diff --git a/io/io/src/TFileCacheRead.cxx b/io/io/src/TFileCacheRead.cxx
index ec859aa0d72e6..65deceaeabf65 100644
--- a/io/io/src/TFileCacheRead.cxx
+++ b/io/io/src/TFileCacheRead.cxx
@@ -460,6 +460,8 @@ Int_t TFileCacheRead::ReadBufferExtNormal(char *buf, Long64_t pos, Int_t len, In
       if (!fAsyncReading) {
          // Then we use the vectored read to read everything now
          if (fFile->ReadBuffers(fBuffer,fPos,fLen,fNb)) {
+            // fBuffer does not hold the blocks: forget them, so that they are read from the file instead
+            TFileCacheRead::Prefetch(0, 0);
             return -1;
          }
          fIsTransferred = kTRUE;
diff --git a/tree/tree/src/TTreeCacheUnzip.cxx b/tree/tree/src/TTreeCacheUnzip.cxx
index d3783c58d86dd..0d621ea49fe42 100644
--- a/tree/tree/src/TTreeCacheUnzip.cxx
+++ b/tree/tree/src/TTreeCacheUnzip.cxx
@@ -787,7 +787,8 @@ Int_t TTreeCacheUnzip::GetUnzipBuffer(char **buf, Long64_t pos, Int_t len, bool
    }
 
    res = 0;
-   if (!ReadBufferExt(fCompBuffer, pos, len, loc)) {
+   // Read the buffer from the file unless it was found in the cache, including when reading the cache failed
+   if (ReadBufferExt(fCompBuffer, pos, len, loc) != 1) {
       // Cache is invalidated and we need to wait for all unzipping tasks to be finished before fill new baskets in cache.
 #ifdef R__USE_IMT
       if(ROOT::IsImplicitMTEnabled() && fUnzipTaskGroup) {
diff --git a/tree/tree/test/CMakeLists.txt b/tree/tree/test/CMakeLists.txt
index 4e903b06daafc..94ece5abc821c 100644
--- a/tree/tree/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tree/tree/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ ROOT_ADD_GTEST(entrylist_enter entrylist_enter.cxx LIBRARIES RIO Tree)
 ROOT_ADD_GTEST(entrylist_enterrange entrylist_enterrange.cxx LIBRARIES RIO Tree)
 ROOT_ADD_GTEST(friendinfo friendinfo.cxx LIBRARIES RIO Tree)
 ROOT_ADD_GTEST(testTTreeCompression TTreeCompression.cxx LIBRARIES RIO Tree MathCore)
+ROOT_ADD_GTEST(testTTreeCacheReadError TTreeCacheReadError.cxx LIBRARIES RIO Tree)
 ROOT_ADD_GTEST(evolution evolution.cxx LIBRARIES RIO Tree)
 ROOT_GENERATE_DICTIONARY(EvolutionStruct ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/EvolutionStruct.hxx
                          MODULE evolution
diff --git a/tree/tree/test/TTreeCacheReadError.cxx b/tree/tree/test/TTreeCacheReadError.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fc872ec23b84a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tree/tree/test/TTreeCacheReadError.cxx
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#include "ROOT/TestSupport.hxx"
+
+#include "TFile.h"
+#include "TSystem.h"
+#include "TTree.h"
+#include "TTreeCacheUnzip.h"
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace {
+
+/// A file whose `failAt`-th vectored read fails without filling the buffer, as a TNetXNGFile does on a socket timeout.
+class FailingReadBuffersFile : public TFile {
+   int fCalls = 0;
+   int fFailAt;
+
+public:
+   FailingReadBuffersFile(const char *name, int failAt) : TFile(name), fFailAt(failAt) {}
+
+   Bool_t ReadBuffers(char *buf, Long64_t *pos, Int_t *len, Int_t nbuf) override
+   {
+      if (++fCalls == fFailAt)
+         return kTRUE;
+      return TFile::ReadBuffers(buf, pos, len, nbuf);
+   }
+
+   int GetCalls() const { return fCalls; }
+};
+
+class TTreeCacheReadError : public ::testing::Test {
+protected:
+   static constexpr const char *kFileName = "ttreecache_readerror.root";
+   static constexpr int kEntries = 20000;
+   // The size of a cache holding the baskets of a single cluster.
+   static constexpr int kCacheSize = 20000;
+
+   static void SetUpTestSuite()
+   {
+      TFile f(kFileName, "RECREATE");
+      TTree t("t", "t");
+      int a;
+      std::vector<int> v;
+      t.Branch("a", &a, 4000);
+      t.Branch("v", &v, 4000);
+      t.SetAutoFlush(2000);
+      for (int i = 0; i < kEntries; ++i) {
+         a = i;
+         v.assign(i % 7, i);
+         t.Fill();
+      }
+      t.Write();
+   }
+
+   static void TearDownTestSuite() { gSystem->Unlink(kFileName); }
+
+   /// Read all entries of `t`, checking their content, and return the number of entries that could not be read.
+   static int ReadAll(TTree &t)
+   {
+      int a = -1;
+      std::vector<int> *v = nullptr;
+      t.SetBranchAddress("a", &a);
+      t.SetBranchAddress("v", &v);
+      int nErrors = 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i < kEntries; ++i) {
+         if (t.GetEntry(i) <= 0) {
+            ++nErrors;
+            continue;
+         }
+         EXPECT_EQ(a, i);
+         EXPECT_NE(v, nullptr);
+         if (!v)
+            continue;
+         EXPECT_EQ(v->size(), static_cast<std::size_t>(i % 7));
+         for (int x : *v)
+            EXPECT_EQ(x, i);
+      }
+      return nErrors;
+   }
+};
+
+/// Use a TTreeCacheUnzip for the tree while in scope.
+class UnzipCacheRAII {
+public:
+   UnzipCacheRAII(TTree &t, Long64_t cacheSize)
+   {
+      TTreeCacheUnzip::SetParallelUnzip(TTreeCacheUnzip::kEnable);
+      new TTreeCacheUnzip(&t, cacheSize);
+   }
+   ~UnzipCacheRAII() { TTreeCacheUnzip::SetParallelUnzip(TTreeCacheUnzip::kDisable); }
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+// A failed read of the baskets of a cluster must not leave the cache serving the other baskets of that cluster from a
+// buffer that was never filled.
+TEST_F(TTreeCacheReadError, FailedReadBuffers)
+{
+   // The first vectored read is that of the cache in learning phase, the third one that of the second cluster.
+   FailingReadBuffersFile f(kFileName, /*failAt=*/3);
+   auto t = f.Get<TTree>("t");
+   ASSERT_NE(t, nullptr);
+   t->SetCacheSize(kCacheSize);
+
+   ROOT::TestSupport::CheckDiagsRAII diags;
+   diags.requiredDiag(kError, "TBranch::GetBasket", "badread=1", /*matchFullMessage=*/false);
+   // Only the entry whose read failed is lost; the other baskets of its cluster are read from the file.
+   EXPECT_EQ(ReadAll(*t), 1);
+   EXPECT_GT(f.GetCalls(), 3);
+}
+
+// The same for TTreeCacheUnzip, where the read that fails is retried by TBasket.
+TEST_F(TTreeCacheReadError, FailedReadBuffersUnzip)
+{
+   FailingReadBuffersFile f(kFileName, /*failAt=*/3);
+   auto t = f.Get<TTree>("t");
+   ASSERT_NE(t, nullptr);
+   UnzipCacheRAII unzip(*t, kCacheSize);
+
+   EXPECT_EQ(ReadAll(*t), 0);
+   EXPECT_GT(f.GetCalls(), 3);
+}
+
+// When prefilling the cache during learning, the first basket is requested from TTreeCacheUnzip before its blocks are
+// read; a failure to read them must not unzip whatever its buffer for compressed data holds.
+TEST_F(TTreeCacheReadError, FailedReadBuffersUnzipLearnPrefill)
+{
+   FailingReadBuffersFile f(kFileName, /*failAt=*/1);
+   auto t = f.Get<TTree>("t");
+   ASSERT_NE(t, nullptr);
+   UnzipCacheRAII unzip(*t, kCacheSize);
+   t->GetReadCache(&f)->SetLearnPrefill(TTreeCache::kAllBranches);
+
+   EXPECT_EQ(ReadAll(*t), 0);
+   EXPECT_GT(f.GetCalls(), 1);
+}