diff --git a/modules/termflow-bench/src/main/scala/termflow/bench/Fixtures.scala b/modules/termflow-bench/src/main/scala/termflow/bench/Fixtures.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d0b5ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/termflow-bench/src/main/scala/termflow/bench/Fixtures.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+package termflow.bench
+
+import termflow.tui.*
+import termflow.tui.ScreenPrelude.*
+
+/**
+ * Deterministic, terminal-free [[termflow.tui.Layout]] trees shared by the
+ * Layout microbenchmarks ([[LayoutMeasureBench]], [[LayoutResolveBench]]).
+ *
+ * Three representative shapes, each available at a few sizes, exercise the
+ * distinct code paths in `Layout.measure` / `Layout.resolve`:
+ *
+ *   - `flatRow`      — a single [[termflow.tui.Layout.Row]] of leaf text
+ *     nodes, built with the public `Layout.row` helper (one level deep).
+ *   - `nestedColumn` — a [[termflow.tui.Layout.Column]] of
+ *     [[termflow.tui.Layout.Row]]s, built from the enum cases directly because
+ *     the fluent helpers only accept leaf `VNode` children.
+ *   - `grid`         — a fixed-column [[termflow.tui.Layout.Grid]] of
+ *     [[termflow.tui.GridCell]]s.
+ *   - `fillRow`      — a [[termflow.tui.Layout.Row]] of multiple
+ *     [[termflow.tui.Layout.Fill]] siblings, so the budgeted resolve path
+ *     (`resolveTo` with a non-negative budget) exercises the Fill / even-split
+ *     distribution branch — natural sizing leaves that branch untouched.
+ *
+ * All trees are pure data: no terminal, no I/O, no randomness — the same
+ * `(shape, size)` always yields the same tree, so benchmark runs are
+ * comparable across machines and JVM invocations.
+ */
+object Fixtures:
+
+  /** Benchmark shape axis — drives [[tree]]'s structure. */
+  val Shapes: List[String] = List("flatRow", "nestedColumn", "grid", "fillRow")
+
+  /** Benchmark size axis — drives the child / cell counts in [[tree]]. */
+  val Sizes: List[String] = List("small", "medium", "large")
+
+  /** Origin used by the resolve benchmarks (1-based top-left). */
+  val Origin: Coord = Coord(XCoord(1), YCoord(1))
+
+  /** A leaf text node authored at the layout-friendly `(1, 1)` origin. */
+  private def leaf(label: String): VNode =
+    TextNode(1.x, 1.y, List(label.text))
+
+  /** Per-size counts: (number of items along the major axis). */
+  private def count(size: String): Int = size match
+    case "small"  => 4
+    case "medium" => 16
+    case "large"  => 64
+    case other    => sys.error(s"unknown size: $other")
+
+  /**
+   * Build the layout tree for a `(shape, size)` pair.
+   *
+   * @throws RuntimeException for an unrecognised shape or size.
+   */
+  def tree(shape: String, size: String): Layout =
+    val n = count(size)
+    shape match
+      case "flatRow"      => flatRow(n)
+      case "nestedColumn" => nestedColumn(n)
+      case "grid"         => grid(n)
+      case "fillRow"      => fillRow(n)
+      case other          => sys.error(s"unknown shape: $other")
+
+  /** A single Row of `n` leaf text nodes (built via the public helper). */
+  private def flatRow(n: Int): Layout =
+    Layout.row(gap = 1)((0 until n).map(i => leaf(s"cell$i"))*)
+
+  /**
+   * A Column of `rows` Rows, each holding `cols` leaf cells. Built from the
+   * `Layout.Column` / `Layout.Row` case constructors since the fluent helpers
+   * can't take Layout children. `rows * cols ≈ n` keeps the node count
+   * comparable to the flat shape at the same size.
+   */
+  private def nestedColumn(n: Int): Layout =
+    val cols = math.max(2, math.sqrt(n.toDouble).round.toInt)
+    val rows = math.max(1, (n + cols - 1) / cols)
+    val rowLayouts = (0 until rows).map { r =>
+      val cells = (0 until cols).map(c => Layout.Elem(leaf(s"r${r}c$c"))).toList
+      Layout.Row(gap = 1, cells)
+    }.toList
+    Layout.Column(gap = 1, rowLayouts)
+
+  /**
+   * A fixed-column Grid of `n` single-span cells. Built from `Layout.Grid` +
+   * [[termflow.tui.GridCell]] directly to exercise the grid placement /
+   * sizing path.
+   */
+  private def grid(n: Int): Layout =
+    val cols  = math.max(2, math.sqrt(n.toDouble).round.toInt)
+    val cells = (0 until n).map(i => GridCell(Layout.Elem(leaf(s"g$i")))).toList
+    Layout.Grid(columns = cols, rowGap = 1, colGap = 2, cells = cells)
+
+  /**
+   * A Row of `n` [[termflow.tui.Layout.Fill]] siblings, each wrapping a leaf.
+   * Under a budgeted `resolveTo` the Fills split the available major axis
+   * evenly, so this is the shape that actually drives the Fill distribution
+   * branch (every other shape leaves it dormant).
+   */
+  private def fillRow(n: Int): Layout =
+    val children = (0 until n).map(i => Layout.Fill(Layout.Elem(leaf(s"fill$i")))).toList
+    Layout.Row(gap = 1, children)
diff --git a/modules/termflow-bench/src/main/scala/termflow/bench/LayoutMeasureBench.scala b/modules/termflow-bench/src/main/scala/termflow/bench/LayoutMeasureBench.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ac330a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/termflow-bench/src/main/scala/termflow/bench/LayoutMeasureBench.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package termflow.bench
+
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.*
+
+import termflow.tui.Layout
+
+/**
+ * Microbenchmark for [[termflow.tui.Layout.measure]] over the shared
+ * [[Fixtures]] trees.
+ *
+ * The `(shape, size)` axes are JMH `@Param`s so a single run sweeps every
+ * representative tree. Trees are built once in [[setup]] (so the measured
+ * region only times `measure`, not construction) and the result tuple is
+ * returned from the `@Benchmark` so the JIT can't eliminate it.
+ */
+@BenchmarkMode(Array(Mode.AverageTime))
+@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
+@State(Scope.Benchmark)
+class LayoutMeasureBench:
+
+  @Param(Array("flatRow", "nestedColumn", "grid", "fillRow"))
+  var shape: String = ""
+
+  @Param(Array("small", "medium", "large"))
+  var size: String = ""
+
+  private var layout: Layout = null
+
+  @Setup
+  def setup(): Unit =
+    layout = Fixtures.tree(shape, size)
+
+  @Benchmark
+  def measure: (Int, Int) =
+    Layout.measure(layout)
diff --git a/modules/termflow-bench/src/main/scala/termflow/bench/LayoutResolveBench.scala b/modules/termflow-bench/src/main/scala/termflow/bench/LayoutResolveBench.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7029938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/termflow-bench/src/main/scala/termflow/bench/LayoutResolveBench.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package termflow.bench
+
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.*
+
+import termflow.tui.{ Layout, VNode }
+
+/**
+ * Microbenchmark for [[termflow.tui.Layout.resolve]] / `resolveTo` over the
+ * shared [[Fixtures]] trees.
+ *
+ * Mirrors [[LayoutMeasureBench]]: the `(shape, size)` axes are JMH `@Param`s,
+ * trees are built once in [[setup]], and each `@Benchmark` returns the
+ * resolved `List[VNode]` so dead-code elimination can't drop the work.
+ *
+ *   - [[resolveNatural]] resolves at the natural size (the unbounded
+ *     `availableWidth = availableHeight = -1` path that `Layout.resolve`
+ *     takes).
+ *   - [[resolveBudgeted]] resolves against a fixed terminal-sized budget,
+ *     exercising the `Fill` / even-split distribution code in `resolveTo`.
+ */
+@BenchmarkMode(Array(Mode.AverageTime))
+@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS)
+@State(Scope.Benchmark)
+class LayoutResolveBench:
+
+  /** A representative bounded budget for the budgeted resolve path. */
+  private val BudgetWidth  = 120
+  private val BudgetHeight = 40
+
+  @Param(Array("flatRow", "nestedColumn", "grid", "fillRow"))
+  var shape: String = ""
+
+  @Param(Array("small", "medium", "large"))
+  var size: String = ""
+
+  private var layout: Layout = null
+
+  @Setup
+  def setup(): Unit =
+    layout = Fixtures.tree(shape, size)
+
+  @Benchmark
+  def resolveNatural: List[VNode] =
+    Layout.resolve(layout, Fixtures.Origin)
+
+  @Benchmark
+  def resolveBudgeted: List[VNode] =
+    Layout.resolveTo(layout, Fixtures.Origin, BudgetWidth, BudgetHeight)