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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Esperanto in 17 minutes</title>
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<main class="box lessonpage">
<div class="heading">
<div class="title"><h1 class="learn" tid="title">Esperanto in 17 minutes</h1></div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="arrow"></div>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="01">Okay, it's not possible to learn any language in 17 minutes. But with Esperanto you can get an idea of everything very quickly, and because Esperanto is so consistent, you only need to learn things once.</p>
<p class="part p learn" tid="02">Esperanto is a neutral and international language, created for everyone. But also, Esperanto is a set of word roots, and a system for arranging them, so that they can be used to complement each other - if you understand that system, you can say anything. Let's begin.</p>
<p class="part p learn" tid="03">Look out of the window. It's probably raining. The root is <em>pluv-</em>.</p>
<p class="part p learn" tid="04">Rain is a reason to say something. To say that it is raining, take the root "pluv-", and make it into a verb, by adding the ending that means "happening now": <em>-as</em>.</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="01"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Pluvas.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e01">It rains.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="05">That's a sentence. A sentence is built around a verb - that verb contains the reason for making the sentence, and a marker that says when that thing happens. There are five endings:</p>
<div class="part p">
<table>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-is</th><td class="learn" tid="verb-is">happened in the past</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-as</th><td class="learn" tid="verb-as">happening now</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-os</th><td class="learn" tid="verb-os">will probably happen in the future</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-us</th><td class="learn" tid="verb-us">happens in an imaginary world</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-u</th><td class="learn" tid="verb-u">it should happen</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="06">Sometimes you want to say who or what is doing the verb. That's very easy - take the root for that thing, and make it a noun with the <em>-o</em> ending. A noun just dropped into a sentence is doing the verb:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="02"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Kato kuris.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e02">A cat ran.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="07">If you want to use another concept to describe a noun, then take the root for the concept, and add <em>-a</em> to make it an adjective:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="03"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Blua kato dormos.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e03">A blue cat will sleep.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="08">Maybe there is another concept that somehow relates to this action. Perhaps there's a place where it happens. To add another noun, you can introduce it with a preposition, to say how it relates to the action.</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="04"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Blua kato sidas antaŭ televidilo.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e04">A blue cat is sitting in front of a TV (a "television tool").</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="09">Sometimes there's no obvious preposition to choose, or maybe you just don't feel like it, so you can mark the noun (and its adjectives) with a <em>-n</em> ending, to say "you know what this is about".</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="05"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Kateto ne ŝatas pluvegon.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e05">A little cat doesn't like heavy rain.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="10">By the way, because everything is neatly marked, you can shuffle the words around a bit:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="06"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Pluvon malvarman kato malamas.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e06">A cat hates (opposite-of-loves) cold (opposite-of-hot) rain.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="11">But don't go overboard with that, just use it when it makes the sentence easier to understand.</p>
<p class="part p learn" tid="12">There's just one more type of word to learn, which is adverbs. I don't know what exactly an adverb is, but it ends with <em>-e</em> and it's used to describe anything that isn't a noun. They are very flexible (perhaps dangerously!), but start off by putting them in front of the word they describe, and you'll get the hang of it:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="07"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">La subite malseka kato rapide enkuras.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e07">The suddenly wet (opposite-of-dry) cat quickly runs inside (in-runs).</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="13">Sometimes you need to more specific than just "a cat" - you need to say which cat. The easiest option is to use <em>la</em>, which means basically "you know the one."</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="08"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">La kato manĝas manĝaĵojn.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e08">The cat eats food (eating-stuff).</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="14">Or maybe you want to say something more like "the one that we are talking about":</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="09"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Tiu kato ĉasus hundojn.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e09">That cat would chase dogs.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="15">If you need to link several sentences together, you will need some words to do that. You'll always have one main sentence, as before, but related sentences will need an introduction, e.g.</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="10"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Tiu kato ĉasus hundojn, se ĝi trovus hundojn.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e10">That cat would chase dogs, if it found dogs.</p>
</div>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="11"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Tiu kato malŝatas hundojn, ĉar ili estas bruaj.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e11">That cat dislikes (opposite of likes) dogs, because they are noisy.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="16">While we're in the mood, let's do all the pronouns:</p>
<div class="part p">
<table style="width: 100%">
<tr>
<th lang="eo">mi</th><td class="learn" tid="mi">the person who's talking</td><th>ni</th><td class="learn" tid="ni">the speaker and their associates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">vi</th><td class="learn" tid="vi">who they are talking to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">ĝi</th><td class="learn" tid="gxi">another thing</td><th rowspan="3">ili</th><td rowspan="3" class="learn" tid="ili">some other people or things</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">li</th><td class="learn" tid="li">another male person</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">ŝi</th><td class="learn" tid="sxi">another female person</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">oni</th><td colspan="3" class="learn" tid="oni">just someone</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="17">"But", you ask, "what about sex-neutrality?". Well, we'll come back to that later.</p>
<p class="part p learn" tid="18">Okay, now we have a tricky bit coming up. Ready? Sometimes you want to link sentences together in a special way, where you take an idea from one sentence and kind of bring it into the other. There we use the word <em>kiu</em>, which is like <em>tiu</em>, but it is specifically for referring to an idea inside a new sentence:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="12"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">La kato, kiu ĉasas hundojn, estas feliĉa.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e12">The cat, who chases dogs, is happy.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="19">Hmm, is it clear enough that the "kiu" is about the cat? Yes, probably, but we can be explicit:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="13"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">La kato, kiu kato estas granda, estas dormema.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e13">The cat, which is big, is sleepy (inclined to sleep).</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="20">In fact, we can pull any idea out from the main sentence, and put it into a sub-sentence, we just have to say what type of thing it is:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="14"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Mi faris tion je la oka horo, je kiu tempo mi ridis.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e14">I did that at 8 o'clock, at which time I laughed.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="21">In fact, there are some shortcuts you can use for this sort of thing:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="15"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Mi estas kontenta, kiam mi estas kun vi.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e15">I am happy, when I am with you.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="22">We'll do the whole set of those words at some point, but just one more for now: Sometimes you just want to talk about a .. thing. It's maybe not clear what sort of thing is that thing, it's just a thing. Let's try that:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="16"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Kio estas tio? Tio estas kato.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e16">What is that? That is a cat.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="23">Oh yeah, those <em>ki-</em> words are also good for asking questions. Think of them as meaning "fill in the appropriate thing here, please". There's also a simple way to make a yes/no question:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="17"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Ĉu vi komprenas? Jes .. kaj ne.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e17">Do you understand? Yes .. and no.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="24">Right, just one more big thing to cover. We'll start off easy, and then go nuts with it. If you want to describe something twice, e.g. with a type and a name, then just put them both in together:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="18"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Mia amiko Tomaso estas tie.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e18">My friend Thomas is there.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="25">But what if you can't find a word for something? Well, you'll need to use a sentence. Think of the sentence as taking the place of a name: it's enough information to say what you're talking about, but in multiple words. So let's try:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="19"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Mi ŝatas la ideon ke katoj povu flugi.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e19">I like the idea that cats should be able to fly.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="26">"la ideon" (the idea) isn't enough information, because it doesn't say what that idea is, so we add a sentence that says what the idea is. The little word <em>ke</em> just says "here is a sentence coming up now". There's a lot that you can do with this, and there's scope for confusion, so let's try a couple of things:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="20"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Mi estas kontenta, pro tio ke vi estas ĉi tie.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e20">I am happy, because of that thing that you are here.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="27">Yeah, that isn't good english, but you get the idea? The word "tio" means "that thing", but what thing?! It doesn't say!! Well, that's why we added a sentence to explain. In fact, the "tio" isn't very interesting, we could possibly leave it out. For that matter, we might not need the "pro" either - you'd guess that this was about the cause of something, right? Maybe we could just say:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="21"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Mi estas kontenta ke vi estas ĉi tie.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e21">I am happy that you are here.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="28">But remember! The more words you throw out, the higher the chance of everything exploding!</p>
<p class="part p learn" tid="29">Speaking of leaving things out, there's a special kind of verb-thing, that isn't really a verb. If a word ends in <em>-i</em>, then it's a sort of general idea of a verb. It's not happening, it's just sort of existing, and hinting that a full sentence exists, but isn't being said. But try to consider whether someone could misunderstand.</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="22"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">La kato volas dormi.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e22">The cat wants to sleep.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="30">And finally, there are some things I can't be bothered to explain. They will certainly be confusing, and often involve the very useful roots <em>ig</em> and <em>iĝ</em>.</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="23"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Tio interesas min. Mi interesiĝas.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e23">That interests me. I am interested.</p>
</div>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="24"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">La kato bluiĝis, ĉar mi bluigis ĝin.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e24">The cat became blue, because I made it blue.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="31">And then there are participles, which are for using action-concepts to describe things, such as describing something as having-been-done. There are 6 of those to deal with, but they follow a nice pattern, so you'll get the idea. Probably.</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="25"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Mi estus farinta tion. Mi estos faranta tion. Finfine, tio estos farita.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e25">I would be having-done that. I will be doing that. Finally, that will have been done.</p>
</div>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="26"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Trovinte la hundon, mi estas serĉonta la katon.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e26">Having found the dog, I'm about to look for the cat.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="32">Oh wait, I promised to talk about those ki- and ti- and neni- words, and then I didn't. In fact I never even mentioned neni- before now. Oh well, here's some word starts and ends, just put them together yourself:</p>
<div class="part p">
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<table>
<tr>
<td class="learn" tid="tabelti">that</td><th lang="eo">ti-</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="learn" tid="tabelki">which</td><th lang="eo">ki-</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="learn" tid="tabeli">any/some</td><th lang="eo">i-</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="learn" tid="tabelneni">no</td><th lang="eo">neni-</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="learn" tid="tabelcxi">every</td><th lang="eo">ĉi-</th>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<table>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-o</th><td class="learn" tid="tabelo">thing (this is a noun)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-u</th><td class="learn" tid="tabelu">individual (this is a sort of adjective)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-a</th><td class="learn" tid="tabela">type (also, adjective)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-es</th><td class="learn" tid="tabeles">individual's (and again)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-el</th><td class="learn" tid="tabelel">manner (this one is an adverb)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-e</th><td class="learn" tid="tabele">place (as are all the rest, sort of)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-am</th><td class="learn" tid="tabelam">time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-al</th><td class="learn" tid="tabelal">reason</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th lang="eo">-om</th><td class="learn" tid="tabelom">amount</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="33">Somehow I've left out some pretty basic words, so let's just have a look at a few sentences:</p>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="27"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Vi, kaj mi, kaj la kato, estas ĉi tie, sed la hundo mankas.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e27">You, and me, and the cat, are here, but the dog is missing.</p>
</div>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="28"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">Nun, la kato bojas kiel hundo. Aŭ eble tio estas la hundo.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e28">Now, the cat is barking like a dog. Or maybe that is the dog.</p>
</div>
<div class="part ekz">
<span class="listen" fid="29"></span>
<p class="eo" lang="eo">La lingvo estas facile lernebla, kaj lerninda, kaj baldaŭ estos lernita.</p>
<p class="tr learn" tid="e29">The language is easily learnable, and worth learning, and soon will have been learned.</p>
</div>
<p class="part p learn" tid="34">Yeah. That'll do.</p>
<p class="end learn" tid="end">So what now? Learn, use, enjoy! There's an online course at <a href="https://lernu.net">lernu.net</a>, one at <a href="https://www.duolingo.com/">Duolingo</a>, or there's <a href="https://esperanto12.net/">Esperanto in 12 lessons</a>. Or even better, join a course taught by <a href="https://londonaesperantoklubo.com/OnlineEsperantoCourses.html">La Londona Esperanto-Klubo</a>.</p>
<p class="translate">Ĉu vi povas helpi traduki ĉi tiun paĝon en alian lingvon? Vidu <a href="https://github.com/undeconstructed/leciono1">ĉi tion</a>. Ankaŭ tie troviĝas informo pri rajtoj.</p>
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<div class="box transpage" lang="eo">
<h1>Tradukado</h1>
<p class="part p"><strong>Atentu: en ĉega paĝo, lokaj tradukoj estas montrataj per "*".</strong></p>
<p class="part p"><button type="button" name="addlanguage">Aldoni lingvon</button> <button type="button" name="cleartranslation">Forĵeti lokajn tradukojn</button></p>
<div class="translations">
</div>
<div class="part p asjson">{}</div>
</div>
<template id="translationtmpl">
<div class="part p">
<div class="src">
</div>
<div class="tgt">
<input type="text">
</div>
</div>
</template>
</body>
</html>