Upgrade DebeziumIO to Debezium 3.5.2.Final

[tkaymak]

What needs to happen?

DebeziumIO currently pins Debezium 3.1.3.Final (bumped in #37571). Upstream has moved on considerably and the connector should be brought up to the current stable patch line, 3.5.2.Final.

What the upgrade absorbs:

• Kafka Connect 4.x alignment. Debezium 3.5 builds against Kafka Connect 4.1.2, so the connect-api pin has to move from 3.9.0. Connect 4.1 also adds an abstract pluginMetrics() to SourceTaskContext, which BeamSourceTaskContext must implement.
• debezium-core module split. Debezium 3.5 split debezium-core into smaller modules (debezium-config, debezium-connector-common, and friends). The Gradle dependencies and the expansion-service shadow jar need auditing so the split classes are still bundled.
• Config and behaviour changes. The schema_only snapshot mode was removed in 3.3, and connection failures now surface wrapped in a RetriableException.
• Postgres JDBC driver. The 3.5 Postgres connector requires driver 42.7.x, while Beam globally pins 42.6.2 for CVE reasons (24f562d).

Notes

3.6.0 is intentionally skipped for now: it shipped a rewritten MySQL DDL parser with several open regressions and there is no 3.6.1 yet. A follow-up bump to the 3.6 line should be trivial once those settle.

Issue Priority

Priority: 2 (default / most bugs should be filed as P2)

Issue Components

• Component: Java SDK
• Component: IO connector