=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(i[t])){for(;c()&&e.test(i[t]);)h();for(;c()&&s.test(i[t]);)h()}else if(s.test(i[t]))for(;c()&&s.test(i[t]);)h();else{const e=i[t];for(h();c()&&i[t]===e;)h()}l.x=t,L()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],i=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=n,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,c=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):c=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):L()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,L()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let i=e.y;i<=s.y;i++){const n=M._[i];if(t>0)M._[i]=" ".repeat(t)+n;else{const l=i===e.y?e:i===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=n.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,n.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[i]=n.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[i]=n.slice(Math.min(-t,n.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),L()}},b=this.Mode={s:i,i:1,f:0,ch:h,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const i=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=i:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+i)},del(t,e,s,i){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(i),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),E(s)},get _(){return M._.slice(this.first,this.last+1)}},E=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)v.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&v.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)v.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(p){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;p.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*o}px)`)}L(t)},L=this.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)v.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),i=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<i;e++){const i=e===t.y,n=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(i?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(i&&n?s.x-t.x:i?l-t.x+1:n?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const n=l.y-D.first;if(n>=0&&n<D.n){d.style.top=n*h+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=m,i=m.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=i+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(i<t?i-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch",b.sub.forEach(e=>e(x,D,t))};s&&!p&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*o}px)`),e&&v.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*h+"px"));const C=t=>{D.n+=t,E(t)};e?C(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),C(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/h)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,i=t.shiftKey,n={v:()=>{},c:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},x:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[i?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||i?w.dent(i?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!i&&w.dir?w.cursor():i&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!i&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),L();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));c=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:c}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):L()}else i&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?n[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 428173817e40e99ad2714a520e31d2f7f4e31cb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:15:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/50] api: move render/RENDER to View namespace, convert
 api.md to api.txt

- Public API changed: editor.View.render() and editor.View.RENDER()
- Internal implementation unchanged (render/RENDER remain as const)
- Updated all extensions to destructure render from editor.View
- Converted docs/api.md to docs/api.txt (ASCII plaintext format)
- Updated all references to api.md throughout codebase
- Bump version to 15.6.0-alpha.1
---
 CLAUDE.md                         |  3 +-
 README.md                         |  2 +-
 buffee.js                         |  8 +--
 dev/changelog.txt                 |  4 ++
 dist/buffee.min.js                |  2 +-
 docs/api.md                       | 95 -------------------------------
 docs/api.txt                      | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 docs/onboarding.md                |  2 +-
 extensions/_template.js           |  5 +-
 extensions/elementals.js          |  3 +-
 extensions/fileloader.js          |  3 +-
 extensions/history.js             |  2 +-
 extensions/ios.js                 |  2 +-
 extensions/treesitter.js          |  3 +-
 extensions/tui.js                 |  3 +-
 extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js   |  3 +-
 index.html                        |  4 +-
 samples/_template.html            |  2 +-
 samples/sample-basic.html         |  2 +-
 samples/sample-conway.html        |  2 +-
 samples/sample-gutter-status.html | 12 ++--
 samples/sample-history.html       |  4 +-
 samples/sample-ios.html           |  2 +-
 samples/sample-loader.html        |  2 +-
 samples/sample-matrix.html        |  2 +-
 samples/sample-movie.html         |  6 +-
 samples/sample-readonly.html      |  2 +-
 samples/sample-sizing.html        | 16 +++---
 samples/sample-syntax.html        |  6 +-
 samples/sample-undotree.html      |  2 +-
 test/lib/test-extensions.js       | 16 +++---
 test/lib/test-ui.js               |  6 +-
 test/specs/spec-features.dsl      |  4 +-
 web/extensions-profile.html       |  4 +-
 web/extensions.html               |  2 +-
 web/getting-started.html          |  2 +-
 web/navigation.html               |  2 +-
 web/themes.html                   |  2 +-
 web/wrappers.html                 |  6 +-
 wrappers/react.jsx                |  4 +-
 wrappers/svelte.svelte            |  4 +-
 wrappers/vue.js                   |  4 +-
 42 files changed, 174 insertions(+), 172 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 docs/api.md
 create mode 100644 docs/api.txt

diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 58589d4d..7fb40382 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Claude Instructions for buffee
 
 **Full API reference: `docs/`** — Read these files for complete documentation:
-- `docs/api.md` — Model, View, Span, Mode API
+- `docs/api.txt` — Model, View, Span, Mode API
 - `docs/onboarding.md` — Getting started, sizing, keybindings
 - `docs/extensions.md` — Extension documentation
 
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { h: 20, w: 80, s: 4 }));
 
 editor.Model._ = ["line1", "line2"];  // Set content (array of lines)
+editor.View.render();                 // Render after content changes
 editor.View.set(5);                   // Scroll to line index 5
 editor.Span.ins(["text"]);            // Insert at cursor
 editor.Span.cursor({y:0,x:0});        // Move cursor
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 07d6324b..04430744 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ anchor and the head/dot are the same. Text editing operations are defined relati
 
 The controller are keyboard event handlers which route to operations on the selection. In the future, the basic controller will be refactored out of Buffee.js as an Extension such that you will have to bring-your-own controller by default. e.g. a "vim normal mode controller".
 
-See: [API Reference](docs/api.md) | [Getting Started](docs/onboarding.md)
+See: [API Reference](docs/api.txt) | [Getting Started](docs/onboarding.md)
 
 ## Extensibility
 
diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index a96e20e9..d6e34627 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
  * @example
  * const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'), { h: 25 });
  * editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
- * editor.render();
+ * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.5.1-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.6.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   };
 
   // Add / remove lines, selections, rails as row changes
-  const RENDER = this.RENDER = delta => {
+  const RENDER = View.RENDER = delta => {
     if (delta) {
       let d = delta;
       for (; d > 0; d--         ) viewportLayers.forEach(([a, f]) => a.push(f.appendChild(document.createElement('pre'))));
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   /**
    * Renders the editor viewport, selection, cursor, and calls extension hooks.
    */
-  const render = this.render = (delta = 0) => {
+  const render = View.render = (delta = 0) => {
     Mode.f++;
 
     // Update contents of line containers (reset to clean state)
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 51c1af2a..b0285517 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.6.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2587 / 2.53 KB (-1), br: 2387 / 2.33 KB (+2), min: 5801 / 5.67 KB (-6)
+- api: move render/RENDER to View namespace (editor.View.render(), editor.View.RENDER())
+- docs: convert api.md to api.txt (ASCII plaintext format)
+
 ** 15.5.1-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2588 / 2.53 KB (+3), br: 2385 / 2.33 KB (-3), min: 5807 / 5.67 KB (0)
 - perf: optimize hotpath, isolate regex for move word until they are needed
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 0a8b6117..6de35546 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:i=4}={}){this.v="15.5.1-alpha.1",this.$=t;const n={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,c=l.x;const[h,o,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g,_]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[_,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(c,s),e&&(c=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):L()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(c=e?++l.x:--l.x,L()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;c=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,L()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const i=M._[l.y],n=i.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?n:0)){let t=l.x;const c=r?()=>t<n:()=>t>0,h=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(i[t])){for(;c()&&e.test(i[t]);)h();for(;c()&&s.test(i[t]);)h()}else if(s.test(i[t]))for(;c()&&s.test(i[t]);)h();else{const e=i[t];for(h();c()&&i[t]===e;)h()}l.x=t,L()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],i=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=n,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,c=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):c=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):L()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,L()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let i=e.y;i<=s.y;i++){const n=M._[i];if(t>0)M._[i]=" ".repeat(t)+n;else{const l=i===e.y?e:i===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=n.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,n.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[i]=n.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[i]=n.slice(Math.min(-t,n.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),L()}},b=this.Mode={s:i,i:1,f:0,ch:h,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const i=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=i:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+i)},del(t,e,s,i){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(i),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),E(s)},get _(){return M._.slice(this.first,this.last+1)}},E=this.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)v.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&v.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)v.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(p){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;p.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*o}px)`)}L(t)},L=this.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)v.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),i=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<i;e++){const i=e===t.y,n=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(i?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(i&&n?s.x-t.x:i?l-t.x+1:n?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const n=l.y-D.first;if(n>=0&&n<D.n){d.style.top=n*h+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=m,i=m.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=i+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(i<t?i-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch",b.sub.forEach(e=>e(x,D,t))};s&&!p&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*o}px)`),e&&v.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*h+"px"));const C=t=>{D.n+=t,E(t)};e?C(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),C(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/h)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,i=t.shiftKey,n={v:()=>{},c:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},x:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[i?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||i?w.dent(i?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!i&&w.dir?w.cursor():i&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!i&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),L();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));c=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:c}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):L()}else i&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?n[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.6.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,c=l.x;const[h,o,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g,_]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[_,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(c,s),e&&(c=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):L()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(c=e?++l.x:--l.x,L()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;c=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,L()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[l.y],i=n.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?i:0)){let t=l.x;const c=r?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,h=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;c()&&e.test(n[t]);)h();for(;c()&&s.test(n[t]);)h()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;c()&&s.test(n[t]);)h();else{const e=n[t];for(h();c()&&n[t]===e;)h()}l.x=t,L()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=i,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,c=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):c=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):L()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,L()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),L()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:h,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),E(s)},get _(){return M._.slice(this.first,this.last+1)}},E=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)v.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&v.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)v.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(p){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;p.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*o}px)`)}L(t)},L=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)v.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*h+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=m,n=m.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch",b.sub.forEach(e=>e(x,D,t))};s&&!p&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*o}px)`),e&&v.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*h+"px"));const C=t=>{D.n+=t,E(t)};e?C(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),C(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/h)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},x:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),L();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));c=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:c}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):L()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.md b/docs/api.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 21e8a57a..00000000
--- a/docs/api.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-# Buffee API Reference
-
-## Instantiation
-
-```javascript
-const editor = new Buffee(element, { h, w, s })
-```
-
-| Option | Type | Default | Description |
-|--------|------|---------|-------------|
-| `h`    | number | auto | Fixed visible lines |
-| `w`    | number | auto | Fixed text columns |
-| `s`    | number | 4 | Tab width (0 = hard tabs) |
-
-## Top-level properties
-
-```javascript
-editor
-  .v                 // Version string
-  .$                 // Root DOM element
-  .render(delta)     // Render content only (delta = viewport size change)
-  .RENDER(delta)     // Rebuild containers and render content
-  .Model             // see Model namespace below
-  .View              // see View  namespace below
-  .Span              // see Span  namespace below
-  .Mode              // see Mode  namespace below
-```
-
-## Model (`editor.Model`)
-
-```javascript
-Model
-  ._    // text buffer. Assumes user sanitized '\n', '\t', zero-width, multi-width chars 
-  .ins  // primitive insert
-  .del  // primitive del
-
-  // Convenience utilities
-  .last // index of last line of Model
-```
-
-When updating buffer, recall render if necessary. Suppose you append to ._ and the new lines 
-are out of view, then a render would not be necessary. While we could have added a setter 
-for the model that would know to call render, this would meant that the Model has to be concerned
-with the view. The philosophy is that Model should be agnostic to existence of rendering.
-
-## View (`editor.View`)
-
-```javascript
-View
-  .first         // Model index of first line of viewport 
-  .n             // Viewport size - number of lines (settable)
-  .set(first)    // Scroll to line, keep current size
-  .set(first, n) // Scroll to line with new size
-  ._             // Visible lines array (derived: Model._.slice(first, last + 1))
-
-  // Convenience utilities
-  .last          // Model index of last line viewport 
-  .N             // Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
-```
-
-The paradigm is to define first and size, but last is derived. An alternative implementation
-was first and last, but size is derived. The latter's API appears symmetrical but it was not
-as intuitive and the implementation uglier.
-
-## Span (`editor.Span`)
-
-A continuous text span from a starting and end coordinate. 
-
-```javascript 
-Span
-  .bounds(value) // returns bounds of the span  : truthy: [start, end], falsey [head, tail]
-  .dir           // orientation of the selection: 1 (forward), -1 (backward), 0 (cursor)
-  .mvX(value)    // move horizontally : 1 right , -1 left
-  .mvY(value)    // move vertically   : 1 down  , -1 up
-  .mvLn(value)   // move to '\n'      : 1 end   ,  0 front
-  .mvW(value)    // move by words     : 1 next  , -1 prev
-  .del()         // delete text Span-wise delete
-  .ins(lines)    // insert lines (string[]) Span-wise insert
-  .select()      // make selection
-  .cursor()      // make cursor 
-  .dent(value)   // indent or unindent : 1 indent, -1 unident
-```
-
-## Mode (`editor.Mode`)
-
-```javascript
-Mode
-  .s            // Tab width
-  .i            // Edit mode: 1=write, 0=navigate, -1=read
-  .f            // Render frame counter
-  .ch           // Line height in pixels
-  .cw           // Character width in pixels
-  .sub          // subscriptions for render callback
-  .ext          // Array of registered extension names (in order)
-```
diff --git a/docs/api.txt b/docs/api.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2848e6dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/api.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+Buffee API Reference
+====================
+
+Instantiation
+-------------
+const instance = new Buffee(element, { h, w, s })
+
+  Option   Type     Default   Description
+  ------   ------   -------   ----------------------
+  h        number   auto      Fixed visible lines
+  w        number   auto      Fixed text columns
+  s        number   4         Tab width (0 = hard tabs)
+
+
+Top-level properties
+--------------------
+instance
+  .v                 Version string
+  .$                 Root DOM element
+  .Model             see Model namespace below
+  .View              see View  namespace below
+  .Span              see Span  namespace below
+  .Mode              see Mode  namespace below
+
+
+instance.Model
+--------------------
+Model
+  ._                 text buffer. Assumes sanitized '\n', '\t', zero/multi-width chars
+  .ins               primitive insert
+  .del               primitive del
+  .last              index of last line of Model
+
+When updating buffer, call render if necessary. If you append to ._ and the new
+lines are out of view, then a render would not be necessary. While we could have
+added a setter for the model that would know to call render, this would mean that
+the Model has to be concerned with the view. The philosophy is that Model should
+be agnostic to existence of rendering.
+
+
+instance.View
+------------------
+View
+  .first             Model index of first line of viewport
+  .n                 Viewport size - number of lines (settable)
+  .set(first)        Scroll to line, keep current size
+  .set(first, n)     Scroll to line with new size
+  ._                 Visible lines array (derived: Model._.slice(first, last + 1))
+  .render(delta)     Render content only (delta = viewport size change)
+  .RENDER(delta)     Rebuild containers and render content
+  .last              Model index of last line viewport
+  .N                 Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
+
+The paradigm is to define first and size, but last is derived. An alternative
+implementation was first and last, but size is derived. The latter's API appears
+symmetrical but it was not as intuitive and the implementation uglier.
+
+
+instance.Span
+------------------
+A continuous text span from a starting and end coordinate.
+
+Span
+  .bounds(value)     returns bounds: truthy [start, end], falsey [head, tail]
+  .dir               orientation: 1 (forward), -1 (backward), 0 (cursor)
+  .mvX(value)        move horizontally : 1 right , -1 left
+  .mvY(value)        move vertically   : 1 down  , -1 up
+  .mvLn(value)       move to '\n'      : 1 end   ,  0 front
+  .mvW(value)        move by words     : 1 next  , -1 prev
+  .del()             delete text Span-wise
+  .ins(lines)        insert lines (string[]) Span-wise
+  .select()          make selection
+  .cursor()          make cursor
+  .dent(value)       indent or unindent : 1 indent, -1 unindent
+
+
+instance.Mode
+------------------
+Mode (editor.Mode)
+  .s                 Tab width
+  .i                 Edit mode: 1=write, 0=navigate, -1=read
+  .f                 Render frame counter
+  .ch                Line height in pixels
+  .cw                Character width in pixels
+  .sub               subscriptions for render callback
+  .ext               Array of registered extension names (in order)
diff --git a/docs/onboarding.md b/docs/onboarding.md
index b49bf3df..87623ff9 100644
--- a/docs/onboarding.md
+++ b/docs/onboarding.md
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
 
 ```javascript
 editor.Model._ = ["Hello, World!"];  // Array of lines
-editor.render();  // Trigger re-render after setting content
+editor.View.render();  // Trigger re-render after setting content
 ```
 
 ## Sizing
diff --git a/extensions/_template.js b/extensions/_template.js
index ea61dd4f..1472eb53 100644
--- a/extensions/_template.js
+++ b/extensions/_template.js
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ function Buffee__NAME__(editor) {
   const { sub } = editor.Mode;
 
   // === EDITOR PROPERTIES ===
-  // Available: Model, Select, View, Mode, render, $
+  // Available: Model, Select, View, Mode, $
   // Select.bounds() returns [head, tail], Select.bounds(1) returns ordered
-  const { Model, View, Mode, render, $ } = editor;
+  const { Model, View, Mode, $ } = editor;
+  const { render } = View;
   const lineHeight = Mode.ch;
   const $e = $.querySelector('.buffee-pane');
 
diff --git a/extensions/elementals.js b/extensions/elementals.js
index 781e1ed6..18795c61 100644
--- a/extensions/elementals.js
+++ b/extensions/elementals.js
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
  */
 function BuffeeElementals(editor) {
   const { sub, ch: lineHeight } = editor.Mode;
-  const { View, render, $ } = editor;
+  const { View, $ } = editor;
+  const { render } = View;
   const $elementLayer = $.querySelector('.buffee-layer-elements');
 
   let enabled = false;
diff --git a/extensions/fileloader.js b/extensions/fileloader.js
index 500b50f4..a2f4f682 100644
--- a/extensions/fileloader.js
+++ b/extensions/fileloader.js
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
  * await editor.FileLoader.streamMaterializedLoad(file);
  */
 function BuffeeFileLoader(editor) {
-  const { Model, Mode, render, $ } = editor;
+  const { Model, Mode, View, $ } = editor;
+  const { render } = View;
 
   function appendLines(newLines, skipRender = false) {
     Model._.push(...newLines);
diff --git a/extensions/history.js b/extensions/history.js
index 8c5db1cb..c113c97a 100644
--- a/extensions/history.js
+++ b/extensions/history.js
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ function BuffeeHistory(editor) {
   const Model = editor.Model;
   const add = Model.ins.bind(Model);
   const del = Model.del.bind(Model);
-  const { render } = editor;
+  const { render } = editor.View;
 
   // State
   const undoStack = [];
diff --git a/extensions/ios.js b/extensions/ios.js
index 62673bf6..57af2720 100644
--- a/extensions/ios.js
+++ b/extensions/ios.js
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ function BuffeeIOS(editor) {
     // Bounds check col to line length
     const lineLength = Model._[absRow].length;
     Span.cursor({ y: absRow, x: Math.min(col, lineLength) });
-    editor.render();
+    editor.View.render();
   }
 
   // Dispatch synthetic keydown to the editor
diff --git a/extensions/treesitter.js b/extensions/treesitter.js
index b7c8b6ef..59c9a746 100644
--- a/extensions/treesitter.js
+++ b/extensions/treesitter.js
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
  */
 function BuffeeTreeSitter(editor, { parser, query }) {
   const { sub } = editor.Mode;
-  const { View, Model, render, $ } = editor;
+  const { View, Model, $ } = editor;
+  const { render } = View;
   const $e = $.querySelector('.buffee-pane');
 
   /** @type {boolean} */
diff --git a/extensions/tui.js b/extensions/tui.js
index 1a21f8a2..f442f8fb 100644
--- a/extensions/tui.js
+++ b/extensions/tui.js
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ function BuffeeTUI(editor) {
   const Highlights = editor.Highlights;
 
   const { sub } = editor.Mode;
-  const { View, Model, render, $ } = editor;
+  const { View, Model, $ } = editor;
+  const { render } = View;
   const $textLayer = $.querySelector('.buffee-ztxt');
 
   let enabled = false;
diff --git a/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js b/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
index 743e1e69..e9f07adb 100644
--- a/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
+++ b/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
  */
 function BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor) {
   const { sub } = editor.Mode;
-  const { View, Model, Mode, render, $ } = editor;
+  const { View, Model, Mode, $ } = editor;
+  const { render } = View;
   const $e = $.querySelector('.buffee-pane');
 
   // Store original methods/getters
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 1d2e1776..21bb26a2 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
 
     fetch("assets/instructions.txt")
       .then(response => response.text())
-      .then(source => { primary.Model._ = source.split('\n'); primary.render(); })
+      .then(source => { primary.Model._ = source.split('\n'); primary.View.render(); })
       .catch(err => console.error("Error reading instructions.txt:", err));
 
     // Fetch Hacker News as plaintext
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
     }
 
     fetchHackerNewsText()
-      .then(text => { hackernews.Model._ = text.split('\n'); hackernews.render(); })
+      .then(text => { hackernews.Model._ = text.split('\n'); hackernews.View.render(); })
       .catch(err => console.error("Error fetching Hacker News:", err));
 
     // TUI Mode Demo
diff --git a/samples/_template.html b/samples/_template.html
index 3b66ccb3..ad0c5dfa 100644
--- a/samples/_template.html
+++ b/samples/_template.html
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ <h1>[Sample Name]</h1>
 
     // Set content
     editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
-    editor.render();
+    editor.View.render();
   </script>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/samples/sample-basic.html b/samples/sample-basic.html
index 3edd5a4c..d562e40a 100644
--- a/samples/sample-basic.html
+++ b/samples/sample-basic.html
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ <h1>Basic Editor</h1>
       '',
       'hello();'
     ];
-    editor.render();
+    editor.View.render();
 
     el.focus();
   </script>
diff --git a/samples/sample-conway.html b/samples/sample-conway.html
index ddf3490c..2db4e6ca 100644
--- a/samples/sample-conway.html
+++ b/samples/sample-conway.html
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ <h1>Conway's Game of Life</h1>
         lines.push(line);
       }
       editor.Model._ = lines;
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
     }
 
     function playConway() {
diff --git a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
index ad875612..a7fc794a 100644
--- a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
+++ b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
@@ -177,13 +177,13 @@ <h2>6. Gutter on right</h2>
     const elDefault = document.getElementById('editor-default');
     const edDefault = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elDefault, { h: 6 }));
     edDefault.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
-    edDefault.render();
+    edDefault.View.render();
 
     // No gutter
     const elNoGutter = document.getElementById('editor-no-gutter');
     const edNoGutter = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elNoGutter, { h: 10 }));
     edNoGutter.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
-    edNoGutter.render();
+    edNoGutter.View.render();
 
     // No status bar
     const elNoStatus = document.getElementById('editor-no-status');
@@ -191,25 +191,25 @@ <h2>6. Gutter on right</h2>
       h: 10
     });
     edNoStatus.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
-    edNoStatus.render();
+    edNoStatus.View.render();
 
     // Status line on top
     const elStatusTop = document.getElementById('editor-status-top');
     const edStatusTop = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elStatusTop, { h: 10 }));
     edStatusTop.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
-    edStatusTop.render();
+    edStatusTop.View.render();
 
     // Selection range display
     const elSelection = document.getElementById('editor-selection');
     const edSelection = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elSelection, { h: 6 }), { showSelection: true });
     edSelection.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
-    edSelection.render();
+    edSelection.View.render();
 
     // Gutter on right
     const elGutterRight = document.getElementById('editor-gutter-right');
     const edGutterRight = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elGutterRight, { h: 10 }));
     edGutterRight.Model._ = contentLines.slice();
-    edGutterRight.render();
+    edGutterRight.View.render();
   </script>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/samples/sample-history.html b/samples/sample-history.html
index 2d1b5ee9..8fabc60e 100644
--- a/samples/sample-history.html
+++ b/samples/sample-history.html
@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ <h2>With History</h2>
     const el1 = document.getElementById('editor-no-history');
     const editorNoHistory = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el1, { h: 10 }));
     editorNoHistory.Model._ = ['// No history - Cmd+Z won\'t work', '// Try typing and undoing...'];
-    editorNoHistory.render();
+    editorNoHistory.View.render();
 
     // Editor WITH history - full undo/redo support
     const el2 = document.getElementById('editor-with-history');
     const editorWithHistory = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el2, { h: 10 }));
     BuffeeHistory(editorWithHistory);  // Enable history extension
     editorWithHistory.Model._ = ['// With history - Cmd+Z works!', '// Try typing and undoing...'];
-    editorWithHistory.render();
+    editorWithHistory.View.render();
   </script>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/samples/sample-ios.html b/samples/sample-ios.html
index 66f46f2f..7defbf37 100644
--- a/samples/sample-ios.html
+++ b/samples/sample-ios.html
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ <h2>JavaScript</h2>
       '',
       'console.log(greet("iOS"));'
     ];
-    editor.render();
+    editor.View.render();
 
     el.focus();
   </script>
diff --git a/samples/sample-loader.html b/samples/sample-loader.html
index b441d8b1..4cd0b4f8 100644
--- a/samples/sample-loader.html
+++ b/samples/sample-loader.html
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ <h3>Logs:</h3>
     ))));
 
     editor.Model._ = ['Select a file to load...'];
-    editor.render();
+    editor.View.render();
     editorEl.focus();
 
     // View controls
diff --git a/samples/sample-matrix.html b/samples/sample-matrix.html
index 7d117533..bb7e08d4 100644
--- a/samples/sample-matrix.html
+++ b/samples/sample-matrix.html
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ <h1>Matrix Digital Rain</h1>
       }
 
       editor.Model._ = lines;
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
     }
 
     // Start Matrix animation
diff --git a/samples/sample-movie.html b/samples/sample-movie.html
index bd11db31..2e526d88 100644
--- a/samples/sample-movie.html
+++ b/samples/sample-movie.html
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ <h1>ASCII Movie</h1>
     const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(editorEl, { h: 13 }));
 
     editor.Model._ = ['Loading Star Wars ASCII movie...'];
-    editor.render();
+    editor.View.render();
 
     let movieData = null;
     let frames = [];
@@ -89,14 +89,14 @@ <h1>ASCII Movie</h1>
       } catch (err) {
         console.error("Error loading Star Wars movie:", err);
         editor.Model._ = ["Error loading movie. Check that sw.txt is in the assets directory."];
-        editor.render();
+        editor.View.render();
       }
     }
 
     function showFrame(frameIndex) {
       if (frames.length > 0) {
         editor.Model._ = frames[frameIndex % frames.length].split('\n');
-        editor.render();
+        editor.View.render();
         document.getElementById('frame-counter').textContent = `${frameIndex + 1} / ${frames.length}`;
         document.getElementById('frame-slider').value = frameIndex;
       }
diff --git a/samples/sample-readonly.html b/samples/sample-readonly.html
index 3e22bc88..4a699f30 100644
--- a/samples/sample-readonly.html
+++ b/samples/sample-readonly.html
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ <h2>2: Ultra High Capacity Mode </h2>
     const edTui = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elTui, { h: 10 }));
     BuffeeTUI(edTui);
     edTui.Model._ = content.split('\n');
-    edTui.render();
+    edTui.View.render();
     edTui.TUI.enabled = true;
 
     // Option 2: Ultra High Capacity mode (for large files)
diff --git a/samples/sample-sizing.html b/samples/sample-sizing.html
index 212b288e..f24fb170 100644
--- a/samples/sample-sizing.html
+++ b/samples/sample-sizing.html
@@ -198,56 +198,56 @@ <h2>8. Auto-h, fixed-w (contain: inline-size)</h2>
     const edAutoBoth = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elAutoBoth));
     edAutoBoth.Model._ = [ruler(120), '// Auto-h and auto-w', '// Drag corner to resize'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
-    edAutoBoth.render();
+    edAutoBoth.View.render();
 
     // 2. Fixed-h, auto-w
     const elFixedRowsAutoCols = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-auto-cols');
     const edFixedRowsAutoCols = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsAutoCols, { h: 8 }));
     edFixedRowsAutoCols.Model._ = [ruler(120), '// Fixed 8 rows, auto-w', 'Line 3'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
-    edFixedRowsAutoCols.render();
+    edFixedRowsAutoCols.View.render();
 
     // 3. h smaller than container
     const elFixedRowsLarge = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-large-container');
     const edFixedRowsLarge = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsLarge, { h: 5 }));
     edFixedRowsLarge.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// h: 5 overrides container height'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 10}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 3}`));
-    edFixedRowsLarge.render();
+    edFixedRowsLarge.View.render();
 
     // 4. h larger than container
     const elFixedRowsOverflow = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-overflow');
     const edFixedRowsOverflow = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsOverflow, { h: 20 }));
     edFixedRowsOverflow.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// h: 20 exceeds container height'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 25}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 3}`));
-    edFixedRowsOverflow.render();
+    edFixedRowsOverflow.View.render();
 
     // 5. h larger than container (scrollable)
     const elFixedRowsScroll = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-rows-scroll');
     const edFixedRowsScroll = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedRowsScroll, { h: 20 }));
     edFixedRowsScroll.Model._ = [ruler(80), '// h: 20 exceeds container height', '// Scroll to see more'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 25}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
-    edFixedRowsScroll.render();
+    edFixedRowsScroll.View.render();
 
     // 6. Auto-h, fixed-w (status bar stretches)
     const elFixedCols = document.getElementById('editor-fixed-cols');
     const edFixedCols = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFixedCols, { w: 40 }));
     edFixedCols.Model._ = [ruler(40), '// Fixed 55 cols', '// Status bar stretches'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
-    edFixedCols.render();
+    edFixedCols.View.render();
 
     // 7. Auto-h, fixed-w (fit-content)
     const elFitContent = document.getElementById('editor-fit-content');
     const edFitContent = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elFitContent, { w: 40 }));
     edFitContent.Model._ = [ruler(55), '// Fixed 55 cols', '// width: fit-content'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
-    edFitContent.render();
+    edFitContent.View.render();
 
     // 8. Auto-h, fixed-w (contain: inline-size)
     const elContain = document.getElementById('editor-contain');
     const edContain = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(elContain, { w: 20 }));
     edContain.Model._ = [ruler(20), '// Fixed 20 cols', '// contain: inline-size'].concat(
       Array.from({length: 20}, (_, i) => `Line ${i + 4}`));
-    edContain.render();
+    edContain.View.render();
 
   </script>
 </body>
diff --git a/samples/sample-syntax.html b/samples/sample-syntax.html
index b9932b87..6876dfd4 100644
--- a/samples/sample-syntax.html
+++ b/samples/sample-syntax.html
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ <h1>Hello World</h1>
 
     // Load initial sample
     editor.Model._ = samples.javascript.split('\n');
-    editor.render();
+    editor.View.render();
 
     // Language switcher
     langSelect.addEventListener('change', () => {
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ <h1>Hello World</h1>
       editor.Syntax.setLanguage(lang);
       editor.Syntax.clearCache();
       editor.Model._ = samples[lang].split('\n');
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
       updateStateDisplay();
     });
 
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ <h1>Hello World</h1>
     const syntaxCheckbox = document.getElementById('syntax-checkbox');
     syntaxCheckbox.addEventListener('change', () => {
       editor.Syntax.enabled = syntaxCheckbox.checked;
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
     });
 
     // File loader
diff --git a/samples/sample-undotree.html b/samples/sample-undotree.html
index 8b8f9f9a..920a7446 100644
--- a/samples/sample-undotree.html
+++ b/samples/sample-undotree.html
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ <h2>History Tree</h2>
     btnClear.onclick = () => {
       editor.UndoTree.clear();
       editor.Model._ = [''];
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
       updateTree();
     };
 
diff --git a/test/lib/test-extensions.js b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
index 3d294cc0..5ebd8e4e 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-extensions.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-extensions.js
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
                 editor.Syntax.enabled = true;
                 editor.Model._ = ['const x = 42;'];
-                editor.render();
+                editor.View.render();
 
                 const { tokens } = editor.Syntax.tokenizeLine('const x = 42;', 0);
                 assertTrue(tokens.length > 0, 'Should have tokens');
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 BuffeeSyntax(editor);
                 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
                 editor.Model._ = ['/* start', 'middle', 'end */'];
-                editor.render();
+                editor.View.render();
 
                 // First line starts comment
                 const result1 = editor.Syntax.tokenizeLine('/* start', 0);
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
                 editor.Syntax.enabled = true;
                 editor.Model._ = ['line1', 'line2', 'line3'];
-                editor.render();
+                editor.View.render();
 
                 // Force state cache population
                 editor.Syntax.ensureStateCache(2);
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 editor.Syntax.enabled = true;
                 // Create 10 lines to fill viewport
                 editor.Model._ = ['const a = 1;', 'const b = 2;', 'const c = 3;', 'const d = 4;', 'const e = 5;', 'const f = 6;', 'const g = 7;', 'const h = 8;', 'const i = 9;', 'const j = 10;'];
-                editor.render();
+                editor.View.render();
 
                 // Check that highlighting was applied to lines in viewport
                 const $textLayer = editor.$.querySelector('.buffee-ztxt');
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
 
                 // Set initial multiline content
                 editor.Model._ = ['/* comment', 'still comment', 'end */'];
-                editor.render();
+                editor.View.render();
                 editor.Syntax.ensureStateCache(3);
                 assertTrue(editor.Syntax.stateCache.length >= 3, 'Cache should be populated');
 
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 editor.Model._ = ['', '', '', '', '', ''];
                 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 2, col: 5, label: 'Test' });
                 editor.Elementals.enabled = true;
-                editor.render();
+                editor.View.render();
 
                 // Element should be visible (not display:none) and positioned
                 const el = editor.Elementals.elements[0];
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
                 editor.Model._ = ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'];
                 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 5, col: 0, label: 'Mid' });
                 editor.TUI.enabled = true;
-                editor.render();
+                editor.View.render();
 
                 // Element at row 5 should be in viewport (0-9 visible)
                 // If viewport.size was used instead of viewport.n, this would fail
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ function defineExtensionTests() {
 
                 // Set text with 5 lines
                 editor.Model._ = ['line1', 'line2', 'line3', 'line4', 'line5'];
-                editor.render();
+                editor.View.render();
 
                 // Should show correct line count
                 assertTrue($lineCounter.textContent.includes('5'),
diff --git a/test/lib/test-ui.js b/test/lib/test-ui.js
index e67f5036..f069b9f2 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-ui.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-ui.js
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
         function setEditorContent(text) {
             if (dslEditor) {
                 dslEditor.Model._ = text.split('\n');
-                dslEditor.render();
+                dslEditor.View.render();
             }
         }
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
                 if (jsOutputEditor) {
                     jsOutputEditor.Syntax.clearCache();
                     jsOutputEditor.Model._ = jsOutput.split('\n');
-                    jsOutputEditor.render();
+                    jsOutputEditor.View.render();
                 }
                 const outputEl = document.getElementById('js-output');
                 outputEl.dataset.plainJs = jsOutput; // Store plain JavaScript for eval
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@
                 lastCompileErrors = [];
                 if (jsOutputEditor) {
                     jsOutputEditor.Model._ = [`Error: ${error.message}`];
-                    jsOutputEditor.render();
+                    jsOutputEditor.View.render();
                 }
                 delete outputEl.dataset.plainJs;
                 outputEl.classList.remove('has-errors');
diff --git a/test/specs/spec-features.dsl b/test/specs/spec-features.dsl
index 04c2a243..5559092f 100644
--- a/test/specs/spec-features.dsl
+++ b/test/specs/spec-features.dsl
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ expect(gutterWidthPx()).toBeCloseTo(initialWidth);
 ### Gutter based on viewport position, not total lines
 // Add 15 lines (more than viewport of 10)
 fixture.editor.Model._ = ["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13","14","15"];
-fixture.editor.render();
+fixture.editor.View.render();
 const $gutter = fixture.node.querySelector(".buffee-rail");
 // Using tolerance because computed style can differ slightly from actual
 const gutterWidthPx = () => parseFloat(getComputedStyle($gutter).width);
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ expect(gutterWidthPx()).toBeCloseTo(initialWidth);
 ### Gutter grows from 2 to 3 digits when line 100 is visible
 // Create 100 lines
 fixture.editor.Model._ = Array(100).fill("x");
-fixture.editor.render();
+fixture.editor.View.render();
 const $gutter = fixture.node.querySelector(".buffee-rail");
 // Using tolerance because computed style can differ slightly from actual
 const gutterWidthPx = () => parseFloat(getComputedStyle($gutter).width);
diff --git a/web/extensions-profile.html b/web/extensions-profile.html
index 5672100e..3a954968 100644
--- a/web/extensions-profile.html
+++ b/web/extensions-profile.html
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ <h2 class="text-white text-lg">UltraHighCapacity</h2>
       // Generate test content
       const testCode = generateCode(1000);
       editor.Model._ = testCode.split('\n');
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
 
       const testLine = 'const greeting = "Hello, World!"; // This is a comment';
 
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ <h2 class="text-white text-lg">UltraHighCapacity</h2>
       editor.TUI.enabled = true;
       start = performance.now();
       for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
-        editor.render();
+        editor.View.render();
       }
       setMetric('tui-render', (performance.now() - start) / iterations, { fast: 1, medium: 5 });
 
diff --git a/web/extensions.html b/web/extensions.html
index 4b1c3078..364082f0 100644
--- a/web/extensions.html
+++ b/web/extensions.html
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ <h2>Sanitize</h2>
 
 // Use sanitization utilities when setting Model._ directly
 editor.Model._ = editor.Sanitize.lines(["a\tb", "c\td"])
-editor.render()
+editor.View.render()
 
 // Manual sanitization utilities
 editor.Sanitize.line("hello\tworld")   // "hello    world"
diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index 8d246a89..3e073660 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ <h2>4. Initialize</h2>
   Instantiate Buffee which binds to the HTML element.
   <pre>const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'))
 editor.Model._ = ["Hello, World!"]
-editor._.render(true);
+editor.View.render();
 </pre>
   <h2>5. Auto-fit View</h2>
   <p>By default (when <code>h</code> is omitted), the editor auto-fits to its container height. To disable auto-fit, specify <code>h</code>:</p>
diff --git a/web/navigation.html b/web/navigation.html
index e87e9a61..11721539 100644
--- a/web/navigation.html
+++ b/web/navigation.html
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <a href="/buffee/">home</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/getting-started.html">getting started</a> |
-<a href="/buffee/docs/api.md">api</a> |
+<a href="/buffee/docs/api.txt">api</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/samples/">kitchen sink</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/extensions.html">extensions</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/themes.html">themes</a> |
diff --git a/web/themes.html b/web/themes.html
index a1d6a218..d07182f1 100644
--- a/web/themes.html
+++ b/web/themes.html
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ <h2>Boring</h2>
       const el = document.getElementById('ed-' + name);
       const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el));
       editor.Model._ = sampleLines.slice();
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
     });
   </script>
 </body>
diff --git a/web/wrappers.html b/web/wrappers.html
index 55caa9dc..84a51e4d 100644
--- a/web/wrappers.html
+++ b/web/wrappers.html
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ <h2>React</h2>
   useEffect(() => {
     if (editorRef.current) {
       editorRef.current.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
-      editorRef.current.render();
+      editorRef.current.View.render();
     }
   }, []);
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ <h2>Svelte</h2>
   function handleReady(e) {
     editor = e.detail;
     editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
-    editor.render();
+    editor.View.render();
   }
 &lt;/script&gt;
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ <h2>Vue</h2>
 
 function handleReady(editor) {
   editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
-  editor.render();
+  editor.View.render();
 }
 &lt;/script&gt;
 
diff --git a/wrappers/react.jsx b/wrappers/react.jsx
index 6f9cf348..53c30216 100644
--- a/wrappers/react.jsx
+++ b/wrappers/react.jsx
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
  *   useEffect(() => {
  *     if (editorRef.current) {
  *       editorRef.current.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
- *       editorRef.current.render();
+ *       editorRef.current.View.render();
  *     }
  *   }, []);
  *
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
 
     if (initialText) {
       editor.Model._ = initialText.split('\n');
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
     }
 
     if (onReady) {
diff --git a/wrappers/svelte.svelte b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
index ee227a87..e62f31c3 100644
--- a/wrappers/svelte.svelte
+++ b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     function handleReady(e) {
       editor = e.detail;
       editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
     }
   </script>
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 
     if (initialText) {
       editor.Model._ = initialText.split('\n');
-      editor.render();
+      editor.View.render();
     }
 
     dispatch('ready', editor);
diff --git a/wrappers/vue.js b/wrappers/vue.js
index 58877ac5..1a3ea868 100644
--- a/wrappers/vue.js
+++ b/wrappers/vue.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
  *
  * function handleReady(editor) {
  *   editor.Model._ = ['Hello, World!'];
- *   editor.render();
+ *   editor.View.render();
  * }
  * </script>
  *
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
 
       if (props.initialText) {
         editor.value.Model._ = props.initialText.split('\n');
-        editor.value.render();
+        editor.value.View.render();
       }
 
       emit('ready', editor.value);

From ef9ff9ba8a573b0e148378fafa0a4f0a03df59ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:19:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 09/50] web: add Sanitize extension example, rename Kitchen
 Sink to Examples

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md              |  2 +-
 samples/index.html           |  7 +--
 samples/sample-sanitize.html | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 web/extensions.html          |  1 +
 web/navigation.html          |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 samples/sample-sanitize.html

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 43384fbe..c84635ef 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 web - github pages related stuff
 test - test related stuff 
 assets - for github pages assets 
-samples - kitchen sink samples
+samples - examples
 theme - css themess 
 wrappers - Component wrappers in JavaScript UI frameworks
 resources - test files, mostly for load testing 
diff --git a/samples/index.html b/samples/index.html
index 39a81969..acdd3eec 100644
--- a/samples/index.html
+++ b/samples/index.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
-  <title>buffee - Kitchen Sink</title>
+  <title>buffee - Examples</title>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
 </head>
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
       .then(r => r.text())
       .then(html => document.getElementById('nav').innerHTML = html);
   </script>
-  <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / Kitchen Sink</p>
+  <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / Examples</p>
 
-  <h1>Kitchen Sink</h1>
+  <h1>Examples</h1>
 
   <h2>Core</h2>
   <ul>
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ <h2>Extensions</h2>
     <li><a href="sample-loader.html">sample-loader</a> - Load files with millions/billions of lines</li>
     <li><a href="sample-readonly.html">sample-readonly</a> - Read-only mode (TUI and UHC)</li>
     <li><a href="sample-ios.html">sample-ios</a> - iOS touch and keyboard support</li>
+    <li><a href="sample-sanitize.html">sample-sanitize</a> - Tab and Unicode sanitization</li>
   </ul>
 
   <h2>Fun Examples</h2>
diff --git a/samples/sample-sanitize.html b/samples/sample-sanitize.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f768d00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/sample-sanitize.html
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  <title>buffee - Sanitize Extension</title>
+  <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
+  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../extensions/sanitize.js"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
+</head>
+<body class="sample">
+  <nav id="nav"></nav>
+  <script>
+    fetch('../web/navigation.html')
+      .then(r => r.text())
+      .then(html => document.getElementById('nav').innerHTML = html);
+  </script>
+  <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / <a href="index.html">samples</a> / Sanitize Extension</p>
+
+  <h1>Sanitize Extension</h1>
+  <p>Automatically converts tabs to spaces and normalizes problematic Unicode characters.</p>
+  <p><code>BuffeeSanitize(new Buffee(el, {}))</code></p>
+
+  <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor">
+    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
+    <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
+      <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
+      <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
+        <div class="buffee-zsel"></div>
+        <blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote>
+        <div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div>
+        <div class="buffee-caret"></div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="buffee-status">
+      <div class="buffee-status-left"><span class="buffee-linecount"></span></div>
+      <div class="buffee-status-right">
+        Ln <span class="buffee-head-row"></span>, Col <span class="buffee-head-col"></span>
+        <span class="buffee-status-divider">|</span>
+        <span class="buffee-spaces"></span>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <h2>Demo</h2>
+  <p>The content below was loaded with tabs and Unicode spaces. Sanitize converted them:</p>
+  <ul>
+    <li>Tabs (<code>\t</code>) become 4 spaces</li>
+    <li>Em spaces, en spaces become regular spaces</li>
+    <li>Zero-width characters are removed</li>
+  </ul>
+  <p>Try pasting text with tabs - they'll be converted automatically.</p>
+
+  <h2>Manual Sanitization</h2>
+  <p>When setting <code>Model._</code> directly, use the Sanitize utilities:</p>
+  <pre>editor.Model._ = editor.Sanitize.lines(["a\tb", "c\td"]);
+editor.View.render();</pre>
+
+  <script>
+    const el = document.getElementById('editor');
+    const editor = BuffeeSanitize(BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { h: 12 })));
+
+    // Content with tabs and special Unicode
+    // Using Sanitize.lines() to clean before setting Model._
+    const rawLines = [
+      '// Text with tabs and Unicode spaces',
+      '',
+      'function example() {',
+      '\tconst a = 1;\t// tab-indented',
+      '\tconst b = 2;\t// another tab',
+      '}',
+      '',
+      '// Em space:\u2003between words',
+      '// En space:\u2002between words',
+      '// After sanitization, all use regular spaces'
+    ];
+
+    editor.Model._ = editor.Sanitize.lines(rawLines);
+    editor.View.render();
+
+    el.focus();
+  </script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/web/extensions.html b/web/extensions.html
index 364082f0..95fbf952 100644
--- a/web/extensions.html
+++ b/web/extensions.html
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ <h2>Sanitize</h2>
 editor.Sanitize.text("a\tb\nc\td")     // sanitize multi-line string
 editor.Sanitize.lines(["a\tb", "c\td"]) // sanitize array of lines</pre>
   <p><strong>Why opt-in?</strong> Buffee's core is minimal. Automatic sanitization adds overhead and may not suit all use cases. Some applications may want to handle tabs differently, preserve certain Unicode, or sanitize upstream.</p>
+  <p><a href="../samples/sample-sanitize.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <hr>
 
diff --git a/web/navigation.html b/web/navigation.html
index 11721539..efc860b6 100644
--- a/web/navigation.html
+++ b/web/navigation.html
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <a href="/buffee/">home</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/getting-started.html">getting started</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/docs/api.txt">api</a> |
-<a href="/buffee/samples/">kitchen sink</a> |
+<a href="/buffee/samples/">examples</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/extensions.html">extensions</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/themes.html">themes</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/wrappers.html">wrappers</a> |

From a4dc8f44396c38e5c06fe3be672aa079dee279ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:21:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 10/50] web: update wrappers to use h/w/s props, add API
 Changes section to CLAUDE.md

---
 CLAUDE.md              | 10 ++++++++++
 web/wrappers.html      | 12 ++++++------
 wrappers/react.jsx     | 18 +++++++++---------
 wrappers/svelte.svelte | 10 +++++-----
 4 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 7fb40382..967b1c89 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -28,6 +28,16 @@ See `web/template.html` for the required HTML structure. Missing any element wil
 - `samples/*.html` (all sample files)
 - `web/themes.html`
 
+## API Changes
+
+**When changing the Buffee API (config options, method names, namespaces), also update:**
+- `wrappers/react.jsx` - React component props and config
+- `wrappers/svelte.svelte` - Svelte component props and config
+- `wrappers/vue.js` - Vue component props and config
+- `docs/api.txt` - API reference
+- `web/getting-started.html` - Usage examples
+- `web/wrappers.html` - Wrapper documentation
+
 ## Cursor Model (Vim-style)
 
 - **Cursor sits ON a character**, not between characters
diff --git a/web/wrappers.html b/web/wrappers.html
index 84a51e4d..71ac3cf1 100644
--- a/web/wrappers.html
+++ b/web/wrappers.html
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ <h2>React</h2>
     }
   }, []);
 
-  return &lt;BuffeeEditor ref={editorRef} rows={10} theme="eva" /&gt;;
+  return &lt;BuffeeEditor ref={editorRef} h={10} theme="eva" /&gt;;
 }</pre>
 
   <h2>Svelte</h2>
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ <h2>Svelte</h2>
   }
 &lt;/script&gt;
 
-&lt;BuffeeEditor rows={10} theme="eva" on:ready={handleReady} /&gt;</pre>
+&lt;BuffeeEditor h={10} theme="eva" on:ready={handleReady} /&gt;</pre>
 
   <h2>Vue</h2>
   <p><a href="https://github.com/varrockbank/buffee/blob/main/wrappers/vue.js"><code>wrappers/vue.js</code></a></p>
@@ -60,16 +60,16 @@ <h2>Vue</h2>
 &lt;/script&gt;
 
 &lt;template&gt;
-  &lt;BuffeeEditor :rows="10" theme="eva" @ready="handleReady" /&gt;
+  &lt;BuffeeEditor :h="10" theme="eva" @ready="handleReady" /&gt;
 &lt;/template&gt;</pre>
 
   <hr>
 
   <h2>Props</h2>
   <p>All wrappers support these props:</p>
-  <pre>rows         Number   Fixed number of visible lines
-cols         Number   Fixed number of text columns
-spaces       Number   Spaces per tab (default: 4)
+  <pre>h            Number   Fixed number of visible lines
+w            Number   Fixed number of text columns
+s            Number   Spaces per tab (default: 4)
 theme        String   Theme name (e.g., 'eva', 'nord', 'gruv')
 showGutter   Boolean  Show line numbers (default: true)
 gutterRight  Boolean  Position gutter on right side (default: false)
diff --git a/wrappers/react.jsx b/wrappers/react.jsx
index 53c30216..bc1025f7 100644
--- a/wrappers/react.jsx
+++ b/wrappers/react.jsx
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  *     }
  *   }, []);
  *
- *   return <BuffeeEditor ref={editorRef} rows={10} theme="eva" />;
+ *   return <BuffeeEditor ref={editorRef} h={10} theme="eva" />;
  * }
  */
 
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ import React, { useRef, useEffect, useImperativeHandle, forwardRef } from 'react
 /**
  * React component wrapper for Buffee editor.
  * @param {Object} props
- * @param {number} [props.rows] - Fixed number of visible lines
- * @param {number} [props.cols] - Fixed number of text columns
- * @param {number} [props.spaces=4] - Spaces per tab
+ * @param {number} [props.h] - Fixed number of visible lines
+ * @param {number} [props.w] - Fixed number of text columns
+ * @param {number} [props.s=4] - Spaces per tab
  * @param {string} [props.theme] - Theme name (e.g., 'eva', 'nord', 'gruv')
  * @param {string} [props.className] - Additional CSS classes
  * @param {boolean} [props.showGutter=true] - Show line numbers
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ import React, { useRef, useEffect, useImperativeHandle, forwardRef } from 'react
  */
 const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
   const {
-    rows,
-    cols,
-    spaces = 4,
+    h,
+    w,
+    s = 4,
     theme,
     className = '',
     showGutter = true,
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
     if (!containerRef.current || typeof Buffee === 'undefined') return;
 
     const el = containerRef.current;
-    const config = { rows, cols, spaces };
+    const config = { h, w, s };
 
     let editor = new Buffee(el, config);
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
       }
       editorRef.current = null;
     };
-  }, [rows, cols, spaces]);
+  }, [h, w, s]);
 
   const themeClass = theme ? `buffee-themepack1-${theme}` : '';
 
diff --git a/wrappers/svelte.svelte b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
index e62f31c3..a2466f5d 100644
--- a/wrappers/svelte.svelte
+++ b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
     }
   </script>
 
-  <BuffeeEditor rows={10} theme="eva" on:ready={handleReady} />
+  <BuffeeEditor h={10} theme="eva" on:ready={handleReady} />
 -->
 
 <script>
@@ -21,17 +21,17 @@
   /**
    * @type {number} Fixed number of visible lines
    */
-  export let rows = undefined;
+  export let h = undefined;
 
   /**
    * @type {number} Fixed number of text columns
    */
-  export let cols = undefined;
+  export let w = undefined;
 
   /**
    * @type {number} Spaces per tab
    */
-  export let spaces = 4;
+  export let s = 4;
 
   /**
    * @type {string} Theme name (e.g., 'eva', 'nord', 'gruv')
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
   onMount(() => {
     if (!container || typeof Buffee === 'undefined') return;
 
-    const config = { rows, cols, spaces };
+    const config = { h, w, s };
 
     editor = new Buffee(container, config);
 

From d93aecfe68c67317621786d51a8857764f28fd1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:22:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 11/50] docs: add changelog entry for wrapper updates, update
 CLAUDE.md

---
 CLAUDE.md         | 1 +
 dev/changelog.txt | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 967b1c89..68e6e59b 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ See `web/template.html` for the required HTML structure. Missing any element wil
 - `docs/api.txt` - API reference
 - `web/getting-started.html` - Usage examples
 - `web/wrappers.html` - Wrapper documentation
+- `dev/changelog.txt` - Add entry for wrapper updates
 
 ## Cursor Model (Vim-style)
 
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index b0285517..e58a1113 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 ** 15.6.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2587 / 2.53 KB (-1), br: 2387 / 2.33 KB (+2), min: 5801 / 5.67 KB (-6)
 - api: move render/RENDER to View namespace (editor.View.render(), editor.View.RENDER())
 - docs: convert api.md to api.txt (ASCII plaintext format)
+- wrappers: update React/Svelte/Vue to use h/w/s props (matches core API)
 
 ** 15.5.1-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2588 / 2.53 KB (+3), br: 2385 / 2.33 KB (-3), min: 5807 / 5.67 KB (0)
 - perf: optimize hotpath, isolate regex for move word until they are needed

From eb4d4b61806448c64e7f268bd40aff0310911c8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:23:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 12/50] docs: add theme and dependency commentary to wrappers

---
 wrappers/react.jsx     | 9 +++++++++
 wrappers/svelte.svelte | 9 +++++++++
 wrappers/vue.js        | 9 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 27 insertions(+)

diff --git a/wrappers/react.jsx b/wrappers/react.jsx
index bc1025f7..15b69fd6 100644
--- a/wrappers/react.jsx
+++ b/wrappers/react.jsx
@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview React wrapper for Buffee editor
+ *
+ * Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
+ * Optional: Include extensions (e.g., statusline.js) and theme CSS.
+ *
+ * Themes: The `theme` prop adds a CSS class (e.g., `buffee-themepack1-eva`).
+ * You must load the theme CSS separately:
+ *   <link rel="stylesheet" href="themes/theme-eva.css">
+ *   // or: import 'buffee/themes/theme-eva.css';
+ *
  * @example
  * import { BuffeeEditor } from './react.jsx';
  *
diff --git a/wrappers/svelte.svelte b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
index a2466f5d..d14003be 100644
--- a/wrappers/svelte.svelte
+++ b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 <!--
   @fileoverview Svelte wrapper for Buffee editor
+
+  Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
+  Optional: Include extensions (e.g., statusline.js) and theme CSS.
+
+  Themes: The `theme` prop adds a CSS class (e.g., `buffee-themepack1-eva`).
+  You must load the theme CSS separately:
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="themes/theme-eva.css">
+    // or: import 'buffee/themes/theme-eva.css';
+
   @example
   <script>
     import BuffeeEditor from './svelte.svelte';
diff --git a/wrappers/vue.js b/wrappers/vue.js
index 1a3ea868..a48e307d 100644
--- a/wrappers/vue.js
+++ b/wrappers/vue.js
@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview Vue 3 wrapper for Buffee editor
+ *
+ * Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
+ * Optional: Include extensions (e.g., statusline.js) and theme CSS.
+ *
+ * Themes: The `theme` prop adds a CSS class (e.g., `buffee-themepack1-eva`).
+ * You must load the theme CSS separately:
+ *   <link rel="stylesheet" href="themes/theme-eva.css">
+ *   // or: import 'buffee/themes/theme-eva.css';
+ *
  * @example
  * <script setup>
  * import BuffeeEditor from './vue.js';

From 69f8b79b7b77d6ff3b52b3d3a2571cc6d1f01e44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:25:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 13/50] api: wrappers accept lines array instead of initialText
 string

---
 web/wrappers.html      | 18 +++++++++---------
 wrappers/react.jsx     |  8 ++++----
 wrappers/svelte.svelte |  8 ++++----
 wrappers/vue.js        |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/wrappers.html b/web/wrappers.html
index 71ac3cf1..1a4e3a3e 100644
--- a/web/wrappers.html
+++ b/web/wrappers.html
@@ -67,15 +67,15 @@ <h2>Vue</h2>
 
   <h2>Props</h2>
   <p>All wrappers support these props:</p>
-  <pre>h            Number   Fixed number of visible lines
-w            Number   Fixed number of text columns
-s            Number   Spaces per tab (default: 4)
-theme        String   Theme name (e.g., 'eva', 'nord', 'gruv')
-showGutter   Boolean  Show line numbers (default: true)
-gutterRight  Boolean  Position gutter on right side (default: false)
-showStatus   Boolean  Show status bar (default: true)
-statusTop    Boolean  Position status bar at top (default: false)
-initialText  String   Initial editor content</pre>
+  <pre>h            Number    Fixed number of visible lines
+w            Number    Fixed number of text columns
+s            Number    Spaces per tab (default: 4)
+theme        String    Theme name (e.g., 'eva', 'nord', 'gruv')
+showGutter   Boolean   Show line numbers (default: true)
+gutterRight  Boolean   Position gutter on right side (default: false)
+showStatus   Boolean   Show status bar (default: true)
+statusTop    Boolean   Position status bar at top (default: false)
+lines        String[]  Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized)</pre>
 
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/wrappers/react.jsx b/wrappers/react.jsx
index 15b69fd6..ea4e97a0 100644
--- a/wrappers/react.jsx
+++ b/wrappers/react.jsx
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import React, { useRef, useEffect, useImperativeHandle, forwardRef } from 'react
  * @param {string} [props.className] - Additional CSS classes
  * @param {boolean} [props.showGutter=true] - Show line numbers
  * @param {boolean} [props.showStatus=true] - Show status bar
- * @param {string} [props.initialText] - Initial editor content
+ * @param {string[]} [props.lines] - Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized)
  * @param {Function} [props.onReady] - Callback when editor is initialized
  */
 const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
     gutterRight = false,
     showStatus = true,
     statusTop = false,
-    initialText = '',
+    lines,
     onReady
   } = props;
 
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
     }
     editorRef.current = editor;
 
-    if (initialText) {
-      editor.Model._ = initialText.split('\n');
+    if (lines) {
+      editor.Model._ = lines;
       editor.View.render();
     }
 
diff --git a/wrappers/svelte.svelte b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
index d14003be..468c060c 100644
--- a/wrappers/svelte.svelte
+++ b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@
   export let statusTop = false;
 
   /**
-   * @type {string} Initial editor content
+   * @type {string[]} Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized)
    */
-  export let initialText = '';
+  export let lines = undefined;
 
   /**
    * @type {string} Additional CSS classes
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@
       editor = BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
     }
 
-    if (initialText) {
-      editor.Model._ = initialText.split('\n');
+    if (lines) {
+      editor.Model._ = lines;
       editor.View.render();
     }
 
diff --git a/wrappers/vue.js b/wrappers/vue.js
index a48e307d..9c124f31 100644
--- a/wrappers/vue.js
+++ b/wrappers/vue.js
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
     showStatus: { type: Boolean, default: true },
     /** Position status bar at top */
     statusTop: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-    /** Initial editor content */
-    initialText: { type: String, default: '' }
+    /** Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized) */
+    lines: { type: Array, default: undefined }
   },
 
   emits: ['ready'],
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
 
       editor.value = ed;
 
-      if (props.initialText) {
-        editor.value.Model._ = props.initialText.split('\n');
+      if (props.lines) {
+        editor.value.Model._ = props.lines;
         editor.value.View.render();
       }
 

From b3403cdb6a9ca22a990ba5a33d627b04b1214d71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:27:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 14/50] docs: add version 1.1.0 to wrappers

---
 wrappers/react.jsx     | 1 +
 wrappers/svelte.svelte | 1 +
 wrappers/vue.js        | 1 +
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/wrappers/react.jsx b/wrappers/react.jsx
index ea4e97a0..b5612ea6 100644
--- a/wrappers/react.jsx
+++ b/wrappers/react.jsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview React wrapper for Buffee editor
+ * @version 1.1.0
  *
  * Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
  * Optional: Include extensions (e.g., statusline.js) and theme CSS.
diff --git a/wrappers/svelte.svelte b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
index 468c060c..13b3d19e 100644
--- a/wrappers/svelte.svelte
+++ b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 <!--
   @fileoverview Svelte wrapper for Buffee editor
+  @version 1.1.0
 
   Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
   Optional: Include extensions (e.g., statusline.js) and theme CSS.
diff --git a/wrappers/vue.js b/wrappers/vue.js
index 9c124f31..d8a93483 100644
--- a/wrappers/vue.js
+++ b/wrappers/vue.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview Vue 3 wrapper for Buffee editor
+ * @version 1.1.0
  *
  * Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
  * Optional: Include extensions (e.g., statusline.js) and theme CSS.

From 2d761fca755534ffbc17a3c8132859ad9914a80e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:30:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 15/50] feat(wrappers): add extensions prop to apply extensions
 via array

---
 web/wrappers.html      | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 wrappers/react.jsx     | 20 ++++++++++++++----
 wrappers/svelte.svelte | 23 +++++++++++++++++----
 wrappers/vue.js        | 22 +++++++++++++++-----
 4 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/wrappers.html b/web/wrappers.html
index 1a4e3a3e..cea0b8b4 100644
--- a/web/wrappers.html
+++ b/web/wrappers.html
@@ -67,15 +67,43 @@ <h2>Vue</h2>
 
   <h2>Props</h2>
   <p>All wrappers support these props:</p>
-  <pre>h            Number    Fixed number of visible lines
-w            Number    Fixed number of text columns
-s            Number    Spaces per tab (default: 4)
-theme        String    Theme name (e.g., 'eva', 'nord', 'gruv')
-showGutter   Boolean   Show line numbers (default: true)
-gutterRight  Boolean   Position gutter on right side (default: false)
-showStatus   Boolean   Show status bar (default: true)
-statusTop    Boolean   Position status bar at top (default: false)
-lines        String[]  Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized)</pre>
+  <pre>h            Number      Fixed number of visible lines
+w            Number      Fixed number of text columns
+s            Number      Spaces per tab (default: 4)
+theme        String      Theme name (e.g., 'eva', 'nord', 'gruv')
+showGutter   Boolean     Show line numbers (default: true)
+gutterRight  Boolean     Position gutter on right side (default: false)
+showStatus   Boolean     Show status bar (default: true)
+statusTop    Boolean     Position status bar at top (default: false)
+lines        String[]    Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized)
+extensions   Function[]  Array of extension functions to apply</pre>
+
+  <hr>
+
+  <h2>Extensions</h2>
+  <p>Pass extensions via the <code>extensions</code> prop. Extensions are applied in order.</p>
+  <p>Import extensions or load them globally via script tags:</p>
+
+  <h3>ES Modules</h3>
+  <pre>import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/extensions/history.js';
+import BuffeeSyntax from 'buffee/extensions/syntax.js';
+
+&lt;BuffeeEditor extensions={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} /&gt;</pre>
+
+  <h3>Script Tags</h3>
+  <pre>&lt;script src="buffee/extensions/history.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
+&lt;script src="buffee/extensions/syntax.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
+
+&lt;BuffeeEditor extensions={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} /&gt;</pre>
+
+  <h3>Accessing Extension APIs</h3>
+  <p>Use the <code>onReady</code> callback to access extension APIs:</p>
+  <pre>function handleReady(editor) {
+  editor.History.undo();
+  editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
+}</pre>
+
+  <p><strong>Note:</strong> <code>BuffeeStatusLine</code> is applied automatically when <code>showStatus</code> is true. You don't need to include it in the extensions array.</p>
 
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/wrappers/react.jsx b/wrappers/react.jsx
index b5612ea6..836a169a 100644
--- a/wrappers/react.jsx
+++ b/wrappers/react.jsx
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview React wrapper for Buffee editor
- * @version 1.1.0
+ * @version 1.2.0
  *
  * Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
- * Optional: Include extensions (e.g., statusline.js) and theme CSS.
+ * Optional: Include extensions and theme CSS.
+ *
+ * Extensions: Pass an array of extension functions via the `extensions` prop.
+ * Extensions are applied in order. Import or load them globally first:
+ *   import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/extensions/history.js';
+ *   <BuffeeEditor extensions={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} />
  *
  * Themes: The `theme` prop adds a CSS class (e.g., `buffee-themepack1-eva`).
  * You must load the theme CSS separately:
@@ -40,6 +45,7 @@ import React, { useRef, useEffect, useImperativeHandle, forwardRef } from 'react
  * @param {boolean} [props.showGutter=true] - Show line numbers
  * @param {boolean} [props.showStatus=true] - Show status bar
  * @param {string[]} [props.lines] - Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized)
+ * @param {Function[]} [props.extensions] - Array of extension functions to apply
  * @param {Function} [props.onReady] - Callback when editor is initialized
  */
 const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
@@ -54,6 +60,7 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
     showStatus = true,
     statusTop = false,
     lines,
+    extensions = [],
     onReady
   } = props;
 
@@ -71,8 +78,13 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
 
     let editor = new Buffee(el, config);
 
-    // Add status line extension if available
-    if (showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined') {
+    // Apply extensions in order
+    for (const ext of extensions) {
+      editor = ext(editor);
+    }
+
+    // Add status line extension if available and not already in extensions
+    if (showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined' && !extensions.includes(BuffeeStatusLine)) {
       editor = BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
     }
     editorRef.current = editor;
diff --git a/wrappers/svelte.svelte b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
index 13b3d19e..036c0427 100644
--- a/wrappers/svelte.svelte
+++ b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 <!--
   @fileoverview Svelte wrapper for Buffee editor
-  @version 1.1.0
+  @version 1.2.0
 
   Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
-  Optional: Include extensions (e.g., statusline.js) and theme CSS.
+  Optional: Include extensions and theme CSS.
+
+  Extensions: Pass an array of extension functions via the `extensions` prop.
+  Extensions are applied in order. Import or load them globally first:
+    import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/extensions/history.js';
+    <BuffeeEditor extensions={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} />
 
   Themes: The `theme` prop adds a CSS class (e.g., `buffee-themepack1-eva`).
   You must load the theme CSS separately:
@@ -73,6 +78,11 @@
    */
   export let lines = undefined;
 
+  /**
+   * @type {Function[]} Array of extension functions to apply
+   */
+  export let extensions = [];
+
   /**
    * @type {string} Additional CSS classes
    */
@@ -99,8 +109,13 @@
 
     editor = new Buffee(container, config);
 
-    // Add status line extension if available
-    if (showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined') {
+    // Apply extensions in order
+    for (const ext of extensions) {
+      editor = ext(editor);
+    }
+
+    // Add status line extension if available and not already in extensions
+    if (showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined' && !extensions.includes(BuffeeStatusLine)) {
       editor = BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
     }
 
diff --git a/wrappers/vue.js b/wrappers/vue.js
index d8a93483..d00b8bc7 100644
--- a/wrappers/vue.js
+++ b/wrappers/vue.js
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview Vue 3 wrapper for Buffee editor
- * @version 1.1.0
+ * @version 1.2.0
  *
  * Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
- * Optional: Include extensions (e.g., statusline.js) and theme CSS.
+ * Optional: Include extensions and theme CSS.
+ *
+ * Extensions: Pass an array of extension functions via the `extensions` prop.
+ * Extensions are applied in order. Import or load them globally first:
+ *   import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/extensions/history.js';
+ *   <BuffeeEditor :extensions="[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]" />
  *
  * Themes: The `theme` prop adds a CSS class (e.g., `buffee-themepack1-eva`).
  * You must load the theme CSS separately:
@@ -54,7 +59,9 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
     /** Position status bar at top */
     statusTop: { type: Boolean, default: false },
     /** Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized) */
-    lines: { type: Array, default: undefined }
+    lines: { type: Array, default: undefined },
+    /** Array of extension functions to apply */
+    extensions: { type: Array, default: () => [] }
   },
 
   emits: ['ready'],
@@ -77,8 +84,13 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
 
       let ed = new Buffee(container.value, config);
 
-      // Add status line extension if available
-      if (props.showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined') {
+      // Apply extensions in order
+      for (const ext of props.extensions) {
+        ed = ext(ed);
+      }
+
+      // Add status line extension if available and not already in extensions
+      if (props.showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined' && !props.extensions.includes(BuffeeStatusLine)) {
         ed = BuffeeStatusLine(ed);
       }
 

From dab587dc982e2542242d1c6b34d1ccc1331214f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:32:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 16/50] fix(statusline): restore original format with line
 count and bytes

---
 extensions/statusline.js | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/extensions/statusline.js b/extensions/statusline.js
index 431a0ca4..48a8cfc0 100644
--- a/extensions/statusline.js
+++ b/extensions/statusline.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview BuffeeStatusLine - Status line extension for Buffee.
  * Updates status elements on each render when values change.
- * @version 1.2.0
+ * @version 1.3.0
  */
 
 /**
@@ -23,13 +23,30 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
   const $spaces = $.querySelector('.buffee-spaces');
 
   let lastRow = -1, lastCol = -1, lastEndRow = -1, lastEndCol = -1, lastHasSelection = false;
-  let lastLineCount = -1, lastSpaces = -1;
+  let lastLineCount = -1, lastByteCount = -1, lastSpaces = -1;
+  let originalLineCount = null;
+  let originalByteCount = null;
+
+  function computeByteCount() {
+    let bytes = 0;
+    for (const line of Model._) {
+      bytes += line.length + 1; // +1 for newline
+    }
+    return bytes > 0 ? bytes - 1 : 0; // Remove trailing newline
+  }
 
   function updateStatusLine() {
     const [head, tail] = editor.Span.bounds();  // head first, unordered
     const [start, end] = editor.Span.bounds(1); // ordered by position
     const hasSelection = editor.Span.dir !== 0;
     const lineCount = Model.last + 1;
+    const byteCount = computeByteCount();
+
+    // Capture original counts on first non-empty content
+    if (originalLineCount === null && lineCount > 1) {
+      originalLineCount = lineCount;
+      originalByteCount = byteCount;
+    }
 
     if (showSelection && hasSelection) {
       // Show selection range: "1:5 - 3:10"
@@ -69,9 +86,14 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
       lastEndCol = -1;
     }
 
-    if ($lineCounter && lineCount !== lastLineCount) {
-      $lineCounter.textContent = `${lineCount.toLocaleString()} lines`;
+    if ($lineCounter && (lineCount !== lastLineCount || byteCount !== lastByteCount)) {
+      let text = `${lineCount.toLocaleString()}L`;
+      if (originalLineCount !== null) {
+        text += `, originally: ${originalLineCount.toLocaleString()}L, ${originalByteCount.toLocaleString()} bytes`;
+      }
+      $lineCounter.textContent = text;
       lastLineCount = lineCount;
+      lastByteCount = byteCount;
     }
     if ($spaces && Mode.s !== lastSpaces) {
       $spaces.textContent = `Spaces: ${Mode.s}`;
@@ -79,6 +101,16 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
     }
   }
 
+  // API to reset original counts (e.g., after loading new file)
+  editor.StatusLine = {
+    resetOriginal() {
+      originalLineCount = null;
+      originalByteCount = null;
+      lastLineCount = -1;
+      lastByteCount = -1;
+    }
+  };
+
   sub.push(updateStatusLine);
   updateStatusLine(); // Initial population
 

From 254e00cc073cfae37bc1e55bf77776c1be132f69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:33:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 17/50] fix(statusline): remove locale formatting from
 line/byte counts

---
 extensions/statusline.js | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/extensions/statusline.js b/extensions/statusline.js
index 48a8cfc0..5643f531 100644
--- a/extensions/statusline.js
+++ b/extensions/statusline.js
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
     }
 
     if ($lineCounter && (lineCount !== lastLineCount || byteCount !== lastByteCount)) {
-      let text = `${lineCount.toLocaleString()}L`;
+      let text = `${lineCount}L`;
       if (originalLineCount !== null) {
-        text += `, originally: ${originalLineCount.toLocaleString()}L, ${originalByteCount.toLocaleString()} bytes`;
+        text += `, originally: ${originalLineCount}L, ${originalByteCount} bytes`;
       }
       $lineCounter.textContent = text;
       lastLineCount = lineCount;

From 1b99d5be348bcfcaa3b844953c5c6c8cb07ca92b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:35:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 18/50] fix(statusline): remove commas, add API for setting
 original bytes/lines

---
 extensions/statusline.js | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/extensions/statusline.js b/extensions/statusline.js
index 5643f531..3311000c 100644
--- a/extensions/statusline.js
+++ b/extensions/statusline.js
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
     if ($lineCounter && (lineCount !== lastLineCount || byteCount !== lastByteCount)) {
       let text = `${lineCount}L`;
       if (originalLineCount !== null) {
-        text += `, originally: ${originalLineCount}L, ${originalByteCount} bytes`;
+        text += ` originally: ${originalLineCount}L ${originalByteCount} bytes`;
       }
       $lineCounter.textContent = text;
       lastLineCount = lineCount;
@@ -101,13 +101,22 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
     }
   }
 
-  // API to reset original counts (e.g., after loading new file)
+  // API to manage original counts
   editor.StatusLine = {
+    /** Reset original counts (called before loading new file) */
     resetOriginal() {
       originalLineCount = null;
       originalByteCount = null;
       lastLineCount = -1;
       lastByteCount = -1;
+    },
+    /** Set original byte count from raw file size (before tab expansion, etc.) */
+    setOriginalBytes(bytes) {
+      originalByteCount = bytes;
+    },
+    /** Set original line count */
+    setOriginalLines(lines) {
+      originalLineCount = lines;
     }
   };
 

From 39e762b53013db591504e82a09054a2380c67214 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:36:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 19/50] docs: split CSS step into core, custom theme, and
 pre-built theme

---
 web/getting-started.html | 17 +++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index 3e073660..a40c2433 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -15,10 +15,13 @@
 
   <h1>Getting Started</h1>
 
-  <h2>1. Required CSS</h2>
-  <p>Include the css found in <a href="../style.css">style.css</a> for structural styles, then define your colors:</p>
-  <pre>&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"&gt;
-&lt;style&gt;
+  <h2>1. Core CSS</h2>
+  <p>Include <a href="../style.css">style.css</a> for structural styles:</p>
+  <pre>&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"&gt;</pre>
+
+  <h3>1a. Custom Theme</h3>
+  <p>Define your own colors:</p>
+  <pre>&lt;style&gt;
 .buffee {
   background-color: #282C34;
   color: #B2B2B2;
@@ -36,6 +39,12 @@ <h2>1. Required CSS</h2>
 }
 &lt;/style&gt;</pre>
 
+  <h3>1b. Pre-built Theme</h3>
+  <p>Or import one of the <a href="themes.html">pre-built themes</a>:</p>
+  <pre>&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="themes/theme-eva.css"&gt;</pre>
+  <p>Add the theme class to your editor element:</p>
+  <pre>&lt;div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="editor"&gt;</pre>
+
   <h2>2. Required HTML Structure</h2>
   <p>Add HTML outlined in <a href="template.html">template.html</a>.</p>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee" id="editor"&gt;

From 84c6d9d151a683a31b92424b6e51044e0ad3a99d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:38:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 20/50] docs: link template.html to GitHub

---
 web/getting-started.html | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index a40c2433..3672d6c6 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ <h3>1b. Pre-built Theme</h3>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="editor"&gt;</pre>
 
   <h2>2. Required HTML Structure</h2>
-  <p>Add HTML outlined in <a href="template.html">template.html</a>.</p>
+  <p>Add HTML outlined in <a href="https://github.com/varrockbank/buffee/blob/main/web/template.html">template.html</a>.</p>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee" id="editor"&gt;
   &lt;textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
   &lt;div class="no-select buffee-pane"&gt;

From 19359f73054cf28b9f71cf3189e669af52aa70ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:39:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 21/50] docs: use raw GitHub URL for template.html

---
 web/getting-started.html | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index 3672d6c6..56e573ae 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ <h3>1b. Pre-built Theme</h3>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="editor"&gt;</pre>
 
   <h2>2. Required HTML Structure</h2>
-  <p>Add HTML outlined in <a href="https://github.com/varrockbank/buffee/blob/main/web/template.html">template.html</a>.</p>
+  <p>Add HTML outlined in <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/varrockbank/buffee/main/web/template.html">template.html</a>.</p>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee" id="editor"&gt;
   &lt;textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
   &lt;div class="no-select buffee-pane"&gt;

From e4e21b857da5bce414bb1ea7fbe100a055e0f519 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:40:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 22/50] docs: fix relative path to dist/buffee.min.js

---
 web/getting-started.html | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index 56e573ae..73390150 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ <h2>2. Required HTML Structure</h2>
 &lt;/div&gt;</pre>
 
   <h2>3. Include the Buffee</h2>
-  <p>Buffee is just a JavaScript function made globally available when you include <a href="dist/buffee.min.js">dist/buffee.min.js</a></p>
+  <p>Buffee is just a JavaScript function made globally available when you include <a href="../dist/buffee.min.js">dist/buffee.min.js</a></p>
   <pre>&lt;script src="dist/buffee.min.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</pre>
 
   <h2>4. Initialize</h2>

From afc3d0c7bb4c286b23f4aeac4c750e6fd7b60daf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:42:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 23/50] docs: add link to sample-sizing.html demo

---
 web/getting-started.html | 15 ++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index 73390150..c376dafd 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@
 
   <h1>Getting Started</h1>
 
-  <h2>1. Core CSS</h2>
+  <h2>1. Include base CSS</h2>
   <p>Include <a href="../style.css">style.css</a> for structural styles:</p>
   <pre>&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h3>1a. Custom Theme</h3>
+  <h3>1a. Specify custom theme</h3>
   <p>Define your own colors:</p>
   <pre>&lt;style&gt;
 .buffee {
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ <h3>1a. Custom Theme</h3>
 }
 &lt;/style&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h3>1b. Pre-built Theme</h3>
+  <h3>1b. Or include pre-built theme</h3>
   <p>Or import one of the <a href="themes.html">pre-built themes</a>:</p>
   <pre>&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="themes/theme-eva.css"&gt;</pre>
   <p>Add the theme class to your editor element:</p>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="editor"&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h2>2. Required HTML Structure</h2>
+  <h2>2. Add HTML Structure</h2>
   <p>Add HTML outlined in <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/varrockbank/buffee/main/web/template.html">template.html</a>.</p>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee" id="editor"&gt;
   &lt;textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
@@ -68,23 +68,24 @@ <h2>2. Required HTML Structure</h2>
   &lt;/div&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h2>3. Include the Buffee</h2>
+  <h2>3. Include Buffee</h2>
   <p>Buffee is just a JavaScript function made globally available when you include <a href="../dist/buffee.min.js">dist/buffee.min.js</a></p>
   <pre>&lt;script src="dist/buffee.min.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h2>4. Initialize</h2>
+  <h2>4. Initialize instance </h2>
   Instantiate Buffee which binds to the HTML element.
   <pre>const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'))
 editor.Model._ = ["Hello, World!"]
 editor.View.render();
 </pre>
-  <h2>5. Auto-fit View</h2>
+  <h3>Auto-sizing</h3>
   <p>By default (when <code>h</code> is omitted), the editor auto-fits to its container height. To disable auto-fit, specify <code>h</code>:</p>
   <pre>new Buffee(el, {})                  // Auto-fit (default)
 new Buffee(el, { h: 20 })           // Fixed row count
 new Buffee(el, { w: 80 })           // Fixed column width
 new Buffee(el, { h: 20, w: 80 })    // Both fixed</pre>
   <p>For auto-fit to work, the container must have a defined height (e.g., <code>height: 100%</code> with sized parent, or explicit pixels).</p>
+  <p><a href="../samples/sample-sizing.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
 </body>
 </html>

From fbe095ea58d98c230c8fe9ddf76ae760ed8d4cc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:49:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 24/50] docs: add API section with quick reference and link to
 api.txt

---
 web/getting-started.html | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index c376dafd..49837149 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -68,24 +68,34 @@ <h2>2. Add HTML Structure</h2>
   &lt;/div&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h2>3. Include Buffee</h2>
-  <p>Buffee is just a JavaScript function made globally available when you include <a href="../dist/buffee.min.js">dist/buffee.min.js</a></p>
-  <pre>&lt;script src="dist/buffee.min.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</pre>
-
-  <h2>4. Initialize instance </h2>
-  Instantiate Buffee which binds to the HTML element.
-  <pre>const editor = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'))
-editor.Model._ = ["Hello, World!"]
-editor.View.render();
+  <h2>3. JavaScript</h2>
+  <p><code>Buffee</code> is a JavaScript function globally available when you include <a href="../dist/buffee.min.js">dist/buffee.min.js</a></p>
+  <pre>&lt;script src="dist/buffee.min.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
+&lt;script&gt;
+    // Binds to the HTML element specified earlier 
+    const instance = new Buffee(document.getElementById('editor'))
+    instance.Model._ = ["Hello, World!"]
+    instance.View.render();
+&lt;/script&gt;
 </pre>
-  <h3>Auto-sizing</h3>
-  <p>By default (when <code>h</code> is omitted), the editor auto-fits to its container height. To disable auto-fit, specify <code>h</code>:</p>
+  <h3>Sizing</h3>
+  <p>By default, the editor auto-fits to fill parent container. Specify a dimension overrides this.</p>
   <pre>new Buffee(el, {})                  // Auto-fit (default)
-new Buffee(el, { h: 20 })           // Fixed row count
-new Buffee(el, { w: 80 })           // Fixed column width
-new Buffee(el, { h: 20, w: 80 })    // Both fixed</pre>
+new Buffee(el, { h: 20 })           // Fixed number of rows
+new Buffee(el, { w: 80 })           // Fixed number of columns
+new Buffee(el, { h: 20, w: 80 })    // Fixed number of rows and columns</pre>
   <p>For auto-fit to work, the container must have a defined height (e.g., <code>height: 100%</code> with sized parent, or explicit pixels).</p>
-  <p><a href="../samples/sample-sizing.html">Demo →</a></p>
+  <p>See more scenarios in <a href="../samples/sample-sizing.html">sizing examples</a>.</p>
+
+   <h3>API</h3>
+  <p>Buffee exposes four namespaces:</p>
+  <pre>instance.Model._          // Array of text lines
+instance.View.render()    // Render after changes
+instance.View.set(n)      // Scroll to line n
+instance.Span.ins(lines)  // Insert at cursor
+instance.Span.del()       // Delete selection
+instance.Mode.i           // Edit mode: 1=write, 0=navigate, -1=read</pre>
+  <p>See full <a href="../docs/api.txt">API reference</a>.</p>
 
 </body>
 </html>

From df4fa9bbbfc582776fc61805db2075d609a536dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 08:53:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 25/50] docs: update getting-started.html

---
 web/getting-started.html | 15 +++++++--------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index 49837149..f00df927 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -15,12 +15,11 @@
 
   <h1>Getting Started</h1>
 
-  <h2>1. Include base CSS</h2>
+  <h2>1. CSS</h2>
   <p>Include <a href="../style.css">style.css</a> for structural styles:</p>
   <pre>&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h3>1a. Specify custom theme</h3>
-  <p>Define your own colors:</p>
+  <h3>1a. Define your color theme </h3>
   <pre>&lt;style&gt;
 .buffee {
   background-color: #282C34;
@@ -39,14 +38,14 @@ <h3>1a. Specify custom theme</h3>
 }
 &lt;/style&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h3>1b. Or include pre-built theme</h3>
-  <p>Or import one of the <a href="themes.html">pre-built themes</a>:</p>
+  <h3>1b. Alternatively, include pre-built theme</h3>
   <pre>&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="themes/theme-eva.css"&gt;</pre>
-  <p>Add the theme class to your editor element:</p>
+  <p>Reference the theme's CSS class on your editor element:</p>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="editor"&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h2>2. Add HTML Structure</h2>
-  <p>Add HTML outlined in <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/varrockbank/buffee/main/web/template.html">template.html</a>.</p>
+  <p>See more: <a href="themes.html">pre-built themes</a>.</p>
+
+  <h2>2. Add HTML Structure from  <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/varrockbank/buffee/main/web/template.html">template.html</a></h2>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee" id="editor"&gt;
   &lt;textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
   &lt;div class="no-select buffee-pane"&gt;

From cb5ff6a418016b9214d0e958da92f3bd9a41af96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 09:00:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 26/50] refactor: rename extensions to combinators
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

- Rename extensions/ directory to combinators/
- Rename web/extensions.html to web/combinators.html
- Rename test/lib/test-extensions.js to test/lib/test-combinators.js
- Update all path references across codebase
- Update wrapper props: extensions → combinators
- Update documentation and navigation
- Bump wrapper versions to 1.3.0

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 CLAUDE.md                                     | 14 +++----
 CONTRIBUTING.md                               |  6 +--
 README.md                                     | 20 +++++-----
 {extensions => combinators}/_template.js      |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/elementals.js     |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/fileloader.js     |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/highlights.js     |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/history.js        |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/ios.js            |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/sanitize.js       |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/statusline.js     |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/syntax.js         |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/treesitter.js     |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/tui.js            |  0
 .../ultrahighcapacity.js                      |  0
 {extensions => combinators}/undotree.js       |  0
 docs/{extensions.md => combinators.md}        | 14 +++----
 docs/onboarding.md                            |  6 +--
 index.html                                    |  8 ++--
 samples/_template.html                        | 12 +++---
 samples/index.html                            |  4 +-
 samples/sample-basic.html                     |  2 +-
 samples/sample-conway.html                    |  2 +-
 samples/sample-elementals.html                |  4 +-
 samples/sample-gutter-status.html             |  2 +-
 samples/sample-history.html                   | 10 ++---
 samples/sample-ios.html                       |  4 +-
 samples/sample-loader.html                    |  8 ++--
 samples/sample-matrix.html                    |  2 +-
 samples/sample-movie.html                     |  2 +-
 samples/sample-readonly.html                  |  8 ++--
 samples/sample-sanitize.html                  | 10 ++---
 samples/sample-sizing.html                    |  2 +-
 samples/sample-syntax.html                    |  4 +-
 samples/sample-tui.html                       |  6 +--
 samples/sample-undotree.html                  | 10 ++---
 snapshot_testing/screenshots.spec.js          |  4 +-
 test/index.html                               | 26 ++++++------
 ...test-extensions.js => test-combinators.js} |  0
 ...-profile.html => combinators-profile.html} | 10 ++---
 web/{extensions.html => combinators.html}     | 40 +++++++++----------
 web/navigation.html                           |  2 +-
 web/themes.html                               |  2 +-
 web/wrappers.html                             | 26 ++++++------
 wrappers/react.jsx                            | 26 ++++++------
 wrappers/svelte.svelte                        | 26 ++++++------
 wrappers/vue.js                               | 26 ++++++------
 47 files changed, 174 insertions(+), 174 deletions(-)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/_template.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/elementals.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/fileloader.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/highlights.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/history.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/ios.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/sanitize.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/statusline.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/syntax.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/treesitter.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/tui.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/ultrahighcapacity.js (100%)
 rename {extensions => combinators}/undotree.js (100%)
 rename docs/{extensions.md => combinators.md} (94%)
 rename test/lib/{test-extensions.js => test-combinators.js} (100%)
 rename web/{extensions-profile.html => combinators-profile.html} (98%)
 rename web/{extensions.html => combinators.html} (81%)

diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 68e6e59b..9d3769ac 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 **Full API reference: `docs/`** — Read these files for complete documentation:
 - `docs/api.txt` — Model, View, Span, Mode API
 - `docs/onboarding.md` — Getting started, sizing, keybindings
-- `docs/extensions.md` — Extension documentation
+- `docs/combinators.md` — Combinator documentation
 
 ## Quick Reference
 
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ left with alt
 EXPECT cursor at 0,5
 ```
 
-## Extensions
+## Combinators
 
-Located in `extensions/`, tested in "Extensions" tab of `test/index.html`.
+Located in `combinators/`, tested in "Combinators" tab of `test/index.html`.
 
-**When adding an extension, also update:**
-- `web/extensions.html` (documentation)
+**When adding a combinator, also update:**
+- `web/combinators.html` (documentation)
 - `samples/index.html` (if adding a sample)
 
 | File | Function | Description |
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ GitHub Pages serves from root. CI screenshot tests run against these (see `snaps
 |------|---------|
 | `template.html` | Required HTML structure |
 | `getting-started.html` | Setup guide |
-| `extensions.html` | Extension documentation |
+| `combinators.html` | Combinator documentation |
 | `themes.html` | Theme showcase |
 | `comparison.html` | Editor comparison |
 | `performance.html` | Performance research |
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ GitHub Pages serves from root. CI screenshot tests run against these (see `snaps
 **assets/** (internal):
 - `reset.css` - CSS reset (web-specific)
 
-Templates: `extensions/_template.js`, `samples/_template.html`, `themes/_template.css`
+Templates: `combinators/_template.js`, `samples/_template.html`, `themes/_template.css`
 
 ## DOM Classes Reference
 
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index c84635ef..9807b19e 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ theme - css themess
 wrappers - Component wrappers in JavaScript UI frameworks
 resources - test files, mostly for load testing 
 
-## Extensions 
+## Combinators
 
-1. Add to extensions directory
-2. update web/extensions.html
+1. Add to combinators directory
+2. update web/combinators.html
 
 ## Distributable
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 04430744..25b64029 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Inspired by the experience of terminal interfaces and Vim, Buffee is a microlibr
 - tiny: ~2kb (gz+min) fooprint, low memory/CPU overhead
 - performant: rivals native editors like Vim - no slowdown on large files
 - hassle-free: no build step, no NPM, no dependencies
-- programmable: extensions, hackable internals, minimal API
+- programmable: combinators, hackable internals, minimal API
 - heavy-duty: ~70m SLOC file capacity, 1B+ in high-capacity mode 
 
 Yes - like Emacs, it includes a text editor too.
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ To test: type "A" 100+ times and move cursor to end. If misaligned, try a differ
 Tab characters (`\t`) break grid alignment because browsers render them as variable-width. Buffee core does not sanitize input—if you set content containing tabs via `Model.s` or `Span.ins()`, they appear as-is.
 
 **Solutions:**
-- **BuffeeSanitize extension** — Automatically converts tabs to spaces, removes zero-width characters, and normalizes multi-width Unicode spaces. See [Sanitize extension](web/extensions.html#sanitize).
+- **BuffeeSanitize combinator** — Automatically converts tabs to spaces, removes zero-width characters, and normalizes multi-width Unicode spaces. See [Sanitize combinator](web/combinators.html#sanitize).
 - **Pre-sanitize** — Clean your text before passing to Buffee: `text.replace(/\t/g, '    ')`
 
 The keyboard controller already handles Tab key presses by inserting spaces (based on `Mode.s`), so typed tabs are not an issue—only programmatic content.
@@ -144,19 +144,19 @@ Container should have explicit height inherit some percentage from parent.
 **Span** `editor.Span` represents a text selection. Cursors are the special case of this where the
 anchor and the head/dot are the same. Text editing operations are defined relative to this selection.
 
-The controller are keyboard event handlers which route to operations on the selection. In the future, the basic controller will be refactored out of Buffee.js as an Extension such that you will have to bring-your-own controller by default. e.g. a "vim normal mode controller".
+The controller are keyboard event handlers which route to operations on the selection. In the future, the basic controller will be refactored out of Buffee.js as a Combinator such that you will have to bring-your-own controller by default. e.g. a "vim normal mode controller".
 
 See: [API Reference](docs/api.txt) | [Getting Started](docs/onboarding.md)
 
-## Extensibility
+## Combinators
 
-Extensions use the decorator pattern - pure functions that wrap the editor, being an editor instance themselves, meaning they can be combined:
+Combinators use the decorator pattern - pure functions that wrap the editor, being an editor instance themselves, meaning they can be combined:
 
 ```javascript
-// Single extension
+// Single combinator
 const editor = BuffeeHistory(new Buffee(container, config));
 
-// Multiple extensions (compose by nesting)
+// Multiple combinators (compose by nesting)
 const editor = BuffeeElementals(
   BuffeeSyntax(
     BuffeeHistory(
@@ -165,13 +165,13 @@ const editor = BuffeeElementals(
   )
 );
 
-// Extensions expose APIs on the editor instance
+// Combinators expose APIs on the editor instance
 editor.History.undo();
 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 0, col: 0, label: 'OK' });
 ```
 
-Available extensions:
+Available combinators:
 - **History** - Undo/redo with operation coalescing
 - **UndoTree** - Tree-based undo that preserves all branches
 - **Syntax** - Regex-based syntax highlighting
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Available extensions:
 - **iOS** - Touch and on-screen keyboard support
 - **Sanitize** - Tab/Unicode normalization for programmatic content
 
-See: [Extensions](docs/extensions.md)
+See: [Combinators](docs/combinators.md)
 
 ## Versioning 
 
diff --git a/extensions/_template.js b/combinators/_template.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/_template.js
rename to combinators/_template.js
diff --git a/extensions/elementals.js b/combinators/elementals.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/elementals.js
rename to combinators/elementals.js
diff --git a/extensions/fileloader.js b/combinators/fileloader.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/fileloader.js
rename to combinators/fileloader.js
diff --git a/extensions/highlights.js b/combinators/highlights.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/highlights.js
rename to combinators/highlights.js
diff --git a/extensions/history.js b/combinators/history.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/history.js
rename to combinators/history.js
diff --git a/extensions/ios.js b/combinators/ios.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/ios.js
rename to combinators/ios.js
diff --git a/extensions/sanitize.js b/combinators/sanitize.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/sanitize.js
rename to combinators/sanitize.js
diff --git a/extensions/statusline.js b/combinators/statusline.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/statusline.js
rename to combinators/statusline.js
diff --git a/extensions/syntax.js b/combinators/syntax.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/syntax.js
rename to combinators/syntax.js
diff --git a/extensions/treesitter.js b/combinators/treesitter.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/treesitter.js
rename to combinators/treesitter.js
diff --git a/extensions/tui.js b/combinators/tui.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/tui.js
rename to combinators/tui.js
diff --git a/extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js b/combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js
rename to combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js
diff --git a/extensions/undotree.js b/combinators/undotree.js
similarity index 100%
rename from extensions/undotree.js
rename to combinators/undotree.js
diff --git a/docs/extensions.md b/docs/combinators.md
similarity index 94%
rename from docs/extensions.md
rename to docs/combinators.md
index b92a74b6..dbd57ae5 100644
--- a/docs/extensions.md
+++ b/docs/combinators.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Buffee Extensions
+# Buffee Combinators
 
-Extensions use the decorator pattern to add functionality:
+Combinators use the decorator pattern to add functionality:
 
 ```javascript
 const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, opts));
@@ -179,9 +179,9 @@ Enables touch-to-position cursor and virtual keyboard handling.
 
 ---
 
-## Extension API
+## Combinator API
 
-For building extensions:
+For building combinators:
 
 ```javascript
 const { Model, View, Span, Mode, render, $ } = editor;
@@ -199,10 +199,10 @@ Model.ins = function(row, col, lines) {
 };
 ```
 
-## Creating Extensions
+## Creating Combinators
 
 ```javascript
-function MyExtension(editor) {
+function MyCombinator(editor) {
   const { Mode, render } = editor;
 
   // Hook into render cycle
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ function MyExtension(editor) {
   });
 
   // Expose API
-  editor.MyExtension = {
+  editor.MyCombinator = {
     enable() { /* ... */ },
     disable() { /* ... */ }
   };
diff --git a/docs/onboarding.md b/docs/onboarding.md
index 87623ff9..00a1c14b 100644
--- a/docs/onboarding.md
+++ b/docs/onboarding.md
@@ -92,13 +92,13 @@ new Buffee(el, { h: 25, w: 80 });
 | Cmd/Ctrl+A | Select all | - |
 | Cmd/Ctrl+C/X/V | Copy/Cut/Paste | - |
 
-## Extensions
+## Combinators
 
-Extensions add functionality via the decorator pattern:
+Combinators add functionality via the decorator pattern:
 
 ```javascript
 const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, opts));
 BuffeeHistory(editor);  // Adds undo/redo
 ```
 
-See [extensions.md](extensions.md) for available extensions.
+See [combinators.md](combinators.md) for available combinators.
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 21bb26a2..db51d809 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="themes/theme-hn.css">
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="themes/theme-kai.css">
 <script src="buffee.js"></script>
-<script src="extensions/history.js"></script>
-<script src="extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-<script src="extensions/highlights.js"></script>
-<script src="extensions/tui.js"></script>
+<script src="combinators/history.js"></script>
+<script src="combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+<script src="combinators/highlights.js"></script>
+<script src="combinators/tui.js"></script>
 <style>
   .point {
     display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(6, 1fr); gap: 32px;
diff --git a/samples/_template.html b/samples/_template.html
index ad0c5dfa..7df634f9 100644
--- a/samples/_template.html
+++ b/samples/_template.html
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
   <title>buffee - [Sample Name]</title>
   <!-- Core -->
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <!-- Extensions (add as needed) -->
-  <!-- <script src="../extensions/syntax.js"></script> -->
-  <!-- <script src="../extensions/elementals.js"></script> -->
-  <!-- <script src="../extensions/tui.js"></script> -->
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <!-- Combinators (add as needed) -->
+  <!-- <script src="../combinators/syntax.js"></script> -->
+  <!-- <script src="../combinators/elementals.js"></script> -->
+  <!-- <script src="../combinators/tui.js"></script> -->
   <!-- Styles -->
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ <h1>[Sample Name]</h1>
     const el = document.getElementById('editor');
     const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { h: 10 }));
 
-    // Initialize extensions
+    // Initialize combinators
     // BuffeeSyntax(editor);
 
     // Set content
diff --git a/samples/index.html b/samples/index.html
index acdd3eec..6fc6b494 100644
--- a/samples/index.html
+++ b/samples/index.html
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ <h2>Core</h2>
     <li><a href="sample-sizing.html">sample-sizing</a> - Editor sizing with character units</li>
   </ul>
 
-  <h2>Extensions</h2>
+  <h2>Combinators</h2>
   <ul>
-    <li><a href="sample-history.html">sample-history</a> - Undo/redo with history extension</li>
+    <li><a href="sample-history.html">sample-history</a> - Undo/redo with history combinator</li>
     <li><a href="sample-undotree.html">sample-undotree</a> - Tree-based undo with branch navigation</li>
     <li><a href="sample-syntax.html">sample-syntax</a> - Regex-based syntax highlighting</li>
     <li><a href="sample-elementals.html">sample-elementals</a> - Layer-based UI elements (DOM nodes)</li>
diff --git a/samples/sample-basic.html b/samples/sample-basic.html
index d562e40a..edb6cb65 100644
--- a/samples/sample-basic.html
+++ b/samples/sample-basic.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - Basic Editor</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-conway.html b/samples/sample-conway.html
index 2db4e6ca..1bc6f3b7 100644
--- a/samples/sample-conway.html
+++ b/samples/sample-conway.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - Conway's Game of Life</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-chelsey.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-elementals.html b/samples/sample-elementals.html
index 081b1825..442e0895 100644
--- a/samples/sample-elementals.html
+++ b/samples/sample-elementals.html
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - Elementals</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/elementals.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/elementals.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
index a7fc794a..b5d0b73f 100644
--- a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
+++ b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - Gutter and Status Bar</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-history.html b/samples/sample-history.html
index 8fabc60e..aef71586 100644
--- a/samples/sample-history.html
+++ b/samples/sample-history.html
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
-  <title>buffee - History Extension</title>
+  <title>buffee - History Combinator</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/history.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/history.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
       .then(r => r.text())
       .then(html => document.getElementById('nav').innerHTML = html);
   </script>
-  <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / <a href="index.html">samples</a> / History Extension</p>
+  <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / <a href="index.html">samples</a> / History Combinator</p>
 
-  <h1>History Extension (Undo/Redo)</h1>
+  <h1>History Combinator (Undo/Redo)</h1>
   <p>History tracking is opt-in. By default, editors have no undo/redo.</p>
 
   <h2>Without History</h2>
diff --git a/samples/sample-ios.html b/samples/sample-ios.html
index 7defbf37..70a63ba6 100644
--- a/samples/sample-ios.html
+++ b/samples/sample-ios.html
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
   <title>buffee - iOS Support</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/ios.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/ios.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-loader.html b/samples/sample-loader.html
index 4cd0b4f8..7099898d 100644
--- a/samples/sample-loader.html
+++ b/samples/sample-loader.html
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - Ultra High Capacity</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/sanitize.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/fileloader.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/sanitize.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/fileloader.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-eva.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-matrix.html b/samples/sample-matrix.html
index bb7e08d4..01e8ae3f 100644
--- a/samples/sample-matrix.html
+++ b/samples/sample-matrix.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - Matrix Digital Rain</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-neo.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-movie.html b/samples/sample-movie.html
index 2e526d88..1cd34f59 100644
--- a/samples/sample-movie.html
+++ b/samples/sample-movie.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - ASCII Movie</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-star.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-readonly.html b/samples/sample-readonly.html
index 4a699f30..9388512e 100644
--- a/samples/sample-readonly.html
+++ b/samples/sample-readonly.html
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - Read-Only Mode</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/highlights.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/tui.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/highlights.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/tui.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-sanitize.html b/samples/sample-sanitize.html
index 0f768d00..3c4055b4 100644
--- a/samples/sample-sanitize.html
+++ b/samples/sample-sanitize.html
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
-  <title>buffee - Sanitize Extension</title>
+  <title>buffee - Sanitize Combinator</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/sanitize.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/sanitize.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
       .then(r => r.text())
       .then(html => document.getElementById('nav').innerHTML = html);
   </script>
-  <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / <a href="index.html">samples</a> / Sanitize Extension</p>
+  <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / <a href="index.html">samples</a> / Sanitize Combinator</p>
 
-  <h1>Sanitize Extension</h1>
+  <h1>Sanitize Combinator</h1>
   <p>Automatically converts tabs to spaces and normalizes problematic Unicode characters.</p>
   <p><code>BuffeeSanitize(new Buffee(el, {}))</code></p>
 
diff --git a/samples/sample-sizing.html b/samples/sample-sizing.html
index f24fb170..987f7b96 100644
--- a/samples/sample-sizing.html
+++ b/samples/sample-sizing.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - Editor Sizing</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-syntax.html b/samples/sample-syntax.html
index 6876dfd4..4e383bb8 100644
--- a/samples/sample-syntax.html
+++ b/samples/sample-syntax.html
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - Syntax Highlighting</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/syntax.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/syntax.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-eva.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-tui.html b/samples/sample-tui.html
index 175b939d..9e80b063 100644
--- a/samples/sample-tui.html
+++ b/samples/sample-tui.html
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <title>buffee - TUI Elements</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/highlights.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/tui.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/highlights.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/tui.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-chelsey.css">
diff --git a/samples/sample-undotree.html b/samples/sample-undotree.html
index 920a7446..0368818b 100644
--- a/samples/sample-undotree.html
+++ b/samples/sample-undotree.html
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
-  <title>buffee - Undo Tree Extension</title>
+  <title>buffee - Undo Tree Combinator</title>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/undotree.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/undotree.js"></script>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-eva.css">
@@ -123,9 +123,9 @@
       .then(r => r.text())
       .then(html => document.getElementById('nav').innerHTML = html);
   </script>
-  <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / <a href="index.html">samples</a> / Undo Tree Extension</p>
+  <p><a href="../index.html">home</a> / <a href="index.html">samples</a> / Undo Tree Combinator</p>
 
-  <h1>Undo Tree Extension</h1>
+  <h1>Undo Tree Combinator</h1>
   <p>Unlike linear history, undo tree preserves <strong>all branches</strong>. When you undo and make a new edit, you create a new branch instead of losing history.</p>
 
   <div class="controls">
diff --git a/snapshot_testing/screenshots.spec.js b/snapshot_testing/screenshots.spec.js
index 2d36ca69..00136551 100644
--- a/snapshot_testing/screenshots.spec.js
+++ b/snapshot_testing/screenshots.spec.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ const pages = [
   // Root pages
   { name: 'index', path: '/' },
   { name: 'getting-started', path: '/web/getting-started.html' },
-  { name: 'extensions', path: '/web/extensions.html' },
+  { name: 'combinators', path: '/web/combinators.html' },
   { name: 'themes', path: '/web/themes.html' },
   { name: 'comparison', path: '/web/comparison.html' },
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const pages = [
 
   // Test pages
   { name: 'test-index', path: '/test/' },
-  { name: 'test-extensions', path: '/test/#extensions' },
+  { name: 'test-combinators', path: '/test/#combinators' },
 ];
 
 // Selectors for dynamic content to mask during screenshots
diff --git a/test/index.html b/test/index.html
index 68ef4b28..cdfbd138 100644
--- a/test/index.html
+++ b/test/index.html
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ <h3>This test setup was AI generated with adult supervision. </h3>
 
     <div class="tabs">
         <button class="tab active" data-tab="tests">Tests</button>
-        <button class="tab" data-tab="extensions">Extensions</button>
+        <button class="tab" data-tab="combinators">Combinators</button>
         <button class="tab" data-tab="source">Source</button>
         <button class="tab" data-tab="grammar">Grammar</button>
         <button class="tab" data-tab="diagnostics">AI Diagnostics</button>
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ <h3>This test setup was AI generated with adult supervision. </h3>
             </div>
         </main>
     </div>
-    <div id="tab-extensions" class="tab-content">
+    <div id="tab-combinators" class="tab-content">
         <main>
             <div class="summary">
                 <div class="summary-item">
@@ -458,16 +458,16 @@ <h3>This test setup was AI generated with adult supervision. </h3>
 
     <!-- Test dependencies -->
     <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/syntax.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/elementals.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/highlights.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/tui.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/history.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/undotree.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/fileloader.js"></script>
-    <script src="../extensions/sanitize.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/syntax.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/elementals.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/highlights.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/tui.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/history.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/undotree.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/fileloader.js"></script>
+    <script src="../combinators/sanitize.js"></script>
     <script src="lib/test-walkthrough.js"></script>
     <script src="lib/test-runner.js"></script>
     <script src="lib/test-expect.js"></script>
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ <h3>This test setup was AI generated with adult supervision. </h3>
     <script src="./dsl/dsl-transpiler.js"></script>
     <script src="./dsl/dsl-generator.js"></script>
 
-    <script src="lib/test-extensions.js"></script>
+    <script src="lib/test-combinators.js"></script>
     <script src="lib/test-ui.js"></script>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/lib/test-extensions.js b/test/lib/test-combinators.js
similarity index 100%
rename from test/lib/test-extensions.js
rename to test/lib/test-combinators.js
diff --git a/web/extensions-profile.html b/web/combinators-profile.html
similarity index 98%
rename from web/extensions-profile.html
rename to web/combinators-profile.html
index 3a954968..cad6f7d4 100644
--- a/web/extensions-profile.html
+++ b/web/combinators-profile.html
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
   <title>Buffee - Extensions Profile</title>
   <script src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com"></script>
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/syntax.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/elementals.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/highlights.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/tui.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/syntax.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/elementals.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/highlights.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/tui.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js"></script>
   <style>
     .buffee {
       background-color: #282C34;
diff --git a/web/extensions.html b/web/combinators.html
similarity index 81%
rename from web/extensions.html
rename to web/combinators.html
index 95fbf952..91be996e 100644
--- a/web/extensions.html
+++ b/web/combinators.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
-  <title>buffee - Extensions</title>
+  <title>buffee - Combinators</title>
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
       .then(html => document.getElementById('nav').innerHTML = html);
   </script>
 
-  <h1>Extensions</h1>
+  <h1>Combinators</h1>
   <p>Optional modules for buffee. Load independently.</p>
 
   <h2>History</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/history.js"><code>extensions/history.js</code></a></p>
-  <p>Undo/redo support with operation coalescing. Without this extension, editors have no history.</p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/history.js"><code>combinators/history.js</code></a></p>
+  <p>Undo/redo support with operation coalescing. Without this combinator, editors have no history.</p>
   <pre>BuffeeHistory(editor)
 editor.History.undo()
 editor.History.redo()
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ <h2>History</h2>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-history.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <h2>UndoTree</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/undotree.js"><code>extensions/undotree.js</code></a></p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/undotree.js"><code>combinators/undotree.js</code></a></p>
   <p>Tree-based undo/redo that preserves all branches. When you undo and make a new edit, you create a new branch instead of losing history.</p>
   <pre>BuffeeUndoTree(editor)
 editor.UndoTree.undo()
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ <h2>UndoTree</h2>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-undotree.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <h2>Syntax</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/syntax.js"><code>extensions/syntax.js</code></a></p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/syntax.js"><code>combinators/syntax.js</code></a></p>
   <p>Regex-based syntax highlighting with incremental state caching. Ships with JavaScript, HTML, CSS, JSON, and Python.</p>
   <pre>const editor = BuffeeSyntax(Buffee(container, config))
 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript')
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ <h2>Syntax</h2>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-syntax.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <h2>Elementals</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/elementals.js"><code>extensions/elementals.js</code></a></p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/elementals.js"><code>combinators/elementals.js</code></a></p>
   <p>DOM-based UI elements in a layer above text. Buttons, inputs, labels with character-unit positioning.</p>
   <pre>const editor = BuffeeElementals(Buffee(container, config))
 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 1, col: 5, label: 'OK' })
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ <h2>Elementals</h2>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-elementals.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <h2>TUI Legacy</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/tui.js"><code>extensions/tui.js</code></a></p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/tui.js"><code>combinators/tui.js</code></a></p>
   <p>Terminal UI via text manipulation. Buttons, prompts, scrollboxes using box-drawing characters.</p>
   <pre>const editor = BuffeeTUI(Buffee(container, config))
 editor.TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: 'OK', border: true })
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ <h2>TUI Legacy</h2>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-tui.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <h2>FileLoader</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/fileloader.js"><code>extensions/fileloader.js</code></a></p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/fileloader.js"><code>combinators/fileloader.js</code></a></p>
   <p>Multiple file loading strategies optimized for different file sizes. Choose the right loader based on your file size and memory constraints.</p>
   <p><strong>Note:</strong> FileLoader does not sanitize text. If files may contain tabs, wrap with <code>BuffeeSanitize</code>:</p>
   <pre>// With tab sanitization
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ <h2>FileLoader</h2>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-loader.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <h2>UltraHighCapacity</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js"><code>extensions/ultrahighcapacity.js</code></a></p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js"><code>combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js</code></a></p>
   <p>Gzip-compressed chunked storage for massive files (1B+ lines). Decompress on scroll. Forces editor into navigation-only mode.</p>
   <pre>const editor = BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(Buffee(container, config))
 editor.UltraHighCapacity.activate(50000)
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ <h2>UltraHighCapacity</h2>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-loader.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <h2>iOS</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/ios.js"><code>extensions/ios.js</code></a></p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/ios.js"><code>combinators/ios.js</code></a></p>
   <p>Touch interactions and on-screen keyboard input for iOS devices.</p>
   <pre>let editor = Buffee(container, config)
 if (/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent)) {
@@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ <h2>iOS</h2>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-ios.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <h2>StatusLine</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/statusline.js"><code>extensions/statusline.js</code></a></p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/statusline.js"><code>combinators/statusline.js</code></a></p>
   <p>Updates status bar elements (row, col, line count, spaces) on each render. Looks for elements with classes <code>.buffee-head-row</code>, <code>.buffee-head-col</code>, <code>.buffee-linecount</code>, <code>.buffee-spaces</code>.</p>
   <pre>const editor = BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(container, config))</pre>
   <p><a href="../samples/sample-basic.html">Demo →</a></p>
 
   <h2>Sanitize</h2>
-  <p><a href="../extensions/sanitize.js"><code>extensions/sanitize.js</code></a></p>
-  <p>Text sanitization for content set via <code>Model.s</code> or <code>Span.ins()</code>. Buffee core does not sanitize text—tabs and problematic Unicode characters are inserted as-is. This extension automatically cleans input text.</p>
+  <p><a href="../combinators/sanitize.js"><code>combinators/sanitize.js</code></a></p>
+  <p>Text sanitization for content set via <code>Model.s</code> or <code>Span.ins()</code>. Buffee core does not sanitize text—tabs and problematic Unicode characters are inserted as-is. This combinator automatically cleans input text.</p>
   <p><strong>Handles:</strong></p>
   <ul>
     <li><strong>Tabs</strong> → spaces (based on <code>Mode.s</code> setting)</li>
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ <h2>Sanitize</h2>
 
   <hr>
 
-  <h2>Using Multiple Extensions</h2>
-  <p>Compose extensions using the decorator pattern.</p>
+  <h2>Using Multiple Combinators</h2>
+  <p>Compose combinators using the decorator pattern.</p>
   <pre>const editor = BuffeeElementals(
   BuffeeSyntax(
     Buffee(container, config)
@@ -147,11 +147,11 @@ <h2>Using Multiple Extensions</h2>
 editor.Elementals.enabled = true</pre>
 
   <h3>Syntactic Sugar: reduce</h3>
-  <p>For many extensions, use <code>reduce</code> to avoid deep nesting:</p>
-  <pre>const extensions = [BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax, BuffeeElementals]
+  <p>For many combinators, use <code>reduce</code> to avoid deep nesting:</p>
+  <pre>const combinators = [BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax, BuffeeElementals]
 
-const editor = extensions.reduce(
-  (ed, ext) => ext(ed),
+const editor = combinators.reduce(
+  (ed, comb) => comb(ed),
   new Buffee(container, config)
 )</pre>
 
diff --git a/web/navigation.html b/web/navigation.html
index efc860b6..67887cbd 100644
--- a/web/navigation.html
+++ b/web/navigation.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <a href="/buffee/web/getting-started.html">getting started</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/docs/api.txt">api</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/samples/">examples</a> |
-<a href="/buffee/web/extensions.html">extensions</a> |
+<a href="/buffee/web/combinators.html">combinators</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/themes.html">themes</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/wrappers.html">wrappers</a> |
 <a href="/buffee/web/comparison.html">comparison</a> |
diff --git a/web/themes.html b/web/themes.html
index d07182f1..6f2ad45c 100644
--- a/web/themes.html
+++ b/web/themes.html
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-chelsey.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-boring.css">
   <script src="../buffee.js"></script>
-  <script src="../extensions/statusline.js"></script>
+  <script src="../combinators/statusline.js"></script>
   <style>
     .theme-section {
       margin-bottom: 40px;
diff --git a/web/wrappers.html b/web/wrappers.html
index cea0b8b4..1888d4f1 100644
--- a/web/wrappers.html
+++ b/web/wrappers.html
@@ -76,34 +76,34 @@ <h2>Props</h2>
 showStatus   Boolean     Show status bar (default: true)
 statusTop    Boolean     Position status bar at top (default: false)
 lines        String[]    Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized)
-extensions   Function[]  Array of extension functions to apply</pre>
+combinators  Function[]  Array of combinator functions to apply</pre>
 
   <hr>
 
-  <h2>Extensions</h2>
-  <p>Pass extensions via the <code>extensions</code> prop. Extensions are applied in order.</p>
-  <p>Import extensions or load them globally via script tags:</p>
+  <h2>Combinators</h2>
+  <p>Pass combinators via the <code>combinators</code> prop. Combinators are applied in order.</p>
+  <p>Import combinators or load them globally via script tags:</p>
 
   <h3>ES Modules</h3>
-  <pre>import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/extensions/history.js';
-import BuffeeSyntax from 'buffee/extensions/syntax.js';
+  <pre>import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/combinators/history.js';
+import BuffeeSyntax from 'buffee/combinators/syntax.js';
 
-&lt;BuffeeEditor extensions={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} /&gt;</pre>
+&lt;BuffeeEditor combinators={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} /&gt;</pre>
 
   <h3>Script Tags</h3>
-  <pre>&lt;script src="buffee/extensions/history.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
-&lt;script src="buffee/extensions/syntax.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
+  <pre>&lt;script src="buffee/combinators/history.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
+&lt;script src="buffee/combinators/syntax.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
 
-&lt;BuffeeEditor extensions={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} /&gt;</pre>
+&lt;BuffeeEditor combinators={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} /&gt;</pre>
 
-  <h3>Accessing Extension APIs</h3>
-  <p>Use the <code>onReady</code> callback to access extension APIs:</p>
+  <h3>Accessing Combinator APIs</h3>
+  <p>Use the <code>onReady</code> callback to access combinator APIs:</p>
   <pre>function handleReady(editor) {
   editor.History.undo();
   editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript');
 }</pre>
 
-  <p><strong>Note:</strong> <code>BuffeeStatusLine</code> is applied automatically when <code>showStatus</code> is true. You don't need to include it in the extensions array.</p>
+  <p><strong>Note:</strong> <code>BuffeeStatusLine</code> is applied automatically when <code>showStatus</code> is true. You don't need to include it in the combinators array.</p>
 
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/wrappers/react.jsx b/wrappers/react.jsx
index 836a169a..84d0347c 100644
--- a/wrappers/react.jsx
+++ b/wrappers/react.jsx
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview React wrapper for Buffee editor
- * @version 1.2.0
+ * @version 1.3.0
  *
  * Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
- * Optional: Include extensions and theme CSS.
+ * Optional: Include combinators and theme CSS.
  *
- * Extensions: Pass an array of extension functions via the `extensions` prop.
- * Extensions are applied in order. Import or load them globally first:
- *   import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/extensions/history.js';
- *   <BuffeeEditor extensions={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} />
+ * Combinators: Pass an array of combinator functions via the `combinators` prop.
+ * Combinators are applied in order. Import or load them globally first:
+ *   import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/combinators/history.js';
+ *   <BuffeeEditor combinators={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} />
  *
  * Themes: The `theme` prop adds a CSS class (e.g., `buffee-themepack1-eva`).
  * You must load the theme CSS separately:
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ import React, { useRef, useEffect, useImperativeHandle, forwardRef } from 'react
  * @param {boolean} [props.showGutter=true] - Show line numbers
  * @param {boolean} [props.showStatus=true] - Show status bar
  * @param {string[]} [props.lines] - Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized)
- * @param {Function[]} [props.extensions] - Array of extension functions to apply
+ * @param {Function[]} [props.combinators] - Array of combinator functions to apply
  * @param {Function} [props.onReady] - Callback when editor is initialized
  */
 const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
     showStatus = true,
     statusTop = false,
     lines,
-    extensions = [],
+    combinators = [],
     onReady
   } = props;
 
@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
 
     let editor = new Buffee(el, config);
 
-    // Apply extensions in order
-    for (const ext of extensions) {
-      editor = ext(editor);
+    // Apply combinators in order
+    for (const comb of combinators) {
+      editor = comb(editor);
     }
 
-    // Add status line extension if available and not already in extensions
-    if (showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined' && !extensions.includes(BuffeeStatusLine)) {
+    // Add status line combinator if available and not already in combinators
+    if (showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined' && !combinators.includes(BuffeeStatusLine)) {
       editor = BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
     }
     editorRef.current = editor;
diff --git a/wrappers/svelte.svelte b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
index 036c0427..4706ca17 100644
--- a/wrappers/svelte.svelte
+++ b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 <!--
   @fileoverview Svelte wrapper for Buffee editor
-  @version 1.2.0
+  @version 1.3.0
 
   Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
-  Optional: Include extensions and theme CSS.
+  Optional: Include combinators and theme CSS.
 
-  Extensions: Pass an array of extension functions via the `extensions` prop.
-  Extensions are applied in order. Import or load them globally first:
-    import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/extensions/history.js';
-    <BuffeeEditor extensions={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} />
+  Combinators: Pass an array of combinator functions via the `combinators` prop.
+  Combinators are applied in order. Import or load them globally first:
+    import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/combinators/history.js';
+    <BuffeeEditor combinators={[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]} />
 
   Themes: The `theme` prop adds a CSS class (e.g., `buffee-themepack1-eva`).
   You must load the theme CSS separately:
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@
   export let lines = undefined;
 
   /**
-   * @type {Function[]} Array of extension functions to apply
+   * @type {Function[]} Array of combinator functions to apply
    */
-  export let extensions = [];
+  export let combinators = [];
 
   /**
    * @type {string} Additional CSS classes
@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@
 
     editor = new Buffee(container, config);
 
-    // Apply extensions in order
-    for (const ext of extensions) {
-      editor = ext(editor);
+    // Apply combinators in order
+    for (const comb of combinators) {
+      editor = comb(editor);
     }
 
-    // Add status line extension if available and not already in extensions
-    if (showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined' && !extensions.includes(BuffeeStatusLine)) {
+    // Add status line combinator if available and not already in combinators
+    if (showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined' && !combinators.includes(BuffeeStatusLine)) {
       editor = BuffeeStatusLine(editor);
     }
 
diff --git a/wrappers/vue.js b/wrappers/vue.js
index d00b8bc7..e43f18f4 100644
--- a/wrappers/vue.js
+++ b/wrappers/vue.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview Vue 3 wrapper for Buffee editor
- * @version 1.2.0
+ * @version 1.3.0
  *
  * Required: Include buffee.js and style.css before using this component.
- * Optional: Include extensions and theme CSS.
+ * Optional: Include combinators and theme CSS.
  *
- * Extensions: Pass an array of extension functions via the `extensions` prop.
- * Extensions are applied in order. Import or load them globally first:
- *   import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/extensions/history.js';
- *   <BuffeeEditor :extensions="[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]" />
+ * Combinators: Pass an array of combinator functions via the `combinators` prop.
+ * Combinators are applied in order. Import or load them globally first:
+ *   import BuffeeHistory from 'buffee/combinators/history.js';
+ *   <BuffeeEditor :combinators="[BuffeeHistory, BuffeeSyntax]" />
  *
  * Themes: The `theme` prop adds a CSS class (e.g., `buffee-themepack1-eva`).
  * You must load the theme CSS separately:
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
     statusTop: { type: Boolean, default: false },
     /** Initial content as array of lines (pre-sanitized) */
     lines: { type: Array, default: undefined },
-    /** Array of extension functions to apply */
-    extensions: { type: Array, default: () => [] }
+    /** Array of combinator functions to apply */
+    combinators: { type: Array, default: () => [] }
   },
 
   emits: ['ready'],
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
 
       let ed = new Buffee(container.value, config);
 
-      // Apply extensions in order
-      for (const ext of props.extensions) {
-        ed = ext(ed);
+      // Apply combinators in order
+      for (const comb of props.combinators) {
+        ed = comb(ed);
       }
 
-      // Add status line extension if available and not already in extensions
-      if (props.showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined' && !props.extensions.includes(BuffeeStatusLine)) {
+      // Add status line combinator if available and not already in combinators
+      if (props.showStatus && typeof BuffeeStatusLine !== 'undefined' && !props.combinators.includes(BuffeeStatusLine)) {
         ed = BuffeeStatusLine(ed);
       }
 

From 5f010d6870d241852836d6039454d3773f9bd673 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 11:10:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 27/50] docs: update landing page

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be kept; you may remove them yourself if you want to.
# An empty message aborts the commit.
#
# Date:      Tue Jan 13 11:10:29 2026 +0100
#
# On branch 15.0.0-alpha.1
# Changes to be committed:
#	modified:   README.md
#	modified:   index.html
#	modified:   samples/sample-tui.html
#	modified:   themes/theme-hn.css
#	modified:   web/combinators.html
#

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be kept; you may remove them yourself if you want to.
# An empty message aborts the commit.
#
# Date:      Tue Jan 13 11:10:29 2026 +0100
#
# On branch 15.0.0-alpha.1
# Changes to be committed:
#	modified:   README.md
#	modified:   index.html
#	modified:   samples/sample-tui.html
#	modified:   themes/theme-hn.css
#	modified:   web/combinators.html
#
---
 README.md               |   7 +-
 index.html              |  96 ++++++++------------
 samples/sample-tui.html | 195 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 themes/theme-hn.css     |   1 +
 web/combinators.html    |  10 ++-
 5 files changed, 242 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 25b64029..cc56abbb 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -32,8 +32,7 @@ See [comparison](https://varrockbank.github.io/buffee/web/comparison.html) and [
 
 ## The Magic Trick
 
-The crux is maintaining a small DOM footprint. This is achieved by maintain a virtual viewport and being 
-smart in surgically rendering only what's changed. 
+The crux is maintaining a small DOM footprint. This is achieved by maintain a virtual viewport and being smart in surgically rendering only what's changed. 
 
 The zeitgeist of webdev is VDOM. This does not come free. VDOM libraries are bulkier than Buffee in its entirety because they deal with arbitrary trees. Buffee avoids this 
 with a predictable and narrowly constrained UI surface space. 
@@ -173,7 +172,6 @@ editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 0, col: 0, label: 'OK' });
 
 Available combinators:
 - **History** - Undo/redo with operation coalescing
-- **UndoTree** - Tree-based undo that preserves all branches
 - **Syntax** - Regex-based syntax highlighting
 - **Elementals** - DOM-based UI elements (buttons, inputs)
 - **TUI** - Terminal UI via text manipulation
@@ -182,7 +180,8 @@ Available combinators:
 - **iOS** - Touch and on-screen keyboard support
 - **Sanitize** - Tab/Unicode normalization for programmatic content
 
-See: [Combinators](docs/combinators.md)
+See: [Dev Guide on Combinators](docs/combinators.md)
+See: [Combinator Gallery](web/combinators.html)
 
 ## Versioning 
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index db51d809..6ad179a9 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
       .then(r => r.text())
       .then(html => document.getElementById('nav').innerHTML = html);
   </script>
-  <p><strong>Buffee, the text slayer</strong> <a href="dev/changelog.txt" id="buffee-version" style="font-family: monospace"></a> — embeddable terminal-style text editor for netizens — compact, fast, unbounded</p>
+  <p><strong>Buffee, the text slayer</strong> <a href="dev/changelog.txt" id="buffee-version" style="font-family: monospace"></a> — embeddable terminal-like text editor for netizens — compact, fast, unbounded</p>
 
   <div class="point">
     <div>
@@ -88,50 +88,49 @@ <h3>1B+</h3>
 
     <!-- About -->
     <section>
-      <h3>Inspired by the terminal</h3>
-      <p>
-        This microlibrary is inspired by the spartan performance and minimalism of terminal interfaces and Vim.
-      </p>
-      <p>Buffee is efficient as a rendering engine for monospace plaintext in grid-layout.
-        The grid being viewport into an arbitrarily large buffer of text lines.
+      <h3>Blazing fast and minimalist text interface, Inspired by Vim and the terminal: </h3>
+      <p>The core is a rendering engine of monospace plaintext in grid-layout.</p>
+      <p>As a text buffer, Buffee is efficient by maintaining a viewport with a small DOM footprint. Performance does not degrade with the length of the text.
+        In fact, this project descend from an initiative to inspect massive distributed server logs in browser, distilling breakthroughs in that space.
       </p>
-      <p>To maximize performance, the core implementation tighly couples text editing operations with rendering.
-        The project originated as a way to inspect massive, distributed server log files directly in the browser.
-        Breakthroughs in this problem space were distilled down to Buffee. 
-        The key optimization is sidestepping DOM bottlenecks and avoiding JavaScript fatigue. 
+
+      <p>To maximize performance, the implementation tightly couples text editing capabilities with the rendering and text buffering core.
       </p>
+
       <p>
-        TUI capabilities ship as an extension. One day we will liberate OrgMode from the text-based-UI, err operating system, that is Emacs. 
-        Terminal-based agentic coding tools have also ignited interest in TUIs. 
-        Where <a href="https://github.com/dankamongmen/notcurses">notcurses</a> brings browser bling to the terminal, Buffee completes the circle 
-        by ushering in 20th century paradigms to the modern web.  
+        Credit to the wizards of V8. Compactness was feasible with V8 arrays being viable as a text buffer. 
+        Compare with complex structures, plural, needed by native editors, e.g. <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/blogs/2018/03/23/text-buffer-reimplementation">piecetable</a>. 
+        Content and syntax aware considerations aside, Buffee rivals the performance of native text editors. 
+      </p>  
+
+      <h3>Combinator-oriented extension system, adopting Neovim's modular ethos</h3>
+      <p>
+        Buffee is designed to be hackable with a minimal but powerful API: <a href="docs/api.txt">API cheatsheet</a></h3>
+      <p>
+        The extension system is with combinators - functions that take as input a buffee instance and return a buffee instance with more functionality.
+        This is novel because, unlike other text editors, Buffee is just a callable function that you can readily access and reprogram.
       </p>
+      <p>The Neovim paradigm is to be modular, consisting of many 
+        single-purpose extensions. Buffee follows the same philosophy, having a lightweight core with 
+        extensions that can be chained and combined, hence combinator.
       </p>
       <p>
-        Much is owed to the wizards of V8. Compactness was made possible because V8 arrays proved instaneously fast. Compare with complex 
-        structures, plural, needed by native editors, e.g. <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/blogs/2018/03/23/text-buffer-reimplementation">piecetable</a>. 
-        Content/syntax-aware considerations aside, Buffee rivals titans of the text editor industry. 
+        Explore: <a href="web/combinators.html">combinators</a>
       </p>
+   
     </section>
 
     <!-- TUI Mode Demo -->
     <section>
-      <h3>TUI Mode</h3>
-      <p>Terminal UI mode placing interactive elements in the buffer. <kbd>Tab</kbd> to next element. <kbd>Enter</kbd> to activate.</p>
-
-      <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; flex-wrap: wrap;">
-        <button id="tui-toggle-btn">Enable TUI Mode</button>
-        <button id="tui-highlight-toggle-btn" class="hidden">Highlight All</button>
-      </div>
-      <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; flex-wrap: wrap;">
-        <label>Row:</label>
-        <input type="number" id="tui-row" value="0" style="width: 60px;">
-        <label>Col:</label>
-        <input type="number" id="tui-col" value="0" style="width: 60px;">
-        <label>Content:</label>
-        <input type="text" id="tui-content" value="Foobar" style="width: 120px;">
-        <button id="tui-add-btn">Add Element</button>
-      </div>
+      <h3>TUI</h3>
+        <p>
+        TUI mode ship as a <a href="web/combinators.html">combinator</a>.
+         As <a href="https://github.com/dankamongmen/notcurses">notcurses</a> brings browser bling to the terminal, Buffee completes the circle 
+        by ushering in 20th century paradigms to the modern web.  
+        Terminal-based agentic coding tools have re-ignited interest in TUIs. 
+        Personally, I'm keen on liberating OrgMode from the text-based-UI, err operating system, that is Emacs. 
+      </p>
+      <p><kbd>Tab</kbd> to next element. <kbd>Enter</kbd> to activate.</p>
       <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-kai" id="tui-demo">
         <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
         <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
@@ -154,10 +153,10 @@ <h3>TUI Mode</h3>
       </div>
     </section>
 
+
     <!-- Dynamic Data Demo -->
     <section>
-      <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
-      <p>Example of loading data from APIs.</p>
+    <h3>Live HackerNews Front Page</h3>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-hn" id="hackernews">
       <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
@@ -366,31 +365,6 @@ <h3>HackerNews Front Page</h3>
 
     // Enable TUI mode by default
     tuiDemo.TUI.enabled = true;
-    document.getElementById('tui-toggle-btn').textContent = 'Disable TUI Mode';
-
-    const tuiHighlightBtn = document.getElementById('tui-highlight-toggle-btn');
-    tuiHighlightBtn.classList.remove('hidden');
-    tuiHighlightBtn.textContent = 'Unhighlight All';
-    let tuiHighlighted = true;
-
-    document.getElementById('tui-toggle-btn').addEventListener('click', () => {
-      tuiDemo.TUI.enabled = !tuiDemo.TUI.enabled;
-      document.getElementById('tui-toggle-btn').textContent = tuiDemo.TUI.enabled ? 'Disable TUI Mode' : 'Enable TUI Mode';
-      tuiHighlightBtn.classList.toggle('hidden', !tuiDemo.TUI.enabled);
-    });
-
-    tuiHighlightBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
-      tuiHighlighted = !tuiHighlighted;
-      tuiDemo.TUI.setHighlight(tuiHighlighted);
-      tuiHighlightBtn.textContent = tuiHighlighted ? 'Unhighlight All' : 'Highlight All';
-    });
-
-    document.getElementById('tui-add-btn').addEventListener('click', () => {
-      const row = parseInt(document.getElementById('tui-row').value) || 0;
-      const col = parseInt(document.getElementById('tui-col').value) || 0;
-      const label = document.getElementById('tui-content').value || 'Button';
-      tuiDemo.TUI.addButton({ row, col, label });
-    });
 
     // Bind Tab to nextElement, other keys to handleKeyDown in TUI mode
     tuiDemoElement.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
diff --git a/samples/sample-tui.html b/samples/sample-tui.html
index 9e80b063..e79e7eb2 100644
--- a/samples/sample-tui.html
+++ b/samples/sample-tui.html
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/reset.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-chelsey.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../themes/theme-kai.css">
 </head>
 <body class="sample">
   <nav id="nav"></nav>
@@ -81,6 +82,38 @@ <h2>Prompt (type to input, Enter to submit)</h2>
     </div>
   </div>
 
+  <h2>Interactive Demo</h2>
+  <p>Toggle TUI mode, highlight elements, and add custom buttons.</p>
+  <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; flex-wrap: wrap;">
+    <button id="tui-toggle-btn">Enable TUI Mode</button>
+    <button id="tui-highlight-toggle-btn" class="hidden">Highlight All</button>
+  </div>
+  <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; flex-wrap: wrap;">
+    <label>Row:</label>
+    <input type="number" id="tui-row" value="0" style="width: 60px;">
+    <label>Col:</label>
+    <input type="number" id="tui-col" value="0" style="width: 60px;">
+    <label>Content:</label>
+    <input type="text" id="tui-content" value="Foobar" style="width: 120px;">
+    <button id="tui-add-btn">Add Element</button>
+  </div>
+  <p><kbd>Tab</kbd> to next element. <kbd>Enter</kbd> to activate.</p>
+  <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-kai" id="interactive-demo">
+    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
+    <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
+      <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
+      <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="buffee-status">
+      <div class="buffee-status-left"><span class="buffee-linecount"></span></div>
+      <div class="buffee-status-right">
+        Ln <span class="buffee-head-row"></span>, Col <span class="buffee-head-col"></span>
+        <span class="buffee-status-divider">|</span>
+        <span class="buffee-spaces"></span>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
   <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
   <pre>new Buffee(el, { h: 10 })
 TUI.addScrollBox({ row: 1, col: 2, width: 40, height: 8, title: 'Logs', lines: [...] })</pre>
@@ -177,6 +210,168 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
       else { e.preventDefault(); scrollEditor.TUI.handleKeyDown(e.key); }
     });
 
+    // Interactive Demo
+    const interactiveEl = document.getElementById('interactive-demo');
+    const interactiveEditor = BuffeeTUI(BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(interactiveEl, { h: 15 })));
+
+    const fileTemplate = `
+                ║
+─┤░░░░Files░░░├─╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════
+════════════════╣
+                ║
+                ║
+                ║
+                ║
+                ║
+                ║
+                ║
+                ║
+`;
+
+    const files = {
+      'main.js': [
+        'function main() {',
+        '  console.log("Hello");',
+        '  init();',
+        '}',
+        '',
+        'main();'
+      ],
+      'styles.css': [
+        'body {',
+        '  margin: 0;',
+        '  font-family: sans;',
+        '}',
+        '.btn { color: blue; }'
+      ],
+      'config.json': [
+        '{',
+        '  "name": "myapp",',
+        '  "version": "1.0",',
+        '  "port": 3000',
+        '}'
+      ],
+      'README.md': [
+        '# My Project',
+        '',
+        'A demo application.',
+        '',
+        '## Install',
+        'npm install'
+      ],
+      'index.html': [
+        '<!DOCTYPE html>',
+        '<html>',
+        '<head>',
+        '  <title>App</title>',
+        '</head>',
+        '<body></body>',
+        '</html>'
+      ],
+      'data.csv': [
+        'name,age,city',
+        'Alice,30,NYC',
+        'Bob,25,LA',
+        'Carol,35,Chicago'
+      ],
+      '.env': [
+        'API_KEY=sk-xxx',
+        'DEBUG=true',
+        'PORT=8080'
+      ],
+      'notes.txt': [
+        'TODO:',
+        '- Fix bug #42',
+        '- Add tests',
+        '- Update docs'
+      ]
+    };
+
+    const fileElementIds = {};
+
+    function loadFile(name) {
+      const fileNames = Object.keys(files);
+      fileNames.forEach((fname, i) => {
+        if (fileElementIds[fname]) {
+          interactiveEditor.TUI.removeElement(fileElementIds[fname]);
+        }
+        const label = fname === name ? '> ' + fname : '  ' + fname;
+        fileElementIds[fname] = interactiveEditor.TUI.addButton({
+          row: i + 3,
+          col: 2,
+          label,
+          onActivate: () => loadFile(fname)
+        });
+      });
+
+      const fileIndex = fileNames.indexOf(name);
+      if (fileIndex !== -1) interactiveEditor.TUI.setCurrentIndex(fileIndex);
+
+      const lines = interactiveEditor.Model._;
+      const content = files[name] || [];
+      for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+        if (i === 1 || i === 2) continue;
+        const dividerPos = lines[i].search(/[║╠╣]/);
+        if (dividerPos === -1) continue;
+        let right;
+        if (i === 0) {
+          lines[i] = '                ║' + ' ' + name;
+          continue;
+        }
+        const left = lines[i].slice(0, dividerPos + 1);
+        if (i >= 3) {
+          right = ' ' + (content[i - 3] || '');
+        }
+        lines[i] = left + right;
+      }
+      interactiveEditor.TUI.enabled = true;
+    }
+
+    interactiveEditor.Model._ = fileTemplate.trim().split('\n');
+    loadFile('main.js');
+
+    interactiveEditor.TUI.addPrompt({
+      row: 12,
+      col: 18,
+      width: 40,
+      title: 'Command',
+      onActivate: (el) => alert('Command: ' + el.input)
+    });
+
+    interactiveEditor.TUI.enabled = true;
+
+    const tuiToggleBtn = document.getElementById('tui-toggle-btn');
+    const tuiHighlightBtn = document.getElementById('tui-highlight-toggle-btn');
+    let tuiHighlighted = true;
+
+    tuiToggleBtn.textContent = 'Disable TUI Mode';
+    tuiHighlightBtn.classList.remove('hidden');
+    tuiHighlightBtn.textContent = 'Unhighlight All';
+
+    tuiToggleBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
+      interactiveEditor.TUI.enabled = !interactiveEditor.TUI.enabled;
+      tuiToggleBtn.textContent = interactiveEditor.TUI.enabled ? 'Disable TUI Mode' : 'Enable TUI Mode';
+      tuiHighlightBtn.classList.toggle('hidden', !interactiveEditor.TUI.enabled);
+    });
+
+    tuiHighlightBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
+      tuiHighlighted = !tuiHighlighted;
+      interactiveEditor.TUI.setHighlight(tuiHighlighted);
+      tuiHighlightBtn.textContent = tuiHighlighted ? 'Unhighlight All' : 'Highlight All';
+    });
+
+    document.getElementById('tui-add-btn').addEventListener('click', () => {
+      const row = parseInt(document.getElementById('tui-row').value) || 0;
+      const col = parseInt(document.getElementById('tui-col').value) || 0;
+      const label = document.getElementById('tui-content').value || 'Button';
+      interactiveEditor.TUI.addButton({ row, col, label, onActivate: () => { alert(label + ' clicked'); } });
+    });
+
+    interactiveEl.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
+      if (e.key === 'Tab') { e.preventDefault(); interactiveEditor.TUI.nextElement(); }
+      else { e.preventDefault(); interactiveEditor.TUI.handleKeyDown(e.key); }
+    });
+
     // Focus first editor
     plainEl.focus();
   </script>
diff --git a/themes/theme-hn.css b/themes/theme-hn.css
index 84f4cba9..75ad7b37 100644
--- a/themes/theme-hn.css
+++ b/themes/theme-hn.css
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 }
 .buffee-themepack1-hn .buffee-caret {
   background-color: black;
+  mix-blend-mode: normal;
 }
 .buffee-themepack1-hn .buffee-rail,
 .buffee-themepack1-hn .buffee-status {
diff --git a/web/combinators.html b/web/combinators.html
index 91be996e..d55bb29a 100644
--- a/web/combinators.html
+++ b/web/combinators.html
@@ -14,8 +14,14 @@
   </script>
 
   <h1>Combinators</h1>
-  <p>Optional modules for buffee. Load independently.</p>
-
+  <p>Buffee's extension system is with combinators - functions that take as input a buffee 
+    instance and return a buffee instance with more functionality. This is novel because, 
+    unlike other text editors, Buffee is just a JavaScript function that you can readily access
+    and reprogram.
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    Moreover, you can chain and combine these extensions together. Hence, combinator.
+  </p>
   <h2>History</h2>
   <p><a href="../combinators/history.js"><code>combinators/history.js</code></a></p>
   <p>Undo/redo support with operation coalescing. Without this combinator, editors have no history.</p>

From 9e3b34e5e3a5dcc6b55e6f4dfeb0145d015559e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 11:39:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 28/50] v15.7.0-alpha.1: remove View._ getter

- api: remove View._ getter (unused, reduces API surface)
- docs: remove View._ from README
---
 README.md          |  2 --
 buffee.js          |  7 +------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 docs/api.txt       | 12 +++++-------
 5 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cc56abbb..1f9eb323 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -138,8 +138,6 @@ Container should have explicit height inherit some percentage from parent.
 
 **View** `editor.View` represents the virtual viewport
 
-`editor.View._` is the buffer lines in view
-
 **Span** `editor.Span` represents a text selection. Cursors are the special case of this where the
 anchor and the head/dot are the same. Text editing operations are defined relative to this selection.
 
diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index d6e34627..34909172 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.6.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.7.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -328,11 +328,6 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
       RENDER(delta);
     },
 
-    /**
-     * Gets the lines currently visible in the viewport.
-     * @returns {string[]} Array of visible line contents
-     */
-    get _() { return Model._.slice(this.first, this.last + 1); }
   };
 
   // Add / remove lines, selections, rails as row changes
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index e58a1113..6d47ad40 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.7.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2572 / 2.51 KB (-15), br: 2372 / 2.32 KB (-14), min: 5751 / 5.62 KB (-50)
+- api: remove View._ getter (unused, reduces API surface)
+
 ** 15.6.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2587 / 2.53 KB (-1), br: 2387 / 2.33 KB (+2), min: 5801 / 5.67 KB (-6)
 - api: move render/RENDER to View namespace (editor.View.render(), editor.View.RENDER())
 - docs: convert api.md to api.txt (ASCII plaintext format)
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 6de35546..27a411a7 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.6.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,c=l.x;const[h,o,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g,_]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[_,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(c,s),e&&(c=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):L()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(c=e?++l.x:--l.x,L()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;c=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,L()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[l.y],i=n.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?i:0)){let t=l.x;const c=r?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,h=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;c()&&e.test(n[t]);)h();for(;c()&&s.test(n[t]);)h()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;c()&&s.test(n[t]);)h();else{const e=n[t];for(h();c()&&n[t]===e;)h()}l.x=t,L()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=i,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,c=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):c=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):L()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,L()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),L()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:h,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),E(s)},get _(){return M._.slice(this.first,this.last+1)}},E=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)v.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&v.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)v.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(p){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;p.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*o}px)`)}L(t)},L=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)v.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let 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t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));c=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:c}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):L()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,c=l.x;const[h,o,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(c,s),e&&(c=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):L()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(c=e?++l.x:--l.x,L()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;c=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,L()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[l.y],i=n.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?i:0)){let t=l.x;const c=r?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,h=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;c()&&e.test(n[t]);)h();for(;c()&&s.test(n[t]);)h()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;c()&&s.test(n[t]);)h();else{const e=n[t];for(h();c()&&n[t]===e;)h()}l.x=t,L()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=i,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,c=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):c=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):L()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,L()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),L()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:h,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),E(s)}},E=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)v.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&v.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)v.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(u){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*o}px)`)}L(t)},L=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)v.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*h+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch",b.sub.forEach(e=>e(x,D,t))};s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*o}px)`),e&&v.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*h+"px"));const C=t=>{D.n+=t,E(t)};e?C(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),C(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/h)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),L();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));c=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:c}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):L()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.txt b/docs/api.txt
index 2848e6dd..934c917d 100644
--- a/docs/api.txt
+++ b/docs/api.txt
@@ -42,19 +42,17 @@ instance.View
 ------------------
 View
   .first             Model index of first line of viewport
+  .last              Model index of last line viewport
   .n                 Viewport size - number of lines (settable)
+  .N                 Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
   .set(first)        Scroll to line, keep current size
   .set(first, n)     Scroll to line with new size
-  ._                 Visible lines array (derived: Model._.slice(first, last + 1))
   .render(delta)     Render content only (delta = viewport size change)
   .RENDER(delta)     Rebuild containers and render content
-  .last              Model index of last line viewport
-  .N                 Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
-
-The paradigm is to define first and size, but last is derived. An alternative
-implementation was first and last, but size is derived. The latter's API appears
-symmetrical but it was not as intuitive and the implementation uglier.
 
+First and size is primary, but last is derived. An alternative
+would have been to make first and last, but size is derived. The latter 
+is a more symmetrical API but not as intuitive and the implementation uglier.
 
 instance.Span
 ------------------

From f7684fa100d4c4db9d909654369b8c9b86ab687c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 11:44:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 29/50] v15.7.1-alpha.1: perf: replace forEach with for..of
 loops

---
 buffee.js          | 14 +++++++-------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 34909172..1a53213a 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.7.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.7.1-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -334,9 +334,9 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   const RENDER = View.RENDER = delta => {
     if (delta) {
       let d = delta;
-      for (; d > 0; d--         ) viewportLayers.forEach(([a, f]) => a.push(f.appendChild(document.createElement('pre'))));
-      if  (delta > 0            ) viewportLayers.forEach(([, f, p]) => p?.appendChild(f));
-      for (d = delta; d < 0; d++) viewportLayers.forEach(([a]) => a.pop()?.remove());
+      for (; d > 0; d--         ) for (let [a, f]   of viewportLayers) a.push(f.appendChild(document.createElement('pre')));
+      if  (delta > 0            ) for (let [, f, p] of viewportLayers) p?.appendChild(f);
+      for (d = delta; d < 0; d++) for (let [a]      of viewportLayers) a.pop()?.remove();
     }
     if ($rail) {
       const railCols = Math.max(railInit, (View.first + View.N).toString().length) + railPad;
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     Mode.f++;
 
     // Update contents of line containers (reset to clean state)
-    for (let i = 0; i < View.N; i++) viewportLayers.forEach(([arr, , , update]) => arr[i] && update(arr[i], i));
+    for (let i = 0; i < View.N; i++) for (let [arr, , , update] of viewportLayers) arr[i] && update(arr[i], i);
 
     let cursorLeft = -1;
     if(Mode.i >= 0) {
@@ -379,14 +379,14 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     }
     $caret.style.left = cursorLeft + 'ch';
 
-    Mode.sub.forEach(hook => hook($lines, View, delta));
+    for (let hook of Mode.sub) hook($lines, View, delta);
   }
   
   // Set container width if w specified
   // Width = rail(ch) + lines(ch) + margins(px): rail has margin*2, lines has margin*2
   w && !$rail && ($pane.style.width = `calc(${w}ch + ${padding * 2}px)`);
   // Set container height if h specified (don't use flex: 1). TODO: perhaps can just set on parent
-  h && viewportLayers.forEach(([, , p]) => p && (p.style.height = h * ch + 'px'));
+  if (h) for (let [, , p] of viewportLayers) p && (p.style.height = h * ch + 'px');
   // Initial sizing render
   const resize = delta => {View.n += delta, RENDER(delta)};
   h ? resize(h) : new ResizeObserver(() => {lRect = $lines.getBoundingClientRect(); resize(Math.floor($pane.clientHeight / ch) - View.n)}).observe($pane);
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 6d47ad40..a89b4d94 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.7.1-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2569 / 2.51 KB (-3), br: 2369 / 2.31 KB (-3), min: 5741 / 5.61 KB (-10)
+- perf: replace forEach with for..of loops
+
 ** 15.7.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2572 / 2.51 KB (-15), br: 2372 / 2.32 KB (-14), min: 5751 / 5.62 KB (-50)
 - api: remove View._ getter (unused, reduces API surface)
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 27a411a7..c6510420 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,c=l.x;const[h,o,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(c,s),e&&(c=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):L()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(c=e?++l.x:--l.x,L()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;c=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,L()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[l.y],i=n.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?i:0)){let t=l.x;const c=r?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,h=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;c()&&e.test(n[t]);)h();for(;c()&&s.test(n[t]);)h()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;c()&&s.test(n[t]);)h();else{const e=n[t];for(h();c()&&n[t]===e;)h()}l.x=t,L()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=i,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,c=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):c=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):L()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,L()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):L())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),L()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:h,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),E(s)}},E=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)v.forEach(([t,e])=>t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre"))));for(t>0&&v.forEach(([,t,e])=>e?.appendChild(t)),e=t;e<0;e++)v.forEach(([t])=>t.pop()?.remove())}if(u){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*o}px)`)}L(t)},L=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)v.forEach(([e,,,s])=>e[t]&&s(e[t],t));let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*h+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch",b.sub.forEach(e=>e(x,D,t))};s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*o}px)`),e&&v.forEach(([,,t])=>t&&(t.style.height=e*h+"px"));const C=t=>{D.n+=t,E(t)};e?C(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),C(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/h)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),L();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));c=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:c}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):L()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.1-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,o=l.x;const[c,h,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(o=e?++l.x:--l.x,C()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;o=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[l.y],i=n.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?i:0)){let t=l.x;const o=r?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}l.x=t,C()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=i,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,o=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,C()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),L(s)}},L=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(let[t,e]of v)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(let[,t,e]of v)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(let[t]of v)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*h}px)`)}C(t)},C=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)for(let[e,,,s]of v)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(let e of b.sub)e(x,D,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*h}px)`),e)for(let[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");const E=t=>{D.n+=t,L(t)};e?E(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),E(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/c)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));o=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):C()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 9a2ca61377823febba731af4d2c4eb8436ab3c58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 11:45:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 30/50] v15.7.2-alpha.1: refactor: use const in for..of loops

---
 buffee.js          | 14 +++++++-------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 1a53213a..6d911efa 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.7.1-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.7.2-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -334,9 +334,9 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   const RENDER = View.RENDER = delta => {
     if (delta) {
       let d = delta;
-      for (; d > 0; d--         ) for (let [a, f]   of viewportLayers) a.push(f.appendChild(document.createElement('pre')));
-      if  (delta > 0            ) for (let [, f, p] of viewportLayers) p?.appendChild(f);
-      for (d = delta; d < 0; d++) for (let [a]      of viewportLayers) a.pop()?.remove();
+      for (; d > 0; d--         ) for (const [a, f]   of viewportLayers) a.push(f.appendChild(document.createElement('pre')));
+      if  (delta > 0            ) for (const [, f, p] of viewportLayers) p?.appendChild(f);
+      for (d = delta; d < 0; d++) for (const [a]      of viewportLayers) a.pop()?.remove();
     }
     if ($rail) {
       const railCols = Math.max(railInit, (View.first + View.N).toString().length) + railPad;
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     Mode.f++;
 
     // Update contents of line containers (reset to clean state)
-    for (let i = 0; i < View.N; i++) for (let [arr, , , update] of viewportLayers) arr[i] && update(arr[i], i);
+    for (let i = 0; i < View.N; i++) for (const [arr, , , update] of viewportLayers) arr[i] && update(arr[i], i);
 
     let cursorLeft = -1;
     if(Mode.i >= 0) {
@@ -379,14 +379,14 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     }
     $caret.style.left = cursorLeft + 'ch';
 
-    for (let hook of Mode.sub) hook($lines, View, delta);
+    for (const hook of Mode.sub) hook($lines, View, delta);
   }
   
   // Set container width if w specified
   // Width = rail(ch) + lines(ch) + margins(px): rail has margin*2, lines has margin*2
   w && !$rail && ($pane.style.width = `calc(${w}ch + ${padding * 2}px)`);
   // Set container height if h specified (don't use flex: 1). TODO: perhaps can just set on parent
-  if (h) for (let [, , p] of viewportLayers) p && (p.style.height = h * ch + 'px');
+  if (h) for (const [, , p] of viewportLayers) p && (p.style.height = h * ch + 'px');
   // Initial sizing render
   const resize = delta => {View.n += delta, RENDER(delta)};
   h ? resize(h) : new ResizeObserver(() => {lRect = $lines.getBoundingClientRect(); resize(Math.floor($pane.clientHeight / ch) - View.n)}).observe($pane);
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index a89b4d94..465cc0a3 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.7.2-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2572 / 2.51 KB (+3), br: 2374 / 2.32 KB (+5), min: 5753 / 5.62 KB (12)
+- refactor: use const in for..of loops
+
 ** 15.7.1-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2569 / 2.51 KB (-3), br: 2369 / 2.31 KB (-3), min: 5741 / 5.61 KB (-10)
 - perf: replace forEach with for..of loops
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index c6510420..f5a9ce18 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.1-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,o=l.x;const[c,h,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(o=e?++l.x:--l.x,C()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;o=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const 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M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,o=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,C()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const 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n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(let e of b.sub)e(x,D,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*h}px)`),e)for(let[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");const E=t=>{D.n+=t,L(t)};e?E(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),E(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/c)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));o=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):C()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.2-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,o=l.x;const[c,h,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(o=e?++l.x:--l.x,C()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;o=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[l.y],i=n.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?i:0)){let t=l.x;const o=r?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}l.x=t,C()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=i,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,o=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,C()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),L(s)}},L=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of v)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of v)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of v)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*h}px)`)}C(t)},C=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of v)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(x,D,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*h}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");const E=t=>{D.n+=t,L(t)};e?E(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),E(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/c)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));o=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):C()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 3dbe356b88e9e96381f884f157dddacae921775c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 11:47:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 31/50] v15.7.3-alpha.1: perf: remove unnecessary detachedHead
 initialization

---
 buffee.js          | 4 ++--
 dev/changelog.txt  | 3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 6d911efa..ea48c113 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.7.2-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.7.3-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
   // In case where we have cursor, we want head === tail.
-  const detachedHead = { y: 0, x: 0};
+  const detachedHead = {};
   let head   = { y: 0, x: 0 };
   let tail   = head;
   let maxCol = head.x;
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 465cc0a3..878c6046 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.7.3-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2572 / 2.51 KB (0), br: 2374 / 2.32 KB (0), min: 5746 / 5.61 KB (-7)
+- perf: remove unnecessary detachedHead initialization
+
 ** 15.7.2-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2572 / 2.51 KB (+3), br: 2374 / 2.32 KB (+5), min: 5753 / 5.62 KB (12)
 - refactor: use const in for..of loops
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index f5a9ce18..c118dc72 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.2-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,o=l.x;const[c,h,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(o=e?++l.x:--l.x,C()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;o=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[l.y],i=n.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?i:0)){let t=l.x;const o=r?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}l.x=t,C()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=i,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,o=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,C()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),L(s)}},L=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of v)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of v)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of v)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*h}px)`)}C(t)},C=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of v)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(x,D,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*h}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");const E=t=>{D.n+=t,L(t)};e?E(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),E(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/c)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));o=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):C()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.3-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,o=l.x;const[c,h,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(o=e?++l.x:--l.x,C()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;o=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[l.y],i=n.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?i:0)){let t=l.x;const o=r?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}l.x=t,C()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=i,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,o=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,C()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),L(s)}},L=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of v)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of v)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of v)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*h}px)`)}C(t)},C=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of v)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(x,D,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*h}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");const E=t=>{D.n+=t,L(t)};e?E(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),E(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/c)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));o=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):C()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From e409d0e1f8a7fcccafa405c2b124a35d496d7873 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 12:00:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 32/50] =?UTF-8?q?v15.7.4-alpha.1:=20refactor:=20rename=20t?=
 =?UTF-8?q?ail=E2=86=92anchor,=20detachedHead=E2=86=92detached?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 buffee.js          | 32 +++++++++++++++-----------------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index ea48c113..c02e42a5 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,15 +18,13 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.7.3-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.7.4-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
-  // head.y and tail.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
+  // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
-  // In case where we have cursor, we want head === tail.
-  const detachedHead = {};
-  let head   = { y: 0, x: 0 };
-  let tail   = head;
-  let maxCol = head.x;
+  // In case where we have cursor, we want head === anchor.
+  const anchor = { y: 0, x: 0 }, detached = {};
+  let head = anchor, maxCol = 0;
 
   // Interface with HTML and CSS.
   const [ch    , padding ,  railInit , railPad  ] =
@@ -51,11 +49,11 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
    */
   const Span = this.Span = {
     /**
-     * Returns selection bounds. Pass truthy for document order, falsy for [head, tail].
+     * Returns selection bounds. Pass truthy for document order, falsy for [head, anchor].
      * @param {boolean} [ordered] - If true, returns [start, end] in document order
      * @returns {[Position, Position]} Array of positions
      */
-    bounds: ordered => ordered && Span.dir > 0 ? [tail, head] : [head, tail],
+    bounds: ordered => ordered && Span.dir > 0 ? [anchor, head] : [head, anchor],
 
     /**
      * Moves the cursor/selection head vertically.
@@ -122,7 +120,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * @returns {-1|0|1}
      */
     get dir() {
-      return head === tail ? 0 : (tail.y === head.y && tail.x < head.x || tail.y < head.y) ? 1 : -1;
+      return head === anchor ? 0 : (anchor.y === head.y && anchor.x < head.x || anchor.y < head.y) ? 1 : -1;
     },
 
     /**
@@ -146,16 +144,16 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     /** Collapses selection to a cursor. Optionally sets position first. */
     cursor(p) {
       if (p) { head.y = p.y; head.x = p.x; }
-      tail.y = head.y;
-      tail.x = head.x;
-      head   = tail;
+      anchor.y = head.y;
+      anchor.x = head.x;
+      head     = anchor;
     },
 
-    /** Begins a new selection by detaching head from tail allowing independent movement. */
+    /** Begins a new selection by detaching head from anchor allowing independent movement. */
     select() {
-      head   = detachedHead;
-      head.y = tail.y;
-      head.x = tail.x;
+      head   = detached;
+      head.y = anchor.y;
+      head.x = anchor.x;
     },
 
     /**
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 878c6046..28b51bf3 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.7.4-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2575 / 2.51 KB (+3), br: 2371 / 2.32 KB (-2), min: 5744 / 5.61 KB (-2)
+- refactor: rename tail→anchor, detachedHead→detached for clarity
+
 ** 15.7.3-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2572 / 2.51 KB (0), br: 2374 / 2.32 KB (0), min: 5746 / 5.61 KB (-7)
 - perf: remove unnecessary detachedHead initialization
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index c118dc72..b2794b83 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.3-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={};let l={y:0,x:0},r=l,o=l.x;const[c,h,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[r,l]:[l,r],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<M.last:l.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=l.x),l.y<D.first||l.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?l.y-D.n+1:l.y):C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<M._[l.y].length:l.x)?(o=e?++l.x:--l.x,C()):(e?l.y<M.last:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[l.y];var s;o=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[l.y],i=n.length,r=t>0;if(l.x!==(r?i:0)){let t=l.x;const o=r?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=r?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}l.x=t,C()}else(r?l.y<M.last:l.y>0)&&(l.x=r?0:M._[--l.y].length,r&&++l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):!r&&l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},get dir(){return l===r?0:r.y===l.y&&r.x<l.x||r.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),r.y=l.y,r.x=l.x,l=r},select(){l=i,l.y=r.y,l.x=r.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,o=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>D.last?D.set(l.y-D.n+1):C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(M.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,C()):l.y>0&&(l.x=M._[l.y-1].length,M.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<D.first?D.set(l.y):C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),L(s)}},L=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of v)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of v)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of v)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*h}px)`)}C(t)},C=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of v)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=l.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+l.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,r=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>s?r-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(x,D,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*h}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");const E=t=>{D.n+=t,L(t)};e?E(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),E(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/c)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));o=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):C()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.4-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,h,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<M.last:r.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<D.first||r.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?r.y-D.n+1:r.y):C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<M._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,C()):(e?r.y<M.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,C()}else(l?r.y<M.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:M._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>D.last?D.set(r.y-D.n+1):!l&&r.y<D.first?D.set(r.y):C())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>D.last?D.set(r.y-D.n+1):C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(M.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,C()):r.y>0&&(r.x=M._[r.y-1].length,M.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<D.first?D.set(r.y):C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),L(s)}},L=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of v)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of v)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of v)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*h}px)`)}C(t)},C=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of v)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=r.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+r.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>s?l-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(x,D,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*h}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");const E=t=>{D.n+=t,L(t)};e?E(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),E(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/c)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));o=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):C()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 520725729e6eac9ce919dc279f71b51fa90a6683 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 12:16:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 33/50] v15.8.0-alpha.1: api: View.first and View.n are now
 setters

- View.first = n replaces View.set(n)
- View.n = n replaces View.size(n)
- Removed resize helper function
---
 CLAUDE.md                    |  2 +-
 buffee.js                    | 44 +++++++++++++-----------------------
 dev/changelog.txt            |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js           |  2 +-
 docs/api.txt                 | 16 ++++++-------
 samples/sample-loader.html   |  3 ++-
 samples/sample-syntax.html   |  2 +-
 test/specs/spec-features.dsl |  4 ++--
 web/getting-started.html     |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 9d3769ac..ad892720 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ BuffeeStatusLine(new Buffee(el, { h: 20, w: 80, s: 4 }));
 
 editor.Model._ = ["line1", "line2"];  // Set content (array of lines)
 editor.View.render();                 // Render after content changes
-editor.View.set(5);                   // Scroll to line index 5
+editor.View.first = 5;                // Scroll to line index 5
 editor.Span.ins(["text"]);            // Insert at cursor
 editor.Span.cursor({y:0,x:0});        // Move cursor
 ```
diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index c02e42a5..0f683608 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.7.4-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.8.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         const len = Model._[dir > 0 ? ++head.y : --head.y].length;
         head.x = toEdge ? (dir > 0 ? 0 : len) : Math.min(maxCol, len);
         if (toEdge) maxCol = head.x;
-        if (head.y < View.first || head.y > View.last) View.set(dir > 0 ? head.y - View.n + 1 : head.y);
+        if (head.y < View.first || head.y > View.last) View.first = dir > 0 ? head.y - View.n + 1 : head.y;
         else render();
       }
     },
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
       } else if (fwd ? head.y < Model.last : head.y > 0) {
         // At edge - move to adjacent line
         head.x = fwd ? 0 : Model._[--head.y].length;
-        if (fwd && ++head.y > View.last) View.set(head.y - View.n + 1);
-        else if (!fwd && head.y < View.first) View.set(head.y);
+        if (fwd && ++head.y > View.last) View.first = head.y - View.n + 1;
+        else if (!fwd && head.y < View.first) View.first = head.y;
         else render();
       }
     },
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
                maxCol = head.x  = lines[lines.length - 1].length;
         } else maxCol = head.x += lines[0]?.length || 0;
       }
-      if (head.y > View.last) View.set(head.y - View.n + 1);
+      if (head.y > View.last) View.first = head.y - View.n + 1;
       else render();
     },
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         // At start of line - delete newline (join with previous line)
         head.x = Model._[head.y - 1].length;
         Model.del(head.y - 1, head.x, head.y, 0);
-        if (--head.y < View.first) View.set(head.y);
+        if (--head.y < View.first) View.first = head.y;
         else render();
       }
     },
@@ -300,32 +300,21 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
    * Virtual viewport dictacting which portion of document is seen and rendered.
    * @namespace View
    */
+  let vFirst = 0, vN = 0;
   const View = this.View = {
     /** @type {number} Index of the first visible line (0-indexed) */
-    first: 0,
+    get first() { return vFirst; },
+    set first(v) { vFirst = Math.max(0, Math.min(v, Model.last)); RENDER(); },
     /** @type {number} Number of visible lines */
-    n: 0,
+    get n() { return vN; },
+    set n(v) { const d = v - vN; vN = v; RENDER(d); },
     /** @type {number} Number of DOM line containers. +1 if auto-fit (no h specified) */
-    get N() { return this.n + !h; },
-
+    get N() { return vN + !h; },
     /**
      * Index of the last visible line.
      * @returns {number} Index of the last line in the viewport
      */
-    get last() { return Math.min(this.first + this.n - 1, Model.last); },
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the viewport position and optionally size.
-     * @param {number} start - Line index to start at (0-indexed)
-     * @param {number} [size] - Number of lines to display (optional)
-     */
-    set(first, size = this.n) {
-      const delta = size - this.n;
-      this.n = size;
-      this.first = Math.max(0, Math.min(first, Model.last));
-      RENDER(delta);
-    },
-
+    get last() { return vFirst + vN - 1 < Model.last ? vFirst + vN - 1 : Model.last; }
   };
 
   // Add / remove lines, selections, rails as row changes
@@ -386,8 +375,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   // Set container height if h specified (don't use flex: 1). TODO: perhaps can just set on parent
   if (h) for (const [, , p] of viewportLayers) p && (p.style.height = h * ch + 'px');
   // Initial sizing render
-  const resize = delta => {View.n += delta, RENDER(delta)};
-  h ? resize(h) : new ResizeObserver(() => {lRect = $lines.getBoundingClientRect(); resize(Math.floor($pane.clientHeight / ch) - View.n)}).observe($pane);
+  h ? View.n = h : new ResizeObserver(() => {lRect = $lines.getBoundingClientRect(); View.n = Math.floor($pane.clientHeight / ch)}).observe($pane);
 
   // Reading clipboard from the keydown listener involves a different security model.
   $lines.addEventListener('paste', e => {
@@ -452,8 +440,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
           Span.cursor({ y: targetAbsRow, x: maxCol});
 
           // Scroll viewport if target is outside visible area
-          if (targetAbsRow < View.first) View.set(targetAbsRow);
-          else if (targetAbsRow > View.last) View.set(targetAbsRow - View.n + 1);
+          if (targetAbsRow < View.first) View.first = targetAbsRow;
+          else if (targetAbsRow > View.last) View.first = targetAbsRow - View.n + 1;
           else render();
         }
       } else { // no meta key.
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 28b51bf3..5fc239f7 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.8.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2573 / 2.51 KB (0), br: 2364 / 2.31 KB (-7), min: 5746 / 5.61 KB (0)
+- api: View.first and View.n are now setters (replaces View.set() and View.size())
+
 ** 15.7.4-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2575 / 2.51 KB (+3), br: 2371 / 2.32 KB (-2), min: 5744 / 5.61 KB (-2)
 - refactor: rename tail→anchor, detachedHead→detached for clarity
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index b2794b83..28ebc582 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.7.4-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,h,a,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,p,u,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M._[D.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<M.last:r.y>0){const s=M._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<D.first||r.y>D.last?D.set(t>0?r.y-D.n+1:r.y):C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<M._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,C()):(e?r.y<M.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=M._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=M._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,C()}else(l?r.y<M.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:M._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>D.last?D.set(r.y-D.n+1):!l&&r.y<D.first?D.set(r.y):C())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=M._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<M.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[M._[t.y].slice(t.x),...M._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),M._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);M.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),M.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else M.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>D.last?D.set(r.y-D.n+1):C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(M.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,C()):r.y>0&&(r.x=M._[r.y-1].length,M.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<D.first?D.set(r.y):C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=M._[n];if(t>0)M._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);M._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else M._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},M=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}},D=this.View={first:0,n:0,get N(){return this.n+!e},get last(){return Math.min(this.first+this.n-1,M.last)},set(t,e=this.n){const s=e-this.n;this.n=e,this.first=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,M.last)),L(s)}},L=D.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of v)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of v)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of v)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(a,(D.first+D.N).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*h}px)`)}C(t)},C=D.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<D.N;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of v)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(D.first+D.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(D.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=M._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-D.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-D.first;if(i>=0&&i<D.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=r.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+r.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>s?l-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(x,D,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*h}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");const E=t=>{D.n+=t,L(t)};e?E(e):new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),E(Math.floor(f.clientHeight/c)-D.n)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),p.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},x:()=>{p.focus({preventScroll:!0}),p.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,M.last));o=Math.min(t.x,M._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<D.first?D.set(e):e>D.last?D.set(e-D.n+1):C()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.8.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D._[C.first+e]??null],[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=C.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<D.last:r.y>0){const s=D._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<C.first||r.y>C.last?C.first=t>0?r.y-C.n+1:r.y:$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<D._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,$()):(e?r.y<D.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=D._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=D._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,$()}else(l?r.y<D.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:D._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>C.last?C.first=r.y-C.n+1:!l&&r.y<C.first?C.first=r.y:$())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=D._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<D.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[D._[t.y].slice(t.x),...D._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),D._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);D.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),D.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else D.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>C.last?C.first=r.y-C.n+1:$()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(D.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,$()):r.y>0&&(r.x=D._[r.y-1].length,D.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<C.first?C.first=r.y:$())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=D._[n];if(t>0)D._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);D._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else D._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),$()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},D=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let M=0,L=0;const C=this.View={get first(){return M},set first(t){M=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,D.last)),E()},get n(){return L},set n(t){const e=t-L;L=t,E(e)},get N(){return L+!e},get last(){return M+L-1<D.last?M+L-1:D.last}},E=C.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of v)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of v)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of v)t.pop()?.remove()}if(p){const t=Math.max(h,(C.first+C.N).toString().length)+f;p.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}$(t)},$=C.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<C.N;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of v)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(C.first+C.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(C.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=D._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-C.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-C.first;if(i>=0&&i<C.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=r.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+r.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>s?l-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(x,C,t)};if(s&&!p&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?C.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),C.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const R={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},x:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=R[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,D.last));o=Math.min(t.x,D._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<C.first?C.first=e:e>C.last?C.first=e-C.n+1:$()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.txt b/docs/api.txt
index 934c917d..f20180cc 100644
--- a/docs/api.txt
+++ b/docs/api.txt
@@ -41,17 +41,17 @@ be agnostic to existence of rendering.
 instance.View
 ------------------
 View
-  .first             Model index of first line of viewport
-  .last              Model index of last line viewport
-  .n                 Viewport size - number of lines (settable)
-  .N                 Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
-  .set(first)        Scroll to line, keep current size
-  .set(first, n)     Scroll to line with new size
+  .first             Get Model index of first line of viewport
+  .first = 5         Set model index of first line of viewport 
+  .n                 Get logical Viewport size - number of lines
+  .n     = 20        Set viewport size 
+  .last              Get Model index of last line viewport
+  .N                 Get Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
   .render(delta)     Render content only (delta = viewport size change)
   .RENDER(delta)     Rebuild containers and render content
 
-First and size is primary, but last is derived. An alternative
-would have been to make first and last, but size is derived. The latter 
+You can set first and n but not last. An alternative
+would have been to make first and last,but not size. The latter 
 is a more symmetrical API but not as intuitive and the implementation uglier.
 
 instance.Span
diff --git a/samples/sample-loader.html b/samples/sample-loader.html
index 7099898d..193f54bd 100644
--- a/samples/sample-loader.html
+++ b/samples/sample-loader.html
@@ -165,7 +165,8 @@ <h3>Logs:</h3>
     document.getElementById('viewport-update').addEventListener('click', () => {
       const viewportStart = parseInt(document.getElementById('viewport-start').value) - 1;
       const viewportSize = parseInt(document.getElementById('viewport-size').value);
-      editor.View.set(viewportStart, viewportSize);
+      editor.View.n = viewportSize;
+      editor.View.first = viewportStart;
     });
 
     // File input handler
diff --git a/samples/sample-syntax.html b/samples/sample-syntax.html
index 4e383bb8..b24b46ec 100644
--- a/samples/sample-syntax.html
+++ b/samples/sample-syntax.html
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ <h1>Hello World</h1>
         perfStats.innerHTML = `Loaded ${totalLines.toLocaleString()} lines in ${((t1-t0)/1000).toFixed(1)}s`;
 
         const t2 = performance.now();
-        editor.View.set(0, editor.View.n);
+        editor.View.first = 0;
         const t3 = performance.now();
 
         perfStats.innerHTML += ` | Render: ${(t3-t2).toFixed(0)}ms`;
diff --git a/test/specs/spec-features.dsl b/test/specs/spec-features.dsl
index 5559092f..9110630c 100644
--- a/test/specs/spec-features.dsl
+++ b/test/specs/spec-features.dsl
@@ -47,10 +47,10 @@ const initialWidth = gutterWidthPx();
 // View shows lines 1-10, largest visible = 10, gutter = 3ch (~43px)
 expect(initialWidth).toBeCloseTo(43.35);
 // Scroll down - still 2-digit line numbers visible
-fixture.editor.View.set(fixture.editor.View.first + 2);
+fixture.editor.View.first = fixture.editor.View.first + 2;
 expect(gutterWidthPx()).toBeCloseTo(initialWidth);
 // Scroll back up
-fixture.editor.View.set(fixture.editor.View.first - 2);
+fixture.editor.View.first = fixture.editor.View.first - 2;
 expect(gutterWidthPx()).toBeCloseTo(initialWidth);
 
 ## should grow gutter when scrolling to 3-digit lines
diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index f00df927..0ab34140 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ <h3>API</h3>
   <p>Buffee exposes four namespaces:</p>
   <pre>instance.Model._          // Array of text lines
 instance.View.render()    // Render after changes
-instance.View.set(n)      // Scroll to line n
+instance.View.first = n   // Scroll to line n
 instance.Span.ins(lines)  // Insert at cursor
 instance.Span.del()       // Delete selection
 instance.Mode.i           // Edit mode: 1=write, 0=navigate, -1=read</pre>

From 316488586c5415a34dbfbae7074af17ca4105233 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:11:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 34/50] v15.8.1-alpha.1: fix: viewport scroll regression

---
 buffee.js          | 12 +++++-------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 0f683608..c87a1140 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.8.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.8.1-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
    * Virtual viewport dictacting which portion of document is seen and rendered.
    * @namespace View
    */
-  let vFirst = 0, vN = 0;
+  let vFirst = 0, vN = h ? 0 : -1;
   const View = this.View = {
     /** @type {number} Index of the first visible line (0-indexed) */
     get first() { return vFirst; },
@@ -308,8 +308,6 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     /** @type {number} Number of visible lines */
     get n() { return vN; },
     set n(v) { const d = v - vN; vN = v; RENDER(d); },
-    /** @type {number} Number of DOM line containers. +1 if auto-fit (no h specified) */
-    get N() { return vN + !h; },
     /**
      * Index of the last visible line.
      * @returns {number} Index of the last line in the viewport
@@ -326,7 +324,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
       for (d = delta; d < 0; d++) for (const [a]      of viewportLayers) a.pop()?.remove();
     }
     if ($rail) {
-      const railCols = Math.max(railInit, (View.first + View.N).toString().length) + railPad;
+      const railCols = Math.max(railInit, (View.first + vN + !h).toString().length) + railPad;
       $rail.style.width = railCols + 'ch';
       if (w) $pane.style.width = `calc(${railCols + w}ch + ${padding * 4}px)`;
     }
@@ -340,7 +338,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     Mode.f++;
 
     // Update contents of line containers (reset to clean state)
-    for (let i = 0; i < View.N; i++) for (const [arr, , , update] of viewportLayers) arr[i] && update(arr[i], i);
+    for (let i = 0; i < vN + !h; i++) for (const [arr, , , update] of viewportLayers) arr[i] && update(arr[i], i);
 
     let cursorLeft = -1;
     if(Mode.i >= 0) {
@@ -375,7 +373,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   // Set container height if h specified (don't use flex: 1). TODO: perhaps can just set on parent
   if (h) for (const [, , p] of viewportLayers) p && (p.style.height = h * ch + 'px');
   // Initial sizing render
-  h ? View.n = h : new ResizeObserver(() => {lRect = $lines.getBoundingClientRect(); View.n = Math.floor($pane.clientHeight / ch)}).observe($pane);
+  h ? View.n = h : new ResizeObserver(() => {lRect = $lines.getBoundingClientRect(); View.n = Math.floor($lines.clientHeight / ch)}).observe($pane);
 
   // Reading clipboard from the keydown listener involves a different security model.
   $lines.addEventListener('paste', e => {
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 5fc239f7..0f7e8bf7 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.8.1-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2570 / 2.51 KB (-3), br: 2368 / 2.31 KB (+4), min: 5732 / 5.60 KB (-14)
+- fix: viewport scroll regression (use $lines.clientHeight, inline View.N, init vN=-1 for auto-fit)
+
 ** 15.8.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2573 / 2.51 KB (0), br: 2364 / 2.31 KB (-7), min: 5746 / 5.61 KB (0)
 - api: View.first and View.n are now setters (replaces View.set() and View.size())
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 28ebc582..6022d3ed 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.8.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D._[C.first+e]??null],[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=C.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<D.last:r.y>0){const s=D._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<C.first||r.y>C.last?C.first=t>0?r.y-C.n+1:r.y:$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<D._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,$()):(e?r.y<D.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=D._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=D._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,$()}else(l?r.y<D.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:D._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>C.last?C.first=r.y-C.n+1:!l&&r.y<C.first?C.first=r.y:$())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=w.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=D._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<D.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[D._[t.y].slice(t.x),...D._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),D._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);D.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),D.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else D.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>C.last?C.first=r.y-C.n+1:$()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(D.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,$()):r.y>0&&(r.x=D._[r.y-1].length,D.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<C.first?C.first=r.y:$())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=w.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=D._[n];if(t>0)D._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);D._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else D._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),$()}},b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},D=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let M=0,L=0;const C=this.View={get first(){return M},set first(t){M=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,D.last)),E()},get n(){return L},set n(t){const e=t-L;L=t,E(e)},get N(){return L+!e},get last(){return M+L-1<D.last?M+L-1:D.last}},E=C.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of v)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of v)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of v)t.pop()?.remove()}if(p){const t=Math.max(h,(C.first+C.N).toString().length)+f;p.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}$(t)},$=C.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<C.N;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of v)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let e=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,s]=w.bounds(1),n=Math.min(C.first+C.n,s.y+1);for(let e=Math.max(C.first,t.y);e<n;e++){const n=e===t.y,i=e===s.y,l=D._[e].length,{style:r}=v[2][0][e-C.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?s.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(s.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-C.first;if(i>=0&&i<C.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",e=r.x;const{left:t,right:s}=_,n=_.left+r.x*b.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+b.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>s?l-s:0))/b.cw)*b.cw}}d.style.left=e+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(x,C,t)};if(s&&!p&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of v)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?C.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{_=x.getBoundingClientRect(),C.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&w.ins(e.split("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n"))}),u.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",w._.join("\n")),w.del(),x.focus({preventScroll:!0})});const R={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},x:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=R[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,D.last));o=Math.min(t.x,D._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<C.first?C.first=e:e>C.last?C.first=e-C.n+1:$()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.8.1-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D._[C.first+e]??null],[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=C.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<D.last:r.y>0){const s=D._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<C.first||r.y>C.last?C.first=t>0?r.y-C.n+1:r.y:$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<D._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,$()):(e?r.y<D.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=D._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const 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\ No newline at end of file

From 826bb70e566b9b9f1aafb5c8c295ab0cdc6828fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:11:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 35/50] v15.8.2-alpha.1: fix(css): rail clipping

---
 buffee.js          | 2 +-
 dev/changelog.txt  | 3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js | 2 +-
 style.css          | 5 +++--
 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index c87a1140..106804f1 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.8.1-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.8.2-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 0f7e8bf7..c6f51981 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.8.2-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2570 / 2.51 KB (0), br: 2368 / 2.31 KB (+1), min: 5732 / 5.60 KB (0)
+- fix(css): rail clipping (add margin + overflow:hidden)
+
 ** 15.8.1-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2570 / 2.51 KB (-3), br: 2368 / 2.31 KB (+4), min: 5732 / 5.60 KB (-14)
 - fix: viewport scroll regression (use $lines.clientHeight, inline View.N, init vN=-1 for auto-fit)
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 6022d3ed..520a088a 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.8.2-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D._[C.first+e]??null],[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=C.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<D.last:r.y>0){const s=D._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<C.first||r.y>C.last?C.first=t>0?r.y-C.n+1:r.y:$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<D._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,$()):(e?r.y<D.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=D._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const 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R={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},x:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:!0}),u.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=R[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,D.last));o=Math.min(t.x,D._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<C.first?C.first=e:e>C.last?C.first=e-C.n+1:$()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index 554ae756..d1d8f031 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  * Buffee Editor - Required Styles
- * @version 14.36.4-alpha.1
+ * @version 15.8.2-alpha.1
  *
  * This stylesheet contains the essential structural CSS for Buffee.
  * Colors are intentionally omitted - define them at point of usage.
@@ -102,7 +102,8 @@
 
 .buffee .buffee-rail {
   text-align: right; /* config */
-  padding: var(--buffee-padding);
+  margin: var(--buffee-padding);
+  overflow: hidden;
   width: calc(var(--buffee-rail-init) + var(--buffee-rail-pad));
 }
 .buffee .buffee-rail > pre {

From e0dbca56aa604eec2757eaaea7b98c0274da9770 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:12:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 36/50] v15.8.3-alpha.1: perf: use preventScroll:1 instead of
 true

---
 buffee.js          | 8 ++++----
 dev/changelog.txt  | 3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 106804f1..255bcde6 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.8.2-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.8.3-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     e.preventDefault(); // take over the clipboard contents                   
     e.clipboardData.setData('text/plain', Span._.join('\n'));
     Span.del();
-    $lines.focus({ preventScroll: true });     // Return focus to editor
+    $lines.focus({ preventScroll: 1 });     // Return focus to editor
   });
 
   // Arrow key encoding: ±1 = horizontal, ±2 = vertical, sign = direction
@@ -402,8 +402,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
 
     const metaKeys = {
       v: () => {},
-      c: () => { $clip.focus({ preventScroll: true }); $clip.select(); },
-      x: () => { $clip.focus({ preventScroll: true }); $clip.select(); },
+      c: () => { $clip.focus({ preventScroll: 1 }); $clip.select(); },
+      x: () => { $clip.focus({ preventScroll: 1 }); $clip.select(); },
       z: () => { e.preventDefault(); if (this.History) this.History[sh ? 'redo' : 'undo'](); },
     },     special = {
       Backspace: () => { Span.del() },
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index c6f51981..487179db 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.8.3-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2569 / 2.51 KB (-1), br: 2366 / 2.31 KB (-2), min: 5729 / 5.59 KB (-3)
+- perf: use preventScroll:1 instead of preventScroll:true
+
 ** 15.8.2-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2570 / 2.51 KB (0), br: 2368 / 2.31 KB (+1), min: 5732 / 5.60 KB (0)
 - fix(css): rail clipping (add margin + overflow:hidden)
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 520a088a..277adcc0 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.8.3-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g,m]=["pane","lines","caret","clip","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let _=x.getBoundingClientRect();const v=[[g,(t,e)=>t.textContent=D._[C.first+e]??null],[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=C.first+e+1],[m,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),w=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&w.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<D.last:r.y>0){const s=D._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<C.first||r.y>C.last?C.first=t>0?r.y-C.n+1:r.y:$()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<D._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,$()):(e?r.y<D.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=D._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,$()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const 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\ No newline at end of file

From ee609892b6768ab0d240404256db8d27693b44f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:15:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 37/50] v15.9.0-alpha.1: refactor: remove $clip clipboard
 bridge

Modern browsers fire copy/cut events on any focused element,
so the hidden textarea workaround is no longer needed.

Breaking: buffee-clip textarea no longer required in HTML template.
---
 CLAUDE.md                         |  1 -
 README.md                         |  1 -
 buffee.js                         | 23 ++++++++++-------------
 combinators/ios.js                |  7 ++++++-
 dev/changelog.txt                 |  5 +++++
 dist/buffee.min.js                |  2 +-
 docs/onboarding.md                |  1 -
 index.html                        |  3 ---
 samples/README.md                 |  1 -
 samples/_template.html            |  1 -
 samples/sample-basic.html         |  1 -
 samples/sample-conway.html        |  1 -
 samples/sample-elementals.html    |  3 ---
 samples/sample-gutter-status.html | 10 ----------
 samples/sample-history.html       |  2 --
 samples/sample-ios.html           |  1 -
 samples/sample-loader.html        |  2 --
 samples/sample-matrix.html        |  1 -
 samples/sample-movie.html         |  1 -
 samples/sample-readonly.html      |  2 --
 samples/sample-sanitize.html      |  1 -
 samples/sample-sizing.html        |  8 --------
 samples/sample-syntax.html        |  1 -
 samples/sample-tui.html           |  5 -----
 samples/sample-undotree.html      |  1 -
 style.css                         | 11 +----------
 test/index.html                   |  5 -----
 test/lib/test-combinators.js      |  1 -
 test/lib/test-runner.js           |  1 -
 test/lib/test-walkthrough.js      |  3 ---
 test/specs/spec-regression.dsl    |  4 ++--
 web/combinators-profile.html      |  3 ---
 web/getting-started.html          |  1 -
 web/template.html                 |  5 ++---
 web/themes.html                   | 11 -----------
 wrappers/react.jsx                |  1 -
 wrappers/svelte.svelte            |  1 -
 wrappers/vue.js                   |  1 -
 38 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index ad892720..902033b5 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -175,7 +175,6 @@ Templates: `combinators/_template.js`, `samples/_template.html`, `themes/_templa
 | `.buffee-layer-elements` | Overlay | TUI/Elementals overlay |
 | `.buffee-caret` | Cursor | Blinking cursor |
 | `.buffee-status` | Status bar | Bottom bar container |
-| `.buffee-clip` | `<textarea>` | Hidden, for clipboard |
 
 ## Keybindings Reference
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1f9eb323..4633e766 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -87,7 +87,6 @@ Editor instances attach to a root node having such structure:
 
 ```html
 <div class="buffee" id="editor">
-  <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
   <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
     <!-- Can omit optional gutter rail -->
     <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 255bcde6..aed0b3f7 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.8.3-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   const [ch    , padding ,  railInit , railPad  ] =
         ['cell','padding','rail-init','rail-pad']
         .map(p => parseFloat(getComputedStyle($).getPropertyValue('--buffee-' + p)));
-  const [$pane ,$lines ,$caret ,$clip ,$rail ,$ztxt ,$zsel ] =
-        ['pane','lines','caret','clip','rail','ztxt','zsel']
+  const [$pane ,$lines ,$caret ,$rail ,$ztxt ,$zsel ] =
+        ['pane','lines','caret','rail','ztxt','zsel']
         .map(q => $.querySelector('.buffee-' + q));
   let lRect = $lines.getBoundingClientRect();
 
@@ -381,18 +381,15 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     const text = e.clipboardData.getData('text/plain');
     if (text) Span.ins(text.split('\n'));
   });
-  // Triggered by a keydown paste event. a copy event handler can read the clipboard
-  // by the standard security model. Meanwhile, we don't have to make the editor "selectable".
-  // Listen on $clip since that's where focus moves on Ctrl+C/X.
-  $clip.addEventListener('copy', e => {
-    e.preventDefault(); // take over the clipboard contents                   
+  // Modern browsers fire copy/cut events on any focused element.
+  $lines.addEventListener('copy', e => {
+    e.preventDefault();
     e.clipboardData.setData('text/plain', Span._.join('\n'));
   });
-  $clip.addEventListener('cut', e => {
-    e.preventDefault(); // take over the clipboard contents                   
+  $lines.addEventListener('cut', e => {
+    e.preventDefault();
     e.clipboardData.setData('text/plain', Span._.join('\n'));
     Span.del();
-    $lines.focus({ preventScroll: 1 });     // Return focus to editor
   });
 
   // Arrow key encoding: ±1 = horizontal, ±2 = vertical, sign = direction
@@ -402,8 +399,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
 
     const metaKeys = {
       v: () => {},
-      c: () => { $clip.focus({ preventScroll: 1 }); $clip.select(); },
-      x: () => { $clip.focus({ preventScroll: 1 }); $clip.select(); },
+      c: () => {},
+      x: () => {},
       z: () => { e.preventDefault(); if (this.History) this.History[sh ? 'redo' : 'undo'](); },
     },     special = {
       Backspace: () => { Span.del() },
diff --git a/combinators/ios.js b/combinators/ios.js
index 57af2720..d29b62a4 100644
--- a/combinators/ios.js
+++ b/combinators/ios.js
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview BuffeeIOS - iOS/touch support extension for Buffee.
  * Enables touch interactions and on-screen keyboard input on iOS devices.
- * @version 1.0.0
+ * @version 1.0.1
+ *
+ * TODO: This extension should dynamically add a clipboard bridge element
+ * (hidden textarea) and override the copy/cut behavior. The clipboard bridge
+ * that was removed from core in v15.9.0 was originally built for iOS,
+ * which requires a real DOM selection to fire clipboard events.
  */
 
 /**
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 487179db..1ebd67d6 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.9.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2531 / 2.47 KB (-38), br: 2334 / 2.28 KB (-32), min: 5619 / 5.49 KB (-110)
+- refactor: remove $clip clipboard bridge - modern browsers fire copy/cut on any focused element
+- breaking: buffee-clip textarea no longer required in HTML template
+- update: all wrappers (React, Vue, Svelte), samples, tests, and CSS
+
 ** 15.8.3-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2569 / 2.51 KB (-1), br: 2366 / 2.31 KB (-2), min: 5729 / 5.59 KB (-3)
 - perf: use preventScroll:1 instead of preventScroll:true
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 277adcc0..ae91ad23 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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R={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:1}),u.select()},x:()=>{u.focus({preventScroll:1}),u.select()},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{w.del()},Enter:()=>{w.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),w.dir||n?w.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):w.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r=R[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&w.dir?w.cursor():n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),r%2&&(e?w.mvLn(s>0):w.mvW(s));else if(!n&&w.dir)if(r%2)w.cursor(w.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),$();else{const t=w.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,D.last));o=Math.min(t.x,D._[e].length),w.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<C.first?C.first=e:e>C.last?C.first=e-C.n+1:$()}else n&&!w.dir&&w.select(),w[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),w.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault();const e=t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain");e&&v.ins(e.split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{},x:()=>{},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{v.del()},Enter:()=>{v.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),r%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(r%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):l[s]&&w.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/onboarding.md b/docs/onboarding.md
index 00a1c14b..005842e7 100644
--- a/docs/onboarding.md
+++ b/docs/onboarding.md
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ See `web/template.html` for the required HTML structure:
 
 ```html
 <div class="buffee">
-  <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
   <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
     <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
     <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 6ad179a9..b629179a 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ <h3>1B+</h3>
     <!-- Main Playground -->
     <section>
       <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="playground">
-        <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
         <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
           <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
           <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
@@ -132,7 +131,6 @@ <h3>TUI</h3>
       </p>
       <p><kbd>Tab</kbd> to next element. <kbd>Enter</kbd> to activate.</p>
       <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-kai" id="tui-demo">
-        <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
         <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
           <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
           <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
@@ -158,7 +156,6 @@ <h3>TUI</h3>
     <section>
     <h3>Live HackerNews Front Page</h3>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-hn" id="hackernews">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
diff --git a/samples/README.md b/samples/README.md
index 65ae7c41..e68c5fb1 100644
--- a/samples/README.md
+++ b/samples/README.md
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ Copy-paste patterns for common use cases. See `_template.html` for full boilerpl
 
 ```html
 <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor">
-  <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
   <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
     <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
     <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/_template.html b/samples/_template.html
index 7df634f9..74ff76d0 100644
--- a/samples/_template.html
+++ b/samples/_template.html
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ <h1>[Sample Name]</h1>
 
   <!-- Editor container -->
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-basic.html b/samples/sample-basic.html
index edb6cb65..1e2b35e2 100644
--- a/samples/sample-basic.html
+++ b/samples/sample-basic.html
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ <h1>Basic Editor</h1>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, {})</code></p>
 
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
diff --git a/samples/sample-conway.html b/samples/sample-conway.html
index 1bc6f3b7..23e7d5b4 100644
--- a/samples/sample-conway.html
+++ b/samples/sample-conway.html
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ <h1>Conway's Game of Life</h1>
   </div>
 
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-elementals.html b/samples/sample-elementals.html
index 442e0895..28d4ff77 100644
--- a/samples/sample-elementals.html
+++ b/samples/sample-elementals.html
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ <h2>Buttons</h2>
   <pre>BuffeeElementals(editor)
 editor.Elementals.addButton({ row: 1, col: 5, label: 'Click Me' })</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="buttons-demo">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -76,7 +75,6 @@ <h2>Buttons</h2>
   <h2>Input Fields</h2>
   <pre>Elementals.addInput({ row: 2, col: 10, width: 20, placeholder: 'Type here...' })</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="inputs-demo">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -94,7 +92,6 @@ <h2>Input Fields</h2>
   <h2>Mixed Elements</h2>
   <p>Combining labels, inputs, and buttons</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="mixed-demo">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
index b5d0b73f..9136caa7 100644
--- a/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
+++ b/samples/sample-gutter-status.html
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ <h1>Gutter and Status Bar</h1>
   <h2>1. Default (gutter + status bar)</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el)</code></p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-default">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -44,7 +43,6 @@ <h2>2. No gutter</h2>
   <details>
     <summary>View template</summary>
     <pre style="padding: 10px; overflow-x: auto; font-size: 12px;">&lt;div class="buffee"&gt;
-  &lt;textarea class="buffee-clip"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
   &lt;div class="no-select buffee-pane"&gt;
     <span style="color: #c00; text-decoration: line-through;">&lt;div class="buffee-rail"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</span>
     &lt;div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"&gt;...&lt;/div&gt;
@@ -53,7 +51,6 @@ <h2>2. No gutter</h2>
 &lt;/div&gt;</pre>
   </details>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-no-gutter">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
     </div>
@@ -72,7 +69,6 @@ <h2>3. No status line</h2>
   <details>
     <summary>View template</summary>
     <pre style="padding: 10px; overflow-x: auto; font-size: 12px;">&lt;div class="buffee"&gt;
-  &lt;textarea class="buffee-clip"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
   &lt;div class="no-select buffee-pane"&gt;
     &lt;div class="buffee-rail"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
     &lt;div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"&gt;...&lt;/div&gt;
@@ -81,7 +77,6 @@ <h2>3. No status line</h2>
 &lt;/div&gt;</pre>
   </details>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-no-status">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -93,7 +88,6 @@ <h2>4. Status line on top</h2>
   <details>
     <summary>View template</summary>
     <pre style="padding: 10px; overflow-x: auto; font-size: 12px;">&lt;div class="buffee"&gt;
-  &lt;textarea class="buffee-clip"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
   <span style="color: #0a0;">&lt;div class="buffee-status"&gt;...&lt;/div&gt;</span>
   &lt;div class="no-select buffee-pane"&gt;
     &lt;div class="buffee-rail"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
@@ -102,7 +96,6 @@ <h2>4. Status line on top</h2>
 &lt;/div&gt;</pre>
   </details>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-status-top">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="buffee-status">
       <div class="buffee-status-left"><span class="buffee-linecount"></span></div>
       <div class="buffee-status-right">
@@ -120,7 +113,6 @@ <h2>4. Status line on top</h2>
   <h2>5. Selection range display</h2>
   <p>Use <code>BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection: true })</code> to show selection range instead of just cursor position. Try selecting text below:</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-selection">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -140,7 +132,6 @@ <h2>6. Gutter on right</h2>
   <details>
     <summary>View template</summary>
     <pre style="padding: 10px; overflow-x: auto; font-size: 12px;">&lt;div class="buffee"&gt;
-  &lt;textarea class="buffee-clip"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
   &lt;div class="no-select buffee-pane"&gt;
     &lt;div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"&gt;...&lt;/div&gt;
     <span style="color: #0a0;">&lt;div class="buffee-rail"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</span>
@@ -149,7 +140,6 @@ <h2>6. Gutter on right</h2>
 &lt;/div&gt;</pre>
   </details>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-gutter-right">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-history.html b/samples/sample-history.html
index aef71586..1c70065b 100644
--- a/samples/sample-history.html
+++ b/samples/sample-history.html
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ <h2>Without History</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, {})</code></p>
 
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-no-history" style="margin-bottom: 30px;">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
@@ -51,7 +50,6 @@ <h2>With History</h2>
   <p><code>const editor = new Buffee(el, {}); BuffeeHistory(editor);</code></p>
 
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="editor-with-history">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
diff --git a/samples/sample-ios.html b/samples/sample-ios.html
index 70a63ba6..fcb17237 100644
--- a/samples/sample-ios.html
+++ b/samples/sample-ios.html
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ <h2>JavaScript</h2>
 editor.iOS.destroy() // Cleanup</pre>
 
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-loader.html b/samples/sample-loader.html
index 193f54bd..a316e2d4 100644
--- a/samples/sample-loader.html
+++ b/samples/sample-loader.html
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ <h1>Ultra High Capacity</h1>
     Read-Only Mode (Chunked+Compressed) - Navigation only, editing disabled
   </div>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
@@ -115,7 +114,6 @@ <h1>Ultra High Capacity</h1>
 
   <h3>Logs:</h3>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="logs-editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
diff --git a/samples/sample-matrix.html b/samples/sample-matrix.html
index 01e8ae3f..a95e6e31 100644
--- a/samples/sample-matrix.html
+++ b/samples/sample-matrix.html
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ <h1>Matrix Digital Rain</h1>
   <p>Classic "falling code" effect demonstrating continuous buffer updates and character randomization.</p>
 
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-neo" id="editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-movie.html b/samples/sample-movie.html
index 1cd34f59..fe043b5b 100644
--- a/samples/sample-movie.html
+++ b/samples/sample-movie.html
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ <h1>ASCII Movie</h1>
   </div>
 
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-star" id="editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-readonly.html b/samples/sample-readonly.html
index 9388512e..e6316d44 100644
--- a/samples/sample-readonly.html
+++ b/samples/sample-readonly.html
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ <h2>1. TUI </h2>
   <pre>new Buffee(el, {})
 TUI.enabled = true</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-tui">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -53,7 +52,6 @@ <h2>2: Ultra High Capacity Mode </h2>
 editor.UltraHighCapacity.activate()
 await editor.UltraHighCapacity.appendLines([...])</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-chunked">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-sanitize.html b/samples/sample-sanitize.html
index 3c4055b4..a81de892 100644
--- a/samples/sample-sanitize.html
+++ b/samples/sample-sanitize.html
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ <h1>Sanitize Combinator</h1>
   <p><code>BuffeeSanitize(new Buffee(el, {}))</code></p>
 
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
diff --git a/samples/sample-sizing.html b/samples/sample-sizing.html
index 987f7b96..f87cfbe2 100644
--- a/samples/sample-sizing.html
+++ b/samples/sample-sizing.html
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ <h2>1. Auto-h, auto-w (recommended)</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, {})</code></p>
   <p>Default behavior: auto-fit h and w. Drag bottom-right to resize.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-auto-both" style="width: 960px; height: 300px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; resize: both; overflow: hidden;">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ <h2>2. Fixed-h, auto-w</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, { h: 8 })</code></p>
   <p>Fixed 8 rows, columns auto-calculated from width. Drag to resize width.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-rows-auto-cols" style="width: 640px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; resize: horizontal; overflow: hidden;">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -69,7 +67,6 @@ <h2>3. h smaller than container</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, { h: 5 })</code></p>
   <p>Container is 400px tall, but editor only shows 5 rows. h takes precedence instead of autofill remaining space.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-rows-large-container" style="height: 400px; padding: 20px; border: 2px solid #666;">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -89,7 +86,6 @@ <h2>4. h larger than container (clipped)</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, { h: 20 })</code></p>
   <p>Container is 400px tall, but h requests 20 rows. Use <code>overflow: hidden</code> to clip.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-rows-overflow" style="height: 400px; padding: 20px; border: 2px solid #666; overflow: hidden;">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -109,7 +105,6 @@ <h2>5. h larger than container (scrollable)</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, { h: 20 })</code></p>
   <p>Container is 400px tall, but h requests 20 rows. Use <code>overflow: scroll</code> and <code>display: block</code> to scroll.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-rows-scroll" style="height: 400px; padding: 20px; border: 2px solid #666; overflow: scroll; display: block;">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -129,7 +124,6 @@ <h2>6. Auto-h, fixed-w (status bar stretches)</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, { w: 40 })</code></p>
   <p>Fixed 55 columns, rows auto-calculated from height. Note: status bar stretches to container width while content is narrower.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fixed-cols" style="height: 300px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; resize: vertical; overflow: hidden;">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -149,7 +143,6 @@ <h2>7. Auto-h, fixed-w (fit-content)</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, { w: 40 })</code></p>
   <p>Same as example 6, but with <code>width: fit-content</code> so the container shrinks to match content width.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-fit-content" style="height: 300px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; width: fit-content; resize: vertical; overflow: hidden;">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -170,7 +163,6 @@ <h2>8. Auto-h, fixed-w (contain: inline-size)</h2>
   <p><code>new Buffee(el, { w: 20 })</code></p>
   <p>When <code>w</code> is small, status line content may be wider than editor. Use <code>contain: inline-size</code> on status bar so gutter + lines determine container width.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="editor-contain" style="height: 300px; padding: 20px; border: 2px dashed #666; width: fit-content; resize: vertical; overflow: hidden;">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-syntax.html b/samples/sample-syntax.html
index b24b46ec..a8e8daf0 100644
--- a/samples/sample-syntax.html
+++ b/samples/sample-syntax.html
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ <h2>JavaScript</h2>
 editor.Syntax.setLanguage('javascript')
 editor.Syntax.enabled = true</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="editor">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
diff --git a/samples/sample-tui.html b/samples/sample-tui.html
index e79e7eb2..02adf0d6 100644
--- a/samples/sample-tui.html
+++ b/samples/sample-tui.html
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ <h2>Buttons (no border)</h2>
   <pre>new Buffee(el, { h: 3 })
 TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 20, label: '[Save]' })</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="buttons-plain">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -47,7 +46,6 @@ <h2>Buttons (with border)</h2>
   <pre>new Buffee(el, { h: 5 })
 TUI.addButton({ row: 1, col: 2, label: ' OK ', border: true })</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="buttons-border">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -67,7 +65,6 @@ <h2>Prompt (type to input, Enter to submit)</h2>
 TUI.addPrompt({ row: 1, col: 2, width: 30, title: 'Search' })
 TUI.handleKeyDown(e.key)</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="prompt-demo">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -99,7 +96,6 @@ <h2>Interactive Demo</h2>
   </div>
   <p><kbd>Tab</kbd> to next element. <kbd>Enter</kbd> to activate.</p>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-kai" id="interactive-demo">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -118,7 +114,6 @@ <h2>ScrollBox (Arrow keys to scroll)</h2>
   <pre>new Buffee(el, { h: 10 })
 TUI.addScrollBox({ row: 1, col: 2, width: 40, height: 8, title: 'Logs', lines: [...] })</pre>
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="scrollbox-demo">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/samples/sample-undotree.html b/samples/sample-undotree.html
index 0368818b..fd247a20 100644
--- a/samples/sample-undotree.html
+++ b/samples/sample-undotree.html
@@ -138,7 +138,6 @@ <h1>Undo Tree Combinator</h1>
   </div>
 
   <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="editor">
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index d1d8f031..e551bfa5 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  * Buffee Editor - Required Styles
- * @version 15.8.2-alpha.1
+ * @version 15.9.0-alpha.1
  *
  * This stylesheet contains the essential structural CSS for Buffee.
  * Colors are intentionally omitted - define them at point of usage.
@@ -46,15 +46,6 @@
   -ms-user-select: none;
 }
 
-/* Hidden clipboard bridge - must be selectable but invisible */
-.buffee-clip {
-  position: fixed;
-  width: 0;
-  height: 0;
-  opacity: 0;
-  pointer-events: none;
-}
-
 /* Lines container */
 .buffee .buffee-lines {
   flex: 1;
diff --git a/test/index.html b/test/index.html
index cdfbd138..33f2ae22 100644
--- a/test/index.html
+++ b/test/index.html
@@ -126,7 +126,6 @@
         .buffee { background-color: #282C34; color: #B2B2B2; position: relative; outline: none; font-family: monospace; display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
         .buffee-content { display: flex; flex: 1;  }
         .no-select { user-select: none; }
-        .buffee-clip { position: fixed; left: 0; top: 1px; width: 0; height: 1px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; }
         .buffee .buffee-lines pre::before { content: "\200B"; }
         .buffee .buffee-lines pre { margin: 0;  }
         .buffee .buffee-zsel > div { background-color: #EDAD10; mix-blend-mode: difference; }
@@ -261,7 +260,6 @@ <h3>This test setup was AI generated with adult supervision. </h3>
             <!-- Hidden editor container for tests -->
             <div class="editor-container">
                 <div class="buffee no-select">
-                    <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
                     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
                         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
                         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -312,7 +310,6 @@ <h3>This test setup was AI generated with adult supervision. </h3>
                 </div>
                 <div class="pane-content">
                     <div class="buffee no-select" id="dsl-editor">
-                        <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
                         <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
                             <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
                             <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -334,7 +331,6 @@ <h3>This test setup was AI generated with adult supervision. </h3>
                 </div>
                 <div class="pane-content">
                     <div class="buffee no-select" id="js-output">
-                        <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
                         <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
                             <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
                             <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -433,7 +429,6 @@ <h3>This test setup was AI generated with adult supervision. </h3>
                 </div>
                 <div class="editor-view-container">
                     <div class="buffee" id="walkthrough-editor">
-                        <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
                         <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
                             <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
                             <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/test/lib/test-combinators.js b/test/lib/test-combinators.js
index 5ebd8e4e..e12abfd9 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-combinators.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-combinators.js
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ function createTestEditor(opts = {}) {
     container.style.cssText = 'position: absolute; left: -9999px; top: -9999px; width: 600px; height: 400px; visibility: hidden;';
     container.innerHTML = `
         <div class="buffee no-select">
-            <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
             <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
                 <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
                 <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/test/lib/test-runner.js b/test/lib/test-runner.js
index 8a7b4cb3..53666f4c 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-runner.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-runner.js
@@ -178,7 +178,6 @@ function createEditorNode() {
   const node = document.createElement('div');
   node.className = 'buffee';
   node.innerHTML = `
-    <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
     <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
       <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
       <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/test/lib/test-walkthrough.js b/test/lib/test-walkthrough.js
index 65c95bf6..22369816 100644
--- a/test/lib/test-walkthrough.js
+++ b/test/lib/test-walkthrough.js
@@ -273,7 +273,6 @@ class Walkthrough {
     const editorNode = document.getElementById('walkthrough-editor');
     editorNode.className = 'buffee';
     editorNode.innerHTML = `
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -485,7 +484,6 @@ class Walkthrough {
     const editorNode = document.getElementById('walkthrough-editor');
     editorNode.className = 'buffee';
     editorNode.innerHTML = `
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -550,7 +548,6 @@ class Walkthrough {
     const editorNode = document.getElementById('walkthrough-editor');
     editorNode.className = 'buffee';
     editorNode.innerHTML = `
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/test/specs/spec-regression.dsl b/test/specs/spec-regression.dsl
index af3fb7e3..6a4516d4 100644
--- a/test/specs/spec-regression.dsl
+++ b/test/specs/spec-regression.dsl
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ EXPECT cursor at 0,2
 ### Cmd+C should copy selected text to clipboard
 TYPE "Hello"
 left 3 times with shift
-const $cb = fixture.node.querySelector('.buffee-clip');
+const $cb = fixture.node.querySelector('.buffee-lines');
 const dt = new DataTransfer();
 $cb.dispatchEvent(new ClipboardEvent('copy', { clipboardData: dt, bubbles: true }));
 expect(dt.getData('text/plain')).toBe('llo');
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ expect(dt.getData('text/plain')).toBe('llo');
 TYPE "Hello"
 left 3 times
 right 2 times with shift
-const $cb = fixture.node.querySelector('.buffee-clip');
+const $cb = fixture.node.querySelector('.buffee-lines');
 const dt = new DataTransfer();
 $cb.dispatchEvent(new ClipboardEvent('copy', { clipboardData: dt, bubbles: true }));
 expect(dt.getData('text/plain')).toBe('llo');
diff --git a/web/combinators-profile.html b/web/combinators-profile.html
index cad6f7d4..91d24755 100644
--- a/web/combinators-profile.html
+++ b/web/combinators-profile.html
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
       font-family: 'Monaco', 'Menlo', 'Consolas', monospace;
     }
     .no-select { user-select: none; }
-    .buffee-clip {
       position: fixed; left: 0; top: 1px;
       width: 0; height: 1px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none;
     }
@@ -204,7 +203,6 @@ <h2 class="text-white text-lg">UltraHighCapacity</h2>
     <!-- Hidden test editor -->
     <div id="test-container" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px; visibility: hidden;">
       <div class="buffee no-select" id="test-editor">
-        <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
         <div class="no-select buffee-pane" style="display: flex">
           <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
           <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -252,7 +250,6 @@ <h2 class="text-white text-lg">UltraHighCapacity</h2>
       const container = document.getElementById('test-container');
       container.innerHTML = `
         <div class="buffee no-select" id="test-editor">
-          <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
           <div class="no-select buffee-pane" style="display: flex">
             <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
             <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/web/getting-started.html b/web/getting-started.html
index 0ab34140..9af983e7 100644
--- a/web/getting-started.html
+++ b/web/getting-started.html
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ <h3>1b. Alternatively, include pre-built theme</h3>
 
   <h2>2. Add HTML Structure from  <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/varrockbank/buffee/main/web/template.html">template.html</a></h2>
   <pre>&lt;div class="buffee" id="editor"&gt;
-  &lt;textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;
   &lt;div class="no-select buffee-pane"&gt;
     &lt;div class="buffee-rail"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
     &lt;div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"&gt;
diff --git a/web/template.html b/web/template.html
index 638887f9..3951eee1 100644
--- a/web/template.html
+++ b/web/template.html
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-<!-- @version 14.36.2-alpha.1 -->
+<!-- @version 15.9.0-alpha.1 -->
 <!--
-  Required: buffee, buffee-clip, buffee-pane, buffee-lines, buffee-ztxt, buffee-caret
+  Required: buffee, buffee-pane, buffee-lines, buffee-ztxt, buffee-caret
   Optional: buffee-rail, buffee-layer-elements, buffee-status (and children)
 
   Positioning:
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
   - buffee-status-left/right: content is customizable
 -->
 <div class="buffee" id="editor">
-  <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
   <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
     <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
     <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0">
diff --git a/web/themes.html b/web/themes.html
index 6f2ad45c..92aa8f33 100644
--- a/web/themes.html
+++ b/web/themes.html
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ <h1>Theme Gallery</h1>
     <h2>Eva</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-eva.css"><code>themes/theme-eva.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-eva" id="ed-eva" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -61,7 +60,6 @@ <h2>Eva</h2>
     <h2>HN</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-hn.css"><code>themes/theme-hn.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-hn" id="ed-hn" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -82,7 +80,6 @@ <h2>HN</h2>
     <h2>Neo</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-neo.css"><code>themes/theme-neo.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-neo" id="ed-neo" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -103,7 +100,6 @@ <h2>Neo</h2>
     <h2>Star</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-star.css"><code>themes/theme-star.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-star" id="ed-star" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -124,7 +120,6 @@ <h2>Star</h2>
     <h2>Chelsey</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-chelsey.css"><code>themes/theme-chelsey.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-chelsey" id="ed-chelsey" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -145,7 +140,6 @@ <h2>Chelsey</h2>
     <h2>Drak</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-drak.css"><code>themes/theme-drak.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-drak" id="ed-drak" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -166,7 +160,6 @@ <h2>Drak</h2>
     <h2>Kai</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-kai.css"><code>themes/theme-kai.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-kai" id="ed-kai" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -187,7 +180,6 @@ <h2>Kai</h2>
     <h2>Nord</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-nord.css"><code>themes/theme-nord.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-nord" id="ed-nord" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -208,7 +200,6 @@ <h2>Nord</h2>
     <h2>Darkly</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-darkly.css"><code>themes/theme-darkly.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-darkly" id="ed-darkly" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -229,7 +220,6 @@ <h2>Darkly</h2>
     <h2>Gruv</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-gruv.css"><code>themes/theme-gruv.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-gruv" id="ed-gruv" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
@@ -250,7 +240,6 @@ <h2>Gruv</h2>
     <h2>Boring</h2>
     <p><a href="../themes/theme-boring.css"><code>themes/theme-boring.css</code></a></p>
     <div class="buffee buffee-themepack1-boring" id="ed-boring" style="height: 300px;">
-      <textarea class="buffee-clip"></textarea>
       <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
         <div class="buffee-rail"></div>
         <div class="buffee-lines" tabindex="0"><div class="buffee-zsel"></div><blockquote class="buffee-ztxt"></blockquote><div class="buffee-layer-elements"></div><div class="buffee-caret"></div></div>
diff --git a/wrappers/react.jsx b/wrappers/react.jsx
index 84d0347c..99c64dde 100644
--- a/wrappers/react.jsx
+++ b/wrappers/react.jsx
@@ -129,7 +129,6 @@ const BuffeeEditor = forwardRef(function BuffeeEditor(props, ref) {
       ref={containerRef}
       className={`buffee ${themeClass} ${className}`.trim()}
     >
-      <textarea className="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true" />
       {statusTop && statusBar}
       <div className="no-select buffee-pane">
         {!gutterRight && gutter}
diff --git a/wrappers/svelte.svelte b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
index 4706ca17..fb42d3bc 100644
--- a/wrappers/svelte.svelte
+++ b/wrappers/svelte.svelte
@@ -154,7 +154,6 @@
   bind:this={container}
   class="buffee {themeClass} {className}"
 >
-  <textarea class="buffee-clip" aria-hidden="true"></textarea>
   {#if showStatus && statusTop}{@render statusBar()}{/if}
   <div class="no-select buffee-pane">
     {#if showGutter && !gutterRight}
diff --git a/wrappers/vue.js b/wrappers/vue.js
index e43f18f4..0b7f18d4 100644
--- a/wrappers/vue.js
+++ b/wrappers/vue.js
@@ -137,7 +137,6 @@ const BuffeeEditor = defineComponent({
       ref: 'container',
       class: `buffee ${themeClass}`.trim()
     }, [
-      h('textarea', { class: 'buffee-clip', 'aria-hidden': 'true' }),
       this.statusTop ? statusBar : null,
       h('div', { class: 'no-select buffee-pane' }, [
         !this.gutterRight ? gutter : null,

From 5c19fa5495c2b470c5b9fec97b74d6565a3aeea8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:16:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 38/50] v15.9.1-alpha.1: perf: simplify paste handler

Empty clipboard paste is a no-op, no need for conditional check.
---
 buffee.js          | 7 +++----
 dev/changelog.txt  | 3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index aed0b3f7..2da47cd6 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.0-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.1-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -377,9 +377,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
 
   // Reading clipboard from the keydown listener involves a different security model.
   $lines.addEventListener('paste', e => {
-    e.preventDefault(); // stop browser from inserting raw clipboard text
-    const text = e.clipboardData.getData('text/plain');
-    if (text) Span.ins(text.split('\n'));
+    e.preventDefault();
+    Span.ins(e.clipboardData.getData('text/plain').split('\n'));
   });
   // Modern browsers fire copy/cut events on any focused element.
   $lines.addEventListener('copy', e => {
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 1ebd67d6..71b26f1f 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.9.1-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2526 / 2.47 KB (-5), br: 2330 / 2.28 KB (-3), min: 5606 / 5.47 KB (-13)
+- perf: simplify paste handler (empty clipboard paste is no-op)
+
 ** 15.9.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2531 / 2.47 KB (-38), br: 2334 / 2.28 KB (-32), min: 5619 / 5.49 KB (-110)
 - refactor: remove $clip clipboard bridge - modern browsers fire copy/cut on any focused element
 - breaking: buffee-clip textarea no longer required in HTML template
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index ae91ad23..6050356c 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const 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$={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{},x:()=>{},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{v.del()},Enter:()=>{v.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),r%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(r%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):l[s]&&w.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.1-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else 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n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{},x:()=>{},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{v.del()},Enter:()=>{v.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),r%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(r%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):l[s]&&w.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 74e209709f2ce846162f69a351ee6a5590c15fae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:18:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 39/50] v15.9.2-alpha.1: perf: remove empty v/c/x handlers

Optional chaining ?.() already handles missing keys as no-ops.
---
 buffee.js          | 5 +----
 dev/changelog.txt  | 3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 2da47cd6..e66fe020 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.1-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.2-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -397,9 +397,6 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     const cmd = e.metaKey || e.ctrlKey, k = e.key, sh = e.shiftKey;
 
     const metaKeys = {
-      v: () => {},
-      c: () => {},
-      x: () => {},
       z: () => { e.preventDefault(); if (this.History) this.History[sh ? 'redo' : 'undo'](); },
     },     special = {
       Backspace: () => { Span.del() },
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 71b26f1f..130b9b3b 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.9.2-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2516 / 2.46 KB (-10), br: 2323 / 2.27 KB (-7), min: 5579 / 5.45 KB (-27)
+- perf: remove empty v/c/x handlers (optional chaining handles missing keys)
+
 ** 15.9.1-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2526 / 2.47 KB (-5), br: 2330 / 2.28 KB (-3), min: 5606 / 5.47 KB (-13)
 - perf: simplify paste handler (empty clipboard paste is no-op)
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 6050356c..043aa6d1 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.1-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={v:()=>{},c:()=>{},x:()=>{},z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{v.del()},Enter:()=>{v.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),r%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(r%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):l[s]&&w.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.2-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{v.del()},Enter:()=>{v.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),r%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(r%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):l[s]&&w.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From a34d4caf36f4663264a451e52986802edbf72230 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:21:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 40/50] v15.9.3-alpha.1: perf: inline metaKeys map

Only z (undo/redo) remains, so inline directly in keydown handler.
---
 buffee.js          | 8 +++-----
 dev/changelog.txt  | 3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index e66fe020..a0c0b323 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.2-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.3-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -396,9 +396,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   $lines.addEventListener('keydown', e => {
     const cmd = e.metaKey || e.ctrlKey, k = e.key, sh = e.shiftKey;
 
-    const metaKeys = {
-      z: () => { e.preventDefault(); if (this.History) this.History[sh ? 'redo' : 'undo'](); },
-    },     special = {
+    const special = {
       Backspace: () => { Span.del() },
       Enter: () => { Span.ins(['', '']) } ,
       Tab: () => {
@@ -440,7 +438,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         Span[arrowCode % 2 ? 'mvX' : 'mvY'](direction);
       }
     } else if (k.length === 1) {
-      if (cmd) metaKeys[k.toLowerCase()]?.();
+      if (cmd) { if (k === 'z') { e.preventDefault(); this.History?.[sh ? 'redo' : 'undo'](); } }
       else if (Mode.i > 0) {
         k === ' ' && e.preventDefault();
         Span.ins([k]);
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 130b9b3b..16d2f974 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.9.3-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2498 / 2.44 KB (-18), br: 2314 / 2.26 KB (-8), min: 5543 / 5.41 KB (-36)
+- perf: inline metaKeys map (only has z for undo/redo)
+
 ** 15.9.2-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2516 / 2.46 KB (-10), br: 2323 / 2.27 KB (-7), min: 5579 / 5.45 KB (-27)
 - perf: remove empty v/c/x handlers (optional chaining handles missing keys)
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 043aa6d1..e3e0fbc6 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.2-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,y]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+y;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(f),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={z:()=>{t.preventDefault(),this.History&&this.History[n?"redo":"undo"]()}},l={Backspace:()=>{v.del()},Enter:()=>{v.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},r=$[s]||0;if(r){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=r>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),r%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(r%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[r%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?i[s.toLowerCase()]?.():w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):l[s]&&w.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.3-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+f;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>{v.del()},Enter:()=>{v.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},l=$[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),l%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(l%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):i[s]&&w.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 558099d53ac8c2a1f1014602a3f1c532d7edc0b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:27:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 41/50] v15.9.4-alpha.1: golf: remove braces from
 single-expression arrows

---
 buffee.js          | 6 +++---
 dev/changelog.txt  | 3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index a0c0b323..14aaf06c 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.3-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.4-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -397,8 +397,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     const cmd = e.metaKey || e.ctrlKey, k = e.key, sh = e.shiftKey;
 
     const special = {
-      Backspace: () => { Span.del() },
-      Enter: () => { Span.ins(['', '']) } ,
+      Backspace: () => Span.del(),
+      Enter: () => Span.ins(['', '']),
       Tab: () => {
         e.preventDefault();
         (Span.dir || sh) ? Span.dent(sh ? -Mode.s : Mode.s) : Span.ins([' '.repeat(Mode.s)]);
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 16d2f974..b4b7fbcb 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.9.4-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2497 / 2.44 KB (-1), br: 2311 / 2.26 KB (-2), min: 5539 / 5.41 KB (-4)
+- golf: remove braces from single-expression arrow functions
+
 ** 15.9.3-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2498 / 2.44 KB (-18), br: 2314 / 2.26 KB (-8), min: 5543 / 5.41 KB (-36)
 - perf: inline metaKeys map (only has z for undo/redo)
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index e3e0fbc6..d93b6513 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.3-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+f;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>{v.del()},Enter:()=>{v.ins(["",""])},Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},l=$[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),l%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(l%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):i[s]&&w.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.4-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+f;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>v.del(),Enter:()=>v.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},l=$[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),l%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(l%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):i[s]&&w.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From b3743b4ae4cca4fb44302ccef862d1cda4db9a94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:35:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 42/50] v15.9.5-alpha.1: golf: move mvW regexes to local consts

---
 buffee.js          | 12 +++++++-----
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 14aaf06c..6dd3bbae 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.4-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.5-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -93,13 +93,15 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     /**
      * Moves cursor by word in direction. dir: +1 forward, -1 backward. Future: other values for multi-word jumps.
      */
-    mvW(dir, spaceRe = /\s/, wordRe = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u) {
+    mvW(dir) {
       const s = Model._[head.y], n = s.length, fwd = dir > 0;
       if (head.x !== (fwd ? n : 0)) {
         // Move within line
-        let j = head.x;
-        const ok   = fwd ? () => j<n : () => j>0 ;
-        const step = fwd ? () => j++ : () => j-- ;
+        let j         = head.x;
+        const spaceRe = /\s/;
+        const wordRe  = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u;
+        const ok      = fwd ? () => j<n : () => j>0 ;
+        const step    = fwd ? () => j++ : () => j-- ;
         if (spaceRe.test(s[j])) { while (ok() && spaceRe.test(s[j])) step(); while (ok() && wordRe.test(s[j])) step(); }
         else if (wordRe.test(s[j])) while (ok() && wordRe.test(s[j])) step();
         else { const c = s[j]; step(); while (ok() && s[j] === c) step(); }
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index b4b7fbcb..7ad93307 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.9.5-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2490 / 2.43 KB (-7), br: 2311 / 2.26 KB (+1), min: 5539 / 5.41 KB (0)
+- golf: move mvW regexes from default params to local consts
+
 ** 15.9.4-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2497 / 2.44 KB (-1), br: 2311 / 2.26 KB (-2), min: 5539 / 5.41 KB (-4)
 - golf: remove braces from single-expression arrow functions
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index d93b6513..44611457 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.4-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t,e=/\s/,s=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u){const n=b._[r.y],i=n.length,l=t>0;if(r.x!==(l?i:0)){let t=r.x;const o=l?()=>t<i:()=>t>0,c=l?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(e.test(n[t])){for(;o()&&e.test(n[t]);)c();for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c()}else if(s.test(n[t]))for(;o()&&s.test(n[t]);)c();else{const e=n[t];for(c();o()&&n[t]===e;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(l?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=l?0:b._[--r.y].length,l&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!l&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+f;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>v.del(),Enter:()=>v.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},l=$[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),l%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(l%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):i[s]&&w.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.5-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t){const e=b._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(n?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:b._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!n&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+f;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>v.del(),Enter:()=>v.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},l=$[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),l%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(l%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):i[s]&&w.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 1eaf1b3c69875c5a9260d3f62eaa75dc1c4076d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:40:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 43/50] v15.9.6-alpha.1: golf: simplify Span._ getter, update
 API docs

---
 buffee.js          | 15 ++++++++-------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 docs/api.txt       |  1 +
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 6dd3bbae..090e518b 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.5-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.6-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -131,15 +131,16 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
      */
     get _() {
       const [left, right] = Span.bounds(1);
-      if(left.y === right.y) {
-        const text  = Model._[left.y];
-        const slice = text.slice(left.x, right.x + (this.dir > 0));
+      const fwd = this.dir > 0;
+      if (left.y === right.y) {
+        const text = Model._[left.y];
+        const slice = text.slice(left.x, right.x + fwd);
         return right.x >= text.length && left.y < Model.last ? [slice, ''] : [slice];
       }
       return [
-        Model._[left.y].slice(left.x),
-        ...Model._.slice(left.y + 1, right.y),
-        Model._[right.y].slice(0, right.x + (this.dir > 0))
+        Model._[left.y].slice(left.x), 
+        ...Model._.slice(left.y + 1, right.y), 
+        Model._[right.y].slice(0, right.x + fwd)
       ];
     },
 
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 7ad93307..ff68931b 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.9.6-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2494 / 2.44 KB (+4), br: 2306 / 2.25 KB (-4), min: 5530 / 5.40 KB (-9)
+- golf: simplify Span._ getter (shorter vars, factor out dir check)
+
 ** 15.9.5-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2490 / 2.43 KB (-7), br: 2311 / 2.26 KB (+1), min: 5539 / 5.41 KB (0)
 - golf: move mvW regexes from default params to local consts
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 44611457..d2da8e18 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.5-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t){const e=b._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(n?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:b._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!n&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1);if(t.y===e.y){const s=b._[t.y],n=s.slice(t.x,e.x+(this.dir>0));return e.x>=s.length&&t.y<b.last?[n,""]:[n]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+(this.dir>0))]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+f;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>v.del(),Enter:()=>v.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},l=$[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),l%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(l%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):i[s]&&w.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.6-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t){const e=b._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(n?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:b._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!n&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=b._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<b.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+f;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>v.del(),Enter:()=>v.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},l=$[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),l%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(l%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):i[s]&&w.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.txt b/docs/api.txt
index f20180cc..887c7d74 100644
--- a/docs/api.txt
+++ b/docs/api.txt
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ instance.Span
 A continuous text span from a starting and end coordinate.
 
 Span
+  ._                 Get selected lines
   .bounds(value)     returns bounds: truthy [start, end], falsey [head, tail]
   .dir               orientation: 1 (forward), -1 (backward), 0 (cursor)
   .mvX(value)        move horizontally : 1 right , -1 left

From c8d6fb24a13547e7c3170e749cb0888fb953534f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 22:20:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 44/50] api: expose maxCol as Mode.mx for external access

---
 buffee.js          | 23 ++++++++++++-----------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 docs/api.txt       | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 090e518b..97ab88e9 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.6-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.7-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
   // In case where we have cursor, we want head === anchor.
   const anchor = { y: 0, x: 0 }, detached = {};
-  let head = anchor, maxCol = 0;
+  let head = anchor;
 
   // Interface with HTML and CSS.
   const [ch    , padding ,  railInit , railPad  ] =
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     /**
      * Moves the cursor/selection head vertically.
      * @param {number} dir - Direction: positive for down, negative for up
-     * @param {boolean} [toEdge] - If truthy, go to edge (start if down, end if up) and update maxCol
+     * @param {boolean} [toEdge] - If truthy, go to edge (start if down, end if up) and update Mode.mx
      */
     mvY(dir, toEdge) {
       if (dir > 0 ? head.y < Model.last : head.y > 0) {
         const len = Model._[dir > 0 ? ++head.y : --head.y].length;
-        head.x = toEdge ? (dir > 0 ? 0 : len) : Math.min(maxCol, len);
-        if (toEdge) maxCol = head.x;
+        head.x = toEdge ? (dir > 0 ? 0 : len) : Math.min(Mode.mx, len);
+        if (toEdge) Mode.mx = head.x;
         if (head.y < View.first || head.y > View.last) View.first = dir > 0 ? head.y - View.n + 1 : head.y;
         else render();
       }
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
      */
     mvX(dir) {
       const right = dir > 0;
-      if (right ? head.x < Model._[head.y].length : head.x) { maxCol = right ? ++head.x : --head.x; render(); }
+      if (right ? head.x < Model._[head.y].length : head.x) { Mode.mx = right ? ++head.x : --head.x; render(); }
       else if (right ? head.y < Model.last : head.y) this.mvY(dir, 1);
     },
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
      */
     mvLn(toEnd) {
       const line = Model._[head.y];
-      maxCol = head.x = toEnd ? line.length : (c => c > 0 && c < head.x ? c : 0)(line.search(/[^ ]/));
+      Mode.mx = head.x = toEnd ? line.length : (c => c > 0 && c < head.x ? c : 0)(line.search(/[^ ]/));
       render();
     },
 
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         // Update cursor
         if (lines.length > 1) {
                         head.y += lines.length - 1;
-               maxCol = head.x  = lines[lines.length - 1].length;
-        } else maxCol = head.x += lines[0]?.length || 0;
+               Mode.mx = head.x  = lines[lines.length - 1].length;
+        } else Mode.mx = head.x += lines[0]?.length || 0;
       }
       if (head.y > View.last) View.first = head.y - View.n + 1;
       else render();
@@ -253,6 +253,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
      */
     i: 1,
     f: 0,                                      /** framecount                */
+    mx: 0,                                     /** max column for vertical movement */
     ch,                                        /** line and character height */
     cw: $caret.getBoundingClientRect().width,  /** computed character width  */
     sub: [],                                   /** render callbacks          */
@@ -428,8 +429,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
           // edge.y is already absolute
           const targetAbsRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(edge.y + direction, Model.last));
 
-          maxCol = Math.min(edge.x, Model._[targetAbsRow].length);
-          Span.cursor({ y: targetAbsRow, x: maxCol});
+          Mode.mx = Math.min(edge.x, Model._[targetAbsRow].length);
+          Span.cursor({ y: targetAbsRow, x: Mode.mx});
 
           // Scroll viewport if target is outside visible area
           if (targetAbsRow < View.first) View.first = targetAbsRow;
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index ff68931b..3164cbd2 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.9.7-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2499 / 2.44 KB (+5), br: 2318 / 2.26 KB (+12), min: 5555 / 5.42 KB (+25)
+- api: expose maxCol as Mode.mx for external access
+
 ** 15.9.6-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2494 / 2.44 KB (+4), br: 2306 / 2.25 KB (-4), min: 5530 / 5.40 KB (-9)
 - golf: simplify Span._ getter (shorter vars, factor out dir check)
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index d2da8e18..0e931dd5 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.6-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i,o=0;const[c,a,h,f]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[y,x,d,u,p,g]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let m=x.getBoundingClientRect();const _=[[p,(t,e)=>t.textContent=b._[L.first+e]??null],[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[g,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),v=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&v.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<b.last:r.y>0){const s=b._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(o,s),e&&(o=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<b._[r.y].length:r.x)?(o=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<b.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=b._[r.y];var s;o=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t){const e=b._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,E()}else(n?r.y<b.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:b._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!n&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=b._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<b.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[b._[t.y].slice(t.x),...b._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),b._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);b.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),b.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else b.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,o=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):o=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(b.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=b._[r.y-1].length,b.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=v.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=b._[n];if(t>0)b._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);b._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else b._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},w=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,ch:c,cw:d.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},b=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,b.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<b.last?D+M-1:b.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of _)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of _)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of _)t.pop()?.remove()}if(u){const t=Math.max(h,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+f;u.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(y.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{w.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of _)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(w.i>=0){const[t,e]=v.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=b._[s].length,{style:r}=_[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){d.style.top=i*c+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=m,n=m.left+r.x*w.cw-x.scrollLeft,l=n+w.cw;x.scrollLeft=Math.round((x.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/w.cw)*w.cw}}d.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of w.sub)e(x,L,t)};if(s&&!u&&(y.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of _)t&&(t.style.height=e*c+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{m=x.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(x.clientHeight/c)}).observe(y),x.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),v.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n"))}),x.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",v._.join("\n")),v.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};x.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>v.del(),Enter:()=>v.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),v.dir||n?v.dent(n?-w.s:w.s):v.ins([" ".repeat(w.s)])}},l=$[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),w.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&v.dir?v.cursor():n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),l%2&&(e?v.mvLn(s>0):v.mvW(s));else if(!n&&v.dir)if(l%2)v.cursor(v.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=v.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,b.last));o=Math.min(t.x,b._[e].length),v.cursor({y:e,x:o}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!v.dir&&v.select(),v[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):w.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),v.ins([s])):i[s]&&w.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.7-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,c,a,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[M.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(v.mx,s),e&&(v.mx=r.x),r.y<M.first||r.y>M.last?M.first=t>0?r.y-M.n+1:r.y:C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(v.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,C()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;v.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t){const e=w._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,C()}else(n?r.y<w.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:w._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:!n&&r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,v.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):v.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,C()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},v=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:x.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let b=0,D=e?0:-1;const M=this.View={get first(){return b},set first(t){b=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),L()},get n(){return D},set n(t){const e=t-D;D=t,L(e)},get last(){return b+D-1<w.last?b+D-1:w.last}},L=M.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(a,(M.first+D+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*c}px)`)}C(t)},C=M.render=(t=0)=>{v.f++;for(let t=0;t<D+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(v.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(M.first+M.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(M.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-M.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-M.first;if(i>=0&&i<M.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v.cw-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v.cw;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v.cw)*v.cw}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of v.sub)e(y,M,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*c}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?M.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),M.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const E={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-v.s:v.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(v.s)])}},l=E[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),v.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),l%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(l%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));v.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:v.mx}),e<M.first?M.first=e:e>M.last?M.first=e-M.n+1:C()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):v.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):i[s]&&v.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.txt b/docs/api.txt
index 887c7d74..a8a9c452 100644
--- a/docs/api.txt
+++ b/docs/api.txt
@@ -69,9 +69,43 @@ Span
   .del()             delete text Span-wise
   .ins(lines)        insert lines (string[]) Span-wise
   .select()          make selection
-  .cursor()          make cursor
+  .cursor(pos)       make cursor, optionally at {y, x}
   .dent(value)       indent or unindent : 1 indent, -1 unindent
 
+Direct position manipulation
+----------------------------
+bounds() returns references to the internal position objects {y, x}. You can
+mutate these directly for surgical adjustments without going through the API.
+
+  const [head, anchor] = editor.Span.bounds();  // [head, anchor] order
+  const [start, end]   = editor.Span.bounds(1); // document order
+
+  // Move cursor to specific position
+  head.y = 5;
+  head.x = 10;
+  editor.View.render();
+
+  // Expand selection by adjusting anchor
+  editor.Span.select();                    // detach head from anchor
+  const [h, a] = editor.Span.bounds();
+  h.y = 10;                                // move head to line 10
+  editor.View.render();
+
+When dir === 0 (cursor mode), head and anchor are the same object reference.
+Mutating one automatically mutates the other. After select(), they become
+separate objects and can be moved independently.
+
+  // In cursor mode:
+  const [h, a] = editor.Span.bounds();
+  h === a                                  // true - same object
+  h.x = 5;                                 // anchor.x is also now 5
+
+  // After select():
+  editor.Span.select();
+  const [h2, a2] = editor.Span.bounds();
+  h2 === a2                                // false - separate objects
+  h2.x = 10;                               // anchor.x unchanged
+
 
 instance.Mode
 ------------------
@@ -79,6 +113,7 @@ Mode (editor.Mode)
   .s                 Tab width
   .i                 Edit mode: 1=write, 0=navigate, -1=read
   .f                 Render frame counter
+  .mx                Max column for vertical cursor movement
   .ch                Line height in pixels
   .cw                Character width in pixels
   .sub               subscriptions for render callback

From 77c4465039d03edb3ab8200ab8d085ddfe3a1626 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 22:30:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 45/50] golf: simplify dent cursor detection with && ||

---
 buffee.js          | 16 ++++++++--------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  3 +++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 97ab88e9..126408f2 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.7-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.8-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   const viewportLayers = [
     [$ztxt, (el, i) => el.textContent = Model._[View.first + i] ?? null],
     [$rail, (el, i) => el.textContent = View.first + i + 1],
-    [$zsel, (el) => el.style.width = 0]
-  ].map(([p, fn]) => [[], document.createDocumentFragment(), p, fn]);
+    [$zsel, (el)    => el.style.width = 0]
+  ].map(([e, f]) => [[], document.createDocumentFragment(), e, f]);
 
   /**
    * Span management for cursor and text selection operations.
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         head.x = j;
         render();
       } else if (fwd ? head.y < Model.last : head.y > 0) {
-        // At edge - move to adjacent line
-        head.x = fwd ? 0 : Model._[--head.y].length;
-        if (fwd && ++head.y > View.last) View.first = head.y - View.n + 1;
+                                              // At edge - move to adjacent line
+                                              head.x = fwd ? 0 : Model._[--head.y].length;
+        if (fwd && ++head.y > View.last)      View.first = head.y - View.n + 1;
         else if (!fwd && head.y < View.first) View.first = head.y;
-        else render();
+        else                                  render();
       }
     },
 
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         const line = Model._[i];
         if (n > 0) Model._[i] = ' '.repeat(n) + line;
         else {
-          const cursor = i === first.y ? first : i === second.y ? second : null;
+          const cursor = first.y === i && first || second.y === i && second;
           if (cursor) {
             const right    = line.slice(cursor.x).search(/[^ ]|$/);
             const toRemove = Math.min(-n, line.slice(0, cursor.x).search(/[^ ]|$/) + right);
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 3164cbd2..31f5ace7 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.9.8-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2510 / 2.45 KB (+11), br: 2316 / 2.26 KB (-2), min: 5553 / 5.42 KB (-2)
+- golf: simplify dent cursor detection with && ||
+
 ** 15.9.7-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2499 / 2.44 KB (+5), br: 2318 / 2.26 KB (+12), min: 5555 / 5.42 KB (+25)
 - api: expose maxCol as Mode.mx for external access
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 0e931dd5..5883b619 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.7-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,c,a,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[M.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(v.mx,s),e&&(v.mx=r.x),r.y<M.first||r.y>M.last?M.first=t>0?r.y-M.n+1:r.y:C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(v.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,C()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;v.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t){const e=w._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,C()}else(n?r.y<w.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:w._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:!n&&r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,v.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):v.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,C()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=n===e.y?e:n===s.y?s:null;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},v=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:x.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let b=0,D=e?0:-1;const M=this.View={get first(){return b},set first(t){b=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),L()},get n(){return D},set n(t){const e=t-D;D=t,L(e)},get last(){return b+D-1<w.last?b+D-1:w.last}},L=M.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(a,(M.first+D+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*c}px)`)}C(t)},C=M.render=(t=0)=>{v.f++;for(let t=0;t<D+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(v.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(M.first+M.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(M.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-M.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-M.first;if(i>=0&&i<M.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v.cw-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v.cw;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v.cw)*v.cw}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of v.sub)e(y,M,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*c}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?M.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),M.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const E={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-v.s:v.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(v.s)])}},l=E[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),v.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),l%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(l%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));v.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:v.mx}),e<M.first?M.first=e:e>M.last?M.first=e-M.n+1:C()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):v.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):i[s]&&v.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.8-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,c,a,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[M.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(v.mx,s),e&&(v.mx=r.x),r.y<M.first||r.y>M.last?M.first=t>0?r.y-M.n+1:r.y:C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(v.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,C()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;v.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t){const e=w._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,C()}else(n?r.y<w.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:w._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:!n&&r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,v.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):v.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,C()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=e.y===n&&e||s.y===n&&s;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},v=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:x.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let b=0,D=e?0:-1;const M=this.View={get first(){return b},set first(t){b=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),L()},get n(){return D},set n(t){const e=t-D;D=t,L(e)},get last(){return b+D-1<w.last?b+D-1:w.last}},L=M.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(a,(M.first+D+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*c}px)`)}C(t)},C=M.render=(t=0)=>{v.f++;for(let t=0;t<D+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(v.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(M.first+M.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(M.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-M.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-M.first;if(i>=0&&i<M.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v.cw-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v.cw;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v.cw)*v.cw}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of v.sub)e(y,M,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*c}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?M.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),M.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const E={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-v.s:v.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(v.s)])}},l=E[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),v.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),l%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(l%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));v.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:v.mx}),e<M.first?M.first=e:e>M.last?M.first=e-M.n+1:C()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):v.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):i[s]&&v.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 164c59d817019c60f123c1c791ed722bd8d07dd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 22:41:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 46/50] golf: merge special into const chain in keydown handler

---
 buffee.js          | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  5 ++++-
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 126408f2..34d16e55 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.8-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.9-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         const wordRe  = /[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u;
         const ok      = fwd ? () => j<n : () => j>0 ;
         const step    = fwd ? () => j++ : () => j-- ;
-        if (spaceRe.test(s[j])) { while (ok() && spaceRe.test(s[j])) step(); while (ok() && wordRe.test(s[j])) step(); }
-        else if (wordRe.test(s[j])) while (ok() && wordRe.test(s[j])) step();
+        if     (spaceRe.test(s[j])) {  while (ok() && spaceRe.test(s[j])) step(); while (ok() && wordRe.test(s[j])) step(); }
+        else if (wordRe.test(s[j]))    while (ok() && wordRe.test(s[j]))  step();
         else { const c = s[j]; step(); while (ok() && s[j] === c) step(); }
         head.x = j;
         render();
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
       const [left, right] = Span.bounds(1);
       const fwd = this.dir > 0;
       if (left.y === right.y) {
-        const text = Model._[left.y];
+        const text  = Model._[left.y];
         const slice = text.slice(left.x, right.x + fwd);
         return right.x >= text.length && left.y < Model.last ? [slice, ''] : [slice];
       }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
 
     /** Collapses selection to a cursor. Optionally sets position first. */
     cursor(p) {
-      if (p) { head.y = p.y; head.x = p.x; }
+      if (p) head.y = p.y, head.x = p.x;
       anchor.y = head.y;
       anchor.x = head.x;
       head     = anchor;
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
 
         // Update cursor
         if (lines.length > 1) {
-                        head.y += lines.length - 1;
+                         head.y += lines.length - 1;
                Mode.mx = head.x  = lines[lines.length - 1].length;
         } else Mode.mx = head.x += lines[0]?.length || 0;
       }
@@ -219,15 +219,15 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     dent(n) {
       // Indent requires selection; unindent can work on current line without selection
       if (n > 0 && !this.dir) return;
-      const [first, second] = Span.bounds(1);
+      const [first, second]   = Span.bounds(1);
       for (let i = first.y; i <= second.y; i++) {
-        const line = Model._[i];
+        const line            = Model._[i];
         if (n > 0) Model._[i] = ' '.repeat(n) + line;
         else {
           const cursor = first.y === i && first || second.y === i && second;
           if (cursor) {
-            const right    = line.slice(cursor.x).search(/[^ ]|$/);
-            const toRemove = Math.min(-n, line.slice(0, cursor.x).search(/[^ ]|$/) + right);
+            const right     = line.slice(cursor.x).search(/[^ ]|$/);
+            const toRemove  = Math.min(-n, line.slice(0, cursor.x).search(/[^ ]|$/) + right);
             Model._[i]      = line.slice(toRemove);
             if (right < toRemove) cursor.x -= toRemove - right;
           } else Model._[i] = line.slice(Math.min(-n, line.search(/[^ ]|$/)));
@@ -397,19 +397,21 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
 
   // Arrow key encoding: ±1 = horizontal, ±2 = vertical, sign = direction
   const arrowMap = { ArrowDown: 2, ArrowUp: -2, ArrowLeft: -1, ArrowRight: 1 };
+
   $lines.addEventListener('keydown', e => {
-    const cmd = e.metaKey || e.ctrlKey, k = e.key, sh = e.shiftKey;
-
-    const special = {
-      Backspace: () => Span.del(),
-      Enter: () => Span.ins(['', '']),
-      Tab: () => {
-        e.preventDefault();
-        (Span.dir || sh) ? Span.dent(sh ? -Mode.s : Mode.s) : Span.ins([' '.repeat(Mode.s)]);
-      },
+    const cmd = e.metaKey || e.ctrlKey,
+            k = e.key,
+           sh = e.shiftKey,
+    arrowCode = arrowMap[k] || 0,
+      special = {
+        Backspace: () => Span.del(),
+        Enter: () => Span.ins(['', '']),
+        Tab: () => {
+          e.preventDefault();
+          (Span.dir || sh) ? Span.dent(sh ? -Mode.s : Mode.s) : Span.ins([' '.repeat(Mode.s)]);
+        },
     };
 
-    const arrowCode = arrowMap[k] || 0;
     if (arrowCode) {
       e.preventDefault(); // prevents page scroll
       if (Mode.i < 0) return; // read-only mode: no navigation
@@ -417,8 +419,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
       const direction = arrowCode >> 31 | 1;
 
       if(cmd || e.altKey) {
-        if(!sh && Span.dir)      Span.cursor();
-        else if(sh && !Span.dir) Span.select();
+        if(!sh && Span.dir)           Span.cursor();
+        else if(sh && !Span.dir)      Span.select();
         if (arrowCode % 2) cmd ?      Span.mvLn(direction > 0) : Span.mvW(direction);
       } else if (!sh && Span.dir) { // no meta key, no shift key, selection.
         if (arrowCode % 2) {
@@ -433,7 +435,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
           Span.cursor({ y: targetAbsRow, x: Mode.mx});
 
           // Scroll viewport if target is outside visible area
-          if (targetAbsRow < View.first) View.first = targetAbsRow;
+          if (targetAbsRow < View.first)     View.first = targetAbsRow;
           else if (targetAbsRow > View.last) View.first = targetAbsRow - View.n + 1;
           else render();
         }
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 31f5ace7..20fb3e51 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
-** 15.9.8-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2510 / 2.45 KB (+11), br: 2316 / 2.26 KB (-2), min: 5553 / 5.42 KB (-2)
+** 15.9.9-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2510 / 2.45 KB (+14), br: 2315 / 2.26 KB (-1), min: 5553 / 5.42 KB (0)
+- golf: merge special into const chain in keydown handler
+
+** 15.9.8-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2496 / 2.44 KB (-3), br: 2316 / 2.26 KB (-1), min: 5553 / 5.42 KB (-2)
 - golf: simplify dent cursor detection with && ||
 
 ** 15.9.7-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2499 / 2.44 KB (+5), br: 2318 / 2.26 KB (+12), min: 5555 / 5.42 KB (+25)
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 5883b619..a189cacd 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.8-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,c,a,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[M.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(v.mx,s),e&&(v.mx=r.x),r.y<M.first||r.y>M.last?M.first=t>0?r.y-M.n+1:r.y:C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(v.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,C()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;v.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t){const e=w._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,C()}else(n?r.y<w.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:w._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:!n&&r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,v.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):v.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,C()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=e.y===n&&e||s.y===n&&s;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},v=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:x.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let b=0,D=e?0:-1;const M=this.View={get first(){return b},set first(t){b=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),L()},get n(){return D},set n(t){const e=t-D;D=t,L(e)},get last(){return b+D-1<w.last?b+D-1:w.last}},L=M.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(a,(M.first+D+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*c}px)`)}C(t)},C=M.render=(t=0)=>{v.f++;for(let t=0;t<D+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(v.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(M.first+M.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(M.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-M.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-M.first;if(i>=0&&i<M.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v.cw-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v.cw;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v.cw)*v.cw}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of v.sub)e(y,M,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*c}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?M.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),M.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const E={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-v.s:v.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(v.s)])}},l=E[s]||0;if(l){if(t.preventDefault(),v.i<0)return;const s=l>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),l%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(l%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));v.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:v.mx}),e<M.first?M.first=e:e>M.last?M.first=e-M.n+1:C()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[l%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):v.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):i[s]&&v.i>=1&&i[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.9-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,c,a,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[M.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(v.mx,s),e&&(v.mx=r.x),r.y<M.first||r.y>M.last?M.first=t>0?r.y-M.n+1:r.y:C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(v.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,C()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;v.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t){const e=w._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,C()}else(n?r.y<w.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:w._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:!n&&r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,v.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):v.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,C()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=e.y===n&&e||s.y===n&&s;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},v=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:x.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let b=0,D=e?0:-1;const M=this.View={get first(){return b},set first(t){b=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),L()},get n(){return D},set n(t){const e=t-D;D=t,L(e)},get last(){return b+D-1<w.last?b+D-1:w.last}},L=M.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(a,(M.first+D+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*c}px)`)}C(t)},C=M.render=(t=0)=>{v.f++;for(let t=0;t<D+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(v.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(M.first+M.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(M.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-M.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-M.first;if(i>=0&&i<M.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v.cw-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v.cw;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v.cw)*v.cw}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of v.sub)e(y,M,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*c}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?M.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),M.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const E={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i=E[s]||0,l={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-v.s:v.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(v.s)])}};if(i){if(t.preventDefault(),v.i<0)return;const s=i>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),i%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(i%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));v.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:v.mx}),e<M.first?M.first=e:e>M.last?M.first=e-M.n+1:C()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[i%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):v.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):l[s]&&v.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From a18cc532630349459945d8a1fedc9599bf1be75f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 22:45:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 47/50] golf: extract cw to local const, use in render

---
 buffee.js          | 10 ++++++----
 dev/changelog.txt  |  5 ++++-
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 34d16e55..1ebd5e71 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.9-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.10-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -238,6 +238,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     },
   };
 
+
+  const cw = $caret.getBoundingClientRect().width;
   /**
    * Editor mode settings (shared between internal and external code).
    * @namespace Mode
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     f: 0,                                      /** framecount                */
     mx: 0,                                     /** max column for vertical movement */
     ch,                                        /** line and character height */
-    cw: $caret.getBoundingClientRect().width,  /** computed character width  */
+    cw,                                        /** computed character width  */
     sub: [],                                   /** render callbacks          */
     ext: []                                    /** registered extensions     */
   };
@@ -362,8 +364,8 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         cursorLeft = head.x;
 
         // Horizontal scroll to keep cursor in view
-        const {left: cl, right: cr} = lRect, rl = lRect.left + head.x * Mode.cw - $lines.scrollLeft, rr = rl + Mode.cw;
-        $lines.scrollLeft = Math.round(($lines.scrollLeft + (rl < cl ? rl - cl : rr > cr ? rr - cr : 0)) / Mode.cw) * Mode.cw;
+        const {left: cl, right: cr} = lRect, rl = lRect.left + head.x * cw - $lines.scrollLeft, rr = rl + cw;
+        $lines.scrollLeft = Math.round(($lines.scrollLeft + (rl < cl ? rl - cl : rr > cr ? rr - cr : 0)) / cw) * cw;
       }
     }
     $caret.style.left = cursorLeft + 'ch';
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 20fb3e51..5fcb5fc4 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
-** 15.9.9-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2510 / 2.45 KB (+14), br: 2315 / 2.26 KB (-1), min: 5553 / 5.42 KB (0)
+** 15.9.10-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2510 / 2.45 KB (+15), br: 2311 / 2.26 KB (-4), min: 5545 / 5.42 KB (-8)
+- golf: extract cw to local const, use in render
+
+** 15.9.9-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2495 / 2.44 KB (-1), br: 2315 / 2.26 KB (-1), min: 5553 / 5.42 KB (0)
 - golf: merge special into const chain in keydown handler
 
 ** 15.9.8-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2496 / 2.44 KB (-3), br: 2316 / 2.26 KB (-1), min: 5553 / 5.42 KB (-2)
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index a189cacd..53e852a4 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.9-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,c,a,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[M.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=M.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(v.mx,s),e&&(v.mx=r.x),r.y<M.first||r.y>M.last?M.first=t>0?r.y-M.n+1:r.y:C()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(v.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,C()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;v.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,C()},mvW(t){const e=w._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}r.x=t,C()}else(n?r.y<w.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:w._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:!n&&r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,v.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):v.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>M.last?M.first=r.y-M.n+1:C()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,C()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<M.first?M.first=r.y:C())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=e.y===n&&e||s.y===n&&s;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),C()}},v=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:x.getBoundingClientRect().width,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let b=0,D=e?0:-1;const M=this.View={get first(){return b},set first(t){b=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),L()},get n(){return D},set n(t){const e=t-D;D=t,L(e)},get last(){return b+D-1<w.last?b+D-1:w.last}},L=M.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(a,(M.first+D+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*c}px)`)}C(t)},C=M.render=(t=0)=>{v.f++;for(let t=0;t<D+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(v.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(M.first+M.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(M.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-M.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-M.first;if(i>=0&&i<M.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v.cw-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v.cw;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v.cw)*v.cw}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of v.sub)e(y,M,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*c}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?M.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),M.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const E={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i=E[s]||0,l={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-v.s:v.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(v.s)])}};if(i){if(t.preventDefault(),v.i<0)return;const s=i>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),i%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(i%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),C();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));v.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:v.mx}),e<M.first?M.first=e:e>M.last?M.first=e-M.n+1:C()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[i%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):v.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):l[s]&&v.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.10-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,a,c,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[L.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(b.mx,s),e&&(b.mx=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(b.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;b.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t){const e=w._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,a=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)a();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)a()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)a();else{const s=e[t];for(a();o()&&e[t]===s;)a()}r.x=t,E()}else(n?r.y<w.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:w._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!n&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,b.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):b.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=e.y===n&&e||s.y===n&&s;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},v=x.getBoundingClientRect().width,b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:v,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<w.last?D+M-1:w.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(c,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v)*v}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(y,L,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i=$[s]||0,l={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}};if(i){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=i>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),i%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(i%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));b.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:b.mx}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[i%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 4abee9f85cbd0b0dd83d370e67eb0921cc1559bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 22:59:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 48/50] refactor: reintroduce cmdMap for keyboard shortcuts

---
 buffee.js          | 7 +++++--
 dev/changelog.txt  | 5 ++++-
 dist/buffee.min.js | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 1ebd5e71..066ea2eb 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.10-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.9.11-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -412,6 +412,9 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
           e.preventDefault();
           (Span.dir || sh) ? Span.dent(sh ? -Mode.s : Mode.s) : Span.ins([' '.repeat(Mode.s)]);
         },
+    },
+      cmdMap = {
+        z: () => this.History?.[sh ? 'redo' : 'undo'](),
     };
 
     if (arrowCode) {
@@ -446,7 +449,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         Span[arrowCode % 2 ? 'mvX' : 'mvY'](direction);
       }
     } else if (k.length === 1) {
-      if (cmd) { if (k === 'z') { e.preventDefault(); this.History?.[sh ? 'redo' : 'undo'](); } }
+      if (cmd) { if (cmdMap[k]) { e.preventDefault(); cmdMap[k](); } }
       else if (Mode.i > 0) {
         k === ' ' && e.preventDefault();
         Span.ins([k]);
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 5fcb5fc4..4ca41a20 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
-** 15.9.10-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2510 / 2.45 KB (+15), br: 2311 / 2.26 KB (-4), min: 5545 / 5.42 KB (-8)
+** 15.9.11-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2506 / 2.45 KB (+10), br: 2317 / 2.26 KB (+9), min: 5560 / 5.43 KB (+14)
+- refactor: reintroduce cmdMap for keyboard shortcuts
+
+** 15.9.10-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2496 / 2.44 KB (+1), br: 2308 / 2.25 KB (-6), min: 5546 / 5.42 KB (-7)
 - golf: extract cw to local const, use in render
 
 ** 15.9.9-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2495 / 2.44 KB (-1), br: 2315 / 2.26 KB (-1), min: 5553 / 5.42 KB (0)
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index 53e852a4..dcbfe99f 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.10-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,a,c,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[L.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(b.mx,s),e&&(b.mx=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(b.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;b.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t){const 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w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,b.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):b.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=e.y===n&&e||s.y===n&&s;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},v=x.getBoundingClientRect().width,b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:v,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<w.last?D+M-1:w.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(c,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v)*v}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(y,L,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i=$[s]||0,l={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}};if(i){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=i>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),i%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(i%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));b.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:b.mx}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[i%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?"z"===s&&(t.preventDefault(),this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()):b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.11-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,a,c,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[L.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(b.mx,s),e&&(b.mx=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(b.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;b.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t){const e=w._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,a=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)a();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)a()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)a();else{const s=e[t];for(a();o()&&e[t]===s;)a()}r.x=t,E()}else(n?r.y<w.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:w._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!n&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,b.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):b.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=e.y===n&&e||s.y===n&&s;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},v=x.getBoundingClientRect().width,b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:v,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<w.last?D+M-1:w.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(c,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v)*v}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(y,L,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i=$[s]||0,l={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r={z:()=>this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()};if(i){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=i>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),i%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(i%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));b.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:b.mx}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[i%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?r[s]&&(t.preventDefault(),r[s]()):b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file

From 0bc504244f259df10c94ace30b392fbd8774a8b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 23:11:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 49/50] api: add Model.end, Span.select(pos) parameter

- Model.end returns last coordinate {y, x} (replaces Model.last)
- Span.select() accepts optional position to set head
- Update api.txt documentation
---
 buffee.js          | 30 +++++++++++++++---------------
 dev/changelog.txt  |  4 ++++
 dist/buffee.min.js |  2 +-
 docs/api.txt       | 10 +++++++---
 4 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/buffee.js b/buffee.js
index 066ea2eb..66eab0fd 100644
--- a/buffee.js
+++ b/buffee.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * editor.View.render();
  */
 function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
-  this.v = '15.9.11-alpha.1';
+  this.v = '15.10.0-alpha.1';
   this.$ = $;
   // head.y and anchor.y are ABSOLUTE line numbers (Model indices, not viewport-relative).
   // This allows selections to span beyond the viewport.
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * @param {boolean} [toEdge] - If truthy, go to edge (start if down, end if up) and update Mode.mx
      */
     mvY(dir, toEdge) {
-      if (dir > 0 ? head.y < Model.last : head.y > 0) {
+      if (dir > 0 ? head.y < Model.end.y : head.y > 0) {
         const len = Model._[dir > 0 ? ++head.y : --head.y].length;
         head.x = toEdge ? (dir > 0 ? 0 : len) : Math.min(Mode.mx, len);
         if (toEdge) Mode.mx = head.x;
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     mvX(dir) {
       const right = dir > 0;
       if (right ? head.x < Model._[head.y].length : head.x) { Mode.mx = right ? ++head.x : --head.x; render(); }
-      else if (right ? head.y < Model.last : head.y) this.mvY(dir, 1);
+      else if (right ? head.y < Model.end.y : head.y) this.mvY(dir, 1);
     },
 
     /**
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         else { const c = s[j]; step(); while (ok() && s[j] === c) step(); }
         head.x = j;
         render();
-      } else if (fwd ? head.y < Model.last : head.y > 0) {
+      } else if (fwd ? head.y < Model.end.y : head.y > 0) {
                                               // At edge - move to adjacent line
                                               head.x = fwd ? 0 : Model._[--head.y].length;
         if (fwd && ++head.y > View.last)      View.first = head.y - View.n + 1;
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
       if (left.y === right.y) {
         const text  = Model._[left.y];
         const slice = text.slice(left.x, right.x + fwd);
-        return right.x >= text.length && left.y < Model.last ? [slice, ''] : [slice];
+        return right.x >= text.length && left.y < Model.end.y ? [slice, ''] : [slice];
       }
       return [
         Model._[left.y].slice(left.x), 
@@ -152,11 +152,11 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
       head     = anchor;
     },
 
-    /** Begins a new selection by detaching head from anchor allowing independent movement. */
-    select() {
+    /** Begins a new selection by detaching head from anchor. Optionally sets head position. */
+    select(p = anchor) {
       head   = detached;
-      head.y = anchor.y;
-      head.x = anchor.x;
+      head.y = p.y;
+      head.x = p.x;
     },
 
     /**
@@ -271,10 +271,10 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
     _: [''],
 
     /**
-     * Index of the last line in the document.
-     * @returns {number} Zero-based index of the last line
+     * Last coordinate in the document.
+     * @returns {Position} Position of last character {y, x}
      */
-    get last() { return this._.length - 1 },
+    get end() { const y = this._.length - 1; return { y, x: this._[y].length } },
 
     /**
      * Primitive insert operation. Inserts lines at position.
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
   const View = this.View = {
     /** @type {number} Index of the first visible line (0-indexed) */
     get first() { return vFirst; },
-    set first(v) { vFirst = Math.max(0, Math.min(v, Model.last)); RENDER(); },
+    set first(v) { vFirst = Math.max(0, Math.min(v, Model.end.y)); RENDER(); },
     /** @type {number} Number of visible lines */
     get n() { return vN; },
     set n(v) { const d = v - vN; vN = v; RENDER(d); },
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
      * Index of the last visible line.
      * @returns {number} Index of the last line in the viewport
      */
-    get last() { return vFirst + vN - 1 < Model.last ? vFirst + vN - 1 : Model.last; }
+    get last() { return vFirst + vN - 1 < Model.end.y ? vFirst + vN - 1 : Model.end.y; }
   };
 
   // Add / remove lines, selections, rails as row changes
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ function Buffee($, { h, w, s = 4 } = {}) {
         } else {
           const edge = Span.bounds(1)[direction > 0 | 0];
           // edge.y is already absolute
-          const targetAbsRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(edge.y + direction, Model.last));
+          const targetAbsRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(edge.y + direction, Model.end.y));
 
           Mode.mx = Math.min(edge.x, Model._[targetAbsRow].length);
           Span.cursor({ y: targetAbsRow, x: Mode.mx});
diff --git a/dev/changelog.txt b/dev/changelog.txt
index 4ca41a20..6e256776 100644
--- a/dev/changelog.txt
+++ b/dev/changelog.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 * Project Devlog
 
+** 15.10.0-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2523 / 2.46 KB (0), br: 2333 / 2.28 KB (0), min: 5602 / 5.47 KB (0)
+- api: add Model.end returning last coordinate {y, x}
+- api: Span.select() accepts optional position for head
+
 ** 15.9.11-alpha.1 [2026-01-13]  gz: 2506 / 2.45 KB (+10), br: 2317 / 2.26 KB (+9), min: 5560 / 5.43 KB (+14)
 - refactor: reintroduce cmdMap for keyboard shortcuts
 
diff --git a/dist/buffee.min.js b/dist/buffee.min.js
index dcbfe99f..4d792308 100644
--- a/dist/buffee.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffee.min.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.9.11-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},l={};let r=i;const[o,a,c,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[f,y,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=y.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[L.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,r]:[r,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?r.y<w.last:r.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++r.y:--r.y].length;r.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(b.mx,s),e&&(b.mx=r.x),r.y<L.first||r.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?r.y-L.n+1:r.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?r.x<w._[r.y].length:r.x)?(b.mx=e?++r.x:--r.x,E()):(e?r.y<w.last:r.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[r.y];var s;b.mx=r.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<r.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t){const e=w._[r.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(r.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=r.x;const i=/\s/,l=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,a=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)a();for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)a()}else if(l.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&l.test(e[t]);)a();else{const s=e[t];for(a();o()&&e[t]===s;)a()}r.x=t,E()}else(n?r.y<w.last:r.y>0)&&(r.x=n?0:w._[--r.y].length,n&&++r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:!n&&r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},get dir(){return r===i?0:i.y===r.y&&i.x<r.x||i.y<r.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.last?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(r.y=t.y,r.x=t.x),i.y=r.y,i.x=r.x,r=i},select(){r=l,r.y=i.y,r.x=i.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),r.y=e.y,t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,r.x=t[t.length-1].length):r.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(r.y,r.x,t),t.length>1?(r.y+=t.length-1,b.mx=r.x=t[t.length-1].length):b.mx=r.x+=t[0]?.length||0;r.y>L.last?L.first=r.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):r.x>0?(w.del(r.y,r.x-1,r.y,r.x),r.x--,E()):r.y>0&&(r.x=w._[r.y-1].length,w.del(r.y-1,r.x,r.y,0),--r.y<L.first?L.first=r.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const l=e.y===n&&e||s.y===n&&s;if(l){const e=i.slice(l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,l.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(l.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},v=x.getBoundingClientRect().width,b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:v,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get last(){return this._.length-1},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.last)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<w.last?D+M-1:w.last}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(c,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(f.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*a}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,l=w._[s].length,{style:r}=m[2][0][s-L.first];r.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",r.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?l-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,l):l+1)+"ch"}const i=r.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=r.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+r.x*v-y.scrollLeft,l=n+v;y.scrollLeft=Math.round((y.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:l>e?l-e:0))/v)*v}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(y,L,t)};if(s&&!d&&(f.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*a}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=y.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(y.clientHeight/o)}).observe(f),y.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),y.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};y.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i=$[s]||0,l={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},r={z:()=>this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()};if(i){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=i>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),i%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(i%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.last));b.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:b.mx}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[i%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?r[s]&&(t.preventDefault(),r[s]()):b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):l[s]&&b.i>=1&&l[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
+function Buffee(t,{h:e,w:s,s:n=4}={}){this.v="15.10.0-alpha.1",this.$=t;const i={y:0,x:0},r={};let l=i;const[o,c,y,h]=["cell","padding","rail-init","rail-pad"].map(e=>parseFloat(getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--buffee-"+e))),[a,f,x,d,u,p]=["pane","lines","caret","rail","ztxt","zsel"].map(e=>t.querySelector(".buffee-"+e));let g=f.getBoundingClientRect();const m=[[u,(t,e)=>t.textContent=w._[L.first+e]??null],[d,(t,e)=>t.textContent=L.first+e+1],[p,t=>t.style.width=0]].map(([t,e])=>[[],document.createDocumentFragment(),t,e]),_=this.Span={bounds:t=>t&&_.dir>0?[i,l]:[l,i],mvY(t,e){if(t>0?l.y<w.end.y:l.y>0){const s=w._[t>0?++l.y:--l.y].length;l.x=e?t>0?0:s:Math.min(b.mx,s),e&&(b.mx=l.x),l.y<L.first||l.y>L.last?L.first=t>0?l.y-L.n+1:l.y:E()}},mvX(t){const e=t>0;(e?l.x<w._[l.y].length:l.x)?(b.mx=e?++l.x:--l.x,E()):(e?l.y<w.end.y:l.y)&&this.mvY(t,1)},mvLn(t){const e=w._[l.y];var s;b.mx=l.x=t?e.length:(s=e.search(/[^ ]/))>0&&s<l.x?s:0,E()},mvW(t){const e=w._[l.y],s=e.length,n=t>0;if(l.x!==(n?s:0)){let t=l.x;const i=/\s/,r=/[\p{L}\p{Nd}_]/u,o=n?()=>t<s:()=>t>0,c=n?()=>t++:()=>t--;if(i.test(e[t])){for(;o()&&i.test(e[t]);)c();for(;o()&&r.test(e[t]);)c()}else if(r.test(e[t]))for(;o()&&r.test(e[t]);)c();else{const s=e[t];for(c();o()&&e[t]===s;)c()}l.x=t,E()}else(n?l.y<w.end.y:l.y>0)&&(l.x=n?0:w._[--l.y].length,n&&++l.y>L.last?L.first=l.y-L.n+1:!n&&l.y<L.first?L.first=l.y:E())},get dir(){return l===i?0:i.y===l.y&&i.x<l.x||i.y<l.y?1:-1},get _(){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),s=this.dir>0;if(t.y===e.y){const n=w._[t.y],i=n.slice(t.x,e.x+s);return e.x>=n.length&&t.y<w.end.y?[i,""]:[i]}return[w._[t.y].slice(t.x),...w._.slice(t.y+1,e.y),w._[e.y].slice(0,e.x+s)]},cursor(t){t&&(l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x),i.y=l.y,i.x=l.x,l=i},select(t=i){l=r,l.y=t.y,l.x=t.x},ins(t){if(this.dir){const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);w.del(e.y,e.x,s.y,s.x+(this.dir>0)),w.ins(e.y,e.x,t),l.y=e.y,t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,l.x=t[t.length-1].length):l.x=e.x+(t[0]?.length||0),this.cursor()}else w.ins(l.y,l.x,t),t.length>1?(l.y+=t.length-1,b.mx=l.x=t[t.length-1].length):b.mx=l.x+=t[0]?.length||0;l.y>L.last?L.first=l.y-L.n+1:E()},del(){this.dir?this.ins([""]):l.x>0?(w.del(l.y,l.x-1,l.y,l.x),l.x--,E()):l.y>0&&(l.x=w._[l.y-1].length,w.del(l.y-1,l.x,l.y,0),--l.y<L.first?L.first=l.y:E())},dent(t){if(t>0&&!this.dir)return;const[e,s]=_.bounds(1);for(let n=e.y;n<=s.y;n++){const i=w._[n];if(t>0)w._[n]=" ".repeat(t)+i;else{const r=e.y===n&&e||s.y===n&&s;if(r){const e=i.slice(r.x).search(/[^ ]|$/),s=Math.min(-t,i.slice(0,r.x).search(/[^ ]|$/)+e);w._[n]=i.slice(s),e<s&&(r.x-=s-e)}else w._[n]=i.slice(Math.min(-t,i.search(/[^ ]|$/)))}}t>0&&(e.x+=t,s.x+=t),E()}},v=x.getBoundingClientRect().width,b=this.Mode={s:n,i:1,f:0,mx:0,ch:o,cw:v,sub:[],ext:[]},w=this.Model={_:[""],get end(){const t=this._.length-1;return{y:t,x:this._[t].length}},ins(t,e,s){const n=this._[t].slice(e);this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+s[0],1===s.length?this._[t]+=n:this._.splice(t+1,0,...s.slice(1,-1),s[s.length-1]+n)},del(t,e,s,n){this._[t]=this._[t].slice(0,e)+this._[s].slice(n),t!==s&&this._.splice(t+1,s-t)}};let D=0,M=e?0:-1;const L=this.View={get first(){return D},set first(t){D=Math.max(0,Math.min(t,w.end.y)),C()},get n(){return M},set n(t){const e=t-M;M=t,C(e)},get last(){return D+M-1<w.end.y?D+M-1:w.end.y}},C=L.RENDER=t=>{if(t){let e=t;for(;e>0;e--)for(const[t,e]of m)t.push(e.appendChild(document.createElement("pre")));if(t>0)for(const[,t,e]of m)e?.appendChild(t);for(e=t;e<0;e++)for(const[t]of m)t.pop()?.remove()}if(d){const t=Math.max(y,(L.first+M+!e).toString().length)+h;d.style.width=t+"ch",s&&(a.style.width=`calc(${t+s}ch + ${4*c}px)`)}E(t)},E=L.render=(t=0)=>{b.f++;for(let t=0;t<M+!e;t++)for(const[e,,,s]of m)e[t]&&s(e[t],t);let s=-1;if(b.i>=0){const[t,e]=_.bounds(1),n=Math.min(L.first+L.n,e.y+1);for(let s=Math.max(L.first,t.y);s<n;s++){const n=s===t.y,i=s===e.y,r=w._[s].length,{style:l}=m[2][0][s-L.first];l.left=(n?t.x:0)+"ch",l.width=(n&&i?e.x-t.x:n?r-t.x+1:i?Math.min(e.x,r):r+1)+"ch"}const i=l.y-L.first;if(i>=0&&i<L.n){x.style.top=i*o+"px",s=l.x;const{left:t,right:e}=g,n=g.left+l.x*v-f.scrollLeft,r=n+v;f.scrollLeft=Math.round((f.scrollLeft+(n<t?n-t:r>e?r-e:0))/v)*v}}x.style.left=s+"ch";for(const e of b.sub)e(f,L,t)};if(s&&!d&&(a.style.width=`calc(${s}ch + ${2*c}px)`),e)for(const[,,t]of m)t&&(t.style.height=e*o+"px");e?L.n=e:new ResizeObserver(()=>{g=f.getBoundingClientRect(),L.n=Math.floor(f.clientHeight/o)}).observe(a),f.addEventListener("paste",t=>{t.preventDefault(),_.ins(t.clipboardData.getData("text/plain").split("\n"))}),f.addEventListener("copy",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n"))}),f.addEventListener("cut",t=>{t.preventDefault(),t.clipboardData.setData("text/plain",_._.join("\n")),_.del()});const $={ArrowDown:2,ArrowUp:-2,ArrowLeft:-1,ArrowRight:1};f.addEventListener("keydown",t=>{const e=t.metaKey||t.ctrlKey,s=t.key,n=t.shiftKey,i=$[s]||0,r={Backspace:()=>_.del(),Enter:()=>_.ins(["",""]),Tab:()=>{t.preventDefault(),_.dir||n?_.dent(n?-b.s:b.s):_.ins([" ".repeat(b.s)])}},l={z:()=>this.History?.[n?"redo":"undo"]()};if(i){if(t.preventDefault(),b.i<0)return;const s=i>>31|1;if(e||t.altKey)!n&&_.dir?_.cursor():n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),i%2&&(e?_.mvLn(s>0):_.mvW(s));else if(!n&&_.dir)if(i%2)_.cursor(_.bounds(1)[s>0|0]),E();else{const t=_.bounds(1)[s>0|0],e=Math.max(0,Math.min(t.y+s,w.end.y));b.mx=Math.min(t.x,w._[e].length),_.cursor({y:e,x:b.mx}),e<L.first?L.first=e:e>L.last?L.first=e-L.n+1:E()}else n&&!_.dir&&_.select(),_[i%2?"mvX":"mvY"](s)}else 1===s.length?e?l[s]&&(t.preventDefault(),l[s]()):b.i>0&&(" "===s&&t.preventDefault(),_.ins([s])):r[s]&&b.i>=1&&r[s]()})}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/api.txt b/docs/api.txt
index a8a9c452..73670830 100644
--- a/docs/api.txt
+++ b/docs/api.txt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Model
   ._                 text buffer. Assumes sanitized '\n', '\t', zero/multi-width chars
   .ins               primitive insert
   .del               primitive del
-  .last              index of last line of Model
+  .end               last coordinate {y, x} in model
 
 When updating buffer, call render if necessary. If you append to ._ and the new
 lines are out of view, then a render would not be necessary. While we could have
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Span
   .mvW(value)        move by words     : 1 next  , -1 prev
   .del()             delete text Span-wise
   .ins(lines)        insert lines (string[]) Span-wise
-  .select()          make selection
+  .select(pos)       make selection, optionally set head to {y, x}
   .cursor(pos)       make cursor, optionally at {y, x}
   .dent(value)       indent or unindent : 1 indent, -1 unindent
 
@@ -85,12 +85,16 @@ mutate these directly for surgical adjustments without going through the API.
   head.x = 10;
   editor.View.render();
 
-  // Expand selection by adjusting anchor
+  // Expand selection by adjusting head
   editor.Span.select();                    // detach head from anchor
   const [h, a] = editor.Span.bounds();
   h.y = 10;                                // move head to line 10
   editor.View.render();
 
+  // Or set head position directly via select()
+  editor.Span.select(editor.Model.end);    // select to end of document
+  editor.View.render();
+
 When dir === 0 (cursor mode), head and anchor are the same object reference.
 Mutating one automatically mutates the other. After select(), they become
 separate objects and can be moved independently.

From e3319744ef65f6e3167da2ce9c9ee24354d400fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: varrockbank <varrockbank@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 01:38:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 50/50] fix(extensions): update for Model.end API, improve
 StatusLine
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

- Update StatusLine and UltraHighCapacity for Model.end API
- Remove obsolete View.N from api.txt
- Handle UltraHighCapacity mode in computeByteCount
- Fix sample-loader.html to use View.render()
- Fix ios.js to use Model.end.y
- Default original counts to 0, always show "XL, originally: YL Z bytes"

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 combinators/ios.js               |  2 +-
 combinators/statusline.js        | 24 +++++++++++-------------
 combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js | 17 ++++++++++-------
 docs/api.txt                     |  1 -
 samples/sample-loader.html       |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/combinators/ios.js b/combinators/ios.js
index d29b62a4..8c93aaf4 100644
--- a/combinators/ios.js
+++ b/combinators/ios.js
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ function BuffeeIOS(editor) {
     let row = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y / lineHeight));
     const col = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x / ch));
     // Bounds check row to last meaningful viewport row
-    const linesFromViewFirst = Model.last - View.first;
+    const linesFromViewFirst = Model.end.y - View.first;
     const lastMeaningfulViewRow = Math.min(View.n - 1, linesFromViewFirst);
     row = Math.min(row, lastMeaningfulViewRow);
     // Convert to absolute row
diff --git a/combinators/statusline.js b/combinators/statusline.js
index 3311000c..7f9d477a 100644
--- a/combinators/statusline.js
+++ b/combinators/statusline.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview BuffeeStatusLine - Status line extension for Buffee.
  * Updates status elements on each render when values change.
- * @version 1.3.0
+ * @version 1.4.0
  */
 
 /**
@@ -24,10 +24,12 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
 
   let lastRow = -1, lastCol = -1, lastEndRow = -1, lastEndCol = -1, lastHasSelection = false;
   let lastLineCount = -1, lastByteCount = -1, lastSpaces = -1;
-  let originalLineCount = null;
-  let originalByteCount = null;
+  let originalLineCount = 0;
+  let originalByteCount = 0;
 
   function computeByteCount() {
+    // UltraHighCapacity uses a Proxy that doesn't support iteration
+    if (editor.UltraHighCapacity?.enabled) return null;
     let bytes = 0;
     for (const line of Model._) {
       bytes += line.length + 1; // +1 for newline
@@ -39,13 +41,13 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
     const [head, tail] = editor.Span.bounds();  // head first, unordered
     const [start, end] = editor.Span.bounds(1); // ordered by position
     const hasSelection = editor.Span.dir !== 0;
-    const lineCount = Model.last + 1;
+    const lineCount = Model.end.y + 1;
     const byteCount = computeByteCount();
 
     // Capture original counts on first non-empty content
-    if (originalLineCount === null && lineCount > 1) {
+    if (originalLineCount === 0 && (byteCount > 0 || lineCount > 1)) {
       originalLineCount = lineCount;
-      originalByteCount = byteCount;
+      originalByteCount = byteCount ?? 0;
     }
 
     if (showSelection && hasSelection) {
@@ -87,11 +89,7 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
     }
 
     if ($lineCounter && (lineCount !== lastLineCount || byteCount !== lastByteCount)) {
-      let text = `${lineCount}L`;
-      if (originalLineCount !== null) {
-        text += ` originally: ${originalLineCount}L ${originalByteCount} bytes`;
-      }
-      $lineCounter.textContent = text;
+      $lineCounter.textContent = `${lineCount}L, originally: ${originalLineCount}L ${originalByteCount} bytes`;
       lastLineCount = lineCount;
       lastByteCount = byteCount;
     }
@@ -105,8 +103,8 @@ function BuffeeStatusLine(editor, { showSelection = false } = {}) {
   editor.StatusLine = {
     /** Reset original counts (called before loading new file) */
     resetOriginal() {
-      originalLineCount = null;
-      originalByteCount = null;
+      originalLineCount = 0;
+      originalByteCount = 0;
       lastLineCount = -1;
       lastByteCount = -1;
     },
diff --git a/combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js b/combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js
index e9f07adb..5481784c 100644
--- a/combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js
+++ b/combinators/ultrahighcapacity.js
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ function BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor) {
   const $e = $.querySelector('.buffee-pane');
 
   // Store original methods/getters
-  const originalLastIndexGetter = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Model, 'last').get;
+  const originalEndGetter = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Model, 'end').get;
 
   // Chunk state
   let enabled = false;
@@ -304,9 +304,12 @@ function BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor) {
       // Set navigation-only mode (can move cursor, no editing)
       editor.Mode.i = 0;
 
-      // Override Model.last
-      Object.defineProperty(Model, 'last', {
-        get: () => totalLines - 1,
+      // Override Model.end to return chunked total
+      Object.defineProperty(Model, 'end', {
+        get: () => {
+          const y = totalLines - 1;
+          return { y, x: getChunkedLine(y).length };
+        },
         configurable: true
       });
 
@@ -319,9 +322,9 @@ function BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(editor) {
     deactivate() {
       enabled = false;
 
-      // Restore original last getter
-      Object.defineProperty(Model, 'last', {
-        get: originalLastIndexGetter,
+      // Restore original end getter
+      Object.defineProperty(Model, 'end', {
+        get: originalEndGetter,
         configurable: true
       });
 
diff --git a/docs/api.txt b/docs/api.txt
index 73670830..53b2516c 100644
--- a/docs/api.txt
+++ b/docs/api.txt
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ View
   .n                 Get logical Viewport size - number of lines
   .n     = 20        Set viewport size 
   .last              Get Model index of last line viewport
-  .N                 Get Number of DOM containers (n + 1 if auto-fit)
   .render(delta)     Render content only (delta = viewport size change)
   .RENDER(delta)     Rebuild containers and render content
 
diff --git a/samples/sample-loader.html b/samples/sample-loader.html
index a316e2d4..582d3bd9 100644
--- a/samples/sample-loader.html
+++ b/samples/sample-loader.html
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ <h3>Logs:</h3>
         logs.Model._.push(s);
       }
       logs.View.first = Math.max(0, logs.Model._.length - logs.View.n - 1);
-      logs._render(true);
+      logs.View.render();
     }
 
     const editor = BuffeeUltraHighCapacity(BuffeeFileLoader(BuffeeSanitize(BuffeeStatusLine(