From 4ccfef8ec0e93011b1f779b2aa143dc96424f2bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ulli Hafner <ullrich.hafner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Jun 2026 21:02:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Add a rule to check for non-private instance fields

---
 doc/uml/class-diagram-technical.puml          |  2 +-
 .../hm/hafner/archunit/ArchitectureRules.java |  5 +++++
 .../archunit/ArchitectureRulesTest.java       | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/uml/class-diagram-technical.puml b/doc/uml/class-diagram-technical.puml
index 037d8b2bb..9f4875e25 100644
--- a/doc/uml/class-diagram-technical.puml
+++ b/doc/uml/class-diagram-technical.puml
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ note "Klasse" as Class
 note "Interface" as Interface
 note "Vererbung" as Vererbung
 note "Implementierung" as Implementierung
-note "gerichtete Assoziation" as Assoziation
+note "gerichtete Assoziation\n    als Objektvariable" as Assoziation
 note "Vererbung und dabei\ngenerischen Typ binden" as Generics
 note "gerichtete Abhängigkeit:\n<<use>> benutzt\n<<create>> erzeugt\n<<call>> Aufruf" as Dependency
 note "Aggregation" as Aggregation
diff --git a/src/test/java/edu/hm/hafner/archunit/ArchitectureRules.java b/src/test/java/edu/hm/hafner/archunit/ArchitectureRules.java
index 4f6e48051..0464ee600 100644
--- a/src/test/java/edu/hm/hafner/archunit/ArchitectureRules.java
+++ b/src/test/java/edu/hm/hafner/archunit/ArchitectureRules.java
@@ -32,6 +32,11 @@
  * @author Ullrich Hafner
  */
 public final class ArchitectureRules {
+    /** No class should have non-private instance fields. */
+    public static final ArchRule ONLY_PRIVATE_FIELDS =
+            fields().that().doNotHaveModifier(JavaModifier.STATIC)
+                    .should().bePrivate().allowEmptyShould(true);
+
     /** Tests should not use fields. Recommendation is to use factory methods for stubs and mocks. */
     public static final ArchRule NO_FIELDS_IN_TESTS =
             fields().that().areDeclaredInClassesThat().haveSimpleNameEndingWith("Test")
diff --git a/src/test/java/edu/hm/hafner/archunit/ArchitectureRulesTest.java b/src/test/java/edu/hm/hafner/archunit/ArchitectureRulesTest.java
index b85fb05d7..c8dd74d1f 100644
--- a/src/test/java/edu/hm/hafner/archunit/ArchitectureRulesTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/edu/hm/hafner/archunit/ArchitectureRulesTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,16 @@
 class ArchitectureRulesTest {
     private static final String BROKEN_CLASS_NAME = ArchitectureRulesViolatedTest.class.getTypeName();
 
+    @Test
+    void shouldVerifyThatFieldsArePrivate() {
+        assertThatExceptionOfType(AssertionError.class).isThrownBy(
+                        () -> ArchitectureRules.ONLY_PRIVATE_FIELDS.check(importBrokenClass()))
+                .withMessageContainingAll(BROKEN_CLASS_NAME, "fields that do not have modifier STATIC should be private' was violated");
+
+        assertThatNoException().isThrownBy(
+                () -> ArchitectureRules.ONLY_PRIVATE_FIELDS.check(importPassingClass()));
+    }
+
     @Test
     void shouldUseProtectedForReadResolve() {
         assertThatExceptionOfType(AssertionError.class).isThrownBy(
@@ -100,7 +110,7 @@ void shouldVerifyNoPublicTestMethodsRule() {
 
     private JavaClasses importPassingClass() {
         return new ClassFileImporter().importClasses(ArchitectureRulesPassedTest.class,
-                ArchitectureRulesAlsoPassedTest.class);
+                ArchitectureRulesAlsoPassedTest.class, ArchitectureRulesPassed.class);
     }
 
     private JavaClasses importBrokenClass() {
@@ -117,6 +127,8 @@ public static class ArchitectureRulesViolatedTest {
         @edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.Nullable
         private final String noNullable = null;
 
+        int nonPrivate;
+
         @Test @Disabled("This test is just there to be used in architecture tests")
         public void shouldFail() {
             org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals(1, 1);
@@ -188,4 +200,9 @@ protected Object readResolve() {
             return this;
         }
     }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("all") // This class is just there to be used in architecture tests
+    static class ArchitectureRulesPassed {
+        private int privateField;
+    }
 }