diff --git a/backend/app/api/v1/concepts.py b/backend/app/api/v1/concepts.py
index 6123ed16..6b0c3cb3 100644
--- a/backend/app/api/v1/concepts.py
+++ b/backend/app/api/v1/concepts.py
@@ -162,94 +162,19 @@ async def get_concept_graph(
     except Exception:
         db_concepts = []
 
-    if db_concepts:
-        nodes = [
-            ConceptNode(
-                name=c.name,
-                definition=c.definition,
-                frequency=c.frequency,
-                related_papers=(json.loads(c.related_papers) if c.related_papers else []) if c.related_papers else [],
-                related_concepts=(json.loads(c.related_concepts) if c.related_concepts else [])
-                if c.related_concepts
-                else [],
-            )
-            for c in db_concepts
-        ]
-        return ApiResponse(data=ConceptGraphResponse(nodes=nodes, edges=[], total_concepts=len(nodes)))
-
-    # Fall back to LLM extraction if nothing in DB
-    from app.api.deps import get_llm
-    from app.services.concept_service import ConceptService
-
-    paper_stmt = select(Paper).where(Paper.project_id == project_id)
-    paper_result = await db.execute(paper_stmt)
-    papers = paper_result.scalars().all()
-
-    if not papers:
-        return ApiResponse(data=ConceptGraphResponse(nodes=[], edges=[], total_concepts=0))
-
-    papers_for_analysis = [
-        {
-            "paper_id": p.id,
-            "title": p.title or "",
-            "abstract": p.abstract or "",
-        }
-        for p in papers
-    ]
-
-    llm = get_llm()
-    svc = ConceptService(llm)
-
-    concepts = await svc.extract_concepts(papers_for_analysis)
-    graph_data = await svc.build_concept_graph(concepts)
-
-    # Persist concepts to database
-    import json
-
-    from app.models.concept import Concept
-
-    del_stmt = select(Concept).where(Concept.project_id == project_id)
-    del_result = await db.execute(del_stmt)
-    for c in del_result.scalars().all():
-        await db.delete(c)
-
-    for n in graph_data["nodes"]:
-        concept = Concept(
-            project_id=project_id,
-            name=n["name"],
-            definition=n.get("definition", ""),
-            frequency=n.get("frequency", 1),
-            related_papers=json.dumps(n.get("related_papers", []))
-            if not isinstance(n.get("related_papers"), str)
-            else n["related_papers"],
-            related_concepts=json.dumps(n.get("related_concepts", []))
-            if not isinstance(n.get("related_concepts"), str)
-            else n["related_concepts"],
-        )
-        db.add(concept)
-    await db.flush()
-
     nodes = [
         ConceptNode(
-            name=n["name"],
-            definition=n["definition"],
-            frequency=n["frequency"],
-            related_papers=n.get("related_papers", []),
-            related_concepts=n.get("related_concepts", []),
-        )
-        for n in graph_data["nodes"]
-    ]
-    edges = [
-        ConceptEdge(
-            source=e["source"],
-            target=e["target"],
-            relation_type=e["relation_type"],
-            description=e["description"],
+            name=c.name,
+            definition=c.definition,
+            frequency=c.frequency,
+            related_papers=(json.loads(c.related_papers) if c.related_papers else []) if c.related_papers else [],
+            related_concepts=(json.loads(c.related_concepts) if c.related_concepts else [])
+            if c.related_concepts
+            else [],
         )
-        for e in graph_data["edges"]
+        for c in db_concepts
     ]
-
-    return ApiResponse(data=ConceptGraphResponse(nodes=nodes, edges=edges, total_concepts=len(nodes)))
+    return ApiResponse(data=ConceptGraphResponse(nodes=nodes, edges=[], total_concepts=len(nodes)))
 
 
 @router.get(
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/settings/GPUStatusCard.tsx b/frontend/src/components/settings/GPUStatusCard.tsx
index 1bcf559b..5f7f0daa 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/settings/GPUStatusCard.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/settings/GPUStatusCard.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
+import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
 import { useToastMutation } from '@/hooks/use-toast-mutation';
 import { Cpu, HardDrive, Loader2, Power } from 'lucide-react';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ import { queryKeys } from '@/lib/query-keys';
 import { gpuApi } from '@/services/api';
 
 export default function GPUStatusCard() {
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
   const { data: gpuStatus, isLoading, refetch } = useQuery({
     queryKey: queryKeys.gpu.status(),
     queryFn: gpuApi.status,
@@ -16,8 +18,8 @@ export default function GPUStatusCard() {
 
   const unloadMutation = useToastMutation({
     mutationFn: gpuApi.unload,
-    successMessage: 'GPU models unloaded',
-    errorMessage: 'Failed to unload GPU models',
+    successMessage: t('settings.gpu.unloadSuccess'),
+    errorMessage: t('settings.gpu.unloadFailed'),
     onSuccess: () => refetch(),
   });
 
@@ -38,11 +40,11 @@ export default function GPUStatusCard() {
         <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
           <CardTitle className="flex items-center gap-2">
             <Cpu className="size-5" />
-            GPU Status
+            {t('settings.gpu.title')}
           </CardTitle>
           <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => refetch()} disabled={isLoading}>
             <Loader2 className={`mr-1 size-3.5 ${isLoading ? 'animate-spin' : ''}`} />
-            Refresh
+            {t('settings.gpu.refresh')}
           </Button>
         </div>
       </CardHeader>
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ export default function GPUStatusCard() {
         {/* GPU Memory */}
         {memory.length > 0 ? (
           <div className="space-y-2">
-            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground">GPU Memory</h4>
+            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground">{t('settings.gpu.memory')}</h4>
             {memory.map((gpu) => (
               <div key={gpu.gpu_id as string} className="rounded-lg border p-3">
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
@@ -73,24 +75,24 @@ export default function GPUStatusCard() {
           </div>
         ) : (
           <div className="rounded-lg border border-dashed p-4 text-center text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-            No GPU detected or CUDA not available
+            {t('settings.gpu.noGpu')}
           </div>
         )}
 
         {/* Loaded Models */}
         <div className="space-y-2">
-          <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground">Loaded Models</h4>
+          <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground">{t('settings.gpu.loadedModels')}</h4>
           {Object.keys(models).length > 0 ? (
             <div className="space-y-1">
               {Object.entries(models).map(([name, model]) => (
                 <div key={name} className="flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg border p-2">
                   <span className="font-mono text-sm">{name}</span>
-                  <Badge variant="secondary">{String((model as Record<string, unknown>).status ?? 'loaded')}</Badge>
+                  <Badge variant="secondary">{t(`settings.gpu.modelStatus.${(model as Record<string, unknown>).status ?? 'loaded'}`, { defaultValue: String((model as Record<string, unknown>).status ?? 'loaded') })}</Badge>
                 </div>
               ))}
             </div>
           ) : (
-            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No models loaded</p>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t('settings.gpu.noModels')}</p>
           )}
         </div>
 
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ export default function GPUStatusCard() {
           <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground">MinerU</h4>
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
             <Badge variant={(mineru.status as string) === 'running' ? 'default' : 'secondary'}>
-              {String(mineru.status ?? 'inactive')}
+              {t(`settings.gpu.mineruStatus.${mineru.status ?? 'inactive'}`, { defaultValue: String(mineru.status ?? 'inactive') })}
             </Badge>
             {mineru.pid != null && <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">PID: {String(mineru.pid)}</span>}
           </div>
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ export default function GPUStatusCard() {
             className="gap-1.5"
           >
             <Power className="size-3.5" />
-            Unload All Models
+            {t('settings.gpu.unloadAll')}
           </Button>
         </div>
       </CardContent>
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx
index 84bdef4b..8d352cf3 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ function DialogContent({
       <DialogOverlay />
       <DialogPrimitive.Content
         data-slot="dialog-content"
+        aria-describedby={undefined}
         className={cn(
           "fixed top-[50%] left-[50%] z-50 grid w-full max-w-[calc(100%-2rem)] translate-x-[-50%] translate-y-[-50%] gap-4 rounded-lg border bg-background p-6 shadow-lg duration-200 outline-none data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95 sm:max-w-lg",
           className
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/locales/en.json b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/en.json
index a59b2a64..116910c5 100644
--- a/frontend/src/i18n/locales/en.json
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/en.json
@@ -268,6 +268,25 @@
       "local": "Local GPU/CPU",
       "api": "API"
     },
+    "gpu": {
+      "title": "GPU Status",
+      "refresh": "Refresh",
+      "memory": "GPU Memory",
+      "noGpu": "No GPU detected or CUDA not available",
+      "loadedModels": "Loaded Models",
+      "noModels": "No models loaded",
+      "unloadAll": "Unload All Models",
+      "unloadSuccess": "GPU models unloaded",
+      "unloadFailed": "Failed to unload GPU models",
+      "mineruStatus": {
+        "running": "Running",
+        "stopped": "Stopped",
+        "inactive": "Inactive"
+      },
+      "modelStatus": {
+        "loaded": "Loaded"
+      }
+    },
     "systemHealth": "System Health",
     "healthOk": "Healthy",
     "healthError": "Unhealthy"
@@ -388,8 +407,9 @@
     "empty": "No papers on the timeline",
     "emptyHint": "Add papers to your project to see them on a chronological timeline.",
     "paperCount": "{{count}} paper(s)",
-    "papers": "papers",
-    "citations": "{{count}} citation(s)"
+    "papers_one": "paper",
+    "papers_other": "papers",
+    "citations": "{{count, number}} citation(s)"
   },
   "keywords": {
     "title": "Keywords",
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/locales/zh.json b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/zh.json
index 0417cbb6..65090dc9 100644
--- a/frontend/src/i18n/locales/zh.json
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/zh.json
@@ -268,6 +268,25 @@
       "local": "本地 GPU/CPU",
       "api": "API"
     },
+    "gpu": {
+      "title": "GPU 状态",
+      "refresh": "刷新",
+      "memory": "GPU 显存",
+      "noGpu": "未检测到 GPU 或 CUDA 不可用",
+      "loadedModels": "已加载模型",
+      "noModels": "暂无已加载模型",
+      "unloadAll": "卸载所有模型",
+      "unloadSuccess": "GPU 模型已卸载",
+      "unloadFailed": "GPU 模型卸载失败",
+      "mineruStatus": {
+        "running": "运行中",
+        "stopped": "已停止",
+        "inactive": "未启动"
+      },
+      "modelStatus": {
+        "loaded": "已加载"
+      }
+    },
     "systemHealth": "系统健康",
     "healthOk": "正常",
     "healthError": "异常"
@@ -391,8 +410,9 @@
     "empty": "时间线上暂无论文",
     "emptyHint": "向项目添加论文后，它们将显示在按时间顺序排列的时间线上。",
     "paperCount": "{{count}} 篇论文",
-    "papers": "篇论文",
-    "citations": "{{count}} 次引用"
+    "papers_one": "篇论文",
+    "papers_other": "篇论文",
+    "citations": "{{count, number}} 次引用"
   },
   "keywords": {
     "title": "关键词",
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/ProjectDetail.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/ProjectDetail.tsx
index 81ae70d1..4c5a8165 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/ProjectDetail.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/ProjectDetail.tsx
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ export default function ProjectDetail() {
   }
 
   return (
-    <div className="flex h-full">
+    <div className="flex h-full overflow-hidden">
       {/* Mobile horizontal nav */}
       <nav className="flex w-full overflow-x-auto border-b border-border bg-muted/30 px-2 py-1.5 md:hidden">
         {navItems.map((item) => {
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ export default function ProjectDetail() {
             </h2>
           )}
 
-          <nav className="flex flex-col gap-0.5">
+          <nav className="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-0.5 overflow-y-auto min-h-0">
             {navItems.map((item) => {
               const fullPath = item.path ? `${basePath}/${item.path}` : basePath;
               const isActive = item.path
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/project/FeedPage.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/project/FeedPage.tsx
index b040f71b..cf36ddfd 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/project/FeedPage.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/project/FeedPage.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
 import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
+import { useMutation } from '@tanstack/react-query';
 import {
   Loader2,
   RefreshCw,
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
 import { feedApi } from '@/services/api';
-import { useToastMutation } from '@/hooks/use-toast-mutation';
+import type { FeedResponse } from '@/types';
 
 interface PaperFeedback {
   index: number;
@@ -26,19 +26,26 @@ export default function FeedPage() {
 
   const [feedbacks, setFeedbacks] = useState<PaperFeedback[]>([]);
   const [expandedCards, setExpandedCards] = useState<Set<number>>(new Set());
+  const [feedResponse, setFeedResponse] = useState<FeedResponse | null>(null);
 
-  const { data: feedResponse, isLoading } = useQuery({
-    queryKey: ['feed', pid],
-    queryFn: () => feedApi.get(pid),
-    enabled: !!pid,
+  const generateMutation = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () => feedApi.get(pid),
+    onSuccess: (data) => {
+      setFeedResponse(data);
+      setFeedbacks([]);
+    },
   });
 
-  const refreshMutation = useToastMutation({
+  const refreshMutation = useMutation({
     mutationFn: () => feedApi.refresh(pid),
-    invalidateKeys: [['feed', pid]],
-    onSuccess: () => setFeedbacks([]),
+    onSuccess: (data) => {
+      setFeedResponse(data);
+      setFeedbacks([]);
+    },
   });
 
+  const isLoading = generateMutation.isPending || refreshMutation.isPending;
+
   const handleFeedback = useCallback(
     (index: number, feedback: 'like' | 'dislike') => {
       setFeedbacks((prev) => {
@@ -70,6 +77,10 @@ export default function FeedPage() {
     refreshMutation.mutate();
   }, [refreshMutation]);
 
+  const handleGenerate = useCallback(() => {
+    generateMutation.mutate();
+  }, [generateMutation]);
+
   const scoreColor = (score: number) => {
     if (score >= 0.8) return 'bg-green-100 text-green-800 dark:bg-green-900 dark:text-green-200';
     if (score >= 0.6) return 'bg-amber-100 text-amber-800 dark:bg-amber-900 dark:text-amber-200';
@@ -91,11 +102,13 @@ export default function FeedPage() {
             </p>
           </div>
         </div>
-        <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={handleRefresh} disabled={refreshMutation.isPending}>
-          {refreshMutation.isPending && <Loader2 className="mr-2 size-4 animate-spin" />}
-          {refreshMutation.isPending ? 'Refreshing...' : 'Refresh Feed'}
-          <RefreshCw className="ml-2 size-4" />
-        </Button>
+        {feedResponse && (
+          <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={handleRefresh} disabled={isLoading}>
+            {refreshMutation.isPending && <Loader2 className="mr-2 size-4 animate-spin" />}
+            {refreshMutation.isPending ? 'Refreshing...' : 'Refresh Feed'}
+            <RefreshCw className="ml-2 size-4" />
+          </Button>
+        )}
       </div>
 
       {isLoading && (
@@ -105,10 +118,21 @@ export default function FeedPage() {
         </div>
       )}
 
-      {recommendations.length === 0 && !isLoading && (
+      {!feedResponse && !isLoading && (
+        <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-4 py-12 text-muted-foreground">
+          <Sparkles className="size-12" />
+          <p className="text-sm">Generate personalized paper recommendations based on your library.</p>
+          <Button onClick={handleGenerate}>
+            <Sparkles className="mr-2 size-4" />
+            Generate Recommendations
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {feedResponse && recommendations.length === 0 && !isLoading && (
         <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-2 py-12 text-muted-foreground">
           <Sparkles className="size-12" />
-          <p className="text-sm">No recommendations yet. Add papers to your library to get started.</p>
+          <p className="text-sm">No recommendations found. Try refreshing or adding more papers.</p>
         </div>
       )}
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/project/GapAnalysisPage.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/project/GapAnalysisPage.tsx
index a780fa29..8e639276 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/project/GapAnalysisPage.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/project/GapAnalysisPage.tsx
@@ -1,24 +1,51 @@
+import { useState } from 'react';
 import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
+import { useMutation } from '@tanstack/react-query';
+import { Lightbulb, Loader2 } from 'lucide-react';
 import { gapApi } from '@/services/api';
-import { queryKeys } from '@/lib/query-keys';
-import { LoadingState } from '@/components/ui/loading-state';
+import type { GapAnalysisData } from '@/services/api';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import PageLayout from '@/components/layout/PageLayout';
 import GapAnalysisPanel from '@/components/gap-analysis/GapAnalysisPanel';
 
 export default function GapAnalysisPage() {
   const { projectId } = useParams<{ projectId: string }>();
   const pid = Number(projectId!);
+  const [data, setData] = useState<GapAnalysisData | null>(null);
 
-  const { data, isLoading } = useQuery({
-    queryKey: queryKeys.gaps.all(pid),
-    queryFn: () => gapApi.analyze(pid),
+  const analyzeMutation = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () => gapApi.analyze(pid),
+    onSuccess: (result) => setData(result),
   });
 
-  if (isLoading) {
+  if (!data) {
     return (
-      <PageLayout title="Gap Analysis">
-        <LoadingState />
+      <PageLayout title="Gap Analysis" subtitle="Identify research opportunities and knowledge gaps">
+        <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-4 py-12">
+          <Lightbulb className="size-12 text-muted-foreground/50" />
+          <div className="text-center">
+            <p className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">No gap analysis performed yet</p>
+            <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+              Analyze your papers to discover research gaps and generate questions.
+            </p>
+          </div>
+          <Button onClick={() => analyzeMutation.mutate()} disabled={analyzeMutation.isPending}>
+            {analyzeMutation.isPending ? (
+              <>
+                <Loader2 className="mr-2 size-4 animate-spin" />
+                Analyzing...
+              </>
+            ) : (
+              <>
+                <Lightbulb className="mr-2 size-4" />
+                Run Gap Analysis
+              </>
+            )}
+          </Button>
+          {analyzeMutation.isError && (
+            <p className="text-sm text-destructive">Analysis failed. Please try again.</p>
+          )}
+        </div>
       </PageLayout>
     );
   }
@@ -26,10 +53,10 @@ export default function GapAnalysisPage() {
   return (
     <PageLayout title="Gap Analysis" subtitle="Identify research opportunities and knowledge gaps">
       <GapAnalysisPanel
-        gaps={data?.gaps ?? []}
-        researchQuestions={data?.research_questions ?? []}
-        totalGaps={data?.summary.total_gaps ?? 0}
-        totalQuestions={data?.summary.total_questions ?? 0}
+        gaps={data.gaps ?? []}
+        researchQuestions={data.research_questions ?? []}
+        totalGaps={data.summary.total_gaps ?? 0}
+        totalQuestions={data.summary.total_questions ?? 0}
       />
     </PageLayout>
   );
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/project/OverviewPage.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/project/OverviewPage.tsx
index 8b5b7771..8fc750e0 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/project/OverviewPage.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/project/OverviewPage.tsx
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ function ReadingProgressBar({
   data: OverviewData;
 }) {
   const total = data.total_papers || 1;
-  const completed = data.papers_by_reading['completed'] || 0;
-  const reading = data.papers_by_reading['reading'] || 0;
-  const unread = data.papers_by_reading['unread'] || 0;
+  const completed = (data.papers_by_reading['completed'] ?? 0) + (data.papers_by_reading['read'] ?? 0);
+  const reading = data.papers_by_reading['reading'] ?? 0;
+  const unread = data.papers_by_reading['unread'] ?? 0;
 
   const completedPct = Math.round((completed / total) * 100);
   const readingPct = Math.round((reading / total) * 100);
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ function YearChart({ data }: { data: Record<string, number> }) {
                 style={{ height: `${Math.max((count / maxVal) * 80, 4)}px` }}
                 title={`${year}: ${count} papers`}
               />
-              <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{year.slice(2)}</span>
+              <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{year}</span>
             </div>
           ))}
         </div>
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ export default function OverviewPage() {
       {/* Stats Grid */}
       <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 md:grid-cols-4">
         <StatCard icon={FileText} label="Total Papers" value={d.total_papers} color="bg-blue-100 text-blue-700" />
-        <StatCard icon={BookOpen} label="Avg Citations" value={d.avg_citations} color="bg-purple-100 text-purple-700" />
+        <StatCard icon={BookOpen} label="Avg Citations" value={d.avg_citations.toLocaleString()} color="bg-purple-100 text-purple-700" />
         <StatCard icon={Tag} label="Keywords" value={d.keyword_count} color="bg-amber-100 text-amber-700" />
         <StatCard icon={Bell} label="Subscriptions" value={d.subscription_count} color="bg-emerald-100 text-emerald-700" />
       </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/project/TimelinePage.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/project/TimelinePage.tsx
index a179b9d9..1e1771f0 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/project/TimelinePage.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/project/TimelinePage.tsx
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ function TimelineBar({ groups, expandedYears, onYearClick }: TimelineBarProps) {
                 <TooltipContent>
                   <p className="font-medium">{group.year}</p>
                   <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                    {group.papers.length} paper(s) · {group.totalCitations} citation(s)
+                    {group.papers.length} paper(s) · {group.totalCitations.toLocaleString()} citation(s)
                   </p>
                 </TooltipContent>
               </Tooltip>
@@ -247,10 +247,10 @@ function YearGroupSection({ group, isExpanded, onToggle, onPaperClick, t }: Year
           )}
           <span className="text-lg font-semibold">{group.year}</span>
           <Badge variant="secondary">
-            {group.papers.length} {t('timeline.papers')}
+            {group.papers.length} {t('timeline.papers', { count: group.papers.length })}
           </Badge>
           <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-            {t('timeline.citations', { count: group.totalCitations })}
+            {group.totalCitations.toLocaleString()} citation(s)
           </span>
         </div>
       </button>
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ function PaperCard({ paper, onClick }: PaperCardProps) {
             {paper.journal || '—'} · {paper.year ?? 'N/A'}
           </p>
           <p className="mt-1 text-xs font-medium">
-            {paper.citation_count} citation(s)
+            {paper.citation_count.toLocaleString()} citation(s)
           </p>
         </TooltipContent>
       </Tooltip>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/project/papers/papers-columns.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/project/papers/papers-columns.tsx
index 81ea9513..0369a6d2 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/project/papers/papers-columns.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/project/papers/papers-columns.tsx
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ export function usePapersColumns({
       header: t('papers.citations'),
       accessorKey: 'citation_count',
       sortable: true,
+      cell: ({ value }) => (value != null ? Number(value).toLocaleString() : '—'),
     },
     {
       id: 'impact_score',