diff --git a/bindings/pyroot/pythonizations/test/CMakeLists.txt b/bindings/pyroot/pythonizations/test/CMakeLists.txt
index 7738dfd103769..c793432addeeb 100644
--- a/bindings/pyroot/pythonizations/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/bindings/pyroot/pythonizations/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -198,6 +198,8 @@ endif()
 
 ROOT_ADD_PYUNITTEST(regression_18441 regression_18441.py)
 
+ROOT_ADD_PYUNITTEST(regression_23728 regression_23728.py)
+
 if(NOT MSVC OR CMAKE_SIZEOF_VOID_P EQUAL 8 OR win_broken_tests)
     # Test the conversion and low level views of interpreter-defined C++ arrays to NumPy
     # We do not run this test on Windows x86 due to an interpreter issue with arrays:
diff --git a/bindings/pyroot/pythonizations/test/regression_23728.py b/bindings/pyroot/pythonizations/test/regression_23728.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d3689530949c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bindings/pyroot/pythonizations/test/regression_23728.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+import unittest
+
+
+class Regression23728(unittest.TestCase):
+    """
+    Deleting an object of a class without compiled dictionary during
+    TROOT::EndOfProcessCleanups() must not crash, even if the interpreter
+    already JIT-compiled a destructor earlier in the process. The cache of
+    compiled destructors used to be a function-local static, destroyed before
+    the end-of-process cleanup ran because its first use came after ROOT
+    registered its atexit handlers.
+
+    See https://github.com/root-project/root/issues/23728
+    """
+
+    def test_exit_cleanup_after_interpreted_destructor(self):
+        import ROOT
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            fname = os.path.join(tmpdir, "vv.root")
+
+            # vector<vector<int>> has no compiled dictionary, so its destructor
+            # has to be JIT-compiled when the branch object is deleted.
+            with ROOT.TFile(fname, "RECREATE") as f:
+                t = ROOT.TTree("t", "t")
+                v = ROOT.std.vector[ROOT.std.vector[int]]()
+                # Use the overload taking the class name and the address: the
+                # templated Branch() refuses collections without a compiled
+                # CollectionProxy, which would silently leave the tree without
+                # the branch and the test without its purpose.
+                t.Branch("vv", "vector<vector<int> >", ROOT.AddressOf(v))
+                v.push_back(ROOT.std.vector[int]([1, 2]))
+                t.Fill()
+                f.Write()
+
+            script = textwrap.dedent(
+                f"""
+                import ROOT
+
+                f = ROOT.TFile({fname!r})
+                # Let TROOT::EndOfProcessCleanups() delete the file, and with it
+                # the tree and its branch object, from the C atexit handler.
+                ROOT.SetOwnership(f, False)
+                t = f.Get("t")
+                t.GetEntry(0)
+
+                # That only happens if the file is registered with gROOT and owns
+                # the tree. Check it, so that the test fails loudly instead of
+                # silently losing its purpose if these defaults change.
+                if not ROOT.gROOT.GetListOfFiles().FindObject(f):
+                    raise RuntimeError("the file is not in gROOT->GetListOfFiles()")
+                if t.GetDirectory() != f:
+                    raise RuntimeError("the tree is not owned by the file")
+
+                # Make the interpreter JIT-compile the destructor of the branch
+                # class before exit. This creates the destructor cache before the
+                # end-of-process cleanup needs it (and, before the fix, destroyed
+                # it again before that). Using the very same class keeps the
+                # exit-time destructor call a pure cache lookup: compiling code
+                # at that point is not possible on Windows, where the atexit
+                # handler of libCore runs only when libCling's statics have
+                # already been torn down by its DLL_PROCESS_DETACH.
+                ROOT.std.vector[ROOT.std.vector[int]]()
+
+                print("end of script")
+                """
+            )
+
+            # Poison freed memory, so that a use of destroyed objects (like the
+            # dead destructor cache of the issue) crashes deterministically,
+            # whatever the heap layout and the interpreter internals.
+            env = dict(os.environ, MALLOC_PERTURB_="85")
+
+            # Without the fix, ROOT's crash handler can hang on the way out
+            # of the segfault instead of terminating the process: fail
+            # instead of waiting for the ctest timeout.
+            res = subprocess.run(
+                [sys.executable, "-c", script],
+                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+                text=True,
+                env=env,
+                timeout=300,
+            )
+
+            self.assertEqual(res.returncode, 0, msg=res.stdout)
+            self.assertIn("end of script", res.stdout)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()