Complete guide to OOP concepts in Codesi Programming Language.
- Introduction to OOP
- Classes and Objects
- Constructors
- Methods
- Properties
- Inheritance
- Static Methods
- The 'ye' Keyword
- Real-World Examples
Object-Oriented Programming helps organize code by grouping related data and functions together.
// Without OOP - scattered data
student1_naam = "Raj"
student1_roll = 101
student1_marks = 85
student2_naam = "Priya"
student2_roll = 102
student2_marks = 92
// With OOP - organized
class Student {
banao(naam, roll, marks) {
ye.naam = naam
ye.roll = roll
ye.marks = marks
}
}
student1 = new Student("Raj", 101, 85)
student2 = new Student("Priya", 102, 92)
class ClassName {
// Constructor
banao(parameters) {
// Initialize properties
}
// Methods
karya method_name() {
// Method code
}
}
class Person {
banao(naam, umra) {
ye.naam = naam
ye.umra = umra
}
karya introduce() {
likho("Mera naam", ye.naam, "hai")
likho("Main", ye.umra, "saal ka/ki hun")
}
}
// Create object (instance)
person1 = new Person("Rishaank", 15)
person1.introduce()
person2 = new Person("Priya", 20)
person2.introduce()
The banao method is the constructor - called when creating an object.
class Book {
banao(title, author) {
ye.title = title
ye.author = author
ye.pages = 0 // Default value
}
}
book = new Book("Codesi Guide", "Rishaank")
class User {
banao(naam, email, role = "member") {
ye.naam = naam
ye.email = email
ye.role = role
ye.created_at = time_now()
}
}
admin = new User("Admin", "admin@site.com", "admin")
user = new User("Raj", "raj@site.com") // Uses default role
class BankAccount {
banao(account_number, initial_balance) {
agar (initial_balance < 0) {
throw {message: "Balance cannot be negative"}
}
ye.account_number = account_number
ye.balance = initial_balance
ye.transactions = []
}
}
try {
account = new BankAccount("ACC001", 1000)
likho("Account created successfully")
} catch (e) {
likho("Error:", e.message)
}
Methods are functions inside a class.
class Calculator {
banao() {
ye.history = []
}
karya add(a, b) {
result = a + b
ye.history.push("Added: " + string_bnao(result))
vapas result
}
karya subtract(a, b) {
result = a - b
ye.history.push("Subtracted: " + string_bnao(result))
vapas result
}
karya show_history() {
likho("Calculation History:")
har entry mein ye.history {
likho("-", entry)
}
}
}
calc = new Calculator()
calc.add(10, 5)
calc.subtract(20, 8)
calc.show_history()
class Rectangle {
banao(length, width) {
ye.length = length
ye.width = width
}
karya area() {
vapas ye.length * ye.width
}
karya perimeter() {
vapas 2 * (ye.length + ye.width)
}
karya is_square() {
vapas ye.length == ye.width
}
}
rect = new Rectangle(10, 5)
likho("Area:", rect.area()) // 50
likho("Perimeter:", rect.perimeter()) // 30
likho("Is square?", rect.is_square()) // jhooth
class Counter {
banao() {
ye.count = 0
}
karya increment() {
ye.count = ye.count + 1
vapas ye // Return self for chaining
}
karya decrement() {
ye.count = ye.count - 1
vapas ye
}
karya reset() {
ye.count = 0
vapas ye
}
karya get_value() {
vapas ye.count
}
}
counter = new Counter()
counter.increment().increment().increment().decrement()
likho(counter.get_value()) // 2
Properties are variables that belong to an object.
class Student {
banao(naam, roll) {
ye.naam = naam
ye.roll = roll
ye.marks = {}
ye.attendance = 0
}
karya add_marks(subject, marks) {
ye.marks[subject] = marks
}
}
student = new Student("Raj", 101)
student.add_marks("Math", 95)
// Access properties
likho(student.naam) // "Raj"
likho(student.roll) // 101
likho(student.marks) // {Math: 95}
// Modify properties
student.attendance = 85
class Circle {
banao(radius) {
ye.radius = radius
}
karya get_area() {
vapas 3.14159 * ye.radius * ye.radius
}
karya get_circumference() {
vapas 2 * 3.14159 * ye.radius
}
karya get_diameter() {
vapas 2 * ye.radius
}
}
circle = new Circle(5)
likho("Area:", circle.get_area()) // 78.54
likho("Circumference:", circle.get_circumference()) // 31.42
Child classes inherit properties and methods from parent classes.
// Parent class
class Animal {
banao(naam) {
ye.naam = naam
}
karya speak() {
likho(ye.naam, "makes a sound")
}
karya info() {
likho("Animal:", ye.naam)
}
}
// Child class
class Dog extends Animal {
banao(naam, breed) {
super.banao(naam) // Call parent constructor
ye.breed = breed
}
karya speak() {
likho(ye.naam, "barks: Woof!")
}
karya show_breed() {
likho("Breed:", ye.breed)
}
}
dog = new Dog("Tommy", "Labrador")
dog.speak() // Tommy barks: Woof!
dog.info() // Animal: Tommy (inherited)
dog.show_breed() // Breed: Labrador
// Level 1: Base class
class Vehicle {
banao(brand) {
ye.brand = brand
}
karya start() {
likho(ye.brand, "vehicle started")
}
}
// Level 2: Intermediate class
class Car extends Vehicle {
banao(brand, model) {
super.banao(brand)
ye.model = model
ye.doors = 4
}
karya display() {
likho("Car:", ye.brand, ye.model)
}
}
// Level 3: Specialized class
class ElectricCar extends Car {
banao(brand, model, battery_capacity) {
super.banao(brand, model)
ye.battery_capacity = battery_capacity
ye.fuel_type = "Electric"
}
karya charge() {
likho("Charging", ye.brand, ye.model)
}
}
tesla = new ElectricCar("Tesla", "Model 3", 75)
tesla.start() // Tesla vehicle started (from Vehicle)
tesla.display() // Car: Tesla Model 3 (from Car)
tesla.charge() // Charging Tesla Model 3 (from ElectricCar)
class Shape {
banao(naam) {
ye.naam = naam
}
karya area() {
vapas 0 // Default implementation
}
karya describe() {
likho("This is a", ye.naam)
}
}
class Square extends Shape {
banao(side) {
super.banao("Square")
ye.side = side
}
karya area() {
// Override parent method
vapas ye.side * ye.side
}
}
class Circle extends Shape {
banao(radius) {
super.banao("Circle")
ye.radius = radius
}
karya area() {
// Override parent method
vapas 3.14159 * ye.radius * ye.radius
}
}
square = new Square(5)
circle = new Circle(3)
likho(square.area()) // 25
likho(circle.area()) // 28.27
Static methods belong to the class, not instances.
class MathHelper {
static karya add(a, b) {
vapas a + b
}
static karya multiply(a, b) {
vapas a * b
}
static karya square(x) {
vapas x * x
}
}
// Call without creating instance
result = MathHelper.add(5, 3)
likho(result) // 8
likho(MathHelper.multiply(4, 5)) // 20
likho(MathHelper.square(7)) // 49
class StringUtils {
static karya reverse(text) {
reversed = ""
har i se text.lambai() - 1 tak -1 {
reversed = reversed + text[i]
}
vapas reversed
}
static karya is_palindrome(text) {
clean = text.chota_karo()
vapas clean == StringUtils.reverse(clean)
}
static karya count_vowels(text) {
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
count = 0
har char mein text {
agar (vowels.included_hai(char)) {
count = count + 1
}
}
vapas count
}
}
likho(StringUtils.reverse("hello")) // "olleh"
likho(StringUtils.is_palindrome("radar")) // sach
likho(StringUtils.count_vowels("education")) // 5
ye is like this or self - refers to current object instance.
class Person {
banao(naam, umra) {
ye.naam = naam // 'ye' refers to current object
ye.umra = umra
}
karya birthday() {
ye.umra = ye.umra + 1 // Modify own property
}
karya introduce() {
// Access own properties
likho("Main", ye.naam, "hun")
likho("Meri umra", ye.umra, "saal hai")
}
}
class BankAccount {
banao(balance) {
ye.balance = balance
ye.transactions = []
}
karya deposit(amount) {
ye.balance = ye.balance + amount
ye.log_transaction("Deposit", amount)
}
karya withdraw(amount) {
agar (amount > ye.balance) {
likho("Insufficient balance")
vapas
}
ye.balance = ye.balance - amount
ye.log_transaction("Withdraw", amount)
}
karya log_transaction(type, amount) {
ye.transactions.push({
type: type,
amount: amount,
balance: ye.balance
})
}
}
class Person {
banao(naam, umra) {
ye.naam = naam
ye.umra = umra
}
karya introduce() {
likho("Namaste! Main", ye.naam, "hun")
}
}
class Student extends Person {
banao(naam, umra, roll_number, class_name) {
super.banao(naam, umra)
ye.roll_number = roll_number
ye.class_name = class_name
ye.marks = {}
ye.attendance = 0
}
karya add_marks(subject, marks) {
ye.marks[subject] = marks
}
karya calculate_average() {
agar (ye.marks.keys().lambai() == 0) {
vapas 0
}
total = 0
har subject mein ye.marks {
total = total + ye.marks[subject]
}
vapas total / ye.marks.keys().lambai()
}
karya get_grade() {
avg = ye.calculate_average()
agar (avg >= 90) vapas "A+"
agar (avg >= 80) vapas "A"
agar (avg >= 70) vapas "B"
agar (avg >= 60) vapas "C"
vapas "D"
}
}
class Teacher extends Person {
banao(naam, umra, subject, employee_id) {
super.banao(naam, umra)
ye.subject = subject
ye.employee_id = employee_id
ye.students = []
}
karya add_student(student) {
ye.students.push(student)
}
karya show_students() {
likho("\n📚", ye.subject, "Teacher:", ye.naam)
likho("Students:")
har student mein ye.students {
likho("-", student.naam, "(Roll:", student.roll_number, ")")
}
}
}
// Usage
student1 = new Student("Rishaank", 15, 101, "10th")
student1.add_marks("Math", 95)
student1.add_marks("Science", 88)
student1.add_marks("English", 92)
student2 = new Student("Priya", 15, 102, "10th")
student2.add_marks("Math", 98)
student2.add_marks("Science", 95)
teacher = new Teacher("Sharma Sir", 35, "Mathematics", "T001")
teacher.add_student(student1)
teacher.add_student(student2)
likho("Student:", student1.naam)
likho("Average:", student1.calculate_average())
likho("Grade:", student1.get_grade())
teacher.show_students()
class Product {
banao(id, naam, price, stock) {
ye.id = id
ye.naam = naam
ye.price = price
ye.stock = stock
}
karya is_available() {
vapas ye.stock > 0
}
karya reduce_stock(quantity) {
agar (quantity > ye.stock) {
vapas jhooth
}
ye.stock = ye.stock - quantity
vapas sach
}
}
class Cart {
banao() {
ye.items = []
}
karya add_item(product, quantity) {
agar (!product.is_available()) {
likho("Product out of stock")
vapas
}
ye.items.push({
product: product,
quantity: quantity
})
likho("Added", product.naam, "to cart")
}
karya calculate_total() {
total = 0
har item mein ye.items {
total = total + (item.product.price * item.quantity)
}
vapas total
}
karya show_cart() {
likho("\n🛒 Shopping Cart:")
har item mein ye.items {
likho("-", item.product.naam)
likho(" Price:", item.product.price)
likho(" Quantity:", item.quantity)
likho(" Subtotal:", item.product.price * item.quantity)
}
likho("\nTotal:", ye.calculate_total())
}
}
// Usage
laptop = new Product(1, "Laptop", 50000, 10)
mouse = new Product(2, "Mouse", 500, 50)
keyboard = new Product(3, "Keyboard", 1500, 30)
cart = new Cart()
cart.add_item(laptop, 1)
cart.add_item(mouse, 2)
cart.add_item(keyboard, 1)
cart.show_cart()
class Character {
banao(naam) {
ye.naam = naam
ye.health = 100
ye.level = 1
ye.experience = 0
}
karya take_damage(damage) {
ye.health = ye.health - damage
agar (ye.health < 0) {
ye.health = 0
}
likho(ye.naam, "took", damage, "damage. Health:", ye.health)
}
karya heal(amount) {
ye.health = ye.health + amount
agar (ye.health > 100) {
ye.health = 100
}
likho(ye.naam, "healed", amount, ". Health:", ye.health)
}
karya gain_exp(exp) {
ye.experience = ye.experience + exp
likho("Gained", exp, "XP")
ye.check_level_up()
}
karya check_level_up() {
required_exp = ye.level * 100
agar (ye.experience >= required_exp) {
ye.level = ye.level + 1
ye.experience = ye.experience - required_exp
likho("🎉 Level Up! Now level", ye.level)
}
}
karya is_alive() {
vapas ye.health > 0
}
}
class Warrior extends Character {
banao(naam) {
super.banao(naam)
ye.strength = 15
ye.armor = 10
}
karya attack() {
damage = ye.strength + (ye.level * 5)
likho("⚔️", ye.naam, "attacks for", damage, "damage!")
vapas damage
}
karya defend() {
reduction = ye.armor + (ye.level * 2)
likho("🛡️", ye.naam, "defends, reducing", reduction, "damage")
vapas reduction
}
}
class Mage extends Character {
banao(naam) {
super.banao(naam)
ye.mana = 100
ye.magic_power = 20
}
karya cast_spell() {
agar (ye.mana < 20) {
likho("Not enough mana!")
vapas 0
}
ye.mana = ye.mana - 20
damage = ye.magic_power + (ye.level * 8)
likho("✨", ye.naam, "casts spell for", damage, "damage!")
vapas damage
}
karya restore_mana(amount) {
ye.mana = ye.mana + amount
agar (ye.mana > 100) {
ye.mana = 100
}
}
}
// Game simulation
warrior = new Warrior("Bheem")
mage = new Mage("Gandalf")
likho("⚔️ Battle Begins!")
likho()
// Turn 1
damage = warrior.attack()
mage.take_damage(damage)
// Turn 2
spell_damage = mage.cast_spell()
warrior.take_damage(spell_damage)
// Level up
warrior.gain_exp(150)
likho()
likho("Warrior Health:", warrior.health)
likho("Mage Health:", mage.health)
| Concept | Keyword | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Class | class |
Define blueprint |
| Constructor | banao |
Initialize object |
| Instance | new |
Create object |
| Method | karya |
Class function |
| Inheritance | extends |
Inherit from parent |
| Super | super.banao |
Access parent |
| Self Reference | ye |
Current object |
| Static | static |
Class-level method |
- Classes organize related data and functions
- Objects are instances of classes
- Inheritance promotes code reuse
- Methods define object behavior
- Properties store object data
- 'ye' refers to current instance
- Static methods don't need instances
Next: Functions Guide