diff --git a/docs/user-manual/migration.md b/docs/user-manual/migration.md
index 206a3b6..259cc37 100644
--- a/docs/user-manual/migration.md
+++ b/docs/user-manual/migration.md
@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ const client = new HttpClient({
 
 `networkChanged()` 时会自动重新检测系统代理，地址变化后重建连接池。详见 [`proxy.rs`](../../packages/catcher-dns/src/proxy.rs) 注释了解平台支持情况。
 
+> `System` 模式不执行 PAC/WPAD 脚本。Electron 等宿主应先用平台 API 按目标 URL
+> 解析 PAC，再把结果作为 Manual 代理传入。需要严格绕过显式代理、环境代理和
+> reqwest 自动系统代理时，使用 `proxy: { mode: 'direct' }`；仅省略 `proxy` 不等价于
+> 强制直连。
+
 ---
 
 ## 版本升级：0.3.12 → 0.3.13
diff --git a/packages/catcher-core/src/types/network.rs b/packages/catcher-core/src/types/network.rs
index f25be08..560f2f2 100644
--- a/packages/catcher-core/src/types/network.rs
+++ b/packages/catcher-core/src/types/network.rs
@@ -97,6 +97,8 @@ pub enum ProxyMode {
     /// 手动指定代理（现有行为）。
     #[default]
     Manual,
+    /// 强制直连，禁用显式代理、环境代理和 reqwest 自动系统代理。
+    Direct,
     /// 自动从 OS 系统代理检测。
     System,
 }
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ pub struct ProxyConfig {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub mode: ProxyMode,
     /// 代理地址，例如 `http://host:port`、`https://host:port`、`socks5://host:port`、`socks5h://host:port`。
-    /// Manual 模式必填，System 模式忽略。
+    /// Manual 模式必填，Direct / System 模式忽略。
     pub url: Option<String>,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub auth: Option<ProxyAuth>,
@@ -125,13 +127,12 @@ impl ProxyConfig {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// 当 `url` 为 `None` 时 panic。调用方应在调用前确保 proxy 已解析
-    /// （System 模式在 `detect_system_proxy()` 后 url 一定为 Some）。
+    /// 当 `url` 为 `None` 时 panic。仅 Manual 模式或已解析为 Manual 的 System
+    /// 模式可以调用此方法。
     pub fn transport_url(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
-        let url = self
-            .url
-            .as_deref()
-            .expect("transport_url: url is None; System proxy must be resolved via detect_system_proxy() before building the client");
+        let url = self.url.as_deref().expect(
+            "transport_url: url is None; only resolved manual proxies have a transport URL",
+        );
         let Some((scheme, rest)) = url.split_once("://") else {
             return Cow::Borrowed(url);
         };
@@ -199,4 +200,15 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(parsed.mode, ProxyMode::System);
         assert!(parsed.url.is_none());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn direct_mode_json_roundtrip() {
+        let config: ProxyConfig = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"mode":"direct"}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.mode, ProxyMode::Direct);
+        assert!(config.url.is_none());
+
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&config).unwrap();
+        let parsed: ProxyConfig = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed.mode, ProxyMode::Direct);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/packages/catcher-dns/src/proxy.rs b/packages/catcher-dns/src/proxy.rs
index a93cc44..cbd1c6a 100644
--- a/packages/catcher-dns/src/proxy.rs
+++ b/packages/catcher-dns/src/proxy.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 //! - **Linux**: 不读取 GNOME gsettings，仅读取环境变量和 /etc/sysconfig/proxy。
 //! - **PAC/WPAD**: 不支持，需要 JS 引擎执行 PAC 脚本。
 
+use catcher_core::types::network::ProxyConfig;
 #[cfg(feature = "system-proxy")]
 use catcher_core::types::network::ProxyMode;
-use catcher_core::types::network::ProxyConfig;
 
 /// 从操作系统读取系统代理配置。
 ///
@@ -54,6 +54,36 @@ pub fn detect_system_proxy() -> Option<ProxyConfig> {
     None
 }
 
+/// 重新检测系统代理，并在未检测到可用的固定代理时返回显式 Direct 配置。
+///
+/// `reqwest::ClientBuilder` 在未配置 proxy 时会自动读取环境/系统代理，因此不能用
+/// `None` 表示 System 模式的直连回退。这里始终返回一个有效配置，确保调用方重建
+/// client 后仍保持严格直连语义。
+pub fn detect_system_proxy_or_direct(user_no_proxy: Vec<String>) -> ProxyConfig {
+    system_proxy_or_direct(detect_system_proxy(), user_no_proxy)
+}
+
+fn system_proxy_or_direct(
+    detected_proxy: Option<ProxyConfig>,
+    user_no_proxy: Vec<String>,
+) -> ProxyConfig {
+    if let Some(mut proxy) = detected_proxy {
+        for entry in user_no_proxy {
+            if !proxy.no_proxy.contains(&entry) {
+                proxy.no_proxy.push(entry);
+            }
+        }
+        proxy
+    } else {
+        ProxyConfig {
+            mode: catcher_core::types::network::ProxyMode::Direct,
+            url: None,
+            auth: None,
+            no_proxy: user_no_proxy,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(all(test, feature = "system-proxy"))]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -80,4 +110,34 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(proxy.mode, ProxyMode::Manual);
         }
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unresolved_system_proxy_becomes_explicit_direct() {
+        let proxy = system_proxy_or_direct(None, vec!["localhost".into()]);
+
+        assert_eq!(proxy.mode, ProxyMode::Direct);
+        assert!(proxy.url.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(proxy.no_proxy, vec!["localhost"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detected_system_proxy_merges_user_no_proxy() {
+        let detected = ProxyConfig {
+            mode: ProxyMode::Manual,
+            url: Some("http://127.0.0.1:7890".into()),
+            auth: None,
+            no_proxy: vec!["localhost".into()],
+        };
+
+        let proxy = system_proxy_or_direct(
+            Some(detected),
+            vec!["localhost".into(), "internal.example".into()],
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(proxy.mode, ProxyMode::Manual);
+        assert_eq!(
+            proxy.no_proxy,
+            vec!["localhost".to_string(), "internal.example".to_string()]
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/packages/catcher-http/src/transport/http_client.rs b/packages/catcher-http/src/transport/http_client.rs
index 742cbf5..3535396 100644
--- a/packages/catcher-http/src/transport/http_client.rs
+++ b/packages/catcher-http/src/transport/http_client.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ use crate::resilience::timeout::AdaptiveTimeout;
 use crate::transport::retry_middleware::MetricsRetryMiddleware;
 use crate::transport::tls::build_tls_config;
 use crate::types::http::*;
-use catcher_core::types::resilience::CbState;
 use catcher_core::types::network::ProxyMode;
+use catcher_core::types::resilience::CbState;
 use catcher_core::CatcherError;
 
 /// HTTP 传输层 — 真实收发 HTTP 请求，带重试中间件 + 熔断器 + 取消 + 自适应超时
@@ -173,15 +173,11 @@ impl HttpTransport {
                 .as_ref()
                 .map(|p| p.no_proxy.clone())
                 .unwrap_or_default();
-            new_config.proxy = catcher_dns::proxy::detect_system_proxy();
-            if let Some(ref mut p) = new_config.proxy {
-                // 合并：OS whitelist + 用户额外配置的去重
-                for entry in user_no_proxy {
-                    if !p.no_proxy.contains(&entry) {
-                        p.no_proxy.push(entry);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+            // 检测不到固定代理时必须保留显式 Direct，不能设为 None；None 会让
+            // reqwest 重新启用自动环境/系统代理，破坏 System 的直连回退语义。
+            new_config.proxy = Some(catcher_dns::proxy::detect_system_proxy_or_direct(
+                user_no_proxy,
+            ));
             Arc::new(new_config)
         } else {
             self.config.clone()
@@ -248,10 +244,12 @@ fn build_middleware_client(
 
     // G4: Proxy configuration
     if let Some(ref proxy_config) = config.proxy {
-        // System 模式且尚未解析（url=None）时跳过：networkChanged() 会重新检测后再重建。
-        // 首次构建时若无系统代理，退化直连。
-        if proxy_config.mode == ProxyMode::System && proxy_config.url.is_none() {
-            // 跳过 — 无系统代理可用，直连
+        if proxy_config.mode == ProxyMode::Direct
+            || (proxy_config.mode == ProxyMode::System && proxy_config.url.is_none())
+        {
+            // Direct 必须显式关闭 reqwest 自动环境代理。System 尚未解析到固定代理时也
+            // 按文档语义退化为真正直连，避免残留 HTTP_PROXY/HTTPS_PROXY 被意外使用。
+            reqwest_builder = reqwest_builder.no_proxy();
         } else {
             let proxy_url = proxy_config.transport_url();
             let mut proxy = reqwest::Proxy::all(proxy_url.as_ref())
diff --git a/packages/catcher-http/tests/direct_proxy_test.rs b/packages/catcher-http/tests/direct_proxy_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..833ee98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/catcher-http/tests/direct_proxy_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use std::error::Error;
+
+use catcher_core::types::network::{ProxyConfig, ProxyMode};
+use catcher_http::types::http::{HttpClientConfig, HttpMethod, HttpRequest};
+use catcher_http::HttpTransport;
+use wiremock::matchers::method;
+use wiremock::{Mock, MockServer, ResponseTemplate};
+
+fn install_unreachable_proxy_env() {
+    // SAFETY: 此集成测试单独运行在自己的测试进程中，不会与其他测试线程竞争环境变量。
+    unsafe {
+        for name in [
+            "http_proxy",
+            "https_proxy",
+            "all_proxy",
+            "HTTP_PROXY",
+            "HTTPS_PROXY",
+            "ALL_PROXY",
+        ] {
+            std::env::set_var(name, "http://127.0.0.1:9");
+        }
+        std::env::remove_var("no_proxy");
+        std::env::remove_var("NO_PROXY");
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn direct_mode_bypasses_proxy_environment_after_network_change() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>
+{
+    install_unreachable_proxy_env();
+
+    let server = MockServer::start().await;
+    Mock::given(method("GET"))
+        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_string("direct"))
+        .mount(&server)
+        .await;
+
+    let transport = HttpTransport::new(HttpClientConfig {
+        proxy: Some(ProxyConfig {
+            mode: ProxyMode::Direct,
+            url: None,
+            auth: None,
+            no_proxy: Vec::new(),
+        }),
+        connect_timeout_ms: 1_000,
+        response_timeout_ms: 2_000,
+        max_concurrency: 0,
+        ..Default::default()
+    })?;
+
+    let response = transport
+        .execute(HttpRequest {
+            method: HttpMethod::GET,
+            url: format!("{}/before-network-change", server.uri()),
+            timeout_ms: Some(2_000),
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
+        .await?;
+    assert_eq!(response.status, 200);
+    assert_eq!(response.body, b"direct");
+
+    transport.network_changed()?;
+    let response = transport
+        .execute(HttpRequest {
+            method: HttpMethod::GET,
+            url: format!("{}/after-network-change", server.uri()),
+            timeout_ms: Some(2_000),
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
+        .await?;
+    assert_eq!(response.status, 200);
+    assert_eq!(response.body, b"direct");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 未启用 system-proxy feature 时，System 检测必然无结果。networkChanged() 仍须
+/// 显式回退 Direct，不能让 reqwest 重新读取不可达的代理环境变量。
+#[cfg(not(feature = "system-proxy"))]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn unresolved_system_mode_stays_direct_after_network_change() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    install_unreachable_proxy_env();
+
+    let server = MockServer::start().await;
+    Mock::given(method("GET"))
+        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_string("system-fallback-direct"))
+        .mount(&server)
+        .await;
+
+    let transport = HttpTransport::new(HttpClientConfig {
+        proxy: Some(ProxyConfig {
+            mode: ProxyMode::System,
+            url: None,
+            auth: None,
+            no_proxy: Vec::new(),
+        }),
+        connect_timeout_ms: 1_000,
+        response_timeout_ms: 2_000,
+        max_concurrency: 0,
+        ..Default::default()
+    })?;
+
+    transport.network_changed()?;
+    let response = transport
+        .execute(HttpRequest {
+            method: HttpMethod::GET,
+            url: format!("{}/after-network-change", server.uri()),
+            timeout_ms: Some(2_000),
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
+        .await?;
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status, 200);
+    assert_eq!(response.body, b"system-fallback-direct");
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/packages/catcher-napi-http/README.md b/packages/catcher-napi-http/README.md
index 80f6e9e..1d4a409 100644
--- a/packages/catcher-napi-http/README.md
+++ b/packages/catcher-napi-http/README.md
@@ -137,10 +137,20 @@ interface DnsConfig {
   nameservers?: string[]
   host_mapping?: Record<string, string>
 }
+
+type ProxyConfig =
+  | { mode?: 'manual'; url: string; auth?: ProxyAuth; no_proxy?: string[] }
+  | { mode: 'direct' }
+  | { mode: 'system'; no_proxy?: string[] }
 ```
 
 When `msgpack` is enabled, JSON request bodies are encoded as MessagePack and MessagePack responses are decoded back to JSON bytes when the response content type contains `msgpack`.
 
+`mode: 'direct'` calls reqwest's `ClientBuilder::no_proxy()` and therefore ignores
+explicit, environment, and automatic system proxies. `mode: 'system'` detects fixed
+system proxies after `networkChanged()`; PAC/WPAD scripts must be resolved by the host
+application and passed as a manual proxy because Catcher does not embed a PAC engine.
+
 ### Methods
 
 | Method | Signature |
diff --git a/packages/catcher-napi-http/ts/types.ts b/packages/catcher-napi-http/ts/types.ts
index 2e79148..3a66d14 100644
--- a/packages/catcher-napi-http/ts/types.ts
+++ b/packages/catcher-napi-http/ts/types.ts
@@ -121,11 +121,15 @@ export interface ProxyAuth {
  * 代理配置 — 对应 Rust ProxyConfig（判别联合，按 `mode` 区分）。
  *
  * - Manual（默认，省略 `mode` 或 `mode: 'manual'`）：必须提供 `url`。
+ * - Direct（`mode: 'direct'`）：强制直连，禁用显式代理、环境代理和自动系统代理。
  * - System（`mode: 'system'`）：自动从 OS 读取系统代理（需构建时启用 `system-proxy`
  *   feature），`url` 可省略。注意：System 模式仅在调用 `networkChanged()` 后才会
  *   探测并应用系统代理，首次构建时走直连。
  */
-export type ProxyConfig = ManualProxyConfig | SystemProxyConfig
+export type ProxyConfig =
+  | ManualProxyConfig
+  | DirectProxyConfig
+  | SystemProxyConfig
 
 /** 手动代理（默认）。`url` 必填。 */
 export interface ManualProxyConfig {
@@ -137,6 +141,11 @@ export interface ManualProxyConfig {
   no_proxy?: string[]
 }
 
+/** 强制直连，不读取任何代理配置。 */
+export interface DirectProxyConfig {
+  mode: 'direct'
+}
+
 /** 系统代理：自动从 OS 检测（需构建时启用 `system-proxy` feature）。 */
 export interface SystemProxyConfig {
   mode: 'system'
diff --git a/packages/catcher-napi-ws/README.md b/packages/catcher-napi-ws/README.md
index 2d59333..a10e626 100644
--- a/packages/catcher-napi-ws/README.md
+++ b/packages/catcher-napi-ws/README.md
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ interface WsClientConfig {
   heartbeat?: HeartbeatConfig
   race_count?: number                         // default: 1
   dns?: DnsConfig
+  proxy?: ProxyConfig
   msgpack?: boolean                           // default: false
 }
 
@@ -124,10 +125,20 @@ interface DnsConfig {
   nameservers?: string[]
   host_mapping?: Record<string, string>
 }
+
+type ProxyConfig =
+  | { mode?: 'manual'; url: string; auth?: ProxyAuth; no_proxy?: string[] }
+  | { mode: 'direct' }
+  | { mode: 'system'; no_proxy?: string[] }
 ```
 
 When `msgpack` is enabled, JSON text messages are sent as MessagePack binary frames. Incoming MessagePack binary frames are decoded and delivered as JSON text.
 
+`mode: 'direct'` calls reqwest's `ClientBuilder::no_proxy()` and therefore ignores
+explicit, environment, and automatic system proxies. `mode: 'system'` detects fixed
+system proxies after `networkChanged()`; PAC/WPAD scripts must be resolved by the host
+application and passed as a manual proxy because Catcher does not embed a PAC engine.
+
 ### Methods
 
 | Method | Signature |
diff --git a/packages/catcher-napi-ws/ts/types.ts b/packages/catcher-napi-ws/ts/types.ts
index f81a256..04a6c57 100644
--- a/packages/catcher-napi-ws/ts/types.ts
+++ b/packages/catcher-napi-ws/ts/types.ts
@@ -85,11 +85,15 @@ export interface ProxyAuth {
  * 代理配置 — 对应 Rust ProxyConfig（判别联合，按 `mode` 区分）。
  *
  * - Manual（默认，省略 `mode` 或 `mode: 'manual'`）：必须提供 `url`。
+ * - Direct（`mode: 'direct'`）：强制直连，禁用显式代理、环境代理和自动系统代理。
  * - System（`mode: 'system'`）：自动从 OS 读取系统代理（需构建时启用 `system-proxy`
  *   feature），`url` 可省略。注意：System 模式仅在调用 `networkChanged()` 后才会
  *   探测并应用系统代理，首次构建时走直连。
  */
-export type ProxyConfig = ManualProxyConfig | SystemProxyConfig
+export type ProxyConfig =
+  | ManualProxyConfig
+  | DirectProxyConfig
+  | SystemProxyConfig
 
 /** 手动代理（默认）。`url` 必填。 */
 export interface ManualProxyConfig {
@@ -101,6 +105,11 @@ export interface ManualProxyConfig {
   no_proxy?: string[]
 }
 
+/** 强制直连，不读取任何代理配置。 */
+export interface DirectProxyConfig {
+  mode: 'direct'
+}
+
 /** 系统代理：自动从 OS 检测（需构建时启用 `system-proxy` feature）。 */
 export interface SystemProxyConfig {
   mode: 'system'
diff --git a/packages/catcher-ws/src/transport/ws_client.rs b/packages/catcher-ws/src/transport/ws_client.rs
index 72de9f9..8f1cae1 100644
--- a/packages/catcher-ws/src/transport/ws_client.rs
+++ b/packages/catcher-ws/src/transport/ws_client.rs
@@ -448,11 +448,13 @@ pub(crate) fn build_reqwest_client(
     }
 
     if let Some(ref proxy_config) = config.proxy {
-        // System 模式且尚未解析（url=None）时跳过
-        if proxy_config.mode == catcher_core::types::network::ProxyMode::System
-            && proxy_config.url.is_none()
+        if proxy_config.mode == catcher_core::types::network::ProxyMode::Direct
+            || (proxy_config.mode == catcher_core::types::network::ProxyMode::System
+                && proxy_config.url.is_none())
         {
-            // 跳过 — 无系统代理可用，直连
+            // Direct 必须显式关闭 reqwest 自动环境代理。System 尚未解析到固定代理时也
+            // 按文档语义退化为真正直连，避免残留 HTTP_PROXY/HTTPS_PROXY 被意外使用。
+            builder = builder.no_proxy();
         } else {
             let proxy_url = proxy_config.transport_url();
             let mut proxy = reqwest::Proxy::all(proxy_url.as_ref())
@@ -599,14 +601,11 @@ fn build_reqwest_client_for_network_change(
             .as_ref()
             .map(|p| p.no_proxy.clone())
             .unwrap_or_default();
-        c.proxy = catcher_dns::proxy::detect_system_proxy();
-        if let Some(ref mut p) = c.proxy {
-            for entry in user_no_proxy {
-                if !p.no_proxy.contains(&entry) {
-                    p.no_proxy.push(entry);
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        // 检测不到固定代理时必须保留显式 Direct，不能设为 None；None 会让
+        // reqwest 重新启用自动环境/系统代理，破坏 System 的直连回退语义。
+        c.proxy = Some(catcher_dns::proxy::detect_system_proxy_or_direct(
+            user_no_proxy,
+        ));
         owned_config = c;
         effective_config = &owned_config;
     } else {
diff --git a/packages/catcher-ws/tests/direct_proxy_test.rs b/packages/catcher-ws/tests/direct_proxy_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3857a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/catcher-ws/tests/direct_proxy_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use catcher_core::types::network::ProxyMode;
+use catcher_ws::{ProxyConfig, WsClientConfig, WsEvent, WsTransport};
+use futures_util::StreamExt;
+use tokio::time::timeout;
+
+fn install_unreachable_proxy_env() {
+    // SAFETY: 此集成测试单独运行在自己的测试进程中，不会与其他测试线程竞争环境变量。
+    unsafe {
+        for name in [
+            "http_proxy",
+            "https_proxy",
+            "all_proxy",
+            "HTTP_PROXY",
+            "HTTPS_PROXY",
+            "ALL_PROXY",
+        ] {
+            std::env::set_var(name, "http://127.0.0.1:9");
+        }
+        std::env::remove_var("no_proxy");
+        std::env::remove_var("NO_PROXY");
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn direct_mode_bypasses_automatic_proxy_environment() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    install_unreachable_proxy_env();
+
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await?;
+    let port = listener.local_addr()?.port();
+    let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        let mut ws = tokio_tungstenite::accept_async(stream).await.unwrap();
+        let _ = timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), ws.next()).await;
+    });
+
+    let config = WsClientConfig {
+        urls: vec![format!("ws://127.0.0.1:{port}")],
+        proxy: Some(ProxyConfig {
+            mode: ProxyMode::Direct,
+            url: None,
+            auth: None,
+            no_proxy: Vec::new(),
+        }),
+        handshake_timeout_ms: 2_000,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    let (handle, mut events) = WsTransport::connect(&config).await?;
+    let event = timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), events.recv())
+        .await?
+        .ok_or("WebSocket event channel closed")?;
+    assert!(matches!(event, WsEvent::Connected { .. }));
+
+    let _ = handle.close(1000, "direct mode test");
+    let _ = server.await;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 未启用 system-proxy feature 时，System 检测必然无结果。networkChanged() 重连
+/// 仍须显式回退 Direct，不能让 reqwest 重新读取不可达的代理环境变量。
+#[cfg(not(feature = "system-proxy"))]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn unresolved_system_mode_stays_direct_after_network_change() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    install_unreachable_proxy_env();
+
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await?;
+    let port = listener.local_addr()?.port();
+    let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let mut connections = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+            connections.push(tokio::spawn(async move {
+                let mut ws = tokio_tungstenite::accept_async(stream).await.unwrap();
+                let _ = timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), ws.next()).await;
+            }));
+        }
+        for connection in connections {
+            let _ = connection.await;
+        }
+    });
+
+    let config = WsClientConfig {
+        urls: vec![format!("ws://127.0.0.1:{port}")],
+        proxy: Some(ProxyConfig {
+            mode: ProxyMode::System,
+            url: None,
+            auth: None,
+            no_proxy: Vec::new(),
+        }),
+        handshake_timeout_ms: 2_000,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    let (handle, mut events) = WsTransport::connect(&config).await?;
+    let event = timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), events.recv())
+        .await?
+        .ok_or("WebSocket event channel closed")?;
+    assert!(matches!(event, WsEvent::Connected { .. }));
+
+    handle.network_changed()?;
+    timeout(Duration::from_secs(3), async {
+        loop {
+            match events.recv().await {
+                Some(WsEvent::Connected { .. }) => break,
+                Some(_) => continue,
+                None => panic!("WebSocket event channel closed before reconnect"),
+            }
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+
+    let _ = handle.close(1000, "system fallback direct test");
+    let _ = server.await;
+    Ok(())
+}