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mode 100644 nhs-crawler/src/__init__.py create mode 100644 nhs-crawler/src/cli.py create mode 100644 nhs-crawler/src/constants.py create mode 100644 nhs-crawler/src/converter.py create mode 100644 nhs-crawler/src/crawler.py create mode 100644 nhs-crawler/src/http_client.py create mode 100644 nhs-crawler/src/logging_config.py create mode 100644 nhs-crawler/src/pipeline.py create mode 100644 nhs-crawler/src/utils.py diff --git a/.github/workflows/nhs-crawler.yml b/.github/workflows/nhs-crawler.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ba8468 --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/nhs-crawler.yml @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +name: nhs-crawler + +on: + pull_request: + paths: + - "nhs-crawler/**" + - ".github/workflows/nhs-crawler.yml" + +jobs: + nhs-crawler: + name: nhs-crawler + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + defaults: + run: + working-directory: nhs-crawler + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v7.0.0 + + - name: Install uv + uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v8.2.0 + + - name: Set up Python + run: uv python install 3.11 + + - name: Install dependencies + run: uv sync --frozen --extra dev + + - name: Lint (ruff) + run: uv run ruff check . + + - name: Format check (ruff) + run: uv run ruff format --check . + + - name: Type check (pyright) + run: uv run pyright diff --git a/nhs-crawler/README.md b/nhs-crawler/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f44ecaf --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +# NHS Conditions Scraper + +A Python scraper for all [NHS Health A to Z condition +pages](https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/conditions/). It discovers every +condition listed on the index (198 conditions), crawls all subpages for +each condition (254 pages total), and saves the content as clean +Markdown to `data/`. + +## Prerequisites + +- **[uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/)** — install with: + + ``` bash + curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh + ``` + +- **Python ≥ 3.11** — uv manages this automatically. + +## Quick Start + +``` bash +cd nhs-crawler +uv sync + +# Scrape ALL conditions (198 conditions, 254 pages) +uv run nhs-crawler + +# Scrape a single condition (discovers subpages automatically) +uv run nhs-crawler --url https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/ + +# Scrape a single specific page +uv run nhs-crawler --page https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/treatment/ + +# Show all options +uv run nhs-crawler --help +``` + +## Output + +Markdown files are saved to `data//.md`: + + data/ + ├── asthma/ + │ └── index.md # Inline hub page — no subpages + ├── type-2-diabetes/ + │ ├── what-is-type-2-diabetes.md + │ ├── symptoms.md + │ ├── treatment.md + │ ├── complications.md + │ └── support.md + ├── covid-19/ + │ ├── covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do.md + │ ├── how-to-avoid-catching-and-spreading-covid-19.md + │ └── treatments-for-covid-19.md + └── ... # 198 conditions, 254 Markdown files + +Each file starts with a title and source URL header: + +``` markdown +# Asthma + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/ + +Asthma is a common condition that affects your breathing... +``` + +### Reports + +After a full crawl, two files are written to `reports/`: + +- **`condition_urls.json`** — ordered list of all discovered condition + hub URLs. +- **`summary.json`** — aggregate statistics for the run: + +``` json +{ + "run_at": "2026-06-20T18:38:08.937007+00:00", + "index_url": "https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/conditions/", + "conditions_discovered": 198, + "pages_discovered": 254, + "pages_scraped": 254, + "error_count": 0, + "total_markdown_chars": 1136966, + "empty_pages": [], + "errors": [] +} +``` + +### Logs + +A detailed crawl log is appended to `logs/crawl.log` on every run. + +> **Note:** The `data/`, `logs/`, and `reports/` directories are created +> automatically at runtime by `src/constants.py`. They do not need to +> exist beforehand. Consider adding `logs/` and `reports/` to +> `.gitignore` if you don’t want to track generated output. + +## How It Works + +1. **Discover conditions** — fetches the A-to-Z index page and extracts + all `/conditions//` links using a regex filter. +2. **Discover subpages** — for each condition hub page, looks for a + `
    ` navigation element to find + subpages. Some conditions (like asthma) are single-page with inline + content — the hub page itself is saved as `index.md`. Others (like + type-2-diabetes) have dedicated subpages for Symptoms, Treatment, + etc. — in this case only the subpages are saved (the hub is excluded + since the subpages contain all the content). +3. **Fetch & convert** — each page is fetched and its main content + element (`
    ` inside + `
    `) is converted to clean Markdown using a custom NHS-aware + converter that handles: + - **Care cards** → blockquotes with emoji prefixes (🚨 ⚠️ 📋) + - **Do/don’t lists** → bullet lists with ✅/❌ markers + - **Inset text** → blockquotes with 💡 prefix + - **Clutter removal** — nav, breadcrumbs, feedback banners, SVGs, + etc. +4. **Save** — Markdown is written to `data//.md` + with a title and source URL header. +5. **Report** — `reports/summary.json` with aggregate statistics and + `reports/condition_urls.json` with the full condition URL list. + +### HTTP Strategy + +All requests go through a shared `requests.Session` with: + +- **Retry**: up to 4 retries with exponential backoff (factor 1.2) on + HTTP 429, 500, 502, 503, 504. +- **Rate limiting**: 0.5s delay before each request (politeness). +- **Connection pooling**: 10 connections, 20 max pool size. +- **User-Agent**: identifies the scraper with a reference to nhs.uk. +- **Concurrency**: pages are fetched in parallel using a thread pool (4 + workers by default). + +## CLI Reference + + usage: nhs-crawler [-h] [--url URL] [--page PAGE] + + NHS Conditions scraper + + options: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --url URL Scrape a single condition URL (including subpages). + If omitted, scrapes all conditions from the A-to-Z index. + --page PAGE Scrape a single specific page URL (no subpage discovery). + +## Configuration + +Key settings in `src/constants.py`: + +| Constant | Default | Description | +|---------------|---------|---------------------------------------| +| `DELAY` | `0.5` | Seconds between requests (politeness) | +| `TIMEOUT` | `30` | HTTP request timeout (seconds) | +| `MAX_WORKERS` | `4` | Parallel threads for page fetching | + +## Development + +``` bash +uv sync --all-extras +uv run ruff format src/ +uv run ruff check src/ +uv run pyright src/ +``` diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/acute-pancreatitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/acute-pancreatitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd6ca44 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/acute-pancreatitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +# Acute pancreatitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-pancreatitis/ + +![Diagram of the stomach area with labels showing the liver, stomach, gallbladder and pancreas. The pancreas is highlighted just below the stomach.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Pancreatic_Cancer_NEW_copy.width-320.jpg) + +The pancreas is an organ in the middle of your tummy. It helps you digest food and makes hormones such as insulin. + +> **💡 Information:** Acute pancreatitis is different to chronic pancreatitis , a long-term condition where the pancreas has become permanently damaged. + +## Symptoms of acute pancreatitis + +The main symptom of acute pancreatitis is pain in your tummy (abdomen). You may also have a high temperature and feel sick or be sick (nausea and vomiting). + +Tummy pain may: + +- start suddenly and not go away +- be severe, sharp or knife-like +- affect the upper part of your tummy (between your ribs), one side of your tummy or your whole tummy +- spread to your sides and back +- feel worse after you eat, move around or lie down +- feel better when you lean forward or bring your knees to your chest (fetal position) + +> **💡 Information:** Acute pancreatitis symptoms can be similar to other conditions such as appendicitis or stomach ulcer . Find out about what else can cause stomach ache. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You get sudden, severe pain in your tummy and: +> +> - it does not go away or keeps coming back +> - you have a high temperature, or you feel hot, cold or shivery +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). +> +> If a GP thinks you have acute pancreatitis they will refer you to hospital for tests straight away. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You get sudden, severe pain in your tummy and: +> +> - the pain is spreading to your back +> - you have bloating that does not go away or keeps coming back +> - you have a fast heartbeat or difficulty breathing +> - the skin around your belly button, waist or upper outer thigh appears blue or bruised – this may be more difficult to see on black or brown skin +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Treatment for acute pancreatitis + +Acute pancreatitis is usually diagnosed using blood tests and sometimes a CT scan. It's a serious condition that needs treatment in hospital straight away. + +You'll be monitored to see how serious your condition is and if it's causing any other problems, such as an infection. + +Hospital treatment may include: + +- fluids and nutrients – given through a tube into a vein +- painkillers +- antibiotics – if you have an infection + +You may also need treatment for what is causing your acute pancreatitis, such as surgery for gallstones or support to stop drinking alcohol. + +Most people with acute pancreatitis start to get better within a week and can leave hospital in 5 to 10 days. + +If you have severe pancreatitis or it's causing other problems, you may need to stay in hospital for longer. + +## Problems caused by acute pancreatitis + +Most people with acute pancreatitis recover fully. But some people develop serious complications that will need treatment. + +Complications of acute pancreatitis include: + +- small growths in your pancreas (cysts) – these often go away on their own but may need to be removed if they become infected +- pancreatic necrosis – where some of the tissue in the pancreas dies and you need surgery and antibiotics to prevent a serious condition called [sepsis](/conditions/sepsis/) +- [chronic pancreatitis](/conditions/chronic-pancreatitis/) – if you keep getting acute pancreatitis it can develop into a serious long-term condition + +Acute pancreatitis can be life-threatening. You'll be monitored while you're in hospital, to check for any problems caused by acute pancreatitis. + +## Causes of acute pancreatitis + +The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are: + +- [gallstones](/conditions/gallstones/) – which can block the opening of the pancreas +- drinking a lot of alcohol + +Less common causes include: + +- injury to the pancreas, such as during surgery +- medicines, including certain steroids, heart and epilepsy medicines +- other conditions including [lupus](/conditions/lupus/), [mumps](/conditions/mumps/), [pancreatic cancer](/conditions/pancreatic-cancer/) or having high levels of calcium in your blood (hypercalcaemia) + +## How to prevent acute pancreatitis + +If you have had acute pancreatitis once, it's possible to get it again. + +There are some things you can do to help stop it coming back. + +It's a good idea to: + +- drink less alcohol, or not drink any alcohol at all +- stop smoking +- eat a healthy, low-fat diet \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/adhd-adults/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/adhd-adults/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d01de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/adhd-adults/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# ADHD in adults + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/adhd-adults/ + +> **💡 Information:** ADHD in children and young people There is separate information about ADHD in children and young people . + +## Symptoms of ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) + +Symptoms of ADHD involve your ability to pay attention to things (being inattentive), having high energy levels (being hyperactive) and your ability to control your impulses (being impulsive). + +You may show signs of being inattentive, such as: + +- being easily distracted or forgetful +- finding it hard to organise your time +- finding it hard to follow instructions or finish tasks +- losing things often, like your wallet, mobile or keys + +You may show signs of being hyperactive and impulsive, including: + +- having a lot of energy or feeling restless +- being very talkative or interrupting conversations +- making quick decisions without thinking about what might happen as a result + +Most people with ADHD will have symptoms of both the inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive type. Some only show signs of one type. + +These symptoms usually start before the age of 12. + +ADHD is thought to be recognised less often in women than men. This may be because women with ADHD more commonly have inattentive symptoms and these can be harder to recognise than hyperactive symptoms. + +## Getting help with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) + +If your ADHD symptoms are affecting your studies, work or relationships, make an appointment with a GP to find out what support is available. + +At your appointment, the GP will ask about your symptoms and how they affect your life. They may also want to consider other conditions that could be causing your symptoms, such as autism, Tourette's or anxiety, to help you get the right care. + +After the appointment, the GP may decide to refer you for an assessment with a mental health professional specialising in ADHD. + +If you have already been diagnosed with ADHD in childhood and need help for your symptoms, talk to your GP about getting a referral. + +People with ADHD may often have other conditions too, such as depression, anxiety or addictions, or a learning difficulty such as dyslexia. + +### What happens at an ADHD assessment + +Your appointment will be with an ADHD specialist such as a psychiatrist. + +They’ll ask about the history of your symptoms, particularly if they started when you were a child, and how these symptoms affected you at school. + +The assessment will focus on different areas of your life, including: + +- work and education +- family and friends +- medical history, including any mental health issues + +The specialist may want to contact someone who knows you well, such as a family member or close friend. + +If you’re diagnosed with ADHD, the specialist will talk to you about what this means and what will happen next, including what help and support may be available. + +> **💡 Information:** Waiting times for ADHD assessments Waiting times vary and you may have to wait several months or years to access ADHD specialist services. You may be able to find a clinic with shorter waiting lists through your GP using the Right to Choose scheme. Read about Right to Choose and your choices in the NHS . You can ask for an NHS appointment at any clinic, including a private clinic, if it provides ADHD services for the NHS in England. Find out more about diagnosis pathways for adults on the ADHD UK website . + +## How to manage ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) + +ADHD can be managed in many ways, including lifestyle changes, changes at work, or medicines. + +It depends on your symptoms and how they're affecting you. Not everyone needs or wants to take medicine to help manage their ADHD symptoms. + +When you get a diagnosis of ADHD, your specialist will discuss ways you can be supported. + +### Lifestyle + +There are things you can do to help yourself. + +Make time for physical activities you enjoy, as [exercise has many health benefits](/live-well/exercise/exercise-health-benefits/) and can be a good focus for your energy. + +Exercise also helps reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression can make your ADHD symptoms worse. + +It’s important to get enough sleep. Having a regular bedtime and a quiet dark bedroom can help. Try to avoid screens, caffeine, sugar and alcohol close to bedtime. + +Aim for a [healthy, balanced diet](/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/eating-a-balanced-diet/) and regular mealtimes. + +You may also find it helpful to talk to friends and family about your ADHD. + +### Work, college or university + +At your workplace or place of study, you can request changes to help you manage your ADHD. These are called “reasonable adjustments”. + +Reasonable adjustments may include things like: + +- having a personalised work space in a quiet area +- having written instructions as well as spoken instructions +- having help from another person to plan and structure your tasks + +You can read more about [workplace adjustments and other ways to help ADHD on the ADHD UK website](https://adhduk.co.uk/reasonable-adjustments/). + +### Medicines + +ADHD medicines must be started and monitored by an ADHD specialist. + +Medicines that can help with ADHD symptoms include [methylphenidate](/medicines/methylphenidate-adults/) or lisdexamfetamine. + +You may need to try more than one medicine to find out what works for you. + +A GP may be able to take over prescribing ADHD medicines, but only if there is a “shared care agreement” between the GP and the ADHD specialist. To find out more, talk to your ADHD specialist or GP. + +### Talking therapies + +Talking therapies, such as [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) or [mindfulness](/mental-health/self-help/tips-and-support/mindfulness/), may be recommended for adults with ADHD. + +> **💡 Information:** ADHD and driving You must tell the DVLA if your driving is affected by your ADHD or your ADHD medicine, or both. Find out more about ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and driving on GOV.UK + +## **ADHD and mental health** + +People with ADHD may be more likely to have a mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. + +They are also at higher risk of suicide. + +If you're feeling like you want to end your life, it's important to tell someone. + +Help and support is available right now if you need it. You do not have to struggle with difficult feelings alone. + +[Find out how to get help for suicidal thoughts](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/help-for-suicidal-thoughts/). + +## What causes ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) + +The cause of ADHD is not always known. ADHD may be caused by genetic differences and often runs in families. + +There are several other things linked to ADHD, including being born premature (before 37 weeks of pregnancy), having epilepsy, a brain injury and being autistic. + +Some people with ADHD call themselves neurodivergent. Neurodiversity describes the range of different ways our brains work. + +## Help and support for ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) + +If you have ADHD, there are ways to help manage your condition in addition to support from your doctor and workplace. + +There are ADHD support groups locally and online. + +There are also a number of organisations and charities that can offer information and support about ADHD. + +### ADHD UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by ADHD. + +- Website: [www.adhduk.co.uk](https://adhduk.co.uk/) +- [Adult ADHD self screening tool (ADHD UK)](https://adhduk.co.uk/adult-adhd-screening-survey/) +- [Support groups (ADHD UK)](https://adhduk.co.uk/support/) + +### ADHD Adult UK + +Information and peer support for adults with ADHD. + +- Website: [www.adhdadult.uk](http://www.adhdadult.uk/) +- [Resources (ADHD Adult UK)](https://www.adhdadult.uk/resources/) + +### MindOUT + +Mental health support for the LGBTQ community. + +- Website: [www.mindout.org.uk](http://www.mindout.org.uk) +- [Advice and information (MindOUT)](https://mindout.org.uk/get-support/advice-and-information/) + +### Samaritans + +Mental health support for everyone. + +- Website: [www.samaritans.org](http://www.samaritans.org) +- [How we can help (Samaritans)](https://www.samaritans.org/how-we-can-help/) + +Page last reviewed: 19 March 2025 +Next review due: 19 March 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/adhd-children-teenagers/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/adhd-children-teenagers/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffa5e66 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/adhd-children-teenagers/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +# ADHD in children and young people + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/adhd-children-teenagers/ + +> **💡 Information:** ADHD in adults There is separate information about ADHD in adults . + +## Symptoms of ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) + +Symptoms of ADHD usually start before the age of 12. They involve a person’s ability to pay attention to things (being inattentive), having high energy levels (being hyperactive) and their ability to control their impulses (being impulsive). + +A child or young person may show signs of being inattentive, such as: + +- being easily distracted +- finding it hard to listen to what people are saying or to follow instructions +- forgetting everyday tasks, like brushing their teeth or putting on socks + +They may show signs of being hyperactive and impulsive, including: + +- having high energy levels +- fidgeting or tapping their hands and feet +- talking noisily +- feeling restless, or getting up and moving around when they’re supposed to sit still +- finding it hard to wait their turn, or interrupting conversations + +Most children and young people with ADHD have symptoms of both the inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive type. Some only show signs of one type. + +ADHD is thought to be recognised less often in girls than boys. This may be because girls with ADHD more commonly have inattentive symptoms and these can be harder to recognise. + +> **💡 Information:** Many children are easily distracted, impulsive and have high energy levels, particularly if they’re under the age of 5. This does not mean they have ADHD. It could be a sign of something else, like being tired, anxious or stressed. + +## Getting help for ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) + +If you’re worried that ADHD may be affecting your child, talk to one of their teachers. An older child or teenager may choose to speak to a teacher themselves. + +The teacher will usually make a referral to the school’s special educational needs co-ordinator (SENCO). + +The SENCO can discuss support in the classroom or with homework, or help with building confidence and friendships. + +If you're still worried or you think your child needs additional support, you may want to make an appointment with a GP. + +At the GP appointment, the doctor will ask about the child or young person’s symptoms and how these affect their life. They may consider other conditions that could cause these symptoms, such as autism, Tourette's or anxiety. + +People with ADHD may often have other conditions too, such as depression, anxiety or addictions, or a learning difficulty such as dyslexia. + +The GP or SENCO may recommend support groups or training for parents in your area. + +### Asking for an ADHD assessment + +If support at home and at school is not helping your child, you may want to ask for an ADHD assessment. Speak to a GP or SENCO to request a referral for an ADHD assessment. + +While waiting for a referral or assessment, the child or young person should continue to get support at home and in school. You can also contact your local council for advice, and to ask if there’s a family hub in your area. + +Family hubs support children and young people aged 0 to 19 (and up to 25 for people with special educational needs or a disability). + +### What happens at an ADHD assessment + +The assessment will be with one or more ADHD specialists, such as a paediatrician, or a child and adolescent psychiatrist. + +The specialist will talk with you and your child to find out more about any symptoms, and about family life. They’ll also ask about your child’s development, such as how old they were when they learned to do things like walking or reading. + +There may be some forms to fill in before the appointment or as part of the assessment. + +The ADHD specialist will usually contact a SENCO or teacher, or both, to see how your child is doing at school. + +They may also ask your child to do a computer-based test to help assess their symptoms. + +If your child is diagnosed with ADHD, the specialist will discuss what this means and what happens next, including what treatment and support may be available. + +> **💡 Information:** Waiting times for ADHD assessments Waiting times vary and your child may have to wait several months or years for an ADHD assessment. You may be able to find a clinic with shorter waiting lists through your GP using the Right to Choose scheme. Read about Right to Choose and your choices in the NHS. You can ask for an NHS appointment at any clinic, including a private clinic, if it provides ADHD services for the NHS in England. Find out more about diagnosis pathways for children on the ADHD UK website . + +## How to manage ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) + +There are different ways to support a child or young person with ADHD, including lifestyle changes, changes at school and at home, or medicines. + +It depends on their symptoms, and not every child needs help or support from a health professional. + +Talk to a SENCO (special educational needs coordinator), or a school nurse where available, about changes that could help a child or young person. + +Finding out more about ADHD can also help parents, children and young people better understand the condition. + +If your child or teenager has been referred to an ADHD service, a specialist will be able to give you more information and advice about how to help them. + +### Lifestyle + +There are things you can do to help support a child or young person with their ADHD symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ Make time for physical activities they enjoy, as exercise is a good focus for their energy. +- ✅ Encourage them to get regular sleep.The Royal College of Psychiatrists website has advice on dealing with sleep problems. +- ✅ Help them to have ahealthy, balanced dietand regular mealtimes. +- ✅ If some foods and drinks seem to affect their symptoms, keep a food and drink diary to see what these are. You can share this information with their school. + +### Support at school and at home + +Discuss with a SENCO what adjustments or support may help at home and school. + +This may include: + +- splitting up tasks, like doing homework or sitting down to eat, into 15 to 20 minute slots with a break in between each slot +- giving clear and simple instructions one at a time in a calm voice +- writing a to-do list and putting it somewhere easy to see +- giving praise when a child or young person does well, or making a reward chart + +### Medicine + +ADHD medicines must be started and monitored by an ADHD specialist. This includes: + +- medicine to help with ADHD symptoms, such as [methylphenidate](/medicines/methylphenidate-children/) +- melatonin for problems sleeping, when other methods for improving sleep have not worked + +Children and teenagers may need to try more than one medicine to find out what works for them. + +A GP may be able to take over prescribing ADHD medicines, but only if there is a “shared care agreement” between the GP and the ADHD specialist. To find out more, talk to your ADHD specialist or GP. Not everyone with ADHD needs to or wants to take medicine. + +### Talking therapies + +Talking therapies such as [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) might be recommended to help a child or young person with ADHD with problem solving and expressing their feelings. + +## ADHD and mental health + +People with ADHD may be more likely to have mental health issues, such as anxiety or depression. + +They are also at higher risk of suicide. + +If you're concerned about a child or young person, help and support is available right now if they need it. They do not have to struggle with difficult feelings alone. + +[Find out about mental health support for children and young people](/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/mental-health-support/) + +## What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) + +The cause of ADHD is not always known. ADHD may be caused by genetic differences and often runs in families. + +There are several other things linked to ADHD, including being born premature (before 37 weeks of pregnancy), having epilepsy, a brain injury or being autistic. + +Some people with ADHD call themselves neurodivergent. Neurodiversity describes the range of different ways our brains work. + +## Help and support for ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) + +If your child or teenager has ADHD, there are ways you can help them manage their symptoms with support from their school or a doctor. + +There are ADHD support groups locally and online. + +There are also a number of organisations and charities that offer information and support about ADHD. + +### ADHD UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by ADHD. + +- Website: [www.adhduk.co.uk](https://adhduk.co.uk/) +- [Support groups (ADHD UK)](https://adhduk.co.uk/support/) + +### ADHD Adult UK + +Information and peer support for parents of children with ADHD, and for adults with ADHD. + +- Website: [www.adhdadult.uk](http://www.adhdadult.uk/) +- [Parenting a child with ADHD (ADHD Adult UK, PDF only, 264KB](https://www.adhdadult.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Parenting-children-with-ADHD-guide.pdf)) + +### Young Minds + +Mental health support for young people. + +- Website: [www.youngminds.org.uk](https://www.youngminds.org.uk/) +- [Support for young people (Young Minds)](https://www.youngminds.org.uk/young-person/) +- [Support for parents (Young Minds](https://www.youngminds.org.uk/parent/)) + +### AADD-UK + +Charity which lists support groups across the UK, including groups for adults, parents and carers. + +- [Support groups (AADD-UK)](https://aadduk.org/help-support/support-groups/) + +Page last reviewed: 19 March 2025 +Next review due: 19 March 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/angina/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/angina/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c75464 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/angina/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +# Angina + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/ + +## Symptoms of angina + +The main symptom of angina is sudden pain in your chest, neck, shoulders, jaw or arms. + +The pain may: + +- feel like tightness, squeezing or pressure, or like a dull ache +- make you feel sick, breathless, dizzy or sweaty + +These symptoms may be called an angina attack, episode or pain. + +They are often brought on by exercise, stress, emotion or cold temperatures – although sometimes there's no obvious trigger. + +Angina attacks usually last less than 10 minutes and should stop after resting for a few minutes or taking your angina medicine. + +## How to treat an angina attack + +If you've been diagnosed with angina and get chest pain, follow the instructions you've been given for treating your angina: + +1. Stop what you're doing and rest. +2. Use any medicine you've been prescribed – this is usually glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). +3. Take another dose after 5 minutes if the first dose does not help. + +If you still have symptoms 5 minutes after taking the 2nd dose, call 999 for an ambulance. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you've been diagnosed with angina and have chest pain that does not stop after resting for a few minutes or after taking your angina medicine +> - you get sudden pain or discomfort in your chest that does not go away – the pain can feel like squeezing or pressure inside your chest, burning or indigestion +> - you get pain that spreads to your left or right arm, or your neck, jaw, shoulder, stomach or back +> - you have chest pain and you feel sweaty, sick, light-headed or short of breath +> +> You could be having a heart attack. Call 999 straight away as you need immediate treatment in hospital. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you have chest pain or other symptoms of angina that come and go +> - you've been diagnosed with angina and it feels worse than before, is happening more often, lasts longer or happens when you're resting +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +If a GP thinks you may have angina, you'll be referred to a heart specialist (cardiologist). + +You may have tests including: + +- [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) +- an [electrocardiogram (ECG)](/tests-and-treatments/electrocardiogram/) to check the electrical activity of your heart +- checking the level of oxygen in your blood +- scans, such as an [angiogram](/tests-and-treatments/angiography/), [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) or [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) + +## Causes of angina + +Angina happens when the heart does not get enough blood. + +This is usually due to [coronary heart disease](/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/), where the blood vessels supplying blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked by fatty deposits. + +But it can also be caused by the blood vessels in your heart tightening when they should not (vasospastic angina or microvascular angina). + +You're more likely to get angina if you: + +- are a man aged 45 or over, or a woman aged 55 or over +- smoke +- drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week +- are living with obesity or overweight +- have [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure/) or [high cholesterol](/conditions/high-cholesterol/) +- have had heart problems before, like a heart attack or [heart rhythm problem (arrhythmia)](/conditions/arrhythmia/) +- have close relatives who have heart problems +- have another condition, such as diabetes, arthritis or kidney disease + +> **💡 Information:** British Heart Foundation has more information about vasospastic angina and microvascular angina . + +## Treatment for angina + +If you have angina, you may be given medicine to: + +- treat an angina attack if you have one ([glyceryl trinitrate](/medicines/glyceryl-trinitrate-gtn/)) +- lower your chances of having an angina attack, such as [beta blockers](/medicines/beta-blockers/) +- reduce your risk of having a stroke or heart attack, such as [low-dose aspirin](/medicines/low-dose-aspirin/) or [statins](/medicines/statins/) + +Sometimes you may be recommended to have surgery to increase the blood flow to your heart ([coronary angioplasty](/tests-and-treatments/coronary-angioplasty/) or a [coronary artery bypass](/tests-and-treatments/coronary-artery-bypass-graft/)). + +## Things you can do to help prevent angina attacks + +If you have angina, there are things you can do to help symptoms or reduce the chance of attacks. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ avoid things that trigger your angina attacks as much as possible, like stress, cold temperatures or eating large meals +- ✅ always have your angina medicine with you – use it as you have been told by your doctor +- ✅ try to quit smoking, if you smoke +- ✅ try to keep to a healthy weight +- ✅ eat a balanced diet +- ✅ have the most active lifestyle your symptoms will allow +- ✅ try to cut down on alcohol if you drink more than 14 units a week + +> **💡 Information:** NHS help to get healthy NHS Better Health has free tools and support to help you lose weight, quit smoking, drink less and get active. Visit the NHS Better Health website + +## How angina affects your life + +Having angina means you're at higher risk of having a heart attack or stroke. It's important to treat it and make healthy lifestyle changes to reduce this risk. + +With treatment, the symptoms should improve over time and may eventually stop. + +If your symptoms are well controlled, angina will not usually have a big impact on your life. You'll usually be able to continue with most things, including exercise and sex. + +But angina may affect your work if you have a job that involves a lot of physical activity, or if you drive buses, coaches or lorries. + +Your doctor will talk to you about any changes you may need to make, and whether you need to inform the DVLA about your condition. + +It's also best to speak to your doctor before you take up a new activity or if you're worried about exercising. + +You may also need to think about practical things like always carrying your angina medicine, having spare medicine available and making sure you have enough with you when travelling. + +> **💡 Information:** More information British Heart Foundation: understanding angina booklet British Heart Foundation: support with everyday life + +## Video: Angina + +In this video an expert describes the symptoms, stages and treatment of angina. + +Media last reviewed: 12 November 2024 +Media review due: 12 November 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 18 March 2025 +Next review due: 18 March 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/appendicitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/appendicitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e62c30a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/appendicitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ +# Appendicitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/appendicitis/ + +## Symptoms of appendicitis + +Symptoms of appendicitis usually start with pain in the middle of your abdomen (tummy), around your belly button. After a few hours the pain usually moves to the lower right side of your abdomen, and gets worse. + +The pain may feel worse when you move, cough or press on the area. It may feel slightly better when you pull your knees up to your chest. + +Some people with appendicitis do not have the usual pain symptoms. For example, you might have pain that's less severe, develops more slowly, or in a different place. This can be more likely if you're pregnant and in young children and older people. + +Other symptoms of appendicitis can include: + +- feeling or being sick, or loss of appetite +- a high temperature +- constipation or diarrhoea +- peeing more than usual +- sudden confusion (in older people) + +If appendicitis is not treated quickly, your appendix can burst. If this happens your pain may suddenly get better for a short time. You'll then usually have severe pain that spreads to the whole of your abdomen. It may be very painful to move. + +If you're not sure it's appendicitis + +Many other conditions can cause pain in your abdomen, including: + +- [urinary tract infections](/conditions/urinary-tract-infections-utis/) +- [kidney stones](/conditions/kidney-stones/) or [gallstones](/conditions/gallstones/) +- bowel problems such as [irritable bowel syndrome](/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/) or [Crohn's disease](/conditions/crohns-disease/) +- conditions affecting your womb or ovaries, such as [pelvic inflammatory disease](/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/) or a ruptured [ovarian cyst](/conditions/ovarian-cyst/) +- an [ectopic pregnancy](/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/) + +But do not try to diagnose the problem yourself. Get medical help if you're worried. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You or your child have pain in your abdomen (tummy) that: +> +> - is gradually getting worse or does not go away +> - moves to the lower right side of your abdomen +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You or your child have: +> +> - severe pain in your abdomen (tummy) +> - confusion, blotchy or paler than usual skin (on brown or black skin this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet) or difficulty breathing – these could be signs of sepsis +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## How appendicitis is diagnosed + +If you have symptoms of appendicitis, a GP or hospital doctor will feel your abdomen (tummy) to check for pain and swelling. + +You'll need to go to hospital for tests and treatment. Tests you may have include: + +- blood tests +- testing a sample of your pee +- scans such as an [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) or [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) to check for swelling in your appendix +- a pregnancy test if there's a chance you could be pregnant + +There's no test that can always show if you have appendicitis. It can be hard to diagnose because the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. Sometimes doctors will try waiting a few hours to see how your symptoms develop in hospital. + +If your symptoms mean it's very likely you have appendicitis, or if your appendix may have burst, doctors may recommend surgery instead of waiting for more tests. + +## Treatment for appendicitis + +Appendicitis is usually treated with surgery to remove your appendix (an appendectomy). You do not need your appendix, so it's not harmful to remove it. + +If you need surgery, it will be done as soon as possible, but you may need to wait a few hours. The operation usually takes about an hour. + +The main steps of an appendectomy are: + +1. You'll be given a [general anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/general-anaesthesia/), so you'll be asleep and will not feel any pain. +2. The surgeon makes some small cuts in your abdomen (tummy), and uses a thin tube with a camera to see your appendix ([keyhole surgery](/tests-and-treatments/laparoscopy/)). Sometimes they'll need to make a larger cut in the lower right side of your abdomen (open surgery). +3. The surgeon removes your appendix by cutting where it's joined to your bowel. If your appendix has burst, the area will be cleaned. +4. Your abdomen is closed with stitches, clips or glue. + +Sometimes it's possible to treat appendicitis with antibiotics rather than surgery. This may be recommended if the infection has not spread and surgery is high risk for you. + +Sometimes appendicitis causes a lump where part of your abdomen and bowel stick to your appendix, called an appendix mass. If this happens you'll usually need antibiotics first, and then surgery a few weeks later if you still have symptoms. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more about hospital treatment Going into hospital Having an operation (surgery) + +## Recovering from appendicitis + +Most people recover from appendicitis in 1 to 2 weeks. It may take longer if you had complications such as a burst appendix. + +After surgery for appendicitis: + +- you'll have some small wounds in your abdomen (tummy) +- you'll usually have stitches that dissolve so they do not need to be removed +- you may have some pain in your abdomen and around your wounds +- you may have constipation or diarrhoea for several days + +### Recovering in hospital + +After surgery for appendicitis, you'll spend some time in the recovery room, before moving to a ward. You'll be given medicine to help with pain. + +How long you'll stay in hospital can vary. If you had keyhole surgery you may be able to go home the day after the operation. If you had open surgery, or any complications, you may need to stay in hospital for a few days. + +You can go home when doctors think you're well enough. They'll usually want to check that you're eating and drinking, and you're able to poo. + +You might be offered a follow-up appointment at the hospital or with a GP, but this is not always needed. + +### Recovering at home + +There are things you can do to help your recovery. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ start going back to your usual activities when you feel ready – you may need to take 1 to 2 weeks off work or school, or sometimes longer depending on the type of work you do +- ✅ take painkillers if you need them +- ✅ follow advice you're given about caring for your wounds while they heal +- ✅ be careful when washing or showering, and replace your dressings if they get wet +- ✅ if you haveconstipation, eat plenty of fibre and drink lots of fluids – you could also take a mild laxative (ask a pharmacist for advice) +- ✅ if you're givenantibiotics, make sure you finish the whole course of treatment +- ✅ contact the hospital ward where you had your treatment, or speak to a GP or practice nurse, if you need any advice about your recovery + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not do strenuous activities such as sport until you've fully recovered – ask your doctor for advice +- ❌ do not drive until you can use a car safely and comfortably, including doing an emergency stop + +## Possible complications of surgery for appendicitis + +There's a chance of complications during or after surgery to remove your appendix (an appendectomy), but these are rare. Your doctor will explain the risks to you before the operation. + +Complications can include: + +- the wound becoming infected +- bleeding +- scar tissue forming (adhesions), which can cause a blockage in your bowel in rare cases +- an abscess forming where your appendix was removed +- appendicitis coming back in the small part of your appendix that was not removed (stump appendicitis) + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You've recently had an appendectomy and you have: +> +> - soreness or redness around your wound that's getting worse (redness may be less obvious on brown or black skin) +> - bleeding or pus from your wound +> - a high temperature +> +> These could be signs of an infection. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Risks of a burst appendix + +A burst appendix (also called a perforated or ruptured appendix) is a serious condition that can lead to complications such as: + +- an infection of the inner lining of your abdomen ([peritonitis](/conditions/peritonitis/)) +- a life-threatening reaction to infection ([sepsis](/conditions/sepsis/)) +- a painful build-up of pus (abscess) +- a blockage in your bowel +- problems in pregnancy + +These complications will need to be treated urgently with surgery and antibiotics. + +## Causes of appendicitis + +The appendix is a small pouch that's joined to your bowel in the lower right side of your abdomen (tummy). + +Appendicitis happens when your appendix becomes infected and swollen. This is often caused by something getting stuck in your appendix, such as a small piece of undigested food or hard poo. + +Appendicitis is common. It can happen at any age, but it's most common in children over 10 years old and young adults. It's rare in babies under 12 months old. + +## Video: what is appendicitis? + +Watch this animation to learn about what causes appendicitis and how it's treated. + +Media last reviewed: 1 May 2024 +Media review due: 1 May 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 09 August 2024 +Next review due: 09 August 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/arthritis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/arthritis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1318c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/arthritis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Arthritis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arthritis/ + +## Types of arthritis + +There are lots of types of arthritis. Do not self-diagnose – see a GP if you’re worried. + +Common types of arthritis and how they affect you + +| Type | How it affects you | +| --- | --- | +| [Osteoarthritis](/conditions/osteoarthritis/) | Often affects weight-bearing joints, such as the knees and feet. The most common type of arthritis and usually starts in the late 40s. | +| [Gout](/conditions/gout/) | Often affects the big toe joint, which can be painful, swollen and hot. Your chances of getting gout increase as you get older. | +| [Rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/) | Usually first felt in the small joints in your hands and feet. Often diagnosed between the ages of 40 to 60. | +| [Ankylosing spondylitis](/conditions/ankylosing-spondylitis/) | Often causes lower back pain and stiffness that lasts longer than common backache. Usually begins under the age of 40. | +| [Psoriatic arthritis](/conditions/psoriatic-arthritis/) | As well as joint pain, swelling and stiffness, you may also have a red, scaly rash called [psoriasis](/conditions/psoriasis/). | +| Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) | Affects children under the age of 16. There are several types of JIA with some types milder than others. | + +> **💡 Information:** Other types of arthritis Conditions and types of arthritis (Arthritis UK) + +## Symptoms of arthritis + +Arthritis causes pain, swelling and stiffness in your joints. This can make moving the joint difficult. + +You can get arthritis in any joint, but joints commonly affected include those in your: + +- wrists, hands and fingers +- ankles, feet and toes +- back and spine +- knees and hips + +Your symptoms may sometimes suddenly get worse. This is known as a “flare-up” and can last several days. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you have severe pain and swelling in just 1 joint that started suddenly +> - your pain does not get better with painkillers, such as paracetamol +> - the skin around your joint is red or hot (redness may be harder to see on brown and black skin) +> - you have sore joints with a high or low temperature, or you feel hot, cold or shivery +> - you have sore joints and conjunctivitis, or sore eyes and problems with your vision +> - you have sore joints and pain when you pee, discharge from your penis or vagina, or a rash or sores on your genitals +> +> Call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have unexplained pain, swelling or stiffness in your joints that does not go away in a few days +> +> > **💡 Information:** Refer yourself for back or joint help In many areas you may be able to get help, such as physiotherapy, from NHS community musculoskeletal (MSK) services without needing a referral from a GP. Get NHS help for back or joint problems + +## Tests for arthritis + +A healthcare professional will ask you about your symptoms and medical history and check your joints. + +You may be referred to a specialist (rheumatologist) if they think you might have rheumatoid arthritis or gout. + +Tests you may have include: + +- [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) +- an [X-ray](/tests-and-treatments/x-ray/) or [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) +- a sample of fluid taken from one of your joints using a thin needle (to help confirm gout) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Guide to diagnosis (Arthritis UK) + +## Treatment for arthritis + +There’s currently no cure for arthritis but there are treatments that can help you manage your symptoms. + +Treatment will depend on the type of arthritis you have and how it’s affecting you. You’ll be under the care of a healthcare professional while having treatment. + +Treatments for arthritis include: + +- [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) to help improve your strength and mobility +- [occupational therapy](/tests-and-treatments/occupational-therapy/) to help with everyday tasks, such as washing, dressing and cooking +- medicines to help relieve symptoms, such as pain, swelling and inflammation, or reduce the activity of your immune system +- equipment to help with daily activities, such as [walking aids, wheelchairs and mobility scooters](/social-care-and-support/care-services-equipment-and-care-homes/walking-aids-wheelchairs-and-mobility-scooters/) +- complementary therapies, such as acupuncture, the Alexander technique and [transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)](/tests-and-treatments/transcutaneous-electrical-nerve-stimulation-tens/) +- surgery if your symptoms are severe and other treatments have not helped + +A team of healthcare professionals will give you the help and support you need. + +Speak to your doctor if you have any questions or concerns about your treatment and managing your condition, or if you have any new symptoms. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Arthritis treatments (Arthritis UK) + +## Things you can do to help ease the symptoms of arthritis + +There are some things you can do to help ease the symptoms of arthritis. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ exercise regularly– low impact activities are best, such as swimming,walking,pilatesandyoga +- ✅ eat a healthy, balanced diet +- ✅ keep to ahealthy weight– being overweight can put strain on your joints + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke because it can make your symptoms worse +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Exercising with arthritis (Arthritis UK) Eating well with arthritis (Arthritis UK) + +Page last reviewed: 19 January 2026 +Next review due: 19 January 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/asthma/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/asthma/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1320f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/asthma/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +# Asthma + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/ + +## Symptoms of asthma + +The main symptoms of asthma are problems with breathing, such as: + +- wheezing +- coughing +- shortness of breath +- your chest feeling tight + +Asthma symptoms can be mild or severe. They usually come and go. They may be worse at night and early in the morning. + +An asthma attack is when you have severe symptoms and it's difficult to breathe, which can be life-threatening. + +Symptoms can be triggered by different things including exercise, high levels of air pollution, cold air, or contact with something you're allergic to, such as pollen, dust, mould or animals. + +Asthma usually starts in children, but it can happen at any age. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you or your child have asthma symptoms +> - you or your child have asthma and treatments are not helping, you're needing to use your inhaler more often, or you need advice about using your inhaler +> - you or your child have asthma and your symptoms are not improving or are stopping you doing your usual activities or waking you up at night + +## How to treat an asthma attack + +If you're having an asthma attack, sit up straight, to help your breathing. Try to stay calm. + +Use your asthma reliever inhaler if you have one: + +- If you have a blue reliever inhaler, take 1 puff every 30 to 60 seconds until you feel better, up to a maximum of 10 puffs. Shake the inhaler between each puff and use a spacer with the inhaler if you have one. +- If you have an AIR or MART inhaler (used for both preventing and treating symptoms), take 1 puff every 1 to 3 minutes until you feel better, up to a maximum of 6 puffs. + +If your personal asthma action plan has a different maximum dose for treating an asthma attack, follow the instructions in your plan. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You or someone else is having an asthma attack and: +> +> - start to feel worse at any time +> - do not feel better after taking the maximum dose using an asthma reliever inhaler +> - do not have an asthma inhaler +> +> If symptoms are no better after 10 minutes and an ambulance has not arrived, use an asthma inhaler again if you have one, taking up to the same maximum dose. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you've had an asthma attack and have recovered +> +> Even if you feel better, it's important to see a GP within 2 days to discuss your treatment and get advice to help prevent another asthma attack. + +## How asthma is diagnosed + +If you or your child have symptoms of asthma a GP or nurse will ask you some questions and listen to your chest. + +You may need a simple breathing test to check for signs of asthma, and sometimes a blood test. + +You may also be given a handheld device called a peak flow meter to use at home for a few weeks, to check how well your lungs are working. + +Asthma can take some time to diagnose because the symptoms often vary over time and breathing problems can have different causes. If it's likely you have asthma, you may be offered asthma medicines to see if they help your symptoms. + +## Treatment for asthma + +If you have asthma you'll be supported by a care team including a GP or nurse, and sometimes a specialist hospital doctor. + +Your care team will explain how and when to use your medicines, how to monitor your asthma, ways to avoid triggers and reduce your symptoms, and what to do if your symptoms get worse. + +This will be recorded in your asthma action plan, which you'll need to take to all your asthma appointments. You'll be given a printed or digital copy, or both. + +You should have check-ups at least once a year to see how well your treatment is working. These will include checking that you're using your inhalers correctly and your asthma action plan is up to date. + +### Asthma inhalers + +The main treatment for asthma is medicines you breathe in using an inhaler. For most people they work well to reduce or prevent asthma symptoms. + +Depending on how severe your symptoms are, you may be offered either: + +- an inhaler to use only when you get symptoms – this is called an anti-inflammatory reliever (AIR) inhaler +- an inhaler to use every day to help prevent symptoms, as well as when you get symptoms – this is called a maintenance and reliever therapy (MART) inhaler +- 2 separate inhalers – a preventer inhaler to use every day to help prevent symptoms, and a blue reliever inhaler to use when you get symptoms (you should not be given a blue reliever inhaler to use on its own) + +#### Using your inhaler + +It's important to use your inhaler correctly so that your medicine works properly. There are different types, including dry powder inhalers, pMDIs and soft mist inhalers. A doctor, nurse or pharmacist will show you how to use yours. + +#### Disposing of your inhalers + +Return your empty, unwanted or expired inhalers to your local pharmacy. + +When you put an inhaler in the bin, gases can leak out and contribute to climate change. Your local pharmacy can dispose of them safely. + +### Other treatments for asthma + +If inhalers are not enough to stop your symptoms, your care team may also recommend a stronger inhaler or tablets that make breathing easier, such as [montelukast](/medicines/montelukast/). + +If you have severe asthma that's not controlled by inhalers and tablets, you may be offered other treatments, such as medicines that you inject, called biological therapies. + +Your care team will discuss with you which treatment is right for you, including any possible side effects. + +### Hospital treatment for an asthma attack + +If you have a severe asthma attack that does not get better, you may need to be treated in hospital. Hospital treatments may include: + +- oxygen through a mask +- using a nebuliser to breathe in high doses of medicine +- steroid tablets or injections + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Asthma and Lung UK: asthma treatments Asthma and Lung UK: videos showing how to use your inhaler NHS medicines A to Z: find your medicine + +## Things you can do to help with asthma + +If you have asthma there are things you can do to help prevent symptoms and reduce the risk of asthma attacks. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ always have your inhaler with you +- ✅ use your inhalers as recommended by your care team +- ✅ try to avoid things that trigger your asthma symptoms, such as air pollution, smoke, pollen or animals +- ✅ exerciseregularly – get advice from your doctor or nurse about exercising safely if exercise triggers your asthma symptoms +- ✅ keep to ahealthy weight +- ✅ have vaccinations such as theflu vaccine– viruses such as flu can make asthma symptoms worse + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke – get help toquit smokingif you need it +- ❌ do not take medicines for other conditions without checking with a pharmacist or doctor – some medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen and beta blockers can trigger asthma symptoms in some people + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Asthma and Lung UK: managing asthma + +## How asthma affects your life + +Asthma is often a life-long condition, although asthma in young children sometimes goes away by the time they're teenagers or adults. + +Asthma affects everyone differently. How it affects you depends on your symptoms, what they're triggered by, and how well your treatment works. + +For most people, inhalers work well to prevent or reduce symptoms if they're used correctly, and asthma has only a small impact on their daily life. But some people have more severe symptoms that are harder to control, and they need other treatment. + +An asthma attack can be life-threatening. But getting the right asthma treatment reduces the risk. + +> **💡 Information:** Asthma and pregnancy If you're pregnant, tell your doctor or midwife about your asthma. It's important to manage asthma in pregnancy to keep you and your baby well. Find out more about asthma and pregnancy + +## Causes of asthma + +Asthma symptoms happen when your airways become swollen. This makes them narrower, causing breathing problems. + +In people who have asthma, symptoms can be triggered by different things, such as allergies, exercise, smoke, cold air or infections. + +It's not fully understood what causes asthma. You may be more likely to get asthma if: + +- you have allergies such as eczema, hay fever or food allergies +- other people in your family have asthma, hay fever, eczema or allergies +- you were born prematurely or had a low birth weight +- you were exposed to things like high levels of air pollution or cigarette smoke as a child +- you had illnesses as a child that affected your breathing, such as bronchiolitis or croup +- you're overweight + +Asthma can also be caused by breathing in substances such as certain chemicals at work. + +## Help and support for asthma + +As well as support from your healthcare team, you may find it helpful to get support from other people with asthma, either at a local support group or online. + +There are also national charities that can offer support and information about asthma. + +### Asthma and Lung UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by lung conditions including asthma. + +- Website: [www.asthmaandlung.org.uk](https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0300 222 5800 +- [Asthma and Lung UK: support in your area](https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/help/support-network/support-in-your-area) +- [Asthma and Lung UK: living with a lung condition](https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/living-with/) + +### Allergy UK + +Information and support for people living with allergies. + +- Website: [www.allergyuk.org](https://www.allergyuk.org/) +- Helpline: 01322 619898 +- [Allergy UK: asthma](https://www.allergyuk.org/types-of-allergies/asthma-respiratory/) + +### Beat Asthma + +Website for children and young people with asthma. + +- Website: [www.beatasthma.co.uk](https://www.beatasthma.co.uk/) +- [Beat Asthma: information for families and children](https://www.beatasthma.co.uk/resources/families-children/) + +## Video: Asthma + +Animated video about asthma, which is a chronic condition affecting the lungs. + +Media last reviewed: 1 May 2024 +Media review due: 1 May 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 07 April 2025 +Next review due: 07 April 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/atopic-eczema/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/atopic-eczema/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a600e65 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/atopic-eczema/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +# Atopic eczema + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/atopic-eczema/ + +## Check if it's atopic eczema + +Atopic eczema can appear in different areas of the body, but it's common on the elbows, knees and hands. In babies and toddlers, it's also common on the face. + +Atopic eczema can make your skin: + +- itchy +- dry, cracked, crusty, scaly or thickened +- red, white, purple or grey, or lighter or darker than the skin around it (depending on your skin tone) +- blister or bleed + +Symptoms can start at any age, but they usually start in babies and young children and tend to get better as they get older. + +There are usually times where your symptoms get worse (called flare-ups) and times where they are better. + +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0151635.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 1: Dark brown skin with atopic eczema on the back of the knees (thumbnail). + 1](#gallery-image-1) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M1500252.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 2: White skin with atopic eczema on an ankle (thumbnail). + 2](#gallery-image-2) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1491889577_copy.origi.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 3: Light brown skin with atopic eczema on hands (thumbnail). + 3](#gallery-image-3) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/PCWDBE_Atopic_eczema.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 4: White skin with atopic eczema on a baby's face (thumbnail). + 4](#gallery-image-4) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0151636-Eczema_on_the_elbow.origi.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 5: Dark brown skin with atopic eczema on the inside of an elbow (thumbnail). + 5](#gallery-image-5) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1793262427_copy.origi.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 6: Light brown skin with atopic eczema on and around a knee (thumbnail). + 6](#gallery-image-6) + +![Atopic eczema on dark brown skin. There are dry patches on the back of some knees. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0151635.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 1. + +Atopic eczema on the back of the knees of someone with dark brown skin. + +Areas of the skin look grey, white and dry. The eczema covers most of the back of the knees. + +![Atopic eczema on white skin. The skin on an ankle is pink and red with some scabs. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M1500252.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 2. + +Atopic eczema on and around the ankle of someone with white skin. + +The skin is pink and red. There are small areas of skin that are bleeding or have scabs. + +![Atopic eczema on light brown skin. There are pink and white patches on the hands. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1491889577_copy.origi.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 3. + +Atopic eczema on the hands of someone with light brown skin. + +There are areas of skin that are slightly pink with white, dry, scaly skin. + +The eczema is mainly across the knuckles and some of the fingers. + +![Atopic eczema on white skin. There are pink and red patches on a baby's face. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/PCWDBE_Atopic_eczema.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 4. + +Atopic eczema on the face of a baby with white skin. + +There are lots of slightly raised patches of skin that are pink and red. + +There is eczema all over the baby's face but it's mainly on the cheeks. + +![Atopic eczema on dark brown skin. The skin on an elbow is cracked and thickened. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0151636-Eczema_on_the_elbow.origi.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 5. + +Atopic eczema on the inside of the elbow of someone with dark brown skin. + +There's a large area of skin that is darker and lighter than the skin around it. The skin looks cracked and thickened. + +![Atopic eczema on light brown skin. There are raised pink patches around a knee. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1793262427_copy.origi.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 6. + +Atopic eczema on and around the knee of someone with light brown skin. + +There are areas of skin that are pink and raised. + +> **💡 Information:** Other types of eczema There are also other types of eczema, including contact dermatitis , discoid eczema , pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema) and varicose eczema . + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you or your child have symptoms of atopic eczema +> - treatments are not helping your atopic eczema + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You or your child have atopic eczema and: +> +> - it's blistered, crusty, leaking fluid or has spots filled with pus +> - it's painful, swollen or feels warm +> - it suddenly gets worse or gets bigger +> - you have a high temperature or feel generally unwell +> +> These can be signs that your eczema is infected or you have a more serious condition called eczema herpeticum. You may need treatment such as antibiotics. +> +> [Check symptoms on 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms) (for anyone aged 5 and over) or call 111 (for children under 5). + +## Causes of atopic eczema + +It's not always known what causes atopic eczema. + +You're more likely to have it if: + +- one or both of your parents have atopic eczema +- you or a close family member has asthma or hay fever + +Atopic eczema can be made worse by things like: + +- coming into contact with an allergen or irritant such as soap, washing detergent, pets, some fabrics, pollen, house-dust mites or certain foods +- heat or changes in temperature +- skin infections, such as a [staph infection](/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/) +- stress +- hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy + +Atopic eczema is not contagious so you cannot catch or spread it. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Allergy UK: atopic eczema triggers, allergens and irritants + +## Things you can do to help with atopic eczema + +There are some things you can do that can help with atopic eczema. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ avoid things that make your eczema worse such as soap, washing detergent, some fabrics or pets +- ✅ apply moisturising treatments (emollients) to your skin as often as possible (at least 2 times a day) – continue to moisturise even if your eczema improves +- ✅ wash with an emollient instead of soap +- ✅ keep cool – being hot can make your eczema more itchy +- ✅ keep nails short and put anti-scratch mittens on babies to help prevent damage to the skin from scratching + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not scratch your eczema, as it can make it worse – if your eczema is itchy, try gently rubbing the affected area with your finger instead +- ❌ do not share your emollients with anyone else +- ❌ do not put your fingers into an emollient pot – use a spoon or pump dispenser instead +- ❌ do not use aqueous cream as it can irritate the skin and make eczema worse +- ❌ do not change your diet unless you are told to by a doctor (this includes if you are breastfeeding a baby with eczema) +- ❌ do not smoke or go near naked flames if you use an emollient – emollients are not flammable on the skin, but when they get on fabrics such as dressings, clothing and bedding they can catch fire more easily + +### A pharmacist can help with mild atopic eczema + +A pharmacist can give advice and recommend some treatments if you have small areas of eczema that are dry and slightly itchy. + +If your eczema is more severe, it's best to see a GP. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +## Treatment for atopic eczema + +There's currently no cure for atopic eczema, although the symptoms tend to get better as you get older. + +There are treatments that can help manage it and improve your symptoms. + +The main treatments are: + +- moisturising creams, lotions, ointments and gels you apply to your skin and wash with ([emollients](/tests-and-treatments/emollients/)) +- steroid creams, lotions or gels you apply to your skin ([topical corticosteroids](/medicines/steroids/)) + +Depending how severe your eczema is, you may also be able to try other treatments such as special dressings or medicines. + +A GP can prescribe some treatments, or you may be referred to a skin specialist (dermatologist). + +Living with atopic eczema can be difficult. If it affects your mental health, you may be referred to a mental health specialist. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more You can get more information and advice about atopic eczema from: National Eczema Society Eczema Care Online \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/atrial-fibrillation/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/atrial-fibrillation/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..49c0a52 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/atrial-fibrillation/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +# Atrial fibrillation + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/atrial-fibrillation/ + +## Symptoms of atrial fibrillation + +The main symptoms of atrial fibrillation are: + +- an irregular heartbeat, where your pulse is not steady +- suddenly feeling like your heart is pounding, racing, fluttering, skipping or missing a beat ([heart palpitations](/symptoms/heart-palpitations/)) – this may last for a few seconds up to a few minutes +- a heartbeat faster than 100 beats per minute +- feeling very tired +- finding it harder to exercise +- chest pain or tightness +- feeling short of breath, lightheaded, dizzy or like you might faint + +Sometimes there are no symptoms, and atrial fibrillation is found as part of a routine check-up or when you're having tests for something else. + +If you do get symptoms, they may start and stop on their own (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation) or stop after treatment (persistent atrial fibrillation). + +Over time, you may always have symptoms (permanent atrial fibrillation). + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you may have symptoms of atrial fibrillation +> - you have heart palpitations that keep happening or are getting worse +> - you have been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation and treatment is not helping your symptoms + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You currently have a fast or irregular heartbeat, and any of these symptoms: +> +> - chest pain +> - shortness of breath +> - sweating +> - feeling or being sick +> - fainting, feeling dizzy or falling over +> - a severe headache +> - weakness or numbness on one side of your face or body +> - blurred vision or loss of sight +> - confusion or difficulty speaking + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +## Tests for atrial fibrillation + +If a GP thinks you could have atrial fibrillation, they will refer you to a heart specialist (cardiologist). + +At your appointment, they will ask about your symptoms and check your heart rate. + +You will also have tests to see if anything else could be causing your symptoms and to check your heart rhythm. Tests may include: + +- an [electrocardiogram (ECG)](/tests-and-treatments/electrocardiogram/) +- an [echocardiogram (echo)](/tests-and-treatments/echocardiogram/) +- a chest X-ray +- blood tests + +## Treatment for atrial fibrillation + +If you have been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, you will have regular check-ups to make sure your symptoms are under control. + +You may be given medicine to: + +- control the rate and rhythm of your heart, such as [beta blockers](/medicines/beta-blockers/) +- lower the risk of blood clots or stroke ([anticoagulants](/medicines/anticoagulants/)) + +Other possible treatments for atrial fibrillation include: + +- burning, freezing or using high-energy electrical pulses to destroy a section of your heart (ablation) +- using electricity to reset your heart rhythm (electrical cardioversion) +- having a [pacemaker](/tests-and-treatments/pacemaker-implantation/) or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) fitted + +Sometimes atrial fibrillation can be caused by another health condition or medicine. In these cases, treating the condition or stopping the medicine can improve the symptoms. + +> **💡 Information:** More about treatments British Heart Foundation: anti-arrhythmics Arrhythmia Alliance: Atrial fibrillation (AF) drug information (PDF only, 1.88MB) NHS medicines A to Z: find your medicine British Heart Foundation: ablation British Heart Foundation: cardioversion + +## Things you can do yourself to help with atrial fibrillation + +In addition to treatment you might need, there are things you can do yourself to help with symptoms of atrial fibrillation and lower the chances of complications. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ avoid triggers such as caffeine, spicy food, stress,dehydrationand lack of sleep +- ✅ try to keep to a healthy weight +- ✅ eat a balanced diet +- ✅ exercise regularly – aim to do at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise a week, like walking, bike riding or gardening + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol +- ❌ do not exercise too much or too hard – this can trigger atrial fibrillation + +> **💡 Information:** NHS help to get healthy NHS Better Health has free tools and support to help you lose weight, get active, quit smoking and drink less. Visit the NHS Better Health website + +## Causes of atrial fibrillation + +Atrial fibrillation is caused by a problem with the electrical system that makes your heart beat. + +Anyone can get it, but you may be more likely to get it if: + +- you're aged 55 or older +- you're a man +- you're living with obesity or overweight +- you smoke +- you take certain medicines, such as [levothyroxine](/medicines/levothyroxine/), [lithium](/medicines/lithium/) or some asthma medicines like [salbutamol](/medicines/salbutamol-inhaler/) +- you do endurance sports like long-distance running, cycling or skiing + +Atrial fibrillation can also be caused by another condition such as: + +- [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure/) +- heart conditions like [heart failure](/conditions/heart-failure/), [mitral valve problems](/conditions/heart-valve-disease/) or [Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome](/conditions/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/) +- a heart attack +- [chronic kidney disease](/conditions/kidney-disease/) +- an [overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/) +- [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) +- [sleep apnoea](/conditions/sleep-apnoea/) + +## How atrial fibrillation affects your life + +There is currently no cure for atrial fibrillation, but treatment should help manage the symptoms and lower the risk of complications like [blood clots](/conditions/blood-clots/), [stroke](/conditions/stroke/) and [heart failure](/conditions/heart-failure/). + +You should be able to carry on doing most things as usual, including exercise. But avoid intense exercise and try not to exercise when you're having symptoms of atrial fibrillation. Check with your doctor if you're not sure what exercise you can do. + +If you drive you may need to tell the DVLA that you have atrial fibrillation. Your doctor will be able to tell you if this applies to you. + +There might also be other practical things you need to think about if you have a heart condition, like travelling abroad with medicine, and changes to health or travel insurance. + +## Help and support for atrial fibrillation + +While atrial fibrillation can usually be managed, living with a heart condition can be worrying. + +You may find it helpful to get support from other people with atrial fibrillation, either at a local support group or online. + +There are also national charities that can offer information, help and support. + +### British Heart Foundation + +Information and support for anyone affected by a heart condition. + +- Website: [www.bhf.org.uk](https://www.bhf.org.uk/) +- [British Heart Foundation: Heart Helpline](https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-helpline) (call, email or webchat with a cardiac nurse) +- [British Heart Foundation: our online community](https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/our-online-community) +- [British Heart Foundation: support with everyday life](https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support/practical-support) + +### MyHeart + +Information and support for young people diagnosed with heart conditions and their families. + +- Website: [www.myheart.org.uk](https://www.myheart.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 01737 363222 + +Page last reviewed: 13 January 2025 +Next review due: 13 January 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/autism/adult-life.md b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/adult-life.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c77844 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/adult-life.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +# Autism and adult life + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/adult-life/ + +## Looking after your health + +If you’re autistic you may need support to: + +- eat healthily and stay active +- sleep well +- look after your mental health, including managing [anxiety](/mental-health/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder-gad/) or [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/) +- manage other conditions such as [ADHD,](/conditions/adhd-adults/) [dyslexia](/conditions/dyslexia-in-adults/), [dyspraxia](/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia-in-adults/), [learning disabilities](/conditions/learning-disabilities/) and [epilepsy](/conditions/epilepsy/) +- cope with going to health appointments, such as with a doctor, dentist or optician +- manage autistic fatigue (burnout) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Physical health – National Autistic Society Mental health and wellbeing – National Autistic Society Autistic fatigue and burnout – National Autistic Society + +## Going to college or university + +If you’re autistic and going to college or university, you can: + +- find out what special educational needs (SEN) support is available at your college or university – this might be through the additional needs or learning support team +- let your college or university know if there are any adjustments you need to your student accommodation +- think about what support you might need, for example more time to ask questions in class or to do an exam +- apply for an education, health and care plan (EHCP) from your local council, if you're under 25, at college and need more support + +You cannot use an EHCP at university. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more: University and further education support for autistic students – Ambitious about Autism + +## Support at work + +If you're autistic, you may need some changes to be made at work so you can work more easily. These changes are called reasonable adjustments and could include things like: + +- working in a quieter area of the office +- working more from home +- choosing how you communicate with colleagues + +Autism is considered a disability under the Equality Act 2010 and your employer must make reasonable adjustments if you need them. + +If you need extra support at work, for example special equipment, you can apply for money from the Access to Work government scheme. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more What support can I get at work – National Autistic Society What are reasonable adjustments – National Autistic Society Access to work – GOV.UK + +## Financial support, benefits and social care + +If you cannot work you may be able to get some financial support, including: + +- Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) +- Universal Credit +- Personal Independence Payment (PIP) or Disability Living Allowance (DLA) +- Attendance Allowance + +You may also be able to get a needs assessment from social services and support from social care. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more: Financial support if you’re disabled – GOV.UK What support is available if I am unable to work – National Autistic Society Financial help, money and benefits – National Autistic Society + +## Caring for an autistic adult + +Some autistic adults will need support their whole life. If you're an autistic adult you should be asked who you would like to be involved in your care. + +If you’re caring for an autistic adult, they may need help to: + +- stay healthy and well, such help with brushing their teeth or eating +- manage their mental health +- socialise and do leisure activities +- manage change, such as leaving school and moving to adult support services +- manage challenging behaviour such as anger and aggression + +The support available will depend on where you live. You can: + +- ask your GP or local autism team if there are any courses to help develop communication and daily living skills +- ask your council for a [carer's assessment](/social-care-and-support/support-and-benefits-for-carers/carer-assessments/), to find out what support or financial benefits you might be able to get +- find out about local groups, where you can get support from other families + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Social care for adults in England – National Autistic Society \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/autism/assessments.md b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/assessments.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..700176c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/assessments.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +# Autism assessments + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/assessments/ + +## How to get an autism assessment + +Speak to a GP to find out how to get an autism assessment in your local area. + +GPs can often refer children and adults to a local autism team for an autism assessment. + +For children, your child’s school may need to make the referral.  If your child is not school age a health visitor may need to make the referral. + +You may also be referred for an autism assessment when you're getting help for another condition. For example, a mental health professional may notice signs of autism and recommend a referral. + +If your referral is accepted it can take a few months or longer to get an assessment. A GP or education professional can tell you what support is available while you’re waiting (or if you cannot get a referral). + +If you're finding it hard to get a referral for an assessment, you could ask to speak to someone else, like another GP. This is called getting a second opinion. + +In England, you can choose which NHS service does the assessment and you may be able to find a clinic with shorter waiting times. This is called Right to Choose. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more How to request an autism assessment – National Autistic Society What can I do while I'm waiting for an assessment – National Autistic Society Your choices in the NHS, including Right to Choose + +## Autism assessments for children + +Your child may have one or more appointments with a team of different professionals. + +The assessment team may: + +- ask you about your child's development, such as when they started talking +- ask about their medical history and do a physical examination +- ask your child to do tasks to show how they communicate, move, think and react +- see how your child plays and interacts with you +- look for signs of other conditions that are common in autistic people, such as ADHD or epilepsy +- read any reports sent by their GP, nursery or school +- speak to people who know your child well, such as family, friends, your GP or your child's teachers + +A member of the team may also visit your child's school to see them in class and at break time. + +If the assessment team think your child may have other health conditions that are common in autistic people, such as ADHD, they can refer them for additional tests. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Assessment and diagnosis – National Autistic Society + +## Autism assessments for adults + +You may have one or more appointments with a team of different healthcare professionals. + +The assessment team may: + +- ask you to fill in questionnaires about yourself +- ask questions about how you behave with other people, your early life and your life at home, work or college +- speak to someone who knew you as a child, to see if you had any signs of autism growing up +- speak to someone who knows you now, such as a family member, partner or carer +- read any reports from the GP about other health problems you may have +- ask you to provide other documents that may be helpful, such as school reports or assessments you’ve had at work + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Assessment and diagnosis – National Autistic Society + +## Results and next steps + +After the assessment you'll be given a report saying what the team found. + +The report should say: + +- if you or your child are autistic +- what you or your child are good at +- what you or your child might need help with +- if they found any other conditions + +If you or your child are diagnosed as autistic, you may be offered a follow-up appointment with the assessment team a few weeks or months later. + +You may also be given a care plan or some information to support you or your child. This should include any support that parents, family or carers might need. + +If you do not agree with the result + +When you get the report, you may be: + +- told you or your child are not autistic +- asked to wait until your child is a bit older to be assessed again, as the signs of autism may not be clear +- given a diagnosis you do not agree with, such as a learning disability + +Ask the assessment team why they have made the decision they have. + +If you do not agree, you can ask the GP or assessment team to refer you to another team for a second opinion. Or you can pay for another assessment by a professional you choose who works outside the NHS. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Help and support for autistic people and their families After diagnosis – National Autistic Society \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/autism/help-and-support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/help-and-support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbf11ee --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/help-and-support.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# Help and support for autistic people and their families + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/help-and-support/ + +## Where to find help and support + +If you’re autistic or caring for an autistic child or adult, you can get support from: + +- a GP or local autism team +- your local council +- your school, college or workplace +- local support services +- national charities + +> **💡 Information:** Find support in your area Autism services directory – National Autistic Society Find local information, advice and support (IAS) services – Council for disabled children + +## Support from national charities + +### National Autistic Society + +For autistic adults and children, and their families. + +- Website: [www.autism.org.uk](https://www.autism.org.uk/) + +### Ambitious about Autism + +For autistic children and young people, their parents and carers. + +- Website: [www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk](https://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/) + +### Child Autism UK + +Helpline for parents, carers and teachers of autistic children. + +- Helpline: 01344 882248 +- Website: [www.childautism.org.uk](https://www.childautism.org.uk/) + +### Autism Central + +Education and support for parents and carers of autistic children, young people and adults. + +- Website: [www.autismcentral.org.uk](http://www.autismcentral.org.uk/) + +### IPSEA + +Information and rights advice about special educational needs (SEN) support in schools. + +- Website: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/autism/signs-in-adults.md b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/signs-in-adults.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8a8abe --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/signs-in-adults.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +# Signs of autism in adults + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/signs-in-adults/ + +## Signs of autism in adults + +If you are an autistic adult, signs may be similar to the [signs of autism in children](/conditions/autism/signs-in-children/). + +You may have learned to adapt so that signs of autism are not always noticeable. + +This is called masking and can make everyday activities and social interactions feel exhausting and stressful. + +You may: + +- find it hard to talk to other people +- spend more time alone than with other people +- find it hard to understand people’s facial expressions, gestures or tone of voice +- take things literally and find it hard to understand phrases such as "it's a piece of cake" (meaning "it’s easy") +- have fixed ways of doing things +- get distressed when there are changes to your routine +- do repetitive movements (stimming), such as rocking, flapping your hands or flicking your fingers +- be very focussed on specialist interests +- be very sensitive, or not sensitive at all, to light, sounds, smells, tastes or textures (sensory differences) + +If you're autistic you may also have: + +- problems with staying in school, college or keeping a job +- difficulty making friends and having romantic relationships +- problems with your mental health +- a learning disability + +It may be difficult to see signs of autism if an adult has other conditions, such as a [learning disability](/conditions/learning-disabilities/), [anxiety](/mental-health/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder-gad/), [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/), an [eating disorder](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/eating-disorders/), or [ADHD](/conditions/adhd-adults/). + +### Recognising signs of autism in women + +It can be harder to see signs of autism in women due to masking (not showing the signs). If you’re an autistic woman you may be more likely to: + +- copy how other people behave +- appear to cope well with social situations +- be very quiet in situations you find difficult and hide your feelings +- show fewer signs of repetitive behaviours than autistic men +- have a mental health condition such as anxiety, depression or an eating disorder + +> **💡 Information:** Although autistic women may be more likely to mask, autistic men can also mask autistic behaviours. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you might be autistic +> +> They may refer you for an autism assessment and let you know what support is available in your local area. +> +> There may also be support available while you're waiting for your assessment. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Signs that an adult or child may be autistic – National Autistic Society Autistic women and girls – National Autistic Society \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/autism/signs-in-children.md b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/signs-in-children.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e16e5d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/signs-in-children.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +# Signs of autism in children + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/signs-in-children/ + +## Main signs of autism + +The main signs of autism include differences in how someone communicates, behaves and reacts compared to those who are not autistic. + +Signs of autism might be noticed at a very young age, or not until later in life. + +Every autistic person is different and many autistic people will not show all the signs of autism, or signs may not always be obvious. + +Autism may also look different in someone who has other conditions, such as [ADHD](/conditions/adhd-children-teenagers/), an [eating disorder](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/eating-disorders/) or [learning disability](/conditions/learning-disabilities/). + +Some people learn to adapt so that signs of autism are less noticeable. This is called masking and it can make everyday activities feel exhausting and stressful. Not all autistic people know that they’re masking. + +## Signs of autism in young children + +### Communicating with other people + +Autistic children may: + +- start to speak at a later age than other children +- take longer to understand what others are saying +- not respond to their name +- not speak much or use single words +- speak in a flat or different tone of voice +- repeat words and phrases +- focus intensely on things that interest them, and talk a lot about them +- talk at other people without listening or responding +- use eye contact less often +- use fewer facial expressions and gestures +- not respond, or respond unexpectedly to other people's facial expressions or feelings + +### Behaviour and play + +Autistic children may: + +- get too physically close to people +- not want to be cuddled or have people too close to them +- not seem interested in other children or be aggressive with them +- find it hard to join in playing with other children +- not take part in pretend play (like pretending to be a teacher or imagining an object is something else) +- enjoy repetitive actions, such as opening and closing doors +- actively look for sensations that feel calming or enjoyable, such as movement, pressure, sounds and textures +- do repetitive movements (stimming), such as rocking, spinning, flapping their hands, and flicking their fingers +- have very strong interests +- be worried or upset by changes in routine or their environment and new situations + +### Sensory differences + +Autistic children may: + +- find it difficult to describe their feelings such as feeling hungry, in pain, upset or angry +- react very strongly, or not at all, to lights, sounds, smells, tastes or textures +- not like brightly lit or noisy rooms +- not like to wear certain clothes or materials +- only be able to eat certain foods, or eat food in a certain way such as using certain cutlery +- not like foods with certain textures +- not like mixing foods or for foods to be touching + +### Recognising signs of autism in girls + +It can be harder to see some of the signs of autism in girls because of masking (not showing the signs). Autistic girls may be more likely to: + +- copy how other children behave and play +- be quiet in situations they find difficult +- appear to cope with social situations +- show fewer signs of repetitive behaviours than autistic boys +- be more likely to have mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression or an eating disorder + +> **💡 Information:** Although autistic girls may be more likely to mask, autistic boys can also mask autistic behaviours. + +## Signs of autism in older children and young people + +Older autistic children and young people will show many of the same signs of autism as younger children. + +They may also: + +- have few close friends and spend more time alone +- say or do things that seem rude or inappropriate +- have advanced vocabulary and speak in a formal way +- find it hard to understand what other people mean, such as taking things literally or not understanding sarcasm +- need to follow rules and get upset if rules aren’t followed +- have repetitive behaviours or rituals that make it difficult to carry out daily activities +- find it difficult to adjust to changes in routine and activities, such as when moving from primary to secondary school + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think your child might be autistic +> +> If the doctor thinks your child may be autistic, they can refer them for an autism assessment and let you know if there is support available near you. +> +> You could also speak to a special educational needs coordinator (SENCo) at their school or nursery. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Signs that an adult or child may be autistic – National Autistic Society Autistic women and girls – National Autistic Society \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/autism/supporting-a-child.md b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/supporting-a-child.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..286640a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/supporting-a-child.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +# Supporting an autistic child + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/supporting-a-child/ + +## Understanding autistic children + +Autistic children behave in ways that help them manage or respond to the world around them. + +They may find some behaviours calming and enjoyable, such as repetitive movements (stimming). + +But they may need more help to them manage losing control of their behaviour (meltdowns), physical aggression or hurting themselves. This can happen if they feel very overwhelmed or upset. + +To help support an autistic child: + +- do not try to change how they behave, unless it’s harmful to them or others +- make their surroundings as comfortable for them as possible, for example by managing levels of light and noise +- keep to routines they’re familiar with and let them know about changes as soon as you can +- help them learn ways to cope with unexpected changes by introducing change slowly and in a safe and familiar place +- plan ahead with them to avoid things that might cause them distress (triggers) + +Some autistic children can become very exhausted from trying to cope with daily life. + +This is called autistic fatigue or burnout. Make sure children have space and time to rest and relax. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Behaviour – National Autistic Society Autistic fatigue – National Autistic Society + +## Looking after your child’s health and wellbeing + +Some autistic children will need extra support to stay healthy and well. + +You may need to support your child to: + +- eat healthily +- wash themselves and brush their teeth +- get enough sleep +- manage any other conditions such as [ADHD](/conditions/adhd-children-teenagers/), [dyslexia](/conditions/dyslexia-in-children/), [dyspraxia](/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/), [learning disabilities](/conditions/learning-disabilities/) and [epilepsy](/conditions/epilepsy/) +- manage their mental health, if they're feeling very worried (anxious) or low (depressed) a lot of the time +- cope with going to health appointments, such as with a doctor, dentist or optician + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Eating – National Autistic Society Physical health – National Autistic Society Mental health and wellbeing – National Autistic Society + +## Going to school + +Many autistic children can go to mainstream schools with the right support. Some may need to go to a specialist school or be home-schooled. + +To support your child, you can: + +- find out what special educational needs (SEN) support is available at their school – every school should have a SEN policy +- let their school know about the support they need, for example access to a quiet area, more time to do some activities or help communicating with teachers and pupils +- think about how you or the school can help them cope with some of the challenges they might face, such as lunch and break times, or travelling to school +- be aware that their behaviour at school and home may be different and they may need time to settle when they return from school or college +- find out if your child can get an education, health and care plan (EHCP) from your local council, for example if your child needs to go to specialist school + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Education – Ambitious about Autism School education – National Autistic Society Extra help at school in England – National Autistic Society + +## Socialising and daily life + +An autistic child may need help with daily social skills and activities, such as: + +- communicating with other people +- making friends and socialising +- leisure activities and going out, for example doing sports or hobbies, using public transport or going on holiday + +You can support your child by trying to understand the things they find difficult and learning ways to manage them. You can also support them with the things they enjoy doing. + +Start slowly and try not to force them into activities they're uncomfortable with. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Communication tips – National Autistic Society Making friends – National Autistic Society Going out, leisure and travel – National Autistic Society + +## Get practical support for your child + +The support available to your child will depend on where you live. + +If your child needs it, you can ask your GP or local autism team about: + +- courses that may be available to support your child, such as help with daily living skills +- how they can get mental health support, speech and language therapy or occupational therapy + +It can also help to find out: + +- what support your local council provides for children with special educational needs (this is called the local offer) +- what support or financial benefits you might be able to get – you can ask your council for a [carer's assessment](/social-care-and-support/support-and-benefits-for-carers/carer-assessments/) +- about local groups where you can get support from other families +- if there is support available for other members of the family, such as parents, carers and siblings + +The support that a child needs may change over time and in different situations. + +Your child should be offered a follow-up assessment when they are 14 years old, to check what support they still need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Support following an autism diagnosis – National Autistic Society Find your local council – GOV.UK \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/autism/what-is-autism.md b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/what-is-autism.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ce42d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/autism/what-is-autism.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# What is autism? + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/what-is-autism/ + +- You might also hear autism called autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This is the medical term for a diagnosis of autism. +- Being autistic can affect how you communicate with people and understand them, and how people understand you. +- It can also affect how you think, learn and pay attention to things and how you respond to light, sounds, smells, tastes and touch. +- Some autistic people have a [learning disability](/conditions/learning-disabilities/). Some have average intelligence or above average intelligence. +- Autistic people are more likely to have some physical and mental health conditions, such as [epilepsy](/conditions/epilepsy/), [anxiety](/mental-health/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder-gad/), [eating disorders](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/eating-disorders/) or [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression/types-of-depression/). +- [ADHD](/conditions/adhd-adults/) (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is also more common in autistic people. +- Autism is something you’re born with. It’s not an illness and there is no treatment or cure, but there are ways of managing it and getting support. +- It’s not known what causes autism, but it can sometimes affect people in the same family. It is not caused by vaccines or medicines. + +### We are autistic + +This video shows how autism can affect everyday life and how you can help support and understand autistic people. + +Media last reviewed: 29 March 2024 +Media review due: 29 March 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/back-pain/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/back-pain/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..673fdd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/back-pain/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +# Back pain + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/back-pain/ + +## Causes of back pain + +Back pain can have many causes. It's not always obvious what causes it, and it often gets better on its own. + +A common cause of back pain is an injury like a pulled muscle ([strain](/conditions/sprains-and-strains/)). + +Sometimes, medical conditions like a [slipped disc](/conditions/slipped-disc/), [sciatica](/conditions/sciatica/) (a trapped nerve) or [ankylosing spondylitis](/conditions/ankylosing-spondylitis/) can cause back pain. + +Very rarely, back pain can be a sign of a serious problem such as a broken bone, cancer or an infection. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have back pain and: +> +> - it does not improve after treating it at home for a few weeks +> - it's stopping you doing your day-to-day activities +> - you're worried about the pain or you're struggling to cope +> - you've lost weight without trying to +> - there's a lump or swelling in your back, or your back has changed shape +> - it does not improve after resting or is worse at night +> - it's worse when sneezing, coughing or pooing +> - it's coming from the top of your back (between your shoulders), rather than your lower back +> +> > **💡 Information:** Refer yourself for back or joint help In many areas you may be able to get help, such as physiotherapy, from NHS community musculoskeletal (MSK) services without needing a referral from a GP. Get NHS help for back or joint problems + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have back pain and: +> +> - you feel hot, cold, shivery or generally unwell +> - it's severe pain that starts suddenly, or it's getting worse quickly +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You have back pain and: +> +> - pain, tingling, weakness or numbness in both legs +> - a loss of feeling around your genitals or anus +> - changes in your bladder or bowels, such as difficulty peeing, or peeing or pooing yourself +> - changes in how your penis or vagina feels during sex, not being able to get or keep an erection, or not being able to orgasm +> - chest pain +> - it started after a serious accident, such as a car accident + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## How to ease back pain yourself + +Back pain often improves on its own within a few weeks. There are things you can do to help speed up your recovery. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ stay active and try to continue with your daily activities +- ✅ take anti-inflammatory medicine likeibuprofen(these may not be suitable for everyone) – paracetamol on its own is not recommended for back pain but it may be used with another painkiller +- ✅ check with a pharmacist or GP if you're unsure about which painkiller is suitable for you +- ✅ use an ice pack (or bag of frozen peas) wrapped in a tea towel to reduce pain and swelling +- ✅ use a heat pack (or hot water bottle) wrapped in a tea towel to relieve joint stiffness or muscle spasms +- ✅ try doing some exercises and stretches for back pain + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not stay in bed for long periods of time + +### Exercises and stretches for back pain + +There are specific exercises and stretches you can do to help with back pain. But stop if your pain gets worse and see a GP for advice. + +### Video: Back stretches + +In this video, a physiotherapist shows some simple back stretches to help prevent aches and pains. + +Media last reviewed: 16 November 2023 +Media review due: 16 November 2026 + +Other places to find back pain exercises include: + +- [NHS back pain pilates video workout](/live-well/exercise/pilates-and-yoga/chronic-back-pain-pilates-exercise-video/) +- [Chartered Society of Physiotherapy: video exercises for back pain](https://www.csp.org.uk/conditions/back-pain/video-exercises-back-pain) + +Activities like walking, swimming, yoga and pilates may also help ease back pain. + +## Treatments for back pain + +If your back pain is severe or not getting better, you may prescribed painkillers. + +Other treatments may be recommended if your pain does not get better after a few weeks. + +These include: + +- group exercise sessions and [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) +- manual therapy – where a trained therapist massages and moves the muscles, bones and joints in your back +- [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) to help you cope with the pain +- a procedure to seal off some of the nerves in your back so they stop sending pain signals (only for long-term lower back pain) + +If your back pain is caused by a medical condition like a slipped disc and other treatments have not helped, surgery may be an option. + +Page last reviewed: 05 March 2026 +Next review due: 05 March 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/causes.md b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/causes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe64583 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/causes.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# Causes of bowel cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/causes/ + +## Who is more likely to get bowel cancer + +It's not always known what causes bowel cancer, but it can be caused by genetic changes, lifestyle, and environmental factors. + +Having certain health conditions can also make you more likely to get bowel cancer. + +You may be more likely to get bowel cancer if: + +- you're over 50 +- you smoke +- you're overweight +- a close relative has had bowel cancer +- you have [inflammatory bowel disease](/conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/), which includes [Crohn's disease](/conditions/crohns-disease/) and [ulcerative colitis](/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/) +- you have small growths in your bowel called [bowel polyps](/conditions/bowel-polyps/) +- you have Lynch Syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: risks and causes of bowel cancer + +## How to lower your risk of bowel cancer + +You cannot always prevent bowel cancer, but there are things you can do to lower your chance of getting it. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ eat a healthy diet including at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day +- ✅ stay active and exercise regularly +- ✅ lose weight if you're overweight +- ✅ quit smoking +- ✅ drink less alcohol +- ✅ eat less red and processed meat + +> **💡 Information:** It's important to get any symptoms of bowel cancer checked by a GP. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/help-and-support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/help-and-support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..735004d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/help-and-support.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +# Help and support for bowel cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/help-and-support/ + +## Where to find help and support + +If you have bowel cancer, your specialist treatment team will be there to support you throughout your treatment. They will also be able to give you information about local support services you may find helpful. + +There are also national cancer charities that can offer support and information about bowel cancer. + +### Bowel Cancer UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by bowel cancer + +- Website: [www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk](http://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/) +- [Bowel Cancer UK: ask the nurse service](https://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/how-we-can-help/ask-the-nurse/) +- [Bowel Cancer UK: support for you](https://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/how-we-can-help/support-for-you/) +- [Bowel Cancer UK: community forum](https://community.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/forum/welcome-to-our-forum) + +### Macmillan Cancer Support + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [www.macmillan.org.uk](http://www.macmillan.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0808 808 00 00 +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: support line service](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/about-us/contact-us/ask-macmillan-form.html) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: find local support services](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/in-your-area/choose-location.html) + +### Cancer Research UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [www.cancerresearchuk.org](http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/) +- Nurse helpline: 0808 800 4040 +- [Cancer Research UK: ask a nurse service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/contact-us/talk-to-our-nurses?secure=true) +- [Cancer Research UK: online cancer chat forum](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-chat/home) +- [Cancer Research UK: find a clinical trial service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/find-a-clinical-trial) +- [Cancer Research UK: support for children and their families](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/support-organisations/support) + +### Marie Curie + +Care and support for anyone affected by terminal illness + +- Website: [www.mariecurie.org.uk](http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0800 090 2309 +- [Marie Curie: patient services](https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/professionals/patient-services) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3eaf684 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# Symptoms of bowel cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/symptoms/ + +## Main symptoms of bowel cancer + +Symptoms of bowel cancer may include: + +- changes in your poo, such as having softer poo, diarrhoea or constipation that is not usual for you +- needing to poo more or less often than usual for you +- blood in your poo, which may look red or black +- bleeding from your bottom +- often feeling like you need to poo, even if you've just been to the toilet +- tummy pain +- a lump in your tummy +- bloating +- losing weight without trying +- feeling very tired or short of breath – these are signs of anaemia, which can be caused by bowel cancer + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have any symptoms of bowel cancer for 3 weeks or more +> +> Try not to be embarrassed. The doctor or nurse will be used to talking about these symptoms. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - your poo is black or dark red +> - you have bloody diarrhoea +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you're bleeding non-stop from your bottom +> - there's a lot of blood, for example, the toilet water turns red or you see large blood clots +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +### Important + +Some of these symptoms are very common and can be caused by other conditions. + +Having the symptoms does not definitely mean you have bowel cancer, but it's important to get checked by a GP. + +If your symptoms are caused by cancer, finding it early may mean it's easier to treat. + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +The doctor will ask you more about your symptoms, general health, medical history, and if anyone in your family has had bowel cancer. + +Depending on your symptoms, the doctor may feel your tummy and ask to do a [rectal examination](/tests-and-treatments/rectal-examination/). This is where they put a gloved finger inside your bottom to check for any lumps. + +You'll be asked to undress from the waist down for the rectal exam. You can ask for a male or female doctor or nurse. + +You can ask for someone else to be in the room with you when the rectal examination happens. + +You may be asked for a poo sample (stool sample) for testing, or be given a home test kit called a faecal immunochemical test (FIT), to collect a small sample of poo and send it to a lab. These check if you're bleeding from your bowel, which can be a sign of bowel cancer. + +You may also be asked to have a blood test. + +### Referral to a specialist + +You may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if the GP thinks you have symptoms that could be cancer. This does not definitely mean you have cancer. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: seeing your GP about bowel cancer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9dc790b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +# Tests and next steps for bowel cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/tests-and-next-steps/ + +## Main tests for bowel cancer + +If a GP refers you to a specialist because they think you could have bowel cancer, you'll have tests to check for cancer. + +The main test for bowel cancer is a [colonoscopy](/tests-and-treatments/colonoscopy/). This is where a thin, flexible, tube with a camera is used to look inside your bowel. + +It may be uncomfortable but it should not be painful. You'll be offered a sedative and painkillers to help make you feel more comfortable. + +During the colonoscopy, a small sample of the lining of your bowel may be taken for testing (called a [biopsy](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/biopsy/)) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Colonoscopy Cancer Research UK: tests for bowel cancer + +## Getting your results + +You may get some results on the same day that you have the colonoscopy, or after a few days. + +You can call the hospital or your GP if you're worried and they may be able to update you if your results are ready. + +### If you're told you have bowel cancer + +Being told you have bowel cancer can feel overwhelming. You may be feeling anxious about what will happen. + +You'll be helped through your diagnosis and treatment by a team of specialists. + +This team will include a clinical nurse specialist who will be your main point of contact during and after your treatment. You can ask them any questions you may have. + +> **💡 Information:** Get support Macmillan Cancer Support has a free helpline that's open every day from 8am to 8pm. They're there to listen if you have anything you want to talk about. Call 0808 808 00 00. + +## Next steps + +If you've been told you have bowel cancer, you may need more tests which can include: + +- a [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) +- an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) +- a [PET scan](/tests-and-treatments/pet-scan/) +- blood tests +- genetic testing + +The results of these tests can show how far the cancer has spread, and if the cancer has been caused by certain changes in your genes. + +This will help your specialist team decide what treatment you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: grades and types of bowel cancer Cancer Research UK: number stages of bowel cancer Bowel Cancer UK: coping with diagnosis \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/treatment.md b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/treatment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19599c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/treatment.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +# Treatment for bowel cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/treatment/ + +## Main treatments for bowel cancer + +The treatment you'll have for bowel cancer depends on: + +- the size of the cancer +- if the cancer is in your colon or rectum, or both +- if it has spread to other parts of your body +- if the cancer has certain genetic changes +- your age and general health + +You may be offered a combination of treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted medicines. + +Your specialist treatment team will: + +- explain the treatments, the benefits and side effects +- work with you to make a treatment plan that's best for you +- help you to manage the side effects of treatment + +If you have any questions or worries, you can talk to your specialist team. + +## Surgery + +Surgery may be carried out to remove cancer from the bowel. Part or all of the bowel around the cancer may also need to be removed. + +To help your recovery, you may need a [colostomy](/tests-and-treatments/colostomy/) or [ileostomy](/tests-and-treatments/ileostomy/), which may be temporary or permanent. + +You’ll be supported through surgery and recovery by your specialist treatment team. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: types of surgery for colon cancer Cancer Research UK: types of surgery for rectal cancer + +## Chemotherapy + +Chemotherapy is medicine that kills cancer cells. + +You may have chemotherapy for bowel cancer: + +- after surgery to try to stop the cancer coming back +- if you're unable to have surgery +- if cancer has spread to other parts of your body + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: chemotherapy for colon cancer Cancer Research UK: chemotherapy for rectal cancer + +## Radiotherapy + +Radiotherapy uses radiation to kill cancer cells. A machine is used to target beams of radiation directly at tumours. + +You may have radiotherapy for bowel cancer if: + +- you have cancer in your rectum +- the cancer has spread to other parts of your body + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: radiotherapy for rectal cancer + +## Targeted medicines and immunotherapy + +Targeted medicines kill cancer cells or stop them growing as quickly. + +Immunotherapy is where medicines are used to help your immune system kill cancer. + +Targeted medicines or immunotherapy are sometimes used to treat advanced bowel cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: targeted cancer drugs for advanced bowel cancer + +## What happens if you've been told your cancer cannot be cured + +If you've been diagnosed with advanced bowel cancer, it may be hard to treat and not possible to cure. + +The aim of treatment will be to slow down the growth and spread of the cancer, to help with the symptoms, and help you live longer. + +Finding out cancer cannot be cured can be very hard news to take in. + +You'll be referred to a team of doctors and nurses called a symptom control team or palliative care team. + +They will help you to manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable. + +The palliative care team can also help you and your loved ones get any other support you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: end of life care \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/what-is-bowel-cancer.md b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/what-is-bowel-cancer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b91bc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/bowel-cancer/what-is-bowel-cancer.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# What is bowel cancer? + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/what-is-bowel-cancer/ + +![Diagram of the tummy area with labels showing the small bowel, large bowel and rectum. The large bowel and rectum are highlighted to show they can be affected by bowel cancer.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Large_Intestine_copy.width-320.jpg) + +- Bowel cancer is cancer that's found anywhere in the large bowel, which includes the colon and rectum. +- The large bowel is part of your digestive system. It helps absorb water from your food and removes food waste from your body. +- How serious bowel cancer is depends on how big the cancer is, if the cancer has spread, and your general health. +- Bowel cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the UK. +- [Bowel cancer screening](/tests-and-treatments/bowel-cancer-screening/) can pick up bowel cancer early, which may mean it's easier to treat. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/bronchiectasis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/bronchiectasis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..752d9c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/bronchiectasis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +# Bronchiectasis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bronchiectasis/ + +## Symptoms of bronchiectasis + +The main symptoms of bronchiectasis are: + +- a cough that does not go away +- coughing up a lot of phlegm (mucus) – the phlegm may be clear, white, yellow or green +- getting frequent chest infections, where your symptoms get worse for a few days or weeks and you may feel generally unwell + +Other symptoms can include: + +- wheezing +- shortness of breath +- noises when you breathe, such as crackling in your lungs, snoring sounds or high-pitched squeaks +- feeling very tired +- coughing up blood +- chest pain + +> **💡 Information:** Symptoms such as a cough or coughing up phlegm are common and can be caused by other conditions such as chest infections . + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you could have bronchiectasis +> - you've had a cough for more than 3 weeks + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - your cough is very bad or quickly gets worse – for example you're coughing up a lot of phlegm (mucus) every day +> - you're coughing up a few small spots, flecks or streaks of blood, or there's blood in your phlegm +> - you feel short of breath, or more short of breath than usual +> - you've been diagnosed with bronchiectasis and you get symptoms of a chest infection, such as a high temperature or chest pain when you breathe or cough +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you're coughing up more than just a few spots or streaks of blood – this could be a sign of serious bleeding in your lungs +> - you have severe difficulty breathing – you're gasping, choking or not able to get words out +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## How bronchiectasis is diagnosed + +If you have symptoms of bronchiectasis a GP will listen to your chest. + +They may arrange some tests such as: + +- testing a sample of your phlegm (mucus) to check for an infection +- a chest [X-ray](/tests-and-treatments/x-ray/) +- a test where you breathe into a machine to check how well your lungs are working ([spirometry test](/tests-and-treatments/spirometry/)) +- blood tests + +If these tests show you could have bronchiectasis, you'll be referred to a specialist for more tests such as a [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) to confirm the diagnosis. + +You may also need other tests to find the cause. + +## Treatment for bronchiectasis + +Bronchiectasis cannot usually be cured. The aim of treatment is to manage your symptoms and help stop them getting worse. + +You'll be supported by a GP, nurse, physiotherapist, and sometimes a specialist doctor. You'll have check-ups and tests at least once a year. Your care team will work with you to develop a plan to help you manage your condition. + +You may also need treatment for any conditions that have caused bronchiectasis. + +### Treatment to clear your chest + +You'll see a specialist physiotherapist, who will teach you breathing techniques for clearing phlegm (mucus) from your lungs and airways. They may also recommend a hand-held device you breathe into that uses vibrations to help clear your chest. + +You'll usually need to do these exercises every day. This helps to control your cough and reduce the risk of chest infections. + +If your phlegm is difficult to cough up, your care team may recommend using a machine called a nebuliser to breathe in a salt solution before doing the exercises. + +If you have problems with shortness of breath you may also be offered a course led by a physiotherapist, called pulmonary rehabilitation. This will include exercise classes and advice on managing your condition. + +### Medicines for bronchiectasis + +You'll usually be asked to give your doctor a sample of phlegm when you're unwell or if your symptoms change. The sample will be checked for a chest infection, and if you have one you'll need to take [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/). + +You may be given antibiotics to keep at home (a rescue pack) for when you get symptoms of a chest infection. Your care team will give you instructions on when to take them. + +If you get more than 3 chest infections a year, a specialist may recommend you take antibiotics long term to help prevent them. + +You may also be offered other medicines, such as inhalers to help your breathing. + +### Other treatments + +If you have severe symptoms and medicines have not helped, you may be offered other treatments such as: + +- breathing in oxygen through a mask or tube ([oxygen therapy](/tests-and-treatments/home-oxygen-treatment/)) +- surgery to treat damage to your lungs +- a lung transplant + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Asthma and Lung UK: treatment for bronchiectasis + +## Things you can do to help with bronchiectasis + +If you have bronchiectasis there are things you can do to help with symptoms and reduce the risk of chest infections. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ exercise regularly, to stay fit and help clear your lungs – your care team can give you exercise advice +- ✅ eat a healthy, balanced dietand keep to ahealthy weight– this can help with shortness of breath and preventing infections +- ✅ wash your hands regularly, to help prevent infections +- ✅ try to stay away from people with infections such as colds and flu +- ✅ have regular vaccinations such as theflu vaccineevery year, and thepneumococcal vaccineandCOVID-19 vaccineas recommended by your GP + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke – get help toquit smokingif you need it + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Asthma and Lung UK: self-management for bronchiectasis + +## How bronchiectasis affects your life + +Bronchiectasis affects everyone differently. How it affects you depends on how severe your symptoms are and how often you get chest infections. + +It's also common to have bronchiectasis together with another condition that affects your lungs, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). + +Some people find their condition gets worse and they get breathing problems that can be serious and affect their daily life. In rare cases it can be life-threatening. + +But some people have less severe symptoms that can be managed well with treatment. + +## Causes of bronchiectasis + +Bronchiectasis happens when your airways are damaged by inflammation. They become wider than usual, and this causes phlegm (mucus) to build up. Too much phlegm can lead to chest infections. + +There are many possible causes of damage to your airways, including: + +- a severe infection such as [pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/), [tuberculosis (TB)](/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/), [measles](/conditions/measles/), [whooping cough](/conditions/whooping-cough/) or [COVID-19](/conditions/covid-19/) +- another condition that affects your lungs such as [asthma](/conditions/asthma/) or [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)](/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/) +- breathing in something that damages your lungs +- a problem with your immune system +- conditions such as [rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/) +- inflammatory bowel disease such as [ulcerative colitis](/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/) or [Crohn's disease](/conditions/crohns-disease/) + +For many people it's not clear what the cause is. + +## Help and support for bronchiectasis + +As well as support from your healthcare team, you may find it helpful to get support from other people with bronchiectasis, either at a local support group or online. + +There are also charities that can offer support and information about bronchiectasis. + +### Asthma and Lung UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by lung conditions including bronchiectasis. + +- Website: [www.asthmaandlung.org.uk](http://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0300 222 5800 +- [Asthma and Lung UK: support in your area](https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/help/support-network/support-in-your-area) +- [Asthma and Lung UK: living with a lung condition](https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/living-with/) + +Page last reviewed: 11 June 2025 +Next review due: 11 June 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/bronchiolitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/bronchiolitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cae857 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/bronchiolitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Bronchiolitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bronchiolitis/ + +> **💡 Information:** Bronchiolitis is different from bronchitis , which causes a cough with lots of mucus and can affect people of all ages. + +## Symptoms of bronchiolitis + +The early symptoms of bronchiolitis are similar to a cold, such as sneezing, a runny or blocked nose and a slightly [high temperature](/symptoms/fever-in-children/). + +A child with bronchiolitis may then get other symptoms, such as: + +- a cough +- breathing more quickly +- finding it difficult to feed or eat +- noisy breathing (wheezing or crackling sounds) +- becoming irritable + +Symptoms are usually worst between days 3 and 5, and the cough usually gets better in 3 weeks. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - your child is having difficulty breathing – you may notice grunting noises, their tummy sucking under their ribs or they may be breathing quickly +> - there are pauses when your child breathes +> - your child's [skin, tongue or lips are blue or grey](/symptoms/blue-skin-or-lips-cyanosis/) – on brown or black skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, lips, gums and inside the eyelids +> - your child is floppy and will not wake up or stay awake +> +> As a parent, you may know if your child seems seriously unwell and should trust your own judgement. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - your child has had a cold and it's getting worse +> - your child is feeding or eating much less than normal +> - your child has had a dry nappy for 12 hours or more, or shows other [signs of dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/) +> - your baby is under 3 months and has a temperature of 38C, or is older than 3 months and has a temperature of 39C or higher +> - your baby feels hotter than usual when you touch their back or chest, or feels sweaty +> - your child has a very high or low temperature, feels hot or cold to the touch, or is shivering +> - your child is very tired, irritable or does not seem themselves +> - you're worried about your child + +## Treatments for bronchiolitis + +There's no specific treatment for bronchiolitis. It usually gets better on its own and you can look after your child at home. + +But it can be serious in some children, who may need to be treated in hospital. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ givechildren's paracetamolto babies and children over 2 months old oribuprofento babies and children over 3 months old if they're distressed or uncomfortable – do not give these medicines at the same time +- ✅ keep your child upright as much as possible when they're awake – this will help them breathe more easily +- ✅ check on your child regularly, including during the night +- ✅ encourage your child to drink lots of fluids – try smaller feeds more often in babies, and give older children extra water or diluted fruit juice + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke around your child +- ❌ do not try to lower your child's temperature by sponging them with cool water or taking off all their clothes +- ❌ do not give aspirin to a child under 16 + +## Preventing bronchiolitis + +There are some things you can do to lower the chances of your child getting bronchiolitis or spreading the viruses that cause it, such as: + +- wash your hands and your child's hands often +- wash or wipe down toys and clean surfaces regularly +- avoid sharing things like cutlery and cups +- use disposable tissues and throw them away as soon as you've used them +- keep newborn babies away from anyone with a cold or the flu – especially if they were born prematurely or have serious health conditions + +It's also important not to smoke around your child. Children who breathe in cigarette smoke have a higher risk of getting severe bronchiolitis. + +### RSV vaccination + +The [RSV vaccine](/vaccinations/rsv-vaccine/) helps reduce the risk of a common infection called [respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)](/conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/) causing problems such as bronchiolitis. + +The vaccine is available on the NHS from 28 weeks of pregnancy. This will help protect your baby and reduce the risk of severe RSV for the first 6 months after they're born. + +It's also offered to adults aged 75 to 79. + +### Children at risk of severe bronchiolitis + +Some children may have a higher risk of getting seriously ill with bronchiolitis. + +This includes children who: + +- were born very prematurely +- have a heart or lung condition +- have a weakened immune system + +These children may be given an injection of infection-fighting antibodies each winter. This helps reduce the risk of RSV causing severe bronchiolitis. + +## Causes of bronchiolitis + +Bronchiolitis is caused by a viral infection, usually [respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)](/conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/). + +RSV is very common and spreads easily in coughs and sneezes. Almost all children get it at least once before they're 2 years old. + +It's not usually serious, but some babies and children have a higher risk of getting seriously ill, particularly: + +- babies under 6 months old +- babies and children who were born prematurely +- babies and children with a weakened immune system, or long-term lung or heart conditions + +Page last reviewed: 19 February 2026 +Next review due: 19 February 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/burns-and-scalds/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/burns-and-scalds/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee6c962 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/burns-and-scalds/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# Burns and scalds + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/burns-and-scalds/ + +## How burns and scalds happen + +Burns usually happen when dry heat comes into contact with your skin, such as fire or a hot iron, for example. Burns can also be caused by electricity or chemicals. + +Scalds are caused by hot liquids or steam. + +Find out more about [acid and chemical burns](/conditions/acid-and-chemical-burns/). + +## What to do if you have a burn or scald + +You should treat all burns and scalds straight away. + +1. Hold the burn or scald under cool running water for 15 to 30 minutes, or until the pain feels better. If there's no running water available, you can use cool bottled water. +2. Remove any clothing or jewellery that's near the affected area – but do not remove anything that is stuck to the affected area. +3. When the burn or scald has cooled, lay cling film over it if you can. Do not wrap the cling film around it. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You have a burn or scald that: +> +> - is very large or deep +> - is on your face, genitals or bottom +> - has been caused by an acid or chemical, or by electricity +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you or your child has a burn or scald and you're not sure what to do +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). Call 111 if you need advice for a child under 5 years old. + +## Treatments for burns and scalds + +Small burns and scalds can often be treated at home and can take around 2 weeks to heal. + +Severe burns and scalds that are large or deep may need treatment in hospital. + +Treatment in hospital may include: + +- medicines, such as antibiotics or painkillers +- having your burn or scald cleaned and dressed +- being given fluids, usually through a vein in your arm (IV) +- surgery, which may be done to repair the wound or to reconstruct damaged skin + +## Things you can do to help while burns and scalds heal + +There are things you can do to help while a burn or scald is healing. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ take painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen to help with pain +- ✅ use an emollient ointment on the affected area if it becomes itchy and dry as it heals – you can ask a pharmacist for advice about what to use + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not put any creams, oils or butter on burns or scalds +- ❌ do not use plasters or sticky dressings to cover a burn or scald +- ❌ do not burst any blisters + +Page last reviewed: 31 March 2026 +Next review due: 31 March 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/bursitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/bursitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a638464 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/bursitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +# Bursitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bursitis/ + +**Bursitis is when** **the fluid-filled sacs (bursa) that cushion the joints have become painful and swollen (inflamed). It can usually be treated at home and should go away in a few weeks.** + +## Symptoms of bursitis + +You might have bursitis if 1 of your joints is: + +- painful – usually a dull, achy pain +- tender or warmer than surrounding skin +- swollen +- more painful when you move it or press on it + +The area may also be red. This can be harder to see on brown or black skin. + +Bursitis can affect any joint, but it's most common in the shoulders, hips, elbows or knees. + +## How to treat bursitis yourself + +If you have bursitis, to help bring down swelling and pain you can: + +- rest – try not to move the joint too much and avoid activities that put pressure on it +- use ice – gently hold an ice pack (or a bag of frozen peas) wrapped in a tea towel on the area for around 10 minutes at a time and repeat every few hours during the day +- take painkillers, such as [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/), to ease any pain + +It may also help to put extra cushions around the affected joint while you sleep, to help protect and support it. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - your bursitis symptoms have not improved or are getting worse after treating it yourself for 1 to 2 weeks +> - you have a high temperature, or you feel hot, cold or shivery +> - you cannot move the affected joint +> - you have very severe, sharp or shooting pains in the joint + +## Tests for bursitis + +A GP will examine the affected joint to check for bursitis. + +They may take a sample of fluid from the joint using a needle (aspiration). + +This will be sent off to test for an infection and conditions such as [gout](/conditions/gout/). + +The aspiration may also help your symptoms. It might be done in your GP surgery or you may be referred to the hospital. + +You may also have other tests such as a blood test or a scan. + +## Treatments for bursitis + +Treatments you may have for bursitis include: + +- [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/) – usually taken for at least 7 days if bursitis is caused by an infection +- a steroid injection given into the affected joint to reduce the swelling – this will not be done if bursitis is caused by an infection +- taking fluid from the joint using a needle (aspiration) to ease symptoms + +If bursitis is severe or keeps coming back, the inflamed bursa may need to be surgically drained or even removed (but this is rare). + +## How to stop bursitis coming back + +There are some things you can do to help stop bursitis coming back. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ maintain a healthy weight – being overweight puts more pressure on your joints +- ✅ clean any cuts on the joints to prevent infections +- ✅ warm up properly before exercising and playing sport +- ✅ use padding when putting a lot of pressure on joints (for example, when kneeling) +- ✅ take regular breaks if you do things that put pressure on a joint, like kneeling + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not knock or bang your joints + +Page last reviewed: 30 October 2023 +Next review due: 30 October 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/cancer/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/cancer/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12a9096 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/cancer/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ +# Cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer/ + +## Possible symptoms of cancer + +Different types of cancer all have their own symptoms. + +General symptoms which could be a sign of cancer can include: + +- a new lump or swelling anywhere on your body +- sweating a lot (particularly at night) or a high temperature that lasts a long time or keeps coming back +- feeling more tired than usual +- unusual bruising or bleeding (such as bleeding from your bottom, blood in your pee or vomiting blood) +- pain anywhere in your body that's not usual for you +- losing weight without trying or feeling less hungry than usual +- needing to pee more often or more urgently, or pain when you pee + +Other symptoms of cancer may affect specific parts of the body. + +### Symptoms affecting your skin + +Skin symptoms can include: + +- a new mole, or changes to a mole anywhere on your body +- changes in your skin, such as a rash or sore that does not get better +- the whites of your eyes or your skin looking yellow (jaundice) – yellow skin may be harder to see on black or brown skin + +### Symptoms affecting your digestion + +Digestion symptoms can include: + +- heartburn or indigestion that's frequent, very painful or gets worse +- a swollen tummy (bloating) that happens often or lasts a long time +- changes in your poo, such as needing to poo more or less often than usual, diarrhoea or constipation that does not get better or gets worse + +### Symptoms affecting your mouth or throat + +Mouth and throat symptoms can include: + +- problems swallowing +- a hoarse or croaky voice that does not get better +- a sore or ulcer in your mouth that does not get better +- white or red patches in your mouth + +### Symptoms affecting your lungs and breathing + +Lung and breathing symptoms can include: + +- a cough that does not get better or gets worse +- shortness of breath that does not get better or gets worse +- coughing up blood + +### Symptoms affecting your genitals (vagina or penis) + +Vagina or penis symptoms can include: + +- vaginal discharge that's not usual for you +- unusual vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods or after sex, or bleeding after the menopause +- difficulty getting an erection +- blood in your semen + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - symptoms of cancer +> - any symptoms or changes that are not normal for you and you're worried could be cancer +> +> If a GP thinks your symptoms could be a sign of cancer, you may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital. + +## Important + +Most of these symptoms are very common and can be caused by other conditions. + +Having these symptoms does not definitely mean you have cancer, but it's important to get checked by a GP. + +If your symptoms are caused by cancer, finding it early may mean it's easier to treat. + +## Possible causes of cancer + +Anyone can get cancer and it's not always clear what causes it. But there are things that can increase your risk of getting certain types of cancer. + +These can include: + +- getting older +- other people in your family having certain cancers +- your lifestyle – such as smoking, being overweight, exposure to too much sun and drinking too much alcohol +- having certain viruses – such as [human papillomavirus (HPV)](/conditions/human-papilloma-virus-hpv/) or hepatitis +- having certain conditions – such as severe acid reflux or Lynch syndrome (a condition that runs in families) +- the environment where you work or live – such as exposure to asbestos or air pollution + +## Reducing your risk of cancer + +You cannot always prevent cancer, but there are things you can do to reduce your risk of getting some types of cancer. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ have cancer screening when you're invited – such ascervical screening,breast screening (mammogram)orbowel cancer screening +- ✅ have theHPV vaccineorhepatitis B vaccineif you're offered them +- ✅ speak to a GP aboutgenetic testing for cancer risk genesif a type of cancer runs in your family, a relative has been told they have a faulty gene linked to cancer, or you have 1 or more Jewish grandparents +- ✅ try tocut down on alcoholand avoid drinking more than 14 units a week +- ✅ try tolose weightif you're overweight, or keep to a healthy weight +- ✅ try toquit smoking +- ✅ follow advice onsunscreen and sun safety, such as wearing sunscreen of at least 30 SPF and spending time in the shade, to protect your skin +- ✅ eat a balanced diet +- ✅ be physically active– aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity a week + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more from NHS Better Health NHS Better Health has free tools and support to help you lose weight, get active, quit smoking and drink less alcohol. Visit the NHS Better Health website + +## Types of cancer + +There are more than 200 different types of cancer. + +Cancer can affect any part of your body, including your organs, blood, bone marrow and immune system. + +Sometimes cancer spreads from one place to another. This is called secondary cancer, or metastasis. + +Show possible types of cancer + +### Blood, bones or bone marrow + +- [Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia](/conditions/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia/) +- [Acute myeloid leukaemia](/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/) +- [Bone cancer](/conditions/bone-cancer/) +- [Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia](/conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia/) +- [Chronic myeloid leukaemia](/conditions/chronic-myeloid-leukaemia/) +- [Multiple myeloma](/conditions/multiple-myeloma/) +- [Myelodysplastic syndrome (myelodysplasia)](/conditions/myelodysplasia/) + +### Breasts and chest + +- [Breast cancer in women](/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/) +- [Breast cancer in men](/conditions/breast-cancer-in-men/) +- [Lung cancer](/conditions/lung-cancer/) + +### Tummy and digestive system + +- [Anal cancer](/conditions/anal-cancer/) +- [Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)](/conditions/bile-duct-cancer/) – affects small tubes that connect different organs in the digestive system (bile ducts) +- [Bladder cancer](/conditions/bladder-cancer/) +- [Bowel cancer](/conditions/bowel-cancer/) +- [Gallbladder cancer](/conditions/gallbladder-cancer/) – affects a small organ in the top part of your tummy that helps you digest your food (gallbladder) +- [Kidney cancer](/conditions/kidney-cancer/) +- [Liver cancer](/conditions/liver-cancer/) +- [Oesophageal cancer](/conditions/oesophageal-cancer/) – affects the oesophagus, sometimes called the gullet or food pipe +- [Pancreatic cancer](/conditions/pancreatic-cancer/) +- [Stomach cancer](/conditions/stomach-cancer/) + +### Head, neck and throat + +- [Brain cancer (malignant brain tumour)](/conditions/malignant-brain-tumour/) +- [Eye cancer (ocular cancer)](/conditions/eye-cancer/) +- [Laryngeal cancer](/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/) – affects the voice box (larynx) +- [Mouth cancer (oral cancer)](/conditions/mouth-cancer/) +- [Nasal and sinus cancer](/conditions/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/) +- [Nasopharyngeal cancer](/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/) – affects the part of the throat connecting the back of the nose to the back of the mouth +- [Retinoblastoma](/conditions/retinoblastoma/) – a type of eye cancer that affects children +- [Thyroid cancer](/conditions/thyroid-cancer/) – affects the small gland at the front, lower part of your neck (thyroid) that releases hormones + +### Genitals and reproductive system + +- [Cervical cancer](/conditions/cervical-cancer/) +- [Ovarian cancer](/conditions/ovarian-cancer/) +- [Penile cancer](/conditions/penile-cancer/) +- [Prostate cancer](/conditions/prostate-cancer/) +- [Testicular cancer](/conditions/testicular-cancer/) +- [Vaginal cancer](/conditions/vaginal-cancer/) +- [Vulval cancer](/conditions/vulval-cancer/) +- [Womb cancer (uterus or endometrial cancer)](/conditions/womb-cancer/) + +### Skin + +- [Melanoma skin cancer](/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/) – less common and usually more serious than non-melanoma skin cancer +- [Non-melanoma skin cancer](/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/) – more common and usually less serious than melanoma skin cancer + +### Other parts of the body + +- [Hodgkin lymphoma](/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/) – affects the lymph system (part of the body's immune system) +- [Mesothelioma](/conditions/mesothelioma/) – affects the lining that covers some of the body's organs +- [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma](/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/) – affects the lymph system (part of the body's immune system) +- [Soft tissue sarcoma](/conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma/) – affects the tissues that connect and support other organs and parts of the body + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer charities have more information about these and other types of cancer: Cancer Research UK: your cancer type Macmillan Cancer Support: cancer types A to Z + +## Common treatments for cancer + +The treatment you'll have depends on the type of cancer. + +The most common treatments for cancer include: + +- surgery to remove the cancer +- [chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/), which uses medicines to kill cancer cells +- [radiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/radiotherapy/), which uses radiation to kill cancer cells + +Treatment can also involve: + +- immunotherapy, where medicines are used to help your immune system kill cancer +- hormone therapy to help stop or slow down the growth of cancer + +You'll be looked after by a team of specialists who will work with you to create a treatment plan that is best for you. + +## Cancer waiting times + +The NHS aims to diagnose and treat cancer as early as possible. NHS England has guidance on cancer waiting times for being diagnosed and starting treatment. + +The guidance says: + +- if you get an urgent referral to a specialist, cancer should be confirmed or ruled out within 28 days of the referral +- if you're diagnosed with cancer, treatment should start within 31 days of the diagnosis or within 62 days of an urgent referral + +### Support while you wait + +Macmillan Cancer Support has a free helpline open every day from 8am to 8pm. + +They're there to listen if you have anything you want to talk about. + +[Call 0808 808 00 00](tel:08088080000) + +> **💡 Information:** More information National cancer charities offering support and information about cancer, including the symptoms, types, causes and treatments: Macmillan Cancer Support Cancer Research UK Cancer waiting times: NHS England \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/chest-infection/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/chest-infection/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2beeab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/chest-infection/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +# Chest infection + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chest-infection/ + +**A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or large airways. Some chest infections are mild and clear up on their own, but others can be severe and life threatening.** + +## Symptoms of a chest infection + +Chest infections often follow [colds](/conditions/common-cold/) or [flu](/conditions/flu/). + +The main symptoms are: + +- a chesty [cough](/symptoms/cough/) – you may cough up green or yellow mucus +- wheezing and shortness of breath +- chest pain or discomfort +- a high temperature +- a [headache](/symptoms/headaches/) +- aching muscles +- tiredness + +These symptoms can be unpleasant, but they usually get better on their own in about 7 to 10 days. + +The cough and mucus can last up to 3 weeks. + +## How to treat a chest infection yourself + +If you have a chest infection, there are things you can do to ease the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ get plenty of rest +- ✅ drink lots of water to loosen the mucus and make it easier to cough up +- ✅ raise your head up while sleeping using extra pillows to make breathing easier and clear your chest of mucus +- ✅ use painkillers to bring down a high temperature and ease headaches and muscle pain +- ✅ drink a hot lemon and honey drink to relieve asore throat + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not let children breathe in steam from a bowl of hot water because of the risk of scalding +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under 16 +- ❌ do not smoke – it can make your symptoms worse + +How to make a hot lemon and honey drink + +1. Squeeze half a lemon into a mug of boiled water +2. Add 1 to 2 teaspoons of honey +3. Drink while still warm + +Do not give hot drinks to small children. Do not give honey to children under 12 months old. + +### A pharmacist can help with a chest infection + +A pharmacist can recommend cough medicines to loosen the mucus in your lungs. This will make the mucus easier to cough up and help clear the infection from your lungs. + +Cough medicines are not suitable for children under 6 years old. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have a chest infection and: +> +> - you feel very unwell or your symptoms get worse +> - you cough up blood or blood-stained mucus +> - you've had a cough for more than 3 weeks +> - you're pregnant +> - you're over 65 +> - your immune system is weak – for example, you have a condition like diabetes or you're having chemotherapy +> - you have a long-term health condition, such as a heart, lung or kidney condition +> +> You may have [pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/) if your symptoms are severe. + +## Treatment from a GP for a chest infection + +Treatment for a chest infection will depend on the cause. + +A chest infection will either be caused by: + +- a virus (like viral [bronchitis](/conditions/bronchitis/)) – this usually clears up by itself after a few weeks and antibiotics will not help +- bacteria (like pneumonia) – a GP may prescribe [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/) (make sure you complete the whole course as advised by the GP, even if you start to feel better) + +Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial chest infections. They're not used for treating viral chest infections, like flu or viral bronchitis. This is because antibiotics do not work for viral infections. + +You may need a blood test or a sample of your mucus may need to be tested to see what's causing your chest infection. + +## How to prevent chest infections + +### How to avoid spreading chest infections + +To avoid passing a chest infection on to others: + +- cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze +- wash your hands regularly +- throw away used tissues immediately + +Try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people if you have a high temperature or do not feel well enough to do your normal activities. + +### How to avoid getting a chest infection + +If you keep getting chest infections or you're at risk of getting one (for example, because you're over 65 or have a serious long-term health condition): + +- ask a GP about the annual [flu vaccine](/vaccinations/flu-vaccine/) +- ask if you should have the [pneumococcal vaccine](/vaccinations/pneumococcal-vaccine/) – this helps prevent pneumonia +- try to [quit smoking](/live-well/quit-smoking/) if you smoke +- cut down on how much alcohol you drink + +Page last reviewed: 21 June 2023 +Next review due: 21 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/chickenpox/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/chickenpox/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3f93e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/chickenpox/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +# Chickenpox + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chickenpox/ + +## Symptoms of chickenpox + +The main symptom of chickenpox is an itchy, spotty rash. It can be anywhere on the body. + +Before or after the rash appears, you might also have: + +- a high temperature +- aches and pains, and generally feel unwell +- loss of appetite + +Chickenpox happens in 3 stages, but new spots can appear while others are becoming blisters or forming a scab. + +### Stage 1: small spots appear + +The spots can: + +- be anywhere on the body, including inside the mouth and around the genitals, which can be painful +- spread or stay in a small area +- be red, pink, darker or the same colour as surrounding skin, depending on your skin tone +- be harder to see on brown and black skin + +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/ABF9YH_GDGeL2X.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 1: White skin with stage 1 of the chickenpox rash (thumbnail). + 1](#gallery-image-1) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M1300433-Boy_with_chickenpox_sits_.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 2: Light-brown skin with stage 1 of chickenpox (thumbnail). + 2](#gallery-image-2) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1172003791.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 3: Light-brown skin with stage 1 of the chickenpox rash (thumbnail). + 3](#gallery-image-3) + +![Stage 1 chickenpox on white skin with red and pink spots. Some are raised. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/ABF9YH_GDGeL2X.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 1 + +White skin with stage 1 chickenpox spots. + +There are 10 spots in different sizes, but they're all less than 1cm. Some spots are close to others. Some spots are raised and appear to be forming a round or slightly oval blister. Other spots are flatter. + +The spots are red and pink and the skin around the spots is pink. + +![Stage 1 chickenpox on light-brown skin with red or pink spots. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M1300433-Boy_with_chickenpox_sits_.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 2 + +Light-brown skin with stage 1 chickenpox spots. There are more than 40 spots covering a child's chest. The spots are red or pink. + +Some spots are close to others. Some look raised in the centre and are beginning to form a blister, while other spots look flat. + +![Stage 1 chickenpox on light-brown skin with pink and skin colour spots. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1172003791.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 3 + +Light-brown skin with stage 1 chickenpox spots. + +There are about 50 spots in different sizes, but they're all less than 1cm. Some spots are close to others. + +The larger spots are pink. Some of the smaller spots are the same colour as the person's skin tone. Some spots are raised and look like they're forming a round or oval blister in the centre. Other spots are flatter. + +### Stage 2: the spots become blisters + +The spots fill with fluid and become blisters. The blisters are very itchy and may burst. + +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/D2BX3G.original.278461f6.fill-420x280.jpg) + 1: White skin with stage 2 of the chickenpox rash (thumbnail). + 1](#gallery-image-1) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/c0240934.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 2: Medium-brown skin with stage 2 of the chickenpox rash (thumbnail). + 2](#gallery-image-2) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1319781899_copy.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 3: Medium-brown skin with stage 2 of the chickenpox rash (thumbnail). + 3](#gallery-image-3) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/PHIL_4367.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 4: Dark-brown skin with stage 2 of the chickenpox rash (thumbnail). + 4](#gallery-image-4) + +![Stage 2 chickenpox on white skin with pink and shiny blisters. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/D2BX3G.original.278461f6.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 1 + +White skin with stage 2 chickenpox spots. + +There are 13 spots that vary in size, but they're all less than 1cm. Some spots are close to others. Almost all the spots have formed a round or slightly oval blister. 1 spot looks flatter. + +The blisters are pink and shiny. The skin around some spots looks slightly pink. + +![Stage 2 chickenpox on medium-brown skin with pink and white blisters. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/c0240934.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 2 + +Medium-brown skin with stage 2 chickenpox spots. There are more than 50 chickenpox spots covering a child's chest and upper arms. + +The spots are different sizes, but they're all less than 1cm. Many of the spots have formed a round or slightly oval shaped raised blister. Many of the blisters are white and shiny. + +The skin around some of the blisters is pink. A few of the blisters look like they have burst and have formed dark scabs. + +![Stage 2 chickenpox on medium-brown skin with pink or skin colour spots and blisters. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1319781899_copy.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 3 + +Medium-brown skin with stage 2 chickenpox spots and blisters. There are about 40 spots on a person's forehead. + +The spots vary in size from around 3mm to 6mm. Some are close to others. Many have formed a round or slightly oval shaped raised blister. Some spots look slightly flatter. + +Some blisters are the same colour or slightly paler than the person's skin, while others are slightly pink. Some blisters look shiny and slightly white or grey. + +![Stage 2 of chickenpox on dark-brown skin with raised blisters. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/PHIL_4367.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 4 + +Dark-brown skin with stage 2 chickenpox spots and blisters. There are about 50 spots on a person's back and arm. + +The spots vary in size from around 5mm to 1cm. Some are close to others. Many of the spots have formed a round or slightly oval shaped raised blister. + +Some of the blisters look like they have burst and some may be forming a scab. Most blisters are the same colour or slightly darker than the person's skin. Some blisters look shiny and slightly white or grey. + +### Stage 3: the blisters become scabs + +The spots form a scab. Some scabs are flaky, while others leak fluid. + +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/D1BMFN.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 1: White skin with stage 3 of the chickenpox rash (thumbnail). + 1](#gallery-image-1) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0372213-Chickenpox_in_adult_man.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 2: Light-brown skin with stage 3 of the chickenpox rash (thumbnail). + 2](#gallery-image-2) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/PHIL_2885.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 3: Medium-brown skin with stage 3 of the chickenpox rash (thumbnail). + 3](#gallery-image-3) + +![Stage 3 of chickenpox on white skin with blisters and scabs. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/D1BMFN.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 1 + +White skin with stage 3 chickenpox spots, blisters and scabs. + +There are about 14 spots, which vary in size from around 1mm to 1cm. Some are close together. + +Some of the spots look like very small pink blisters. Some are larger, raised and have a scab over them. Some scabs look soft and seem to have fluid under them. + +2 of the scabs look like they have collapsed in the centre. The scabs are yellow and pink and the skin around the scabs is pink. + +![Stage 3 of chickenpox on light-brown skin with dark red scabs. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0372213-Chickenpox_in_adult_man.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 2 + +Light-brown skin with stage 3 chickenpox spots and scabs. There are about 25 spots on a person's upper back. + +Some spots are 1cm to 3cm apart, some are further apart. Most spots are flat, less than 5mm, and have dark red scabs. The skin around many of the scabs looks pink. + +![Stage 3 of chickenpox on medium-brown skin with pink, purple and grey scabs. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/PHIL_2885.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 3 + +Medium-brown skin with stage 3 chickenpox spots. The spots cover the lower part of a person's back and the side of their hip. + +There are about 50 spots in total, varying in size from about 1mm to 1cm. Some are 1cm to 3cm apart, but others are further apart. + +Most of the spots have scabs over them. The scabs are pink, purple or grey. There are also a few spots without scabs, which look like small blisters. These are slightly darker in colour than the person's skin. + +> **💡 Information:** If you're not sure it's chickenpox Check other rashes in children + +## How you can treat chickenpox yourself + +If you have chickenpox, you'll need to stay off school, nursery or work until all the spots have formed a scab. This is usually 5 days after the spots first appeared. + +There are things you can do to treat chickenpox yourself at home without needing to see a GP. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ drink plenty of fluids (try ice lollies if your child is not drinking) +- ✅ takeparacetamolto help with any pain and discomfort +- ✅ cut your child's fingernails and put socks on their hands at night to stop them scratching +- ✅ use cooling creams or gels from a pharmacy +- ✅ speak to a pharmacist about usingantihistamine medicineto help itching +- ✅ bathe in cool water and pat the skin dry (do not rub) +- ✅ dress in loose clothes + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not useibuprofenunless you're told to by a doctor, as it may cause serious skin infections +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under 16 years +- ❌ do not scratch the spots, as scratching can cause scarring + +### Important + +Do not go near newborn babies or anyone who's pregnant or has a weakened immune system, as chickenpox can be dangerous for them. + +## When and where to get medical help + +Chickenpox is usually not serious, but it can be serious for some people and sometimes you may need medical help. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you're not sure it's chickenpox +> - you're breastfeeding and have chickenpox symptoms +> +> Contact the GP surgery before you go in, and tell the receptionist you think it might be chickenpox. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - the symptoms get worse, such as red, hot or painful skin around the blisters (redness may be harder to see on brown or black skin) +> - your child has chickenpox and is showing signs of [dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/), such as fewer wet nappies +> - you've been near someone with chickenpox and you have a weakened immune system or you're pregnant +> - you think your newborn baby has chickenpox or has been near someone with chickenpox +> - you have chickenpox and you're more short of breath than usual +> - you or your child have any other symptoms you're worried about +> +> Some people may be able to take medicine to prevent complications from chickenpox. It needs to be started within 24 hours of the spots appearing. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). Call 111 if you need advice for a child under 5 years old. + +## How chickenpox is spread + +You can spread chickenpox to other people from 2 days before your spots appear until they have all formed scabs, which is usually 5 days after your spots appeared. + +The spots start appearing around 1 to 3 weeks after you caught chickenpox. + +You can catch chickenpox from: + +- being in the same room as someone with it +- touching things that have fluid from the blisters on them +- someone who has [shingles](/conditions/shingles/) if you have not had chickenpox before (but you cannot catch shingles from someone who has chickenpox) + +## The chickenpox vaccine + +Children are now offered the [MMRV vaccine](/vaccinations/mmrv-vaccine/), which protects against measles, mumps, rubella and chickenpox (varicella). + +They are offered 2 doses of the vaccine when they are 12 months and 18 months old. Older children born on or after 1 January 2020 are also offered 1 or 2 doses of the vaccine. + +You may also be offered the [chickenpox vaccine](/vaccinations/chickenpox-vaccine/) on the NHS if there's a risk you could spread the virus to someone who has a weakened immune system. + +For example, you can be vaccinated if you're living with someone who is having chemotherapy. + +Page last reviewed: 31 January 2025 +Next review due: 31 January 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ada6886 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +# Overview-Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs/ + +**Myalgic encephalomyelitis, also called chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS, is a long-term condition** **that can affect different parts of the body. The most common symptom is extreme tiredness. The cause of ME/CFS is unknown.** + +ME/CFS can affect anyone, including children. + +## Symptoms of ME/CFS + +The 4 main symptoms of ME/CFS are: + +- feeling extremely tired all the time (fatigue), which can make daily activities like taking a shower, or going to work or school, difficult +- sleep problems, including insomnia, sleeping too much, feeling like you have not slept properly and feeling exhausted or stiff when you wake up +- problems with thinking, concentration and memory (brain fog) +- symptoms getting worse after physical or mental activity, and possibly taking weeks to get better (also called post-exertional malaise, or PEM) + +Some people with ME/CFS may also have pain in different parts of the body or flu-like symptoms, such as high temperature, headache and aching joints or muscles. + +The symptoms of ME/CFS are similar to the symptoms of some other illnesses, so it’s important to see a GP to get a correct diagnosis. + +[Find out more about the symptoms of ME/CFS](/conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs/symptoms/) + +## Diagnosing ME/CFS + +There's no specific test for ME/CFS, so it's diagnosed based on your symptoms and by ruling out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms. + +The GP will ask about your symptoms and medical history. You may also have blood and urine tests. + +As the symptoms of ME/CFS are similar to those of many common illnesses that usually get better on their own, a diagnosis of ME/CFS may be considered if you do not get better as quickly as expected. + +[Find out more about diagnosing ME/CFS](/conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs/diagnosis/) + +## Treating ME/CFS + +While there's currently no cure for ME/CFS, there are treatments that may help you manage the condition and relieve the symptoms. + +Treatments include: + +- energy management – where you're given advice about how to make best use of the energy you have without making your symptoms worse +- [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) +- medicine to control symptoms such as pain and sleeping problems + +People with ME/CFS will need to adapt their daily routine and pattern of activities on a long-term basis. There may be periods when your symptoms get better or worse. + +[Find out more about treatments for ME/CFS](/conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs/treatment/) + +## Living with ME/CFS + +Living with ME/CFS can be difficult. Extreme tiredness and other physical symptoms can make it hard to carry out everyday activities. You may have to make some major lifestyle changes. + +ME/CFS can also affect your mental and emotional health, and have a negative effect on your self-esteem. + +As well as asking your family and friends for support, you may find it useful to talk to other people with ME/CFS. + +[ME Association](http://www.meassociation.org.uk/) is a charity that provides information, support and practical advice for people affected by the condition. + +[You can find a local support group on the ME Association website](https://meassociation.org.uk/local-support-groups/) + +Page last reviewed: 28 May 2024 +Next review due: 28 May 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28d2c44 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +# Overview-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/ + +**Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the name for a group of lung conditions that cause breathing difficulties.** + +It includes: + +- emphysema – damage to the air sacs in the lungs +- chronic bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the airways + +COPD is a common condition that mainly affects middle-aged or older adults who smoke. Many people do not realise they have it. + +The breathing problems tend to get gradually worse over time and can limit your normal activities, although treatment can help keep the condition under control. + +## Symptoms of COPD + +The main symptoms of COPD are: + +- [shortness of breath](/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/), particularly when you're active +- a persistent chesty [cough](/symptoms/cough/) with phlegm – some people may dismiss this as just a "smoker's cough" +- frequent [chest infections](/conditions/chest-infection/) +- persistent wheezing + +Without treatment, the symptoms usually get progressively worse. There may also be periods when they get suddenly worse, known as a flare-up or exacerbation. + +Find out more about the [symptoms of COPD](/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/symptoms/). + +## When to get medical advice + +See a GP if you have persistent symptoms of COPD, particularly if you're over 35 and smoke or used to smoke. + +Do not ignore the symptoms. If they're caused by COPD, it's best to start treatment as soon as possible, before your lungs become significantly damaged. + +The GP will ask about your symptoms and whether you smoke or have smoked in the past. They can organise a breathing test to help diagnose COPD and rule out other lung conditions, such as [asthma](/conditions/asthma/). + +Find out more about [how COPD is diagnosed](/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/diagnosis/). + +## Causes of COPD + +COPD happens when the lungs become inflamed, damaged and narrowed. The main cause is smoking, although the condition can sometimes affect people who have never smoked. + +The likelihood of developing COPD increases the more you smoke and the longer you've smoked. + +Some cases of COPD are caused by long-term exposure to harmful fumes or dust. Others are the result of a rare genetic problem that makes the lungs more vulnerable to damage. + +Find out more about the [causes of COPD](/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/causes/). + +## Treatments for COPD + +The damage to the lungs caused by COPD is permanent, but treatment can help slow down the progression of the condition. + +Treatments include: + +- [stopping smoking](/live-well/quit-smoking/) – if you have COPD and you smoke, this is the most important thing you can do +- inhalers and medicines – to help make breathing easier +- pulmonary rehabilitation – a specialised programme of exercise and education +- surgery or a lung transplant – although this is only an option for a very small number of people + +Find out more about [how COPD is treated](/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/treatment/) and [living with COPD](/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/living-with/). + +## Outlook for COPD + +The outlook for COPD varies from person to person. The condition cannot be cured or reversed, but for many people, treatment can help keep it under control so it does not severely limit their daily activities. + +But in some people, COPD may continue to get worse despite treatment, eventually having a significant impact on their quality of life and leading to life-threatening problems. + +> **💡 Information:** Social care and support guide If you: need help with day-to-day living because of illness or disability care for someone regularly because they're ill, elderly or disabled – including family members The social care and support guide explains your options and where you can get support. + +## Preventing COPD + +COPD is largely a preventable condition. You can significantly reduce your chances of developing it if you avoid smoking. + +If you already smoke, stopping can help prevent further damage to your lungs before it starts to cause troublesome symptoms. + +If you think you need help to stop smoking, [visit NHS Better Health Quit smoking for free advice and support](https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/quit-smoking/). + +You may also want to talk to a GP about the stop smoking treatments available. + +Find out more about [stopping smoking](/live-well/quit-smoking/) and [where to find a stop smoking service near you](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/other-health-services/stop-smoking-support-services). + +Page last reviewed: 11 April 2023 +Next review due: 11 April 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/coeliac-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/coeliac-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f383742 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/coeliac-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +# Overview-Coeliac disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coeliac-disease/ + +**Coeliac disease is a condition where your immune system attacks your own tissues when you eat gluten. This damages your gut (small intestine) so your body cannot properly take in nutrients.** + +Coeliac disease can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhoea, abdominal pain and bloating. + +Coeliac disease is caused by an adverse reaction to gluten, which is a dietary protein found in 3 types of cereal: + +- wheat +- barley +- rye + +Gluten is found in any food that contains those cereals, including: + +- pasta +- cakes +- breakfast cereals +- most types of bread +- certain types of sauces +- some ready meals + +In addition, most beers are made with barley. + +## Symptoms of coeliac disease + +Eating foods that contain gluten can trigger a range of gut symptoms, such as: + +- [diarrhoea](/symptoms/diarrhoea-and-vomiting/), which may smell particularly unpleasant +- [stomach aches](/symptoms/stomach-ache/) +- bloating and [farting (flatulence)](/symptoms/flatulence/) +- [indigestion](/conditions/indigestion/) +- [constipation](/conditions/constipation/) + +Coeliac disease can also cause more general symptoms, including: + +- [tiredness (fatigue)](/live-well/sleep-and-tiredness/) as a result of not getting enough nutrients from food ([malnutrition](/conditions/malnutrition/)) +- [unintentional weight loss](/symptoms/unintentional-weight-loss/) +- an itchy rash (dermatitis herpetiformis) +- [problems getting pregnant (infertility)](/conditions/infertility/) +- nerve damage ([peripheral neuropathy](/conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/)) +- disorders that affect co-ordination, balance and speech ([ataxia](/conditions/ataxia/)) + +Children with coeliac disease may not grow at the expected rate and may have [delayed puberty](/conditions/early-or-delayed-puberty/). + +## What causes coeliac disease? + +Coeliac disease is an autoimmune condition. This is where the immune system (the body's defence against infection) mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. + +In coeliac disease, the immune system mistakes substances found inside gluten as a threat to the body and attacks them. + +This damages the surface of the small bowel (intestines), disrupting the body's ability to take in nutrients from food. + +It's not entirely clear what causes the immune system to act this way, but a combination of genetics and the environment appear to play a part. + +## Treating coeliac disease + +There's no cure for coeliac disease, but following a gluten-free diet should help control symptoms and prevent the long-term complications of the condition. + +Even if you have mild symptoms, changing your diet is still recommended because continuing to eat gluten can lead to serious complications. This may also be the case if tests show that you have some degree of coeliac disease even if you do not have noticeable symptoms. + +It's important to ensure that your gluten-free diet is healthy and balanced. + +An increase in the range of available gluten-free foods in recent years has made it possible to eat both a healthy and varied gluten-free diet. + +## Complications of coeliac disease + +Complications of coeliac disease only tend to affect people who continue to eat gluten, or those who have not yet been diagnosed with the condition, which can be a common problem in milder cases. + +Potential long-term complications include: + +- weakening of the bones ([osteoporosis](/conditions/osteoporosis/)) +- [iron deficiency anaemia](/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/) +- [vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia](/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/) + +Less common and more serious complications include some types of cancers, such as [bowel cancer](/conditions/bowel-cancer/), and problems affecting pregnancy, such as your baby having a low birth weight. + +Find out more about the [complications of coeliac disease](/conditions/coeliac-disease/complications/). + +## Who's affected + +Coeliac disease is a condition that affects at least 1 in every 100 people in the UK. + +But some experts think this may be underestimated because milder cases may go undiagnosed or be misdiagnosed as other digestive conditions, such as [irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)](/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/). + +Reported cases of coeliac disease are higher in women than men. + +It can develop at any age. + +People with certain conditions, including [type 1 diabetes](/conditions/type-1-diabetes/), autoimmune thyroid disease, [Down's syndrome](/conditions/downs-syndrome/) and [Turner syndrome](/conditions/turner-syndrome/), have an increased risk of getting coeliac disease. + +First-degree relatives (parents, brothers, sisters and children) of people with coeliac disease are also at increased risk of developing the condition. + +## Diagnosing coeliac disease + +Routine testing for coeliac disease is not done in England. + +Testing is usually only recommended for people who have symptoms, or who have an increased risk of developing coeliac disease, such as those with a family history of the condition. + +First-degree relatives of people with coeliac disease should be tested. + +Read about [diagnosing coeliac disease](/conditions/coeliac-disease/diagnosis/) for more information about when testing for coeliac disease should be done. + +## Help and support + +[Coeliac UK](http://www.coeliac.org.uk/) is a UK charity for people with coeliac disease. + +Its website has useful resources, including information about a gluten-free diet, local groups, volunteering and ongoing campaigns. + +You can also call the Coeliac UK helpline 0333 332 2033, open Monday to Friday from 10am to 4pm. + +Page last reviewed: 31 March 2023 +Next review due: 31 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/common-cold/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/common-cold/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6be285 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/common-cold/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +# Common cold + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/ + +## Symptoms of a cold + +Cold symptoms come on gradually over 2 to 3 days. + +The main symptoms include: + +- a blocked or runny nose +- sneezing +- a sore throat +- a hoarse voice +- a cough +- feeling tired and unwell + +You may also have: + +- a high temperature +- aching muscles +- a loss of taste and smell +- a feeling of pressure in your ears and face + +Symptoms of a cold can last longer in young children. They may also be irritable, have difficulty feeding and sleeping, breathe through their mouth, and get sick after coughing. + +Telling the difference between cold and flu + +Cold and [flu](/conditions/flu/) symptoms are similar, but flu tends to be more severe. + +Difference between cold and flu + +| Cold | Flu | +| --- | --- | +| Appears gradually | Appears quickly within a few hours | +| Affects mainly your nose and throat | Affects more than just your nose and throat | +| Makes you feel unwell, but you're OK to carry on as normal (for example, you can normally go to work) | Makes you feel exhausted and too unwell to carry on as normal | + +## How you can treat a cold yourself + +You can usually treat a cold at home without seeing a GP. + +There are things you can do to help you get better more quickly. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ get plenty of rest +- ✅ drink lots of fluid, such as water, to avoiddehydration +- ✅ eat healthy food (it's common for small children to lose their appetite for a few days) +- ✅ gargle salt water to soothe asore throat(not suitable for children) +- ✅ drink a hot lemon and honey drink to soothe a sore throat +- ✅ breathe in steam to ease a blocked nose – try sitting in the bathroom with a hot shower running + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not let children breathe in steam from a bowl of hot water because of the risk of scalding +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under the age of 16 +- ❌ do not smoke as it can make your symptoms worse + +How to make a hot lemon and honey drink + +1. Squeeze half a lemon into a mug of boiled water +2. Add 1 to 2 teaspoons of honey +3. Drink while still warm + +Do not give hot drinks to small children. + +Do not give honey to children under 12 months old. + +If you have a high temperature or do not feel well enough to do your normal activities, try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people until you feel better. + +### A pharmacist can help with cold medicines + +You can buy cough and cold medicines from pharmacies or supermarkets. + +A pharmacist can advise you on the best medicine, such as: + +- medicines like [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) to ease aches or lower a temperature +- [decongestant nasal sprays, drops or tablets](/medicines/decongestants/) to unblock your nose (decongestants should not be used by children under 6) +- vapour rubs to help ease chesty coughs in babies and small children + +You can buy nasal sprays without a prescription, but they should not be used for more than a week as this can make your symptoms worse. + +Do not use other cough and cold medicines if you're also taking paracetamol and ibuprofen tablets as you may take more medicine than you should. + +Some cough and cold medicines are also not suitable for babies, children and pregnant women. + +There's little evidence that supplements such as vitamin C, echinacea or garlic prevent colds or help you get better more quickly. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have a high temperature for more than 3 days +> - your cold symptoms get worse +> - your temperature is very high, or you feel hot, cold or shivery +> - you feel short of breath or have chest pain +> - you're worried about your child's cold symptoms +> - your cold symptoms do not get better after 10 days +> - you have a cough for more than 3 weeks +> - you get cold symptoms and you have a long-term medical condition (for example, diabetes, or a heart, lung or kidney condition) +> - you get cold symptoms and you have a weakened immune system (for example, because you're having chemotherapy) + +> **💡 Information:** GPs do not recommend antibiotics for colds because they will not relieve your symptoms or speed up your recovery. Antibiotics only work if you have a bacterial infection, but colds are caused by viruses. + +## How to avoid spreading a cold + +Colds are caused by viruses and easily spread to other people. + +You're infectious until all your symptoms have gone. This usually takes 1 to 2 weeks. It can be longer in babies and young children. + +Colds are spread by germs from coughs and sneezes, which can live on hands and surfaces for 24 hours. + +To reduce the risk of spreading a cold: + +- wash your hands often with warm water and soap +- use tissues to trap germs when you cough or sneeze +- bin used tissues as quickly as possible + +## How to prevent catching a cold + +A person with a cold can start spreading it from a few days before their symptoms begin until the symptoms have finished. + +The best ways to avoid catching a cold are: + +- washing your hands with warm water and soap +- not sharing towels or household items (like cups or children's toys) with someone who has a cold +- not touching your eyes or nose in case you've come into contact with the virus +- staying fit and healthy + +The flu vaccine does not prevent colds. + +See how to wash your hands correctly + +### Video: How to wash your hands + +Watch this video to find out the best way to wash your hands. + +Media last reviewed: 15 March 2026 +Media review due: 15 March 2029 + +Page last reviewed: 22 March 2024 +Next review due: 22 March 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do.md b/nhs-crawler/data/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b0910c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do.md @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +# COVID-19 symptoms and what to do + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do/ + +## Symptoms of COVID-19 + +COVID-19 symptoms can include: + +- a high temperature – you may feel hot, cold or shivery, or your skin is hot to touch on your chest or back (you do not need to measure your temperature) +- a new, continuous cough – this means coughing a lot for more than an hour, or 3 or more coughing episodes in 24 hours +- a loss or change to your sense of smell or taste +- shortness of breath +- feeling tired or exhausted +- an aching body +- a headache +- a sore throat +- a blocked or runny nose +- loss of appetite +- diarrhoea +- feeling sick or being sick + +The symptoms are very similar to symptoms of other illnesses, such as colds and flu. + +Most people feel better within a few weeks, but it can take longer to recover. + +For some people, it can be a more serious illness and their symptoms can last longer. + +## What to do if you have symptoms of COVID-19 + +Try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people if you or your child have symptoms and either: + +- have a high temperature +- do not feel well enough to go to work, school, childcare, or do your normal activities + +You can go back to your normal activities when you feel better or do not have a high temperature. + +If your child has mild symptoms such as a runny nose, sore throat or mild cough, and they feel well enough, they can go to school or childcare. + +### If you test positive for COVID-19 + +Most people do not need to take a [COVID-19 rapid lateral flow test](/tests-and-treatments/covid-19-rapid-lateral-flow-test/) if they have symptoms. + +But if you choose to do a test and the result is positive: + +- try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people for 3 days after the day the test was taken if you or your child are under 18 years old – children and young people tend to be infectious for less time than adults +- try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people for 5 days after the day you took your test if you are 18 years old or over +- avoid meeting people who are more likely to get seriously ill from infections, such as people with a weakened immune system, for 10 days after the day you took your test + +> **💡 Information:** If you are eligible for treatments for COVID-19, you should take a rapid lateral flow test as soon as you get symptoms. Find out more about treatments for COVID-19 and who can have them + +## How to look after COVID-19 symptoms yourself + +It’s not always possible to treat COVID-19. But there are things you can do to help ease some of the symptoms, such as a high temperature, a cough and breathlessness. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ get lots of rest +- ✅ drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration (your pee should be light yellow or clear) +- ✅ takeparacetamoloribuprofenif you feel uncomfortable +- ✅ try having a teaspoon of honey if you have a cough – do not give honey to babies under 12 months +- ✅ try turning the heating down or opening a window to help with breathlessness +- ✅ breathe slowly in through your nose and out through your mouth, with your lips together like you're gently blowing out a candle +- ✅ sit upright in a chair to help with breathlessness +- ✅ relax your shoulders, so you're not hunched to help with breathlessness +- ✅ lean forward slightly – support yourself by putting your hands on your knees or on something stable like a chair to help with breathlessness + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not lie on your back if you have a cough – lie on your side or sit upright instead +- ❌ do not use a fan to cool your room as it may spread the virus +- ❌ try not to panic if you're feeling breathless – this can make it worse + +Watch a video to find out how you can help relieve breathlessness + +### Video: tips for breathlessness + +Find out how you can help relieve breathlessness. + +Media last reviewed: 2 June 2026 +Media review due: 2 June 2029 + +### **A pharmacist can help with a cough** + +If you have a cough, you can ask a pharmacist for advice about cough treatments. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you're worried about your or a child's COVID-19 symptoms or are not sure what to do +> - the symptoms are getting worse or are not getting better +> - you or a child have other signs of illness, such as a rash, loss of appetite, or feeling weak +> - you or a child have a high temperature that last 5 days or more or does not come down with paracetamol +> - a child under 3 months old and has a temperature of 38C or higher, or you think they have a high temperature +> - a child 3 to 6 months old and has a temperature of 39C or higher, or you think they have a high temperature +> +> It's particularly important to get help if you're at increased risk of getting ill from COVID-19, such as if you're pregnant, aged 60 or over, or have a weakened immune system. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - seems very unwell, is getting worse or you think there's something seriously wrong – children and babies in particular can get unwell very quickly +> - get sudden chest pain +> - are so breathless you're unable to say short sentences when resting or your breathing has suddenly got worse – in babies their stomach may suck in under their ribs +> - start coughing up blood +> - collapse, faint, or have a seizure or fit for the first time +> - a rash that does not fade when you roll a glass over it, the same as [meningitis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/) + +## More information + +[Read more about how to avoid catching and spreading COVID-19](/conditions/covid-19/how-to-avoid-catching-and-spreading-covid-19/) + +[Read full guidance for people with symptoms of a respiratory infection including COVID-19 on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/people-with-symptoms-of-a-respiratory-infection-including-covid-19) + +[GOV.UK guidance for people whose immune system means they are at higher risk from COVID-19](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-for-people-whose-immune-system-means-they-are-at-higher-risk/covid-19-guidance-for-people-whose-immune-system-means-they-are-at-higher-risk) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/covid-19/how-to-avoid-catching-and-spreading-covid-19.md b/nhs-crawler/data/covid-19/how-to-avoid-catching-and-spreading-covid-19.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab66213 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/covid-19/how-to-avoid-catching-and-spreading-covid-19.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +# How to avoid catching and spreading COVID-19 infection + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/covid-19/how-to-avoid-catching-and-spreading-covid-19/ + +## How COVID-19 is spread + +COVID-19 spreads very easily through close contact with people who have the virus. + +When someone with COVID-19 breathes, speaks, coughs or sneezes, they release small droplets containing the virus. You can catch it by breathing in these droplets, or by touching surfaces covered in them and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth. + +You are more likely to catch it indoors and in crowded places. + +You can still catch or spread COVID-19 if you: + +- do not have symptoms +- are fully vaccinated +- have had the virus before + +Many people will no longer be infectious to others after 5 days, but you can be infectious for up to 10 days. + +## How to reduce your risk of COVID-19 infection + +It’s important to wash your hands with soap and water or use hand sanitiser regularly throughout the day. Try to avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean. + +### If you're at increased risk from COVID-19 + +If you or your child are at increased risk of getting ill from COVID-19, try to avoid contact with people who have [symptoms of COVID-19](/conditions/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do/) until they feel better. + +You may also want to: + +- open windows and doors if you meet people inside, or meet them outside instead +- stay at least 2 metres away from people (particularly indoors or in crowded places) +- work from home if you can, or talk to your employer about how they can help reduce your risk at work +- wear a face covering when it's hard to stay away from other people +- think about asking people to wear a face covering or take a rapid lateral flow test if you're meeting them inside + +## How to avoid spreading COVID-19 + +If you have [symptoms of COVID-19](/conditions/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do/) or have tested positive, there are things you can do to help you avoid passing it on to other people, including those you live with: + +- cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze and encourage children to do this +- regularly clean surfaces you touch often (such as door handles and remote controls) and in shared spaces, such as kitchens or bathrooms +- try to stay away from other people, including those you live with, until you feel better +- let people who need to come into your home know that you’ve tested positive or have symptoms +- think about asking friends, family or neighbours to get food and other essentials for you +- avoid indoor or crowded places (including public transport or large social gatherings) or places where there is not much fresh air if you need to leave your home +- wear a face covering when it's hard to stay away from other people +- let healthcare professionals know about your positive test result or symptoms if you’re asked to attend an appointment in person + +## More information + +- [Read more about COVID-19 symptoms and what to do](/conditions/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do/) +- [Read full guidance on living safely with respiratory infections, including COVID-19 on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/living-safely-with-respiratory-infections-including-covid-19) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/covid-19/treatments-for-covid-19.md b/nhs-crawler/data/covid-19/treatments-for-covid-19.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d8162e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/covid-19/treatments-for-covid-19.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# Treatments for COVID-19 + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/covid-19/treatments-for-covid-19/ + +The NHS offers treatment to people with COVID-19 who are at the highest risk of becoming seriously ill. + +You're eligible for a COVID-19 treatment assessment, without being admitted to hospital, if all the following apply: + +- you're at highest risk of getting seriously ill from COVID-19 +- you're aged 12 or over +- you have symptoms of COVID-19 +- you have tested positive for COVID-19 + +Show people at highest risk + +You may be at highest risk of getting seriously ill from COVID-19 if you: + +- have Down's syndrome, or another chromosomal condition that affects your immune system +- have certain types of cancer, or had treatment for certain types of cancer +- have sickle cell disease +- have certain conditions affecting your blood, including some types of blood cancer +- have chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4 or 5, including people on dialysis +- have severe liver disease +- have had an organ transplant +- have certain autoimmune or inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease +- have HIV or AIDS and have a weakened immune system +- have a condition affecting your immune system +- have a condition affecting the brain or nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, motor neurone disease, myasthenia gravis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease or certain types of dementia +- have certain lung conditions or treatments for lung conditions + +This list is a summary and does not cover everything. + +If you're unsure if you are eligible, speak to your GP or hospital specialist who can advise you. + +[Find out more about people at the highest risk who are eligible for COVID-19 treatment on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) website](https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta878/chapter/5-Supporting-information-on-risk-factors-for-progression-to-severe-COVID-19) + +## Who can have COVID-19 treatment + +The treatments available for people at the highest risk of becoming seriously ill from COVID-19 are: + +- nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) +- molnupiravir (Lagevrio) + +Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, and molnupiravir are antiviral medicines. They come as capsules or tablets that you swallow. + +When being assessed for treatment, a doctor will advise which treatment is most suitable for you. + +These treatments can help some people manage their COVID-19 symptoms and reduce the risk of becoming seriously ill. + +> **💡 Information:** If you need to go into hospital for COVID-19, you may get other treatments. + +## Treatments for COVID-19 + +Local NHS organisations are responsible for arranging COVID-19 treatments. The way you get treatment will depend on where you live. + +Your [local integrated care board (ICB)](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/find-your-local-integrated-care-board/) or GP surgery can give you more information. + +If you think you're in the highest risk group and need to access COVID-19 treatment, follow these steps to be considered for a referral. + +### 1. Keep rapid lateral flow tests at home + +If you're eligible for COVID-19 treatment, you should keep rapid lateral flow tests at home. + +You may be able to pick up free rapid lateral flow test kits from your local pharmacy if you're eligible for COVID-19 treatment. + +[Find a pharmacy that offers free COVID-19 rapid lateral flow tests](/nhs-services/pharmacies/find-a-pharmacy-that-offers-free-covid-19-rapid-lateral-flow-tests/) + +The pharmacy may ask you questions about your medical history to confirm you’re eligible for free tests. If you have a copy of a letter or email sent to you by the NHS that says you’re eligible for COVID-19 treatment, take this with you. A letter or email is not essential, but it will help the pharmacy to confirm you’re eligible for free tests more easily. + +Someone else can collect free tests on your behalf, for example, a friend, relative or carer. If you do not have a friend, relative or carer who can collect your tests for you, you may be able to book a volunteer responder by calling [0808 196 3646](tel:08081963646). + +Anyone collecting free tests on your behalf needs to give the pharmacy your details, including your: + +- full name +- address +- date of birth +- NHS number (if available) +- medical condition(s) to confirm your eligibility + +They should also bring any copies of letters or emails that have been sent to you by the NHS about COVID-19 treatments. + +### **2. Take a rapid lateral flow test if you get symptoms** + +If you have any [symptoms of COVID-19](/conditions/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do/), take a rapid lateral flow test as soon as possible, even if your symptoms are mild. Only take a test if you have symptoms. + +You can also use tests you've paid for, for example, a test you've bought from a supermarket or pharmacy. + +### 3. If your test is positive, call your GP surgery, NHS 111 or hospital specialist + +Call your GP surgery, NHS 111 or hospital specialist as soon as possible if your test result is positive. + +They'll decide if you need a referral for an assessment for COVID-19 treatment or may carry out the assessment themselves. + +As part of the assessment, you may be asked what other medicines you take or receive, including any vitamins and minerals, so it's important to have a list of these ready. + +If you're eligible for treatment, it's important to start the treatment as soon as you can. Treatments for COVID-19 need to be given quickly after your symptoms start to be effective. + +If you're prescribed capsules or tablets, the medicine can be collected on your behalf by someone else, such as a friend or relative. You'll be advised where the medicine can be collected from. + +Alternatively, the NHS may be able to arrange for the medicine to be delivered to you. + +### 4. If your test is negative, do a total of 3 tests over 3 days + +If your test result is negative, but you still have symptoms of COVID-19, you need to do a total of 3 rapid lateral flow tests over 3 days. + +For example, if you did your first test today, you should do a 2nd test tomorrow and a 3rd test the day after. + +If any test result is positive, you can stop testing and call your GP surgery, NHS 111 or hospital specialist as soon as possible. + +## How to get COVID-19 treatment + +- [Find your ICB (local integrated care board) to access COVID treatments in your area](/nhs-services/find-your-local-integrated-care-board/) +- [GOV.UK: nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (Paxlovid) patient information leaflet](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-antiviral-treatment-paxlovid) +- [GOV.UK: molnupiravir (Lagevrio) patient information leaflet](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-antiviral-treatment-molnupiravir) + +[If you need this information in easy read format, you can read it on the NHS England website](https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/treatments-for-covid-19-easy-read/). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/crohns-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/crohns-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..356694b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/crohns-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +# Crohn's disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/crohns-disease/ + +## Symptoms of Crohn's disease + +Crohn's disease symptoms vary, depending on which part of your gut is affected, such as your mouth, stomach, bowel or bottom (anus). + +Symptoms can include: + +- diarrhoea +- blood or mucus in your poo +- stomach pain +- constipation +- pain in your bottom (anus) +- feeling very tired or generally unwell +- loss of appetite and losing weight +- in children, not growing as expected, or delayed puberty + +The symptoms can be mild or severe. They usually come and go over time, called flare-ups and remissions. A flare-up can last from a few days to several months. + +You may also have symptoms affecting other parts of your body, such as joint pain, sore eyes and skin rashes. + +Symptoms most commonly start in teenagers and younger adults, but it can happen at any age. + +> **💡 Information:** If you're not sure it's Crohn's disease Symptoms of Crohn's disease can be similar to other conditions that affect your gut, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) , ulcerative colitis , diverticular disease and coeliac disease . But do not try to diagnose the problem yourself. Get medical help if you're worried. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you could have Crohn's disease +> - you have Crohn's disease and your symptoms get worse or treatments are not helping + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - your poo is black or dark red +> - you have bloody diarrhoea +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## How Crohn's disease is diagnosed + +If a GP thinks you could have Crohn's disease, they may arrange blood tests and tests on a sample of your poo. + +You'll need to be referred to a specialist in hospital for more tests to confirm the diagnosis and to start treatment. + +Hospital tests you may have include: + +- tests where a thin tube with a small camera inside is passed through your throat or bottom to check inside your gut, such as a [colonoscopy](/tests-and-treatments/colonoscopy/), [endoscopy](/tests-and-treatments/endoscopy/) or [gastroscopy](/tests-and-treatments/gastroscopy/) +- taking a small sample of tissue from your gut ([biopsy](/tests-and-treatments/biopsy/)) +- scans such as an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/), [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) or [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) + +There's no single test to diagnose Crohn's disease. It often takes time to get a diagnosis, as the symptoms vary and can be similar to other conditions. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Crohn's and Colitis UK: tests and investigations + +## Treatment for Crohn's disease + +There's currently no cure for Crohn's disease. But there are treatments that can help you stay without symptoms for long periods (in remission). + +The type of treatment you have will depend on your symptoms. You'll probably need different treatments over time. + +You'll be supported by a team of healthcare professionals including a specialist doctor (gastroenterologist). You'll have regular check-ups and tests. + +### Medicines for Crohn's disease + +Treatments to prevent or treat flare-ups include: + +- medicines to reduce inflammation in your gut, such as [steroids](/medicines/steroids/), [mesalazine](/medicines/mesalazine/) or [sulfasalazine](/medicines/sulfasalazine/) +- medicines to reduce the activity of your immune system (immunosuppressants), such as [azathioprine](/medicines/azathioprine/) or mercaptopurine +- medicines that target your immune system (biological therapy), such as [adalimumab](/medicines/adalimumab/) or infliximab +- medicines to help with symptoms, such as painkillers, [laxatives](/medicines/laxatives/) or medicines to stop diarrhoea + +Some people may be offered a special liquid diet (enteral nutrition) instead of medicines. This may be recommended for children or people who cannot take steroids. + +### Surgery for Crohn's disease + +You might be offered surgery to treat Crohn's disease if your symptoms only affect certain parts of your gut, or if you have severe symptoms and medicines are not working. + +Surgery may involve: + +- removing the damaged part of your gut and joining healthy sections together, called a bowel resection +- removing part of your gut and bringing the end of your bowel through an opening made in your tummy (stoma), called an [ileostomy](/tests-and-treatments/ileostomy/) or [colostomy](/tests-and-treatments/colostomy/) + +You may also need surgery to treat any complications affecting your gut. + +Surgery can work well to reduce symptoms. But there's a chance that symptoms will come back in another part of your gut after surgery. + +The surgeon will explain the risks and benefits of the operation, and what will happen. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Crohn's and Colitis UK: taking medicines Crohn's and Colitis UK: biologics and other targeted medicines Crohn's and Colitis UK: surgery for Crohn's disease Crohn's and Colitis UK: living with a stoma + +## Things you can do to help with Crohn's disease + +If you have Crohn's disease, there are things you can do to help with the symptoms. + +Crohn's disease can make it harder for your body to absorb nutrients from your food, so it's important to have a healthy diet. But there's no clear evidence that a special diet or particular foods help with Crohn's disease. + +Some people find that certain foods affect symptoms such as diarrhoea, bloating or constipation, but this is different for everyone. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ eat a healthy, balanced diet– your healthcare team can give you dietary advice to make sure you get all the nutrients you need +- ✅ try keeping a diary of your symptoms and things like what you eat, any changes in your medicines, or stress, to see if certain things seem to affect your symptoms +- ✅ have vaccinations such as theflu vaccineandpneumococcal vaccineif you take medicines that affect your immune system – but check that the vaccine is suitable for you, as some types (live vaccines) may not be recommended +- ✅ get a RADAR key if you need one, to unlock accessible public toilets – you can usually get one from a charity + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke, as it can increase the risk of flare-ups +- ❌ do not make big changes to your diet without getting advice from your healthcare team +- ❌ do not take medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, unless they're recommended by a doctor + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Crohn's and Colitis UK: food Crohn's and Colitis UK: RADAR key + +## Complications of Crohn's disease + +It's common for Crohn's disease to cause complications. These can be serious, but getting the right treatment for your Crohn's disease symptoms will reduce the risk. + +Over time, inflammation and damage to your gut can lead to: + +- a [fistula](/conditions/anal-fistula/), where a tunnel develops that connects your bowel to another part of your body, such as your bladder, skin or vagina +- a tear or sore near your anus ([anal fissure](/conditions/anal-fissure/)) +- part of your gut becoming narrower (called a stricture), which can cause a blockage or make it more difficult for food to pass through +- a hole in the wall of your bowel (perforated bowel) +- [bowel cancer](/conditions/bowel-cancer/) – if you're at high risk you may be offered regular tests (colonoscopies) to check for this + +Crohn's disease can also cause other complications, including vitamin deficiencies and problems with your joints, bones, skin, eyes, kidneys and liver. + +## How Crohn's disease affects your life + +Crohn's disease is a lifelong condition. It affects everyone differently. How it affects you depends on your symptoms, how well your treatment works, and whether you get any complications. + +Some people have mild symptoms, meaning they need to poo more often and may have symptoms such as stomach pain. Others have more severe symptoms that affect their general health, or have serious complications. + +Symptoms usually come and go, so you may have times when you feel well and times when your symptoms have a big impact on your daily life. + +### Crohn's disease and pregnancy + +It's important to speak to a specialist if you want to try for a baby or find out you're pregnant. + +You can usually have a healthy pregnancy if you have Crohn's disease. But if your symptoms are not well controlled, this can make it more difficult to get pregnant or cause problems in pregnancy. + +You might need to change your treatment, as some medicines used for Crohn's disease are not suitable if you're pregnant. Some medicines can also affect male fertility. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Crohn's and Colitis UK: living with Crohn's or colitis + +## Causes of Crohn's disease + +Symptoms of Crohn's disease are caused by a problem with your immune system, which causes it to attack part of your gut. + +It's not fully understood why this happens. It's thought to be partly caused by the genes you inherit from your parents. + +You may be more likely to get Crohn's disease if: + +- other people in your family have it +- you smoke +- you've recently had a stomach bug +- you've had your appendix removed in the last few years + +## Help and support for Crohn's disease + +Crohn's disease can be a difficult condition to live with, both physically and emotionally. + +If you or someone in your family needs help with daily living because of illness or disability, you may be able to get [social care and support](/social-care-and-support/). + +As well as support from your healthcare team, you may find it helpful to talk to other people with Crohn's disease, either at a local support group or online. + +There are also national charities that can offer support and information about Crohn's disease. + +### Crohn's and Colitis UK + +Information and support for people affected by Crohn's disease or colitis. + +- Website: [www.crohnsandcolitis.org.uk](https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0300 222 5700 +- [Crohn's and Colitis UK: Crohn's disease](https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/understanding-crohns-and-colitis/crohns-disease) +- [Crohn's and Colitis UK: find a local network](https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/find-a-local-network) +- [Crohn's and Colitis UK: supporting your child](https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/children-young-adults-and-students/supporting-your-child) + +### CICRA (Crohn's in Childhood Research Association) + +Charity for children with Crohn's disease and their families. + +- Website: [www.cicra.org](https://www.cicra.org/) +- Helpline: 020 8949 6209 +- [CICRA: how we can help](https://www.cicra.org/how-we-can-help/) + +## Video: Crohn's disease + +In this video, an expert discusses the symptoms and treatment options for Crohn's disease. + +Media last reviewed: 2 December 2023 +Media review due: 2 December 2026 + +Page last reviewed: 14 April 2025 +Next review due: 14 April 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9bbfcc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +# DVT (deep vein thrombosis) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt/ + +## Symptoms of DVT (deep vein thrombosis) + +Symptoms of DVT (deep vein thrombosis) in the leg include: + +- throbbing pain in 1 leg (rarely both legs), usually in the calf or thigh +- swelling in 1 leg (rarely both legs) +- red, blue or darkened skin around the painful area – this may be harder to see on brown or black skin +- swollen veins + +These symptoms can sometimes happen in your arm if that's where the blood clot is. + +Sometimes the only symptom you may have is pain in your lower tummy. This is a symptom of pelvic vein thrombosis, but this is rare. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you have DVT (deep vein thrombosis) +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). +> +> If you're pregnant you can also call an early pregnancy unit (if you're less than 20 weeks) or your maternity unit, if you have the phone number. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You have symptoms of DVT (deep vein thrombosis), such as pain and swelling, and: +> +> - feel short of breath +> - have chest pain +> +> DVT can be very serious because blood clots can travel to your lungs. This is called a [pulmonary embolism](/conditions/pulmonary-embolism/). +> +> A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening and needs treatment straight away. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Who is more likely to get DVT (deep vein thrombosis) + +A DVT (deep vein thrombosis) is more likely to happen if you: + +- are aged over 60 +- are living with overweight or obesity +- smoke +- have had DVT before +- take HRT +- take the combined contraceptive pill or use contraception that contains oestrogen, such as the patch or vaginal ring +- have cancer or heart failure +- have [varicose veins](/conditions/varicose-veins/) +- have [thrombophilia](/conditions/thrombophilia/) – a condition where your blood clots more easily +- have inflammatory bowel disease or vasculitis + +There are also some times when you have a higher chance of getting DVT. + +These include when you: + +- are staying in or recently left hospital – especially if you cannot move around much +- are having, or have had, surgery +- are confined to bed for 3 days or more +- go on a long journey (more than 4 hours) by plane, car or train +- are pregnant or if you've had a baby in the previous 6 weeks +- are pregnant and have had DVT before +- are dehydrated + +Sometimes DVT can happen for no obvious reason. + +## How DVT (deep vein thrombosis) is diagnosed + +If a doctor thinks you have DVT (deep vein thrombosis), you should be referred to hospital within 24 hours for an ultrasound scan. + +The scan shows whether blood is flowing normally through the vein. + +## Treatment of DVT (deep vein thrombosis) + +DVT (deep vein thrombosis) is treated with blood-thinning medicines. + +You'll usually need to take blood-thinning medicines, such as [rivaroxaban](/medicines/rivaroxaban/), for at least 3 months to reduce your risk of getting another blood clot. These medicines are usually taken as tablets. + +If you get a DVT when you're pregnant, you'll usually need blood-thinning injections for the rest of your pregnancy and until your baby is 6 weeks old. + +You may also need other treatments if a condition has caused your DVT. If the cause of your DVT is not clear, you may need further tests to find out what caused it. + +## Recovery from DVT (deep vein thrombosis) + +There are things you can do to help you recover from DVT (deep vein thrombosis). + +After you leave hospital, you'll be encouraged to: + +- stay active – walk regularly if you can +- keep your affected leg raised when you're sitting +- delay any flights or long journeys until at least 2 weeks after you start taking blood-thinning medicine + +## How to prevent DVT (deep vein thrombosis) + +There are things you can do to lower your chance of getting DVT (deep vein thrombosis). + +**Do:** + +- ✅ stay a healthy weight +- ✅ stay active – taking regular walks can help +- ✅ drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration – DVT is more likely if you're dehydrated + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not sit still for long periods of time – get up and move around every hour or so +- ❌ do not smoke +- ❌ do not drink lots of alcohol + +### Going on a long journey + +If you're travelling for 4 hours or more by plane, train or car, there are things you can do during the journey to lower your chances of getting DVT. + +These include: + +- wearing loose clothing +- drinking plenty of water +- avoiding alcohol +- walking around when possible + +### Going into hospital + +If you go into hospital, your healthcare team should check if there's a higher chance you'll get DVT. + +If they think you're more likely to get DVT, you may be given treatment to prevent it, such as medicine. You may also be given compression stockings (knee-high elastic socks that help your blood circulation) while you're in hospital. + +Sometimes you may continue treatment to prevent DVT after you leave hospital, for example, if you've had surgery, because a blood clot can happen weeks later. + +You can also help reduce your risk of DVT while you're in hospital by staying active and walking around if you can. + +Page last reviewed: 30 April 2026 +Next review due: 30 April 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/dehydration/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/dehydration/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fdbfeb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/dehydration/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +# Dehydration + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dehydration/ + +## Important + +Babies, children and older adults are more at risk of dehydration. + +## Symptoms of dehydration + +Symptoms of dehydration in adults and children include: + +- feeling thirsty +- headache and feeling light-headed +- dark yellow, strong-smelling pee +- peeing less often than usual +- feeling dizzy or lightheaded +- feeling tired +- a dry mouth, lips and tongue +- sunken eyes + +Signs of dehydration in a baby may include: + +- a sunken soft spot (fontanelle) on top of their head +- sunken eyes +- few or no tears when they cry +- fewer wet nappies than usual +- being drowsy or irritable + +## Causes of dehydration + +Dehydration can happen more easily if you: + +- have [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) +- have been sick or have diarrhoea +- have been in the sun, or a hot environment, too long ([heatstroke](/conditions/heat-exhaustion-heatstroke/)) +- have drunk too much alcohol +- sweat a lot after exercising +- have a high temperature +- take medicines that make you pee more (diuretics) +- rely on other people to get you drinks + +## Things you can do to treat dehydration + +You should drink fluids if you have symptoms of dehydration. + +If you feel sick or have been sick, you may find it hard to drink, so start with small sips and then gradually drink more. Avoid caffeinated drinks and alcohol as both will dehydrate you. + +### A pharmacist can help with dehydration + +If you're being sick or have diarrhoea and are losing too much fluid, you need to put back the sugar, salts and minerals your body has lost. + +A pharmacist can recommend oral rehydration solutions. These are powders that you mix with water and then drink. + +Ask your pharmacist which rehydration solutions are right for you or your child. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you're feeling unusually tired (or your child seems drowsy) +> - you feel dizzy when you stand up and it does not go away +> - you have dark yellow pee or you're peeing less than normal (or your baby has fewer wet nappies) +> - you or your child are breathing quickly or have a fast heart rate +> - your baby or child have few or no tears when they cry +> - your baby has a soft spot on their head that sinks inwards (sunken fontanelle) +> +> These can be signs of serious dehydration that need urgent treatment. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). Call 111 if you need advice for a child under 5 years old. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You or somebody else has signs of dehydration and: +> +> - blue, grey, pale or blotchy skin, lips or tongue – on brown or black skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet +> - skin that feels cold +> - difficulty breathing, or is taking lots of quick breaths +> - are confused +> - are sleepier than normal or difficult to wake +> +> These could be signs of shock, which is a serious complication of dehydration. +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Keeping your child hydrated + +Once dehydration has been treated, it's important that your child's fluid levels are maintained. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ carry on breastfeeding your baby or using formula – try to give small amounts more often than usual +- ✅ give your baby small sips of extra water if they're on formula or solid foods (if your baby is under 6 months, then boil the water first before letting it cool) +- ✅ give regular small sips of rehydration solution to replace lost fluids – ask your pharmacist to recommend one +- ✅ give small children their usual diet + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not make formula weaker +- ❌ do not give young children fruit juice or fizzy drinks – it can make diarrhoea or vomiting worse + +## How to reduce the risk of dehydration + +Drinking fluids regularly can reduce the risk of dehydration. Water or diluted sugar-free squash are good choices. + +You should drink enough during the day so that your pee is a pale colour. + +Drink more when there's a higher risk of dehydrating. For example, if you're being sick, sweating due to hot weather or exercise, or you have diarrhoea. + +Children under the age of 5 and older adults should get plenty of fluids as they have an increased risk of dehydration. + +### Helping someone you care for + +A person you care for may not have a sense of how much they're drinking. + +You can help them by: + +- making sure they drink at mealtimes +- making drinking a social thing +- offering them food with a high water content – for example, soup, ice cream, jelly and fruits like melon +- making sure they have access to fluids at all times + +### Video: How to prevent dehydration + +This video shows you how you can reduce the risk of dehydration. + +Media last reviewed: 12 May 2026 +Media review due: 12 May 2029 + +Page last reviewed: 01 May 2026 +Next review due: 01 May 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/dementia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/dementia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93fff4a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/dementia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +# Dementia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/ + +- [Sign up for dementia emails](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/dementia-information-service/) + +- ## [About dementia](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/about-dementia/) + + Find out what dementia is, including what causes it, if it can be prevented and how it's treated +- ## [Symptoms and diagnosis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/) + + Find out about the main symptoms of dementia, how to get diagnosed and what to do if you've been diagnosed +- ## [Living with dementia](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/) + + Advice about how to live well with dementia, including information if you look after someone with dementia +- ## [Care and support](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/) + + Information about care homes, NHS care, social services, financial support and legal issues + +## More help and support + +- [Become a "Dementia Friend"](https://www.dementiafriends.org.uk/) + + www.dementiafriends.org.uk +- [Talk to an Admiral Nurse at Dementia UK](https://www.dementiauk.org/get-support/dementia-helpline-alzheimers-helpline/) + + www.dementiauk.org +- [Share your story in the Alzheimer's Society Dementia Support Forum](https://forum.alzheimers.org.uk/) + + forum.alzheimers.org.uk +- [Volunteer for a study at Join Dementia Research](https://www.joindementiaresearch.nihr.ac.uk/) + + www.joindementiaresearch.nihr.ac.uk \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/dental-abscess/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/dental-abscess/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e4f8fc --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/dental-abscess/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +# Dental abscess + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dental-abscess/ + +## Symptoms of a dental abscess + +Symptoms of a dental abscess include: + +- intense [toothache](/symptoms/toothache/) or pain in your gums +- redness inside the mouth, or outside the mouth on the face or jaw +- sensitivity to hot or cold food and drink in the affected area +- a bad taste in your mouth +- difficulty opening your mouth and chewing food +- a swollen face or jaw +- [swollen glands](/symptoms/swollen-glands/) on each side of your neck +- a high temperature + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you have a dental abscess +> +> Do not go to a GP surgery as they will not be able to give you dental treatment. + +> **💡 Information:** To see a dentist in an emergency or out of hours: call your dentist – if they're closed, their answerphone may tell you what to do If you do not have a dentist or cannot get to an emergency appointment: call 111 or get help from 111 online – they can tell you where you can get help for your symptoms find a dentist near you – ask if you can have an emergency appointment You may have to pay for your appointment. Find out more about NHS dental charges. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - are finding it hard to breathe, speak or swallow +> - have a swollen or painful eye, or suddenly start having problems with your eyesight +> - have a lot of swelling in your mouth +> - are finding it hard to open your mouth +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## How to ease the pain caused by a dental abscess + +There are some things you can do to help while you wait for treatment if you have pain from a dental abscess. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ take painkillers, such asibuprofenorparacetamol(children under 16 should not take aspirin) +- ✅ eat soft foods like soup, scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes and yoghurt +- ✅ use a soft toothbrush to clean your teeth +- ✅ avoid having food or drink that is very hot or cold + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not take more than the recommended dose of any painkiller – taking a higher dose will not make them work better, but it can be very dangerous + +## Treatment for a dental abscess + +Dental abscesses are usually treated by a dentist. The dentist will drain away the pus. + +If a problem with your tooth has caused the abscess, you may need [root canal treatment](/tests-and-treatments/root-canal-treatment/) or the tooth may be removed. You'll be given a local anaesthetic so you do not feel any pain. + +You may be offered painkillers to take for a few days after treatment and may also be given antibiotics. + +## Causes of a dental abscess + +Dental abscesses usually happen when pus builds up beneath your teeth or gums when you have an infection in your mouth. + +You may get a dental abscess if: + +- you have a tooth that has not grown out of your gums properly (an impacted tooth) +- you have [tooth decay](/conditions/tooth-decay/) or [gum disease](/conditions/gum-disease/) +- you have injured your teeth, gums or mouth +- you're having [radiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/radiotherapy/) or [chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/) + +## How to prevent dental abscesses + +There are some things you can do to help prevent dental abscesses. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ brush your teeth with fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day – spit after brushing, do not rinse +- ✅ clean between your teeth every day using floss or interdental brushes +- ✅ replace your toothbrush every 2 to 3 months +- ✅ have regulardental check-upsso problems can be spotted early + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not use mouthwash straight after brushing your teeth +- ❌ do not smoke + +Page last reviewed: 18 March 2026 +Next review due: 18 March 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/diabetic-ketoacidosis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/diabetic-ketoacidosis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb60ed5 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/diabetic-ketoacidosis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +# Diabetic ketoacidosis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/ + +**Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition that can happen in people with diabetes. It's where a lack of insulin causes harmful substances called ketones to build up in the blood. It can be life threatening and needs urgent treatment in hospital.** + +## Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) + +Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) include: + +- feeling thirsty +- needing to pee more often +- stomach pain, feeling sick or being sick +- diarrhoea +- breathing more deeply than usual +- breath that smells fruity (like pear drop sweets or nail polish remover) +- feeling tired, sleepy or confused +- blurred vision + +The symptoms usually develop over 24 hours, but it can be faster. + +DKA usually affects people with [type 1 diabetes](/conditions/type-1-diabetes/), but it can also happen in people with [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/) who need insulin. + +It can happen when people first develop type 1 diabetes and have not yet been diagnosed, particularly children. + +### Checking your blood glucose and ketones + +If you have diabetes and have any of the symptoms of DKA, check your blood glucose. If it's high, test for ketones if you can. + +If you use a meter to test for ketones in your blood: + +- under 0.6mmol/L is normal +- 0.6 to 1.5mmol/L is slightly high – test again in 2 hours +- 1.6 to 3mmol/L means you're at risk of DKA and should speak to your diabetes care team for advice +- over 3mmol/L is high and means you may have DKA and should call 999 or go to A&E + +If you use strips to test for ketones in your pee, over 2+ is high. This means you may have DKA and should call 999 or go to A&E. + +#### Important + +These ketone levels are a guide. Normal blood ketone levels can be different for different people. Your diabetes care team will advise you on what levels to look for. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you have a high level of ketones – over 3mmol/L in your blood, or over 2+ in your pee +> - you do not know your ketone levels but have symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis, such as feeling thirsty and needing to pee more often, feeling sleepy or confused, and breath that smells fruity (like pear drop sweets or nail polish remover) +> - you have symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis and have not been diagnosed with diabetes +> +> Diabetic ketoacidosis can be life threatening so it's important to get treatment quickly. +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have diabetes and: +> +> - your blood glucose is high and your insulin treatment is not working to reduce it, even if your ketones are normal +> - your ketones are slightly high (0.6 to 1.5mmol/L) and you feel unwell +> - your ketones are 1.6 to 3mmol/L, even if you do not feel unwell +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) + +If you have diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) you'll need to be admitted to hospital for urgent treatment. + +You'll be given insulin, fluids and nutrients through a drip into your vein. + +You'll be monitored for complications, as DKA can sometimes affect your brain, heart or lungs. + +Once your ketones are at a safe level and you can eat and drink normally you'll be able to go home. + +The doctors will talk to you about what caused DKA and give you advice on how to reduce the risk of it happening again. + +## How to reduce your risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) + +If you have diabetes, it's important to be aware of the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and how to reduce the risk of getting it. + +Causes of DKA can include being unwell, having an injury or surgery, having your period, or not taking enough [insulin](/medicines/insulin/). + +Testing for ketones will help you know when you need to take action, such as increasing your insulin dose. + +You can get kit to test for ketones free from the NHS, or buy it from a pharmacy. You can use: + +- a ketone meter to test your blood +- some types of blood glucose monitor that also test for ketones +- strips to test your pee + +**Do:** + +- ✅ follow the treatment plan agreed with your diabetes care team, including adjusting your insulin dose when you need to +- ✅ check your blood glucose regularly +- ✅ ask your care team about getting acontinuous glucose monitor or flash monitorif you do not already have one +- ✅ test for ketones when your blood glucose is high and when you're ill +- ✅ follow the sick day rules you've been given by your care team when you're ill +- ✅ contact your care team if you're not sure what to do + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not stop taking insulin, even if you're not eating +- ❌ do not skip insulin doses + +Page last reviewed: 08 June 2023 +Next review due: 08 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/discoid-eczema/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/discoid-eczema/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84d8eb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/discoid-eczema/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +# Overview-Discoid eczema + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/discoid-eczema/ + +**Discoid eczema, also known as nummular or discoid dermatitis, is a long-term (chronic) skin condition that causes skin to become itchy, swollen and cracked in circular or oval patches.** + +Without treatment, discoid eczema can last for weeks, months or even years. It may also keep coming back – often in the same area that was affected previously. + +## Symptoms of discoid eczema + +Discoid eczema causes distinctive circular or oval patches of eczema. It can affect any part of the body, although it does not usually affect the face or scalp. + +![A large patch of red flaky skin surrounded by several smaller red patches and bumps](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/E5RG4J.original.width-320.jpg) + +The first sign of discoid eczema is usually a group of small spots or bumps on the skin. These then quickly join up to form larger patches that can range from a few millimetres to several centimetres in size. + +On lighter skin these patches will be pink or red. On darker skin these patches can be a dark brown or they can be paler than the skin around them. + +Initially, these patches are often swollen, blistered (covered with small fluid-filled pockets) and ooze fluid. They also tend to be very itchy, particularly at night. + +Over time, the patches may become dry, crusty, cracked and flaky. The centre of the patch also sometimes clears, leaving a ring of discoloured skin that can be mistaken for [ringworm](/conditions/ringworm/). + +You may just have 1 patch of discoid eczema, but most people get several patches. The skin between the patches is often dry. + +Patches of discoid eczema can sometimes become infected. Signs of an infection can include: + +- the patches oozing a lot of fluid +- a yellow crust developing over the patches +- the skin around the patches becoming hot, swollen and tender or painful +- feeling sick +- feeling hot, cold or or shivery +- feeling unwell + +## When to seek medical advice + +See a pharmacist or GP if you think you may have discoid eczema. They can recommend a suitable treatment. + +You should also seek medical advice if you think your skin may be infected. You may need to use an [antibiotic](/medicines/antibiotics/) cream or, in severe cases, take antibiotics as a tablet or capsule. + +A GP should be able to make a diagnosis just by examining the affected areas of skin. In some cases they may also ask questions or arrange some tests to rule out other conditions. + +A GP may refer you to a doctor who specialises in skin conditions (dermatologist) if they're unsure of the diagnosis or if you need a patch test. + +## Causes of discoid eczema + +The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may happen as a result of having particularly dry skin. + +When your skin is very dry it cannot provide an effective barrier against substances that come into contact with it. This could allow a previously harmless substance, such as soap, to irritate your skin. + +It's important to look carefully at all the chemicals in cosmetics and toiletries that may have come into contact with your skin. [Contact dermatitis](/conditions/contact-dermatitis/), a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema. + +Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of [atopic eczema](/conditions/atopic-eczema/), which often happens in people who are prone to [asthma](/conditions/asthma/) and [hay fever](/conditions/hay-fever/). However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema does not seem to run in families. + +### Other possible triggers + +An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an [insect bite](/conditions/insect-bites-and-stings/) or a [burn](/conditions/burns-and-scalds/). + +Some medicines have been linked to discoid eczema. You should not stop taking any prescribed medicine without talking to the doctor who prescribed it for you. + +Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or damp (humid) environments may make your symptoms better. + +## Treating discoid eczema + +Discoid eczema is usually a long-term problem, but medicines are available to help relieve the symptoms and keep the condition under control. + +Treatments include: + +- [emollients](/tests-and-treatments/emollients/) – moisturisers applied to the skin to stop it becoming dry +- topical corticosteroids – ointments and creams containing a [steroid](/medicines/steroids/) that are applied to the skin and may relieve severe symptoms +- [antihistamines](/medicines/antihistamines/) – medicines that can reduce itching + +There are also things you can do yourself to help, such as avoiding all the irritating chemicals in soaps, detergents, bubble baths and shower gels. + +Additional medicine can be prescribed if your eczema is infected or particularly severe. + +Occasionally, areas of skin affected by discoid eczema can be left permanently discoloured after the condition has cleared up. + +Find out more about [treating discoid eczema](/conditions/discoid-eczema/treatment/). + +## Other types of eczema + +Eczema is the name for a group of skin conditions that cause dry, irritated skin. Other types of eczema include: + +- [atopic eczema](/conditions/atopic-eczema/) (also called atopic dermatitis) – the most common type of eczema, it often runs in families and is linked to other conditions such as [asthma](/conditions/asthma/) and [hay fever](/conditions/hay-fever/) +- [contact dermatitis](/conditions/contact-dermatitis/) – a type of eczema that happens when the skin comes into contact with a particular substance +- [varicose eczema](/conditions/varicose-eczema/) – a type of eczema that usually affects the lower legs and is caused by problems with the flow of blood through the leg veins + +Page last reviewed: 23 March 2023 +Next review due: 23 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc7a322 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +# Diverticular disease and diverticulitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/ + +**Diverticular disease and diverticulitis are conditions that affect the large intestine (bowel), causing tummy (abdominal) pain and other symptoms. They're caused by small bulges or pouches in the walls of the intestine called diverticula.** + +> **💡 Information:** Diverticulosis is when there are diverticula in your bowel, but they're not causing any symptoms. Most people will get some diverticula as they get older, but most people will not get any symptoms. + +## Symptoms of diverticular disease and diverticulitis + +The symptoms of diverticular disease include: + +- pain in the lower left side of your tummy (abdomen) – a small number of people get pain on the right side +- tummy pain that gets worse after you eat, and gets better after you poo or fart +- constipation +- diarrhoea +- blood in your poo +- bloating + +If your intestine becomes infected or inflamed, it's called diverticulitis. You may also have symptoms such as: + +- severe, constant tummy pain +- high temperature +- bleeding or passing slime (mucus) from your bottom + +> **💡 Information:** The symptoms of diverticular disease and diverticulitis are similar to those of other conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) . + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - there is blood or slime (mucus) in your poo +> - you have tummy pain that's getting worse or does not go away +> - you have a high temperature, or you feel hot, cold or shivery +> - you keep being sick and cannot keep fluid down +> - you have diarrhoea for more than 7 days or are being sick for more than 2 days +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Tests for diverticular disease and diverticulitis + +The GP will ask questions to find out what's causing your symptoms. You may need a blood test or to give a poo sample to help find what's wrong. + +You may need further tests to confirm if you have diverticular disease or diverticulitis and rule out other conditions. Further tests you may have include: + +- a [colonoscopy](/tests-and-treatments/colonoscopy/) or flexible sigmoidoscopy, where a thin tube with a small camera on it is used to check inside your bowels +- a [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) + +## Treating diverticular disease and diverticulitis + +Treatments that can help with the symptoms of diverticular disease include: + +- painkillers such as paracetamol +- bulk-forming [laxatives](/medicines/laxatives/) for constipation and diarrhoea +- medicines to help with stomach cramps (antispasmodics) + +Diverticulitis is treated with: + +- [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/) if the diverticulitis is caused by an infection +- painkillers such as paracetamol + +## Things you can do to help with diverticular disease and diverticulitis + +If you have diverticular disease or diverticulitis there are things you can do to reduce the risk of your symptoms getting worse in the future. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ eat a healthy, balanced diet including whole grains, fruits and vegetables – there are no specific foods you need to avoid +- ✅ slowlyincrease how much fibre you eatif you do not eat much fibre – and make sure to also drink plenty of water +- ✅ stop smokingif you smoke +- ✅ maintain a healthy weight + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not takeNSAIDs(such as ibuprofen) or opioid painkillers (such ascodeine) – they can cause stomach problems or constipation, and increase the risk of getting a hole (perforation) in your bowel + +## Complications of diverticulitis + +Rarely, diverticulitis can lead to serious complications such as: + +- a build-up of pus (abscess) in your bowel +- a blockage in your bowel +- an opening from your bowel to another organ, such as your bladder, called a fistula +- a hole (perforation) in your bowel, which can cause a severe infection called [peritonitis](/conditions/peritonitis/) + +These problems can sometimes be treated with antibiotics or surgery. + +For example, you may need surgery to drain an abscess or remove an infected part of the bowel. + +Some people will need to have a [colostomy](/tests-and-treatments/colostomy/) (where your bowel is brought out of a hole in your tummy and a bag is attached to collect your poo). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You or someone you care for: +> +> - has severe tummy pain and is either vomiting, has a swollen tummy, or cannot poo or fart +> - is bleeding heavily from their bottom +> - is acting confused, has pale or blotchy skin, has a very high or low temperature, or is breathless or breathing rapidly – these could all be signs of [sepsis](/conditions/sepsis/) + +Page last reviewed: 07 September 2023 +Next review due: 07 September 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/dyslexia-in-children/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/dyslexia-in-children/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5758bb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/dyslexia-in-children/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +# Dyslexia in children + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dyslexia-in-children/ + +> **💡 Information:** There is separate information about dyslexia in adults . + +## Signs of dyslexia + +Dyslexia mainly affects a child's reading, writing and spelling. It can also affect other abilities like understanding and remembering information, using numbers, planning and organising. It does not affect intelligence. + +Signs of dyslexia in children can include: + +- learning to speak later than other children +- not being interested in activities around language, like saying the alphabet +- reading at a level below what's expected at their age +- having difficulty with numbers, telling the time, and remembering the order of things, like days of the week +- written work that looks messy and has lots of spelling mistakes +- being slow and hesitant when reading aloud +- finding it challenging to plan and organise schoolwork + +Children living with dyslexia may become frustrated. This can sometimes lead to disruptive behaviour, or make a child become withdrawn at school and home. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Is my child dyslexic? (British Dyslexia Association) + +## Getting a dyslexia assessment for a child + +If you think your child may have dyslexia, a useful first step is to talk to their school's special educational needs coordinator (SENCO). + +The SENCO may suggest you contact your GP for advice. A GP cannot diagnose dyslexia, but they can check for other conditions that may affect your child's performance at school, like problems with their hearing. They may also suggest an eye test to check your child's vision. + +The SENCO can arrange a dyslexia screening test at school. They'll look at your child's behaviour to see if they're showing signs of dyslexia. Your child may be offered extra support if they need it. + +### Dyslexia assessment + +A dyslexia assessment may be useful if your child continues to find school difficult with extra support. + +The assessment can give a detailed picture of your child's abilities and help identify more effective ways to support them. + +An educational psychologist or a specialist teacher will usually do a dyslexia assessment, not a doctor. + +You can ask for an assessment directly from the British Dyslexia Association or an assessment service. Or your child's school may be able to help refer your child for an assessment. Most people have to pay for an assessment. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Diagnostic assessments for dyslexia or dyscalculia (British Dyslexia Association) Frequently asked questions about assessment (British Dyslexia Association) + +## Helping your child with their dyslexia + +Parents and carers can support a child with dyslexia by helping build their confidence and self-esteem. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ help your child try different activities so they can find things they enjoy +- ✅ try to make learning fun for children – the British Dyslexia Association has advice for parents and carers +- ✅ help your child to be physically active as exercise can improve mood and self-confidence + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more How can I support my child? (British Dyslexia Association) + +## Support at school for children with dyslexia + +If your child has additional educational needs, the school will work with you to help create a plan to meet their needs. + +Some ways of teaching reading and spelling can work well for children with dyslexia. These include: + +- using visual aids or technology to help, for example making screens easier to read +- learning in smaller groups or 1 to 1 sessions + +The school's special educational needs coordinator (SENCO) can give you more information on ways the school can help. + +### Educational health and care plans + +If you feel your child needs more support than their school can offer you can apply for an educational health and care plan (EHCP) from your local authority. + +If a child's needs cannot be met at a mainstream school, an EHCP explains what support is needed from the local authority to meet those needs. + +The school's SENCO can give you more information about EHCPs and how to apply for them. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Children with special educational needs and disabilities (GOV.UK) Education health and care plans (British Dyslexia Association) + +## Charities and voluntary organisations + +The [British Dyslexia Association](https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/) is a leading charity for people with dyslexia. + +There are also many local voluntary organisations that offer support for people with dyslexia that can be found by searching online. + +Page last reviewed: 11 March 2026 +Next review due: 11 March 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/ear-infections/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/ear-infections/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88985c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/ear-infections/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +# Ear infections + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ear-infections/ + +## Symptoms of an ear infection + +The symptoms of an ear infection usually start quickly and include: + +- [pain inside the ear (earache)](/symptoms/earache/) +- a high temperature +- difficulty hearing +- discharge running out of the ear +- a feeling of pressure or fullness inside the ear +- itching and irritation in and around the ear +- scaly skin in and around the ear + +Young children and babies with an ear infection may also: + +- rub or pull their ear +- not react to some sounds +- be irritable or restless +- be off their food +- keep losing their balance + +Most ear infections clear up within 3 days, although sometimes symptoms can last up to a week. + +If you, or your child, have a high temperature or you do not feel well enough to do your normal activities, try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people until you feel better. + +Differences between inner, middle and outer ear infections + +Differences between types of ear infections + +| Inner ear infection | Middle ear infection (otitis media) | Outer ear infection (otitis externa) | +| --- | --- | --- | +| Inner ear infection Can affect both children and adults | Middle ear infection (otitis media) Usually affects children | Outer ear infection (otitis externa) Can affect both children and adults | +| Inner ear infection Caused by viral or bacterial infections | Middle ear infection (otitis media) Caused by viruses like colds and flu | Outer ear infection (otitis externa) Caused by something irritating the ear canal, such as eczema, water or wearing earplugs, or a fungal or bacterial infection | +| Inner ear infection Affects parts of the inner ear like the labyrinth and vestibular system, and can lead to [labyrinthitis](/conditions/labyrinthitis/) | Middle ear infection (otitis media) Affects the eustachian tube, which connects the middle ear (area behind the eardrum) to the back of the nose | Outer ear infection (otitis externa) Affects the ear canal (the tube between the outer ear and the eardrum) | + +## Things you can do to help an ear infection + +There are things you can do to help ease any pain and discomfort from an ear infection. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ use painkillers such asparacetamoloribuprofen(children under 16 should not take aspirin) +- ✅ remove any discharge by wiping the ear with cotton wool + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not put anything inside your ear to removeearwax, such as cotton buds or your finger +- ❌ do not let water or shampoo get in your ear +- ❌ do not go swimming while you have an ear infection +- ❌ do not use decongestants or antihistamines – there's no evidence they help with ear infections + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - your child is aged 1 to 17 years, and you think they have an ear infection +> +> A pharmacist can give children the same treatments as a GP for an ear infection. They can also give advice or direct you to other medical help. +> +> [Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - your child is under 12 months old and you think they have an ear infection +> - you have earache that does not get better after 3 days +> - you or your child keep getting ear infections + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You or your child have symptoms of an ear infection and: +> +> - feel generally unwell +> - have a very high temperature, or feel hot, cold or shivery +> - have swelling around the ear +> - fluid is coming out of the ear +> - have a change in hearing or new hearing loss +> - feel sick or are being sick (vomiting), feel dizzy or have a severe sore throat +> - your child is under 12 months old and has earache in both ears +> - have diabetes, or a heart, lung, kidney or neurological condition +> - have a weakened immune system (for example, because of chemotherapy) +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). Call 111 if you need advice for a child under 5 years old. + +## How an ear infection is diagnosed + +If you have symptoms of an ear infection, the GP or pharmacist may use an instrument with a small light and magnifying glass (an otoscope) to look in your ear. + +Some otoscopes blow a small puff of air into the ear. This checks for blockages, which could be a sign of an infection. + +## Treatment for an ear infection + +Treatment for an ear infections depends on what's causing it and which part of your ear is infected. + +A pharmacist or GP may give: + +- antibiotic tablets or eardrops +- antifungal or steroid eardrops +- painkilling eardrops + +Eardrops may not work if they're not used correctly. + +If there's a spot or boil in your ear, a GP may pierce it with a needle to drain the pus. + +How to use eardrops + +1. Remove any discharge or earwax using cotton wool. +2. Lie on your side with the affected ear facing up to put the drops in. +3. Gently pull and push your ear to work the drops in. +4. Stay lying down for 5 minutes so the drops do not come out. + +## How to prevent ear infections + +You cannot always prevent ear infections, particularly infections caused by colds and flu. + +But there are things that can help: + +- make sure your child has had all their [childhood vaccinations](/vaccinations/nhs-vaccinations-and-when-to-have-them/) +- keep your child away from smoky environments +- try not to give your child a dummy after they're 6 months old +- do not stick cotton wool buds or your fingers in your ears +- use earplugs or a swimming hat over your ears when you swim +- try to avoid water or shampoo getting into your ears when you have a shower or bath – you could put cotton wool smeared with petroleum jelly into your ear while showering if it's difficult to keep water out of your ears +- treat conditions that affect your ears, such as eczema or an allergy to hearing aids + +Page last reviewed: 16 January 2025 +Next review due: 16 January 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/earwax-build-up/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/earwax-build-up/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..587c36b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/earwax-build-up/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +# Earwax build-up + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/earwax-build-up/ + +**Earwax normally just falls out on its own. When it's blocking your ears, a pharmacist can help.** + +## Symptoms of earwax build-up + +Symptoms of earwax build-up include: + +- hearing loss +- earache or a feeling that your ears are blocked +- ringing or buzzing in your ears (tinnitus) +- vertigo (feeling dizzy and sick) + +## How you can treat earwax build-up yourself + +Earwax usually falls out on its own. If it does not, and builds up and blocks your ear, you can try to remove it. + +To remove earwax build-up: + +1. Lie on your side with the affected ear facing up. +2. Put 2 to 3 drops of olive or almond oil in your ear – do not use almond oil if you're allergic to almonds. +3. Continue to lie on your side for 5 to 10 minutes after putting in the oil. +4. Repeat 3 to 4 times a day, for 3 to 5 days. + +Over about 2 weeks, lumps of earwax should fall out of your ear and your symptoms should improve. + +There's no evidence that ear candles or ear vacuums get rid of earwax. + +### Important + +Do not use your fingers or any objects like cotton buds to remove earwax. This will push it in and make it worse. + +## A pharmacist can help with earwax build-up + +Speak to a pharmacist about earwax build-up. They can give advice and suggest treatments. + +They might recommend medicines to dissolve the earwax. The earwax should fall out on its own or dissolve after about a week. + +Do not use drops if you have a hole in your eardrum (a perforated eardrum). + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of earwax build-up which have not cleared after 5 days +> - your ear is badly blocked and you cannot hear anything (you could get an infection if it has not cleared) + +## GP surgery treatment to remove earwax + +Not all GP surgeries remove earwax build-up. + +Some can: + +- flush the wax out with water (electronic ear irrigation) +- suck the wax out (microsuction) +- scrape the wax out using a very small device + +These treatments are usually painless. + +If your GP surgery does not treat earwax build-up, a doctor might be able to refer you to another local NHS service for treatment. Or you might have to pay to have the treatment done privately. + +## Causes of earwax build-up + +A build-up of earwax can happen if you have: + +- narrow or damaged ear canals +- lots of hair in your ear canals +- a skin condition affecting your scalp or around your ear +- inflammation of your ear canal (otitis externa or "swimmer's ear") + +## Preventing earwax build-up + +You cannot prevent earwax. It's there to protect your ears from dirt and germs. + +But regularly using eardrops, or olive or almond oil, will help soften earwax build-up. This will help it fall out on its own and should stop your ears getting blocked. + +Page last reviewed: 05 January 2024 +Next review due: 05 January 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/ectopic-pregnancy/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/ectopic-pregnancy/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b53b917 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/ectopic-pregnancy/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +# Overview-Ectopic pregnancy + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/ + +**An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes.** + +The fallopian tubes are the tubes connecting the ovaries to the womb. If an egg gets stuck in them, it won't develop into a baby and your health may be at risk if the pregnancy continues. + +Unfortunately, it's not possible to save the pregnancy. It usually has to be removed using medicine or an operation. + +In the UK, around 1 in every 90 pregnancies is ectopic. This is around 11,000 pregnancies a year. + +## Symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy + +An ectopic pregnancy doesn't always cause symptoms and may only be detected during a routine pregnancy scan. + +If you do have symptoms, they tend to develop between the 4th and 12th week of pregnancy. + +Symptoms can include a combination of: + +- a missed period and other [signs of pregnancy](/pregnancy/trying-for-a-baby/signs-and-symptoms-of-pregnancy/) +- [tummy pain](/symptoms/stomach-ache/) low down on one side +- [vaginal bleeding](/pregnancy/common-symptoms/vaginal-bleeding/) or a brown watery discharge +- pain in the tip of your shoulder +- discomfort when peeing or pooing + +But these symptoms aren't necessarily a sign of a serious problem. They can sometimes be caused by other problems, such as a [stomach bug](/symptoms/diarrhoea-and-vomiting/). + +Read more about the [symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy](/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/symptoms/). + +## When to get medical advice + +Contact your GP or call [NHS 111](/using-the-nhs/nhs-services/urgent-and-emergency-care/nhs-111/) if you have a combination of any of the above symptoms and you might be pregnant – even if you haven't had a positive [pregnancy test](/pregnancy/trying-for-a-baby/doing-a-pregnancy-test/). + +An ectopic pregnancy can be serious, so it's important to get advice right away. + +Your GP will ask about your symptoms and you'll usually need to do a pregnancy test to determine if you could have an ectopic pregnancy. + +You may be referred to a specialist early pregnancy clinic for further assessment, where an [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) and [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) may be carried out to confirm the diagnosis. + +Read more about [ectopic pregnancy tests](/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/diagnosis/). + +## When to get emergency help + +Call 999 for an ambulance or go to [your nearest accident and emergency (A&E) department](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service) immediately if you experience a combination of: + +- a sharp, sudden and intense pain in your tummy +- feeling very [dizzy](/symptoms/dizziness/) or [fainting](/symptoms/fainting/) +- feeling sick +- looking very pale + +These symptoms could mean that your fallopian tube has split open (ruptured). This is very serious and surgery to repair the fallopian tube needs to be carried out as soon as possible. + +A rupture can be life threatening, but fortunately they're uncommon and treatable, if dealt with quickly. Deaths from ruptures are extremely rare in the UK. + +## How an ectopic pregnancy is treated + +There are 3 main treatments for an ectopic pregnancy: + +- **expectant management** – you're carefully monitored and 1 of the treatments below is used if the fertilised egg doesn't dissolve by itself +- **medicine** – an injection of a powerful medicine called methotrexate is used to stop the pregnancy growing +- **surgery** – [keyhole surgery (laparoscopy)](/tests-and-treatments/laparoscopy/) is performed under [general anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/general-anaesthesia/) to remove the fertilised egg, usually along with the affected fallopian tube + +You'll be told about the benefits and risks of each option. In many cases, a particular treatment will be recommended based on your symptoms and the results of the tests you have. + +Some treatments may reduce your chances of being able to conceive naturally in the future, although most women will still be able to get pregnant. Talk to your doctor about this. + +Read more about [treating an ectopic pregnancy](/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/treatment/). + +## Help and support after an ectopic pregnancy + +Losing a pregnancy can be devastating, and many women feel the same sense of grief as if they had lost a family member or partner. + +It's not uncommon for these feelings to last several months, although they usually improve with time. Make sure you give yourself and your partner time to grieve. + +If you or your partner are struggling to come to terms with your loss, you may benefit from professional support or [counselling](/tests-and-treatments/counselling/). Speak to your GP about this. + +Support groups for people who have been affected by loss of a pregnancy can also help. + +These include: + +- [The Ectopic Pregnancy Trust](http://www.ectopic.org.uk/) +- [Ectopic Pregnancy Foundation](http://www.ectopicpregnancy.co.uk/) +- [Miscarriage Association](http://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/) +- [Cruse Bereavement Care](http://www.cruse.org.uk/) + +Read more about [dealing with loss](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/grief-bereavement-loss/). + +## Trying for another baby + +You may want to try for another baby when you and your partner feel physically and emotionally ready. + +You'll probably be advised to wait until you've had at least 2 periods after treatment before trying again to allow yourself to recover. + +If you were treated with methotrexate, it's usually recommended that you wait at least 3 months because the medicine could harm your baby if you become pregnant during this time. + +Most women who have had an ectopic pregnancy will be able to get pregnant again, even if they've had a fallopian tube removed. Occasionally, it may be necessary to use fertility treatment such as [IVF](/tests-and-treatments/ivf/). + +The chances of having another ectopic pregnancy are higher if you've had one before, but the risk is still small. + +If you do become pregnant again, it's a good idea to let your GP know as soon as possible so early scans can be carried out to check everything is OK. + +## What can cause an ectopic pregnancy? + +In many cases, it's not clear why a woman has an ectopic pregnancy. Sometimes it happens when there's a problem with the fallopian tubes, such as them being narrow or blocked. + +The following are all associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy: + +- [**pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)**](/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/) – inflammation of the female reproductive system, usually caused by a [sexually transmitted infection (STI)](/conditions/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/) +- **previous ectopic pregnancy** – the risk of having another ectopic pregnancy is around 10% +- **previous surgery on your fallopian tubes** – such as an unsuccessful [female sterilisation](/contraception/methods-of-contraception/female-sterilisation/) procedure +- **fertility treatment, such as IVF** – taking medicine to stimulate ovulation (the release of an egg) can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy +- **becoming pregnant while using an** [**intrauterine device (IUD)**](/contraception/methods-of-contraception/iud-coil/) **or** [**intrauterine system (IUS)**](/contraception/methods-of-contraception/ius-hormonal-coil/) **for contraception** – it's rare to get pregnant while using these, but if you do you're more likely to have an ectopic pregnancy +- **smoking** +- **increasing age** – the risk is highest for pregnant women aged over 35 + +You can't always prevent an ectopic pregnancy, but you can reduce your risk by using a [condom](/contraception/methods-of-contraception/condoms/) when not trying for a baby to protect yourself against STIs, and by [stopping smoking](/live-well/quit-smoking/) if you smoke. + +Page last reviewed: 23 August 2022 +Next review due: 23 August 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/ehlers-danlos-syndromes/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/ehlers-danlos-syndromes/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..997275d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/ehlers-danlos-syndromes/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +# Ehlers-Danlos syndromes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ehlers-danlos-syndromes/ + +**Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of rare inherited conditions that affect connective tissue.** + +Connective tissues provide support in skin, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, internal organs and bones. + +## Symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) + +There are several types of EDS that may share some symptoms. + +These include: + +- an increased range of joint movement ([joint hypermobility](/conditions/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/)) +- stretchy skin +- fragile skin that breaks or bruises easily + +EDS can affect people in different ways. For some, the condition is relatively mild, while for others their symptoms can be disabling. + +The different types of EDS are caused by faults in certain genes that make connective tissue weaker. + +Depending on the type of EDS, the faulty gene may have been inherited from 1 parent or both parents. + +Sometimes the faulty gene is not inherited, but occurs in the person for the first time. + +Some of the rare, severe types can be life threatening. + +## Main types of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) + +There are 13 types of EDS, most of which are rare. + +Hypermobile EDS (hEDS) is the most common type. + +Other types of EDS include classical EDS, vascular EDS and kyphoscoliotic EDS. + +[The EDS Support UK website has more information about the different types of EDS](https://www.ehlers-danlos.org/what-is-eds/information-on-eds/types-of-eds/) + +### Hypermobile EDS + +People with hEDS may have: + +- joint hypermobility +- loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily +- [joint pain](/symptoms/joint-pain/) and clicking joints +- extreme tiredness (fatigue) +- skin that bruises easily +- digestive problems, such as [heartburn](/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/) and [constipation](/conditions/constipation/) +- [dizziness](/symptoms/dizziness/) and an increased heart rate after standing up +- problems with internal organs, such as [mitral valve problems](/conditions/heart-valve-disease/) or [organ prolapse](/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/) +- problems with bladder control ([urinary incontinence](/conditions/urinary-incontinence/)) + +Currently, there are no tests to confirm whether someone has hEDS. + +The diagnosis is made based on a person's medical history and a physical examination. + +### Classical EDS + +Classical EDS (cEDS) is less common than hypermobile EDS and tends to affect the skin more. + +People with cEDS may have: + +- joint hypermobility +- loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily +- stretchy skin +- fragile skin that can split easily, especially over the forehead, knees, shins and elbows +- smooth, velvety skin that bruises easily +- wounds that are slow to heal and leave wide scars +- [hernias](/conditions/hernia/) and organ prolapse + +### Vascular EDS + +Vascular EDS (vEDS) is a rare type of EDS and is often considered to be the most serious. + +It affects the blood vessels and internal organs, which can cause them to split open and lead to life-threatening bleeding. + +People with vEDS may have: + +- skin that bruises very easily +- thin skin with visible small blood vessels, particularly on the upper chest and legs +- fragile blood vessels that can bulge or tear, resulting in serious internal bleeding +- a risk of organ problems, such as the bowel tearing, the womb tearing (in late pregnancy) and partial collapse of the lung +- hypermobile fingers and toes, unusual facial features (such as a thin nose and lips, large eyes and small earlobes), [varicose veins](/conditions/varicose-veins/) and delayed wound healing + +### Kyphoscoliotic EDS + +Kyphoscoliotic EDS (kEDS) is rare. + +People with kEDS may have: + +- curvature of the spine – this starts in early childhood and often gets worse in the teenage years +- joint hypermobility +- loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily +- weak muscle tone from childhood (hypotonia) – this may cause a delay in sitting and walking, or difficulty walking if symptoms get worse +- fragile eyes that can easily be damaged +- soft, velvety skin that is stretchy, bruises easily and scars + +### Hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) + +Some people have problems caused by hypermobility, but do not have any of the specific EDS conditions. They may be diagnosed with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD), which is treated in the same way as hEDS. + +## Getting medical advice + +See a GP if you have several troublesome symptoms of EDS. + +You do not usually need to worry if you only have a few symptoms and they're not causing any problems. + +Joint hypermobility, for example, is relatively common, affecting around 1 in 30 people. It's unlikely to be caused by EDS if you do not have any other symptoms. + +The GP may refer you to a joint specialist (rheumatologist) if you have problems with your joints and they suspect EDS. + +If there's a possibility you may have 1 of the rare types of EDS, the GP can refer you to your local genetics service for an assessment. + +The genetics specialist will ask about your medical history, family history, assess your symptoms and may carry out a genetic [blood test](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) to confirm the diagnosis. + +If further investigation is needed, your hospital doctor can refer you to a [specialist EDS diagnostic service based in Sheffield or London – see the Annabelle's Challenge website for more information](https://www.annabelleschallenge.org/vascular-eds/eds-national-diagnostic-service). + +## Treatment for Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) + +There's no specific treatment for EDS, but it's possible to manage many of the symptoms with support and advice. + +People with EDS may also benefit from support from a number of different healthcare professionals. + +For example: + +- a [physiotherapist](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) can teach you exercises to help strengthen your joints, avoid injuries and manage pain +- an [occupational therapist](/tests-and-treatments/occupational-therapy/) can help you manage daily activities and give advice on equipment that may help you +- [counselling](/tests-and-treatments/counselling/) and [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) may be useful if you're struggling to cope with long-term pain +- for certain types of EDS, regular scans carried out in hospital can detect problems with internal organs +- [genetic counselling](/tests-and-treatments/genetic-and-genomic-testing/) can help you learn more about the cause of your condition, how it's inherited, and what the chances are of passing it on to your children + +Your GP or consultant can refer you to these services. + +## Living with Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) + +It's important to be careful about activities that put a lot of strain on your joints or put you at risk of injury. + +But it's also important not to be overprotective and avoid living an otherwise normal life. + +Advice will depend on which type of EDS you have and how it affects you: + +- you may be advised to avoid some activities entirely, such as heavy lifting and contact sports +- for some activities you may need to wear appropriate protection and be taught how to reduce the strain on your joints +- lower-risk activities, such as swimming or [pilates](/live-well/exercise/pilates-and-yoga/pilates-for-beginners/), may be recommended to help you stay fit and healthy +- if fatigue is a problem, you can be taught ways to conserve your energy and pace your activities + +## How Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are inherited + +EDS can be inherited, but it happen by chance in someone without a family history of the condition. + +The 2 main ways EDS is inherited are: + +- autosomal dominant inheritance (hypermobile, classical and vascular EDS) – the faulty gene that causes EDS is passed on by 1 parent and there's a 1 in 2 chance of each of their children developing the condition +- autosomal recessive inheritance (kyphoscoliotic EDS) – the faulty gene is inherited from both parents and there's a 1 in 4 chance of each of their children developing the condition + +A person with EDS can only pass on the same type of EDS to their children. + +For example, the children of someone with hypermobile EDS cannot inherit vascular EDS. + +The severity of the condition can vary within the same family. + +## More information + +The following websites provide more information, advice and support for people with EDS and their families: + +- [Ehlers-Danlos Support UK](http://www.ehlers-danlos.org/) – you can also call their free helpline on 0800 907 8518 or find [local support groups](https://www.ehlers-danlos.org/support/support-groups/) +- [Hypermobility Syndromes Association (HMSA)](http://hypermobility.org/) – you can also call their helpline on 0333 011 6388 or find [local support groups](https://www.hypermobility.org/support-groups) + +## Information about you + +If you have EDS, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the [National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Diseases Registration Service](https://digital.nhs.uk/ndrs). + +This helps scientists look for better ways to prevent and treat this condition. + +You can opt out of the register at any time. + +Page last reviewed: 04 October 2022 +Next review due: 04 October 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/encephalitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/encephalitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b5baa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/encephalitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# Overview-Encephalitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/ + +**Encephalitis is an uncommon but serious condition in which the brain becomes inflamed (swollen).** + +It can be life threatening and requires urgent treatment in hospital. + +Anyone can be affected, but the very young and very old are most at risk. + +## Symptoms of encephalitis + +Encephalitis usually starts off with [flu-like symptoms](/conditions/flu/), such as a high temperature and [headache](/symptoms/headaches/). + +More serious symptoms come on over hours, days or weeks, including: + +- confusion or disorientation +- seizures or fits +- changes in personality and behaviour +- difficulty speaking +- weakness or loss of movement in some parts of the body +- loss of consciousness + +Dial 999 for an ambulance immediately if you or someone else has these serious symptoms. + +## Causes of encephalitis + +It's not always clear what causes encephalitis, but it can be caused by: + +- viral infections – very rarely, encephalitis may be caused by the common viruses that causes [cold sores](/conditions/cold-sores/) (herpes simplex) or [chickenpox](/conditions/chickenpox/) (herpes varicella) spreading to the brain +- a problem with the immune system, the body's defence against infection – sometimes something goes wrong with the immune system and it mistakenly attacks the brain, causing it to become inflamed +- bacterial or fungal infections – these are much rarer causes of encephalitis than viral infections + +Some types of encephalitis are spread by mosquitoes (such as [Japanese encephalitis](/conditions/japanese-encephalitis/)), ticks (such as [tick-borne encephalitis](/conditions/tick-borne-encephalitis/)) and mammals (such as [rabies](/conditions/rabies/)). + +You cannot catch encephalitis from someone else. + +## Treatments for encephalitis + +Encephalitis needs to be treated in a hospital. The earlier treatment is started, the more successful it's likely to be. + +Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include: + +- antiviral medicines +- steroid injections +- treatments to help control the immune system +- [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/) or [antifungal medicines](/medicines/antifungal-medicines/) +- painkillers to reduce discomfort or a high temperature +- medicine to control seizures or fits +- support with breathing, such as oxygen through a face mask or a breathing machine (ventilator) + +How long someone with encephalitis needs to stay in hospital can range from a few days to several weeks or even months. + +## Recovering from encephalitis + +Some people eventually make a full recovery from encephalitis, although this can be a long and frustrating process. + +Many people never make a full recovery and are left with long-term problems caused by damage to their brain. + +Common complications include: + +- [memory loss (amnesia)](/symptoms/memory-loss-amnesia/) +- frequent seizures or fits +- personality and behavioural changes +- problems with attention, concentration, planning and problem solving +- persistent tiredness + +These problems can have a significant impact on the life of the affected person, as well as their family and friends. + +But help and support is available. + +## Preventing encephalitis + +It's not always possible to prevent encephalitis, but some of the infections that cause it can be prevented with vaccinations. + +These include the: + +- [measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine](/vaccinations/mmr-vaccine/) – a routine vaccination offered to all children in England +- [Japanese encephalitis vaccine](/conditions/japanese-encephalitis/prevention/) – recommended for travellers to at-risk areas, such as parts of Asia +- [tick-borne encephalitis vaccine](/conditions/tick-borne-encephalitis/prevention/) – recommended for travellers to certain parts of Europe (but not the UK) and Asia +- [rabies vaccination](/conditions/rabies/vaccination/) – recommended for travellers to at-risk where access to medical care is likely to be limited. [Find out about rabies risks in terrestrial animals by country on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/rabies-risks-by-country/rabies-risks-in-terrestrial-animals-by-country). + +Speak to a GP surgery if you're not sure whether your vaccinations are up to date, or you're planning to travel abroad and do not know if you need any vaccinations. + +Page last reviewed: 15 May 2023 +Next review due: 15 May 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/endometriosis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/endometriosis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a21676 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/endometriosis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +# Endometriosis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/endometriosis/ + +![Diagram of the womb area, showing the womb, womb lining, vagina, ovaries and fallopian tubes. There are small patches of endometriosis on the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the outside of the womb.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_1935_-_Diagram_for_endometriosis_g2qp1zs.width-320.jpg) + +## Symptoms of endometriosis + +Endometriosis is often found in areas around the womb, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes and lining of the pelvis. + +It also sometimes affects organs, such as the bladder and bowel. Sometimes, endometriosis is found in areas outside the pelvis, such as in the chest. + +Symptoms happen when patches of endometriosis break down and bleed but cannot leave your body. + +You might have some symptoms during your period, such as: + +- severe [period pain](/symptoms/period-pain/), that stops you from doing your normal activities +- [heavy periods](/conditions/heavy-periods/), where you need to change your pads or tampons every 1 to 2 hours, or you may bleed through to your clothes. + +You can have other symptoms at any time, such as: + +- [pain in your lower tummy and back (pelvic area)](/symptoms/pelvic-pain/) +- pain when you poo or pee +- pain during or after sex +- extreme tiredness (fatigue) +- pain or bleeding in other areas, such as in the chest, which may cause shortness of breath and coughing up blood + +You may also have difficulty getting pregnant and have low mood or anxiety. + +Endometriosis is commonly diagnosed in women and girls, from when their periods start (puberty) through to menopause. It can affect anyone who has or had a womb. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you might have endometriosis +> - your symptoms are affecting your everyday life, work and relationships +> - you've had treatment from a GP but your symptoms do not get better, or get worse + +## Tests for endometriosis + +It can take a long time to diagnose endometriosis. You might need several different tests to find out if you have it. + +This is because endometriosis symptoms can be similar to other conditions, such as: + +- [adenomyosis](/conditions/adenomyosis/) +- [fibroids](/conditions/fibroids/) +- [pelvic inflammatory disease](/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/) +- [irritable bowel syndrome](/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/) + +### What happens at your GP appointment + +A GP will ask about your symptoms and if any of your close relatives have had endometriosis. They may ask to do: + +- a physical examination (including an internal vaginal exam) – to check your tummy (abdomen) and your pelvic area +- blood tests + +Give your GP as much information about your symptoms as you can. + +If they think you might have endometriosis, your GP may: + +- refer you to a specialist called a gynaecologist for further tests +- offer medicines to help relieve your symptoms + +### Further tests + +Further tests for endometriosis include: + +- an [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) – this may be done on your tummy or inside your vagina +- an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) +- a procedure called a [laparoscopy](/tests-and-treatments/laparoscopy/) (where a camera is passed through a small cut in your tummy) – this can confirm if you have endometriosis + +It may be possible for doctors to remove any areas of endometriosis during your laparoscopy. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Endometriosis UK: diagnosing endometriosis + +## Treatments for endometriosis + +It's not known what causes endometriosis and there are currently no treatments that can cure it. But treatment can help manage symptoms such as pain. + +Your doctor will talk to you about the risks and possible side effects of each treatment. + +If treatment is not working or your symptoms are very severe, you may be referred to a specialist endometriosis service. + +### Medicines for endometriosis + +Medicines are often the first treatment for endometriosis. They include: + +- painkillers, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen +- hormones, such as the [combined contraceptive pill](/contraception/methods-of-contraception/combined-pill/) or other medicines that change the amount of hormones in your body – these can help ease pain + +You will not be given hormones if you're trying to get pregnant. + +### Surgery for endometriosis + +If other treatments are not working or you have lots of endometriosis, you may be offered surgery. Surgery is also an option if endometriosis is affecting your ability to have children. + +You can have surgery to: + +- remove areas of endometriosis or fluid-filled sacs (ovarian cysts) caused by endometriosis +- remove your womb ([hysterectomy](/tests-and-treatments/hysterectomy/)) or ovaries (oophorectomy) +- remove part of your bladder or bowel, if endometriosis is affecting these + +You may need to have more surgeries if your symptoms come back after your first surgery, or if surgery causes scarring that makes your organs stick together (adhesions). + +### **Support for living with endometriosis** + +Treatment and support are also available for other problems caused by endometriosis. + +Support you might need includes: + +- advice on ways to manage long-term pain and extreme tiredness (fatigue) +- referral to a fertility specialist if you have difficulty getting pregnant +- mental health support if you have low mood or anxiety + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Endometriosis UK: treatments for endometriosis. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: endometriosis + +## How endometriosis affects your life + +Endometriosis is different for everyone. + +Treatment usually helps manage symptoms of endometriosis. + +But you may have long lasting symptoms that can affect your daily life, work and relationships for many years. + +Symptoms of endometriosis usually stop after the menopause – although it's possible to have symptoms after menopause. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Endometriosis UK: living with endometriosis + +## Help and support for endometriosis + +Endometriosis can be a difficult condition to live with, both physically and emotionally. + +As well as support from your doctor, you may find it helpful to get support from other people with endometriosis or a support organisation such as Endometriosis UK or The Endometriosis Foundation. + +### Endometriosis UK + +- Website: +- Helpline: 0808 808 2227 +- [Endometriosis UK: web chat](https://www.endometriosis-uk.org/web-chat) +- [Endometriosis UK: online community](https://www.endometriosis-uk.org/online-community) +- [Endometriosis UK: support groups](https://www.endometriosis-uk.org/support-groups) + +### The Endometriosis Foundation + +- Website: +- [The Endometriosis Foundation: online community](https://www.theendometriosisfoundation.org/join-our-community) +- [The Endometriosis Foundation: speak to a nurse](https://www.theendometriosisfoundation.org/speaktoanurse) + +Page last reviewed: 27 August 2024 +Next review due: 27 August 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/epilepsy/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/epilepsy/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..433db85 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/epilepsy/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ +# Epilepsy + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/ + +## Symptoms of epilepsy + +Usually the only symptom of epilepsy is having seizures. + +Symptoms of seizures can include: + +- your body becoming stiff or floppy +- suddenly falling to the floor +- jerking or twitching movements in your body +- peeing unintentionally +- losing awareness of what's around you – you may stare into space and not be able to respond normally +- unusual feelings or sensations, such as strange smells, numbness or tingling, changes in your vision, or suddenly feeling scared +- unusual behaviour, such as fidgeting or walking around and not being aware of what you're doing + +A seizure usually lasts a few seconds or minutes, and stops by itself. + +You might be aware of having a seizure and remember it afterwards, or you might not. + +Symptoms of epilepsy often start in young children and people over 50, but it can happen at any age. + +Epileptic seizures are different from [febrile seizures](/conditions/febrile-seizures/), which can happen in children when they have a high temperature. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out what to do if someone has a seizure + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You think someone's having a seizure and: +> +> - it's the first time it's happened +> - it lasts longer than is usual for them, or longer than 5 minutes if you do not know how long their seizures usually last +> - they do not recover as usual afterwards, or they have another seizure without recovering between seizures +> - they've now had 3 or more seizures in 24 hours + +> **💡 Information:** People with epilepsy do not always need to go to hospital when they have a seizure. They usually have a care plan that says what to do, such as giving emergency medicine and when to call 999. If you know what to do and have been trained then you can follow their care plan. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you or your child may have had a seizure for the first time and you did not go to hospital +> - you've had a seizure after having no seizures for a long time +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). Call 111 if you need advice for a child under 5 years old. + +## How epilepsy is diagnosed + +If you or your child have had a seizure you'll need to see a specialist doctor. They'll check what caused it and whether you might have epilepsy. + +They'll ask about what happened before, during and after the seizure. If someone else saw the seizure, it can help to bring them with you to your appointment. + +Tests you might have include: + +- an [electroencephalogram (EEG)](/tests-and-treatments/electroencephalogram/) to check electrical activity in your brain +- an [electrocardiogram (ECG)](/tests-and-treatments/electrocardiogram/) to check your heart +- scans such as an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) or [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) +- blood tests +- genetic testing + +Having a seizure does not always mean you have epilepsy, as seizures can have other causes. You'll usually be diagnosed with epilepsy if you've had more than 1 seizure, or if tests show you're at risk of having more seizures. + +## Types of epileptic seizure + +There are different types of epileptic seizure. They can affect people differently. + +You may have only one type of seizure, or more than one. Your specialist may need to monitor your symptoms and tests results to tell you which type you have. + +The main types of epileptic seizure are: + +- tonic clonic seizures, where you become unconscious and may fall, your muscles get stiff and your body jerks and shakes +- tonic seizures, where your muscles suddenly get stiff and you may fall, then recover quickly +- atonic seizures, where your muscles suddenly go floppy and you may fall, then recover quickly +- absence seizures, where you briefly lose awareness of what's going on around you +- focal seizures, where you have unusual feelings, sensations or movements +- myoclonic seizures, where your muscles briefly jerk + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Epilepsy Society: epileptic seizures + +## Treatment for epilepsy + +If you have epilepsy you'll be supported by your GP and a team of specialists. You'll have check-ups at least once a year. + +Your team will work with you to agree a care plan that includes details of the care and support you need. The care plan will tell your family or carers what to do when you have a seizure. + +### Medicines for epilepsy + +The main treatment for epilepsy is medicine to prevent seizures, called anti-epileptic or anti-seizure medicine. + +You may also be given medicine to use as emergency treatment if you have a seizure that lasts longer than usual. A family member or carer will need to give this to you. + +There are different anti-epileptic medicines. The medicine recommended for you depends on the type of seizures and things like your age, sex and any other conditions you have. + +You may need to try different medicines to find what works for you. + +If you have not had a seizure for 2 years, your specialist may suggest you try stopping your treatment by gradually reducing the dose. Do not change your dose or stop taking your medicine without talking to your specialist. + +If you take medicines for epilepsy and you have a medical exemption certificate, you're entitled to free prescriptions for all your medicines. + +[Check if you can get free prescriptions](https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/help-nhs-prescription-costs/medical-exemption-certificates) + +#### Epilepsy medicines and pregnancy + +Some types of epilepsy medicine can harm your baby if you take them in pregnancy, or if you or your partner is taking them when you get pregnant. + +If you or your partner are taking epilepsy medicine and there's a chance you could get pregnant it's very important to discuss your treatment with a specialist. You may need to use contraception, or you may need to switch to another medicine. + +### Other treatments + +For most people medicines work well to prevent seizures. Rarely, you may need other treatments. These can include: + +- surgery on your brain +- putting a small electrical device under the skin on your chest to help reduce seizures (vagus nerve stimulation) +- a specialist diet that can reduce seizures (ketogenic diet) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Epilepsy Society: epilepsy treatment NHS medicines A to Z: find your medicine + +## Things you can do to help with epilepsy + +If you have epilepsy there are things you can do to keep yourself safe and reduce the risk of seizures, if they're not completely controlled by your medicine. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ make sure your family and friends knowwhat to do if you have a seizure +- ✅ carry medical ID, such as a bracelet or a card that lets people know you have epilepsy +- ✅ keep a diary to help you identify things that might trigger a seizure, such as tiredness, stress, your period, flashing lights, food or drink +- ✅ make your home safer – for example you can fit carpets and radiator covers +- ✅ consider using an alarm to get help if you have a seizure +- ✅ have showers instead of baths if you can +- ✅ think about safety when doing activities such as cooking, using tools or machinery, swimming or sports + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not miss doses of your epilepsy medicine +- ❌ do not change your epilepsy treatment without getting advice from your GP or specialist +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol, as it can increase the risk of seizures + +### Epilepsy and driving + +If you've had any type of seizure you must not drive, and you must tell the DVLA. When you can start driving again depends on the type of seizure and when it last happened. You'll need to follow the [DVLA's rules about epilepsy and driving](https://www.gov.uk/epilepsy-and-driving). + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Epilepsy Action: living with epilepsy Epilepsy Society: safety and risk + +## How epilepsy affects your life + +Epilepsy affects everyone differently. It can be a life-long condition, or it can get better. How it affects you depends on the type of seizures you have, how often they happen and how well your treatment works. + +For most people, medicine works well to prevent or reduce seizures, and epilepsy has a small impact on their daily life. But some people have seizures that are harder to control, and need more support. + +Seizures are not usually harmful, although they can cause accidents or injuries. The risk of seizures may affect the type of work or activities you can do, and you may need to take extra safety measures. + +## Risks of epilepsy + +An epileptic seizure usually stops by itself and does not cause any lasting problems. + +Rarely, a seizure can last a long time, or you may have several seizures without recovering in between. This is called status epilepticus, and needs urgent treatment to prevent damage to your brain. + +There's also a small risk of dying suddenly, called sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). But this is rare, and epilepsy treatment can reduce the risk. + +### Epilepsy and pregnancy + +You can have a healthy pregnancy if you have epilepsy. But there's a chance you'll have more seizures in pregnancy. You may need extra appointments and tests. + +You might also need to change your medicine as some epilepsy medicines are not safe to take in pregnancy. + +If your partner takes epilepsy medicine, they may need to change their medicine. This is because some epilepsy medicines can affect sperm, which could harm your baby if you get pregnant. + +If you're planning to get pregnant or you find out you're pregnant, keep taking your medicine but speak to your specialist team straight away to review your treatment. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Epilepsy Action: epilepsy-related deaths and SUDEP SUDEP Action: information and support for people affected by SUDEP Epilepsy and pregnancy + +## Causes of epilepsy + +Epilepsy happens when the normal electrical activity in your brain changes. + +It's thought that epilepsy is often related to the genes you inherit from your parents, or to changes in your genes. + +It's sometimes caused by damage to your brain, for example after a head injury, a stroke or an infection. But for many people it's not clear what causes it. + +## Help and support for epilepsy + +As well as support from your healthcare team, you may find it helpful to get support from other people with epilepsy, either at a local support group or online. + +There are also national charities that can offer support and information about epilepsy. + +### Epilepsy Action + +Information and support for anyone affected by epilepsy. + +- Website: [www.epilepsy.org.uk](http://www.epilepsy.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0808 800 5050 +- [Epilepsy Action: face-to-face groups](https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/support-for-you/talk-and-support-local-groups) +- [Epilepsy Action: online groups](https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/support-for-you/talk-and-support-virtual-groups) + +### Epilepsy Society + +Information and support for anyone affected by epilepsy. + +- Website: [www.epilepsysociety.org.uk](http://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 01494 601 400 +- [Epilepsy Society: just diagnosed](https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/just-diagnosed) +- [Epilepsy Society: first aid for epileptic seizures](https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures) + +### Support Dogs + +Charity providing support dogs for people with conditions including epilepsy. + +- Website: [www.supportdogs.org.uk](https://www.supportdogs.org.uk/) +- [Support Dogs: epilepsy seizure alert](https://www.supportdogs.org.uk/pages/category/epilepsy-seizure-alert) + +## Video: epilepsy research - MRI + +In this video, a professor outlines the benefits of participating in MRI research. + +Media last reviewed: 5 August 2025 +Media review due: 5 August 2028 + +Page last reviewed: 06 March 2025 +Next review due: 06 March 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8212c34 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +# Erectile dysfunction (impotence) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/ + +**Erectile dysfunction (impotence) is very common, particularly in men over 40. It's usually nothing to worry about, but see a GP if it keeps happening.** + +## What is erectile dysfunction? + +Erectile dysfunction is when you are either: + +- unable to get an erection +- unable to keep an erection for long enough to have sex + +Depending on the cause, you may still be able to get an erection at other times, such as when you wake up. + +Sometimes you might also have [low sex drive (loss of libido)](/symptoms/loss-of-libido/). + +## Causes of erectile dysfunction + +Most men occasionally fail to get or keep an erection. + +This is usually caused by stress, tiredness or drinking too much alcohol, and it's nothing to worry about. + +It can also be a side effect of some medicines. + +If erectile dysfunction happens often, it may be caused by a condition such as: + +- [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) or [high cholesterol](/conditions/high-cholesterol/) +- [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) +- [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/) or [anxiety](/mental-health/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder/) +- hormone problems + +## Things you can do to help with erectile dysfunction + +Healthy lifestyle changes can sometimes help with erectile dysfunction. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ lose weight if you're overweight +- ✅ stop smoking +- ✅ eat a healthy diet +- ✅ exercise daily +- ✅ try to reduce stress and anxiety + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week +- ❌ do not cycle for a while, if you cycle for more than 3 hours a week + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - erection problems keep happening +> +> It might be a sign of a health condition that can be treated. + +> **💡 Information:** How sexual health clinics can help with erection problems Sexual health clinics treat problems with sexual health. They can provide the same treatment you would get at your GP surgery. Many sexual health clinics offer a walk-in service, where you do not need an appointment. They'll often get test results quicker than GP practices. Find a sexual health clinic near you + +## What happens at your appointment + +If you see someone about erectile dysfunction, the doctor or nurse may: + +- ask about your lifestyle and relationships, and any problems you might be having +- do some basic health checks, such as taking your blood pressure +- examine your genitals to rule out any obvious physical cause + +If you have symptoms like needing to pee more often than usual, you may also have an examination of your prostate ([rectal examination](/tests-and-treatments/rectal-examination/)). + +## Treatments for erectile dysfunction + +Treatment can usually help improve erectile dysfunction. + +### Medicines for erectile dysfunction + +The main treatments are medicines that increase the blood flow to your penis, called PDE-5 inhibitors. + +These include: + +- [sildenafil (Viagra)](/medicines/sildenafil-viagra/) +- [tadalafil (Cialis)](/medicines/tadalafil/) +- vardenafil (Levitra) +- avanafil (Spedra) + +You can get sildenafil on prescription or you can buy it from a pharmacy. You need a prescription for the other types. + +Buying Viagra online + +You can buy sildenafil (Viagra) over the internet. Be very careful if you do this as many websites sell fake medicines. + +Online medicines are not always regulated and the ingredients in them can vary from one pack to another. They can cause unpleasant side effects, or may not be suitable for you. + +It's best to see a doctor before buying medicines online. They know your medical history and can discuss whether you might benefit from treatment. + +If you choose to buy sildenafil (Viagra) on the internet, make sure: + +- any online pharmacy is registered with the [General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC)](https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/) +- any online doctor service is registered with the [Care Quality Commission (CQC)](http://www.cqc.org.uk/) +- all doctors are registered with the [General Medical Council (GMC)](http://www.gmc-uk.org/) + +### Vacuum pumps + +Vacuum pumps encourage blood to flow to the penis, causing an erection. + +They work for most men and can be used if medicine is not suitable or does not work. + +They're not always available on the NHS. Speak to a doctor about where to get a vacuum pump. + +### Treating the cause of erectile dysfunction + +There are also treatments for some of the causes of erectile dysfunction. + +For example: + +- your doctor may switch you to a different medicine if it's causing your erectile dysfunction +- high blood pressure, high cholesterol and hormone problems may be treated with medicine +- counselling and therapy can help if your erection problems are linked to emotional or mental health problems – but there can be a long wait for these services on the NHS + +> **💡 Information:** Finding private counsellors or sex therapists You can also pay to see a counsellor or therapist privately. Counsellors and psychotherapists should be a member of the: British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy Sex therapists should be a member of the: College of Sexual and Relationship Therapists (COSRT) Institute of Psychosexual Medicine Relate also offers sex therapy for a fee. + +Page last reviewed: 28 July 2023 +Next review due: 28 July 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/febrile-seizures/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/febrile-seizures/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a3497a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/febrile-seizures/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +# Febrile seizures + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/febrile-seizures/ + +**A febrile seizure (febrile convulsion or fit) can sometimes happen when a child has a high temperature. It's not usually serious, but it's important to get medical help if your child has a seizure.** + +A febrile seizure can seem frightening, but it's unlikely to harm your child or cause long-term effects. + +## Check if it's a febrile seizure + +A febrile seizure can happen when a child has a [high temperature (fever)](/symptoms/fever-in-children/). + +Your child may: + +- become stiff and twitch, shake, or have jerking movements +- become unconscious +- not respond or look at you when you talk to them +- be sick or pee (wet themselves) +- be sleepy, irritable or confused for up to 1 hour afterwards + +Febrile seizures usually last for 2 to 3 minutes. It's rare for them to last more than 10 minutes. + +They usually affect children between 6 months and 6 years old. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - has a seizure for the first time +> - has a seizure that lasts more than 5 minutes +> - is having difficulty breathing +> - has stiffness and twitching on only 1 side of their body +> - is more sleepy than usual for more than 1 hour after the seizure stops +> - has more than 1 seizure within 24 hours +> +> Do not take your child to A&E if they are still having a seizure or are unconscious, call 999 instead. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## What to do if your child is having a febrile seizure + +If your child is having a febrile seizure, it's important to keep them safe while you wait for medical help. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ check the time the seizure starts and ends +- ✅ protect their head with your hands or something soft +- ✅ remove any dangerous objects that are nearby +- ✅ after the seizure ends, put your child in therecovery positionand make sure there is nothing in their mouth or throat that might affect their breathing + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not move your child or try to hold them in place +- ❌ do not put anything in your child's mouth +- ❌ do not try to lower your child's temperature by undressing them or sponging them with cold water + +> **💡 Information:** Find out how to put a baby in the recovery position on the St John Ambulance website + +## Treatment for febrile seizures + +Most febrile seizures do not need treatment. But your child will need to be checked in hospital after having a febrile seizure for the first time. They may also need to stay in hospital for a short time. + +Your child may need some tests, including: + +- [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) +- pee (urine) test +- [a lumbar puncture](/tests-and-treatments/lumbar-puncture/) – where a sample of fluid is taken from the spine and checked for bacteria or viruses + +If an infection is causing your child's high temperature, they may need medicine to treat it. + +### Treatment for recurrent febrile seizures + +Very rarely, a child may keep having febrile seizures. + +If this happens, your doctor may prescribe a medicine to give to your child while they're having a seizure. Your doctor will give you instructions on how to use it. + +## Preventing febrile seizures + +You cannot prevent febrile seizures. They can sometimes happen when your child has an infection and a high temperature. + +> **💡 Information:** Febrile seizures and epilepsy Febrile seizures are not the same thing as epilepsy . Children who have had a febrile seizure have a slightly increased chance of having epilepsy later in life, but this is rare. + +Page last reviewed: 21 June 2023 +Next review due: 21 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/female-genital-mutilation-fgm/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/female-genital-mutilation-fgm/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54f53de --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/female-genital-mutilation-fgm/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,216 @@ +# Overview-Female genital mutilation (FGM) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/female-genital-mutilation-fgm/ + +**Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a procedure where the female genitals are deliberately cut, injured or changed, but there's no medical reason for this to be done.** + +It's also known as female circumcision or cutting, and by other terms, such as Sunna, gudniin, halalays, tahur, megrez and khitan, among others. + +FGM is usually carried out on young girls between infancy and the age of 15, most commonly before puberty starts. + +It's illegal in the UK and is child abuse. + +It's very painful and can seriously harm the health of women and girls. + +It can also cause long-term problems with sex, childbirth and mental health. + +## Getting help and support + +All women and girls have the right to control what happens to their bodies and the right to say no to FGM. + +Help is available if you have had FGM or you're worried that you or someone you know is at risk. + +- If someone is in immediate danger, contact the police immediately by dialling 999. +- If you're concerned that someone may be at risk, contact the NSPCC helpline on 0800 028 3550 or email [fgmhelp@nspcc.org.uk](mailto:fgmhelp@nspcc.org.uk). +- If you're under pressure to have FGM performed on your daughter, ask a GP, your health visitor or another healthcare professional for help, or contact the NSPCC helpline. +- If you have had FGM, you can get help from a specialist NHS gynaecologist or FGM service – ask a GP, your midwife or any other healthcare professional about services in your area. + +Read about [National FGM Support Clinics and where to find them](/conditions/female-genital-mutilation-fgm/national-fgm-support-clinics/). + +If you're a health professional caring for a patient under 18 who's had FGM, you have professional responsibilities to safeguard and protect her. + +[Guidance and resources about FGM for healthcare staff are available on the GOV.UK website](https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/female-genital-mutilation-fgm-guidance-for-healthcare-staff). + +## Types of FGM + +There are 4 main types of FGM: + +- type 1 (clitoridectomy) – removing part or all of the clitoris +- type 2 (excision) – removing part or all of the clitoris and the inner labia (the lips that surround the vagina), with or without removal of the labia majora (the larger outer lips) +- type 3 (infibulation) – narrowing the vaginal opening by creating a seal, formed by cutting and repositioning the labia +- other harmful procedures to the female genitals, including pricking, piercing, cutting, scraping or burning the area + +FGM is often performed by traditional circumcisers or cutters who do not have any medical training. But in some countries it may be done by a medical professional. + +Anaesthetics and antiseptics are not generally used, and FGM is often carried out using knives, scissors, scalpels, pieces of glass or razor blades. + +FGM often happens against a girl's will without her consent, and girls may have to be forcibly restrained. + +## Effects of FGM + +There are no health benefits to FGM and it can cause serious harm, including: + +- constant pain +- pain and difficulty having sex +- repeated infections, which can lead to [infertility](/conditions/infertility/) +- bleeding, cysts and abscesses +- problems peeing or holding pee in [(incontinence)](/conditions/urinary-incontinence/) +- [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/), flashbacks and [self-harm](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/self-harm/) +- problems during labour and childbirth, which can be life threatening for mother and baby + +Some girls die from blood loss or infection as a direct result of the procedure. + +### FGM and sex + +FGM can make it difficult and painful to have sex. It can also result in reduced sexual desire and a lack of pleasurable sensation. + +Talk to your GP or another healthcare professional if you have sexual problems that you feel may be caused by FGM, as they can refer you to a special therapist who can help. + +In some cases, a surgical procedure called a deinfibulation may be recommended, which can alleviate and improve some symptoms. + +### FGM and pregnancy + +Some women with FGM may find it difficult to become pregnant, and those who do conceive can have problems in childbirth. + +If you're expecting a baby, your midwife should ask you if you have had FGM at your [antenatal appointment](/pregnancy/your-pregnancy-care/your-antenatal-appointments/). + +It's important to tell your midwife if you think this has happened to you so they can arrange appropriate care for you and you baby. + +### FGM and mental health + +FGM can be an extremely traumatic experience that can cause emotional difficulties throughout life, including; + +- depression +- anxiety +- flashbacks to the time of the cutting +- nightmares and other sleep problems + +In some cases, women may not remember having the FGM at all, especially if it was performed when they were an infant. + +Talk to a GP or another healthcare professional if you're experiencing emotional or mental health problems that may be a result of FGM. Help and support is available. + +## Treatment for FGM (deinfibulation) + +Surgery can be performed to open up the vagina, if necessary. This is called deinfibulation. + +It's sometimes known as a reversal, although this name is misleading as the procedure does not replace any removed tissue and will not undo the damage caused. + +But it can help many problems caused by FGM. + +Surgery may be recommended for: + +- women who are unable to have sex or have difficulty peeing as a result of FGM +- pregnant women at risk of problems during labour or delivery as a result of FGM + +Deinfibulation should be carried out before getting pregnant, if possible. + +It can be done in pregnancy or labour if necessary, but ideally should be done before the last 2 months of pregnancy. + +The surgery involves making a cut (incision) to open the scar tissue over the entrance to the vagina. + +It's usually performed under [local anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/local-anaesthesia/) in a clinic and you will not normally need to stay overnight. + +A small number of women need either a [general anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/general-anaesthesia/) or an injection in the back [(epidural)](/tests-and-treatments/epidural/), which may involve a short stay in hospital. + +## Video: female genital mutilation (FGM) + +This video raises awareness of female genital mutilation (FGM) and has advice if you or someone else are at risk. + +Media last reviewed: 6 June 2024 +Media review due: 6 June 2027 + +## Why FGM is carried out + +FGM is carried out for various cultural, religious and social reasons within families and communities in the mistaken belief that it will benefit the girl in some way (for example, as a preparation for marriage or to preserve her virginity). + +But there are no acceptable reasons that justify FGM. It's a harmful practice that has no health benefits. + +FGM usually happens to girls whose mothers, grandmothers or extended female family members have had FGM themselves, or if their father comes from a community where it's carried out. + +## Where FGM is carried out + +Girls are sometimes taken abroad for FGM, but they may not be aware this is the reason for their travel. + +Girls are more at risk of FGM being carried out during the summer holidays, as this allows more time for them to "heal" before they return to school. + +If you think there's a risk of this happening to you, you can [download the Statement Opposing FGM on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/statement-opposing-female-genital-mutilation) and take it with you on holiday to show your family. + +Communities that perform FGM are traditionally found in many parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. + +Girls who were born in the UK or are resident here but whose families originate from an FGM-practising community are at greater risk of FGM happening to them. + +Many communities practise FGM, but those at particular risk in the UK originate from: + +- Somalia +- Egypt +- Sudan +- Sierra Leone +- Eritrea +- Gambia +- Ethiopia + +## The law and FGM + +FGM is illegal in the UK. + +It's an offence to: + +- perform FGM (including taking a child abroad for FGM) +- help a girl perform FGM on herself in or outside the UK +- help anyone perform FGM in the UK +- help anyone perform FGM outside the UK on a UK national or resident +- fail to protect a girl for whom you're responsible from FGM + +Anyone who performs FGM can face up to 14 years in prison. + +Anyone found guilty of failing to protect a girl from FGM can face up to 7 years in prison. + +## Video: female genital mutilation - the facts + +This video dispels myths surrounding FGM and religion. + +Media last reviewed: 1 July 2025 +Media review due: 1 July 2028 + +## Download the Statement Opposing FGM + +The summer holidays are when many young girls are taken abroad, often to their family's birth country, to have FGM performed. + +The FGM statement, also known as the FGM health passport, highlights the fact FGM is a serious criminal offence in the UK. + +If you're worried about FGM, print out this statement, take it abroad with you and show it to your family. + +Keep the declaration in your passport, purse or bag, and carry it with you all the time. + +[Download the statement opposing FGM on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/statement-opposing-female-genital-mutilation), which is also available in other languages. + +## Leaflets to download + +There are leaflets for patients who want to know [more about FGM on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/female-genital-mutilation-resource-pack/female-genital-mutilation-resource-pack#leaflets). + +These are available in the following languages: + +[Mwy o wybodaeth am FGM](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905952-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Welsh.pdf) – Welsh version (PDF, 164kb) + +[ስለ ኤፍ ጂ ኤም ተጨማሪ መረጃ](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905944-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Amharic.pdf) – Amharic version (PDF, 472kb) + +[مزيد من المعلومات حول ختان الإناث](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905943-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Arabic.pdf) – Arabic version (PDF, 228kb) + +[FGM اطلاعات بیشتر درباره](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905945-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Farsi-Persian.pdf) – Farsi version (PDF, 207kb) + +[Renseignements complémentaires sur les MGF](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905946-DH-FGM-Leaflet-French.pdf) – French version (PDF, 167kb) + +[Informasi selengkapnya tentang FGM](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905953-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Indonesian.pdf) – Indonesian version (PDF, 160kb) + +[FGM زانیاری زیاتر دەربارەی](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905949-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Kurdish-Sorani.pdf) – Kurdish Sorani version (PDF, 245kb) + +[Macluumaad dheeraad ah ee ku saabsan FGM](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905951-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Somali.pdf) – Somali version (PDF, 170kb) + +[Habari zaidi kuhusu ukeketaji wa wanawake](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905947-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Swahili.pdf) – Swahili version (PDF, 160kb) + +[ብዛዕባ ኤፍ ጂ ኤም ተወሳኺ ሓበሬታ](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905948-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Tigrinya.pdf) – Tigrinya version (PDF, 491kb) + +[ایف جی ایم کے بارے میں مزید معلومات](https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/documents/2905950-DH-FGM-Leaflet-Urdu.pdf) – Urdu version (PDF, 235kb) + +Page last reviewed: 27 September 2022 +Next review due: 27 September 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/fibroids/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/fibroids/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d198b8d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/fibroids/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +# Fibroids + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fibroids/ + +Fibroids mainly affect women who have not been through the menopause. Anyone with a womb can get them. + +![Diagram of the pelvic area with labels showing the womb and vagina, with fibroids growing in and around the womb.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_2484_-_Diagram_for_fibroids.width-320.jpg) + +## Symptoms of fibroids + +Fibroids do not always cause symptoms, so you may not know you have them. If you do have symptoms, they may include: + +- heavy periods or painful periods +- stomach pain +- lower back pain +- peeing more often than usual, needing to pee suddenly or not being able to control when you pee +- problems pooing, such as bloating, not being able to poo or pain when you poo +- pain or discomfort during sex +- difficulty getting pregnant + +These are not all the symptoms fibroids can cause. Talk to a doctor if you are worried. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of fibroids +> - your symptoms are affecting your everyday life, work and relationships +> - painkillers are not helping + +## How fibroids are diagnosed + +If you have symptoms of fibroids, your GP may ask about your symptoms and give you a physical examination. This may include checking your tummy (abdomen) and pelvic area, and an internal vaginal exam. + +If they think you might have fibroids, they'll usually refer you to a specialist for an ultrasound scan. This can show if you have fibroids, how many there are, where they are and how big they are. + +Sometimes, fibroids can be found during other tests or scans, such as a pregnancy scan. + +## Treatments for fibroids + +Treatment is not always needed if fibroids are not causing any symptoms. + +But if your fibroid symptoms are painful or cause heavy bleeding, you may be given: + +- painkillers such as ibuprofen, naproxen or diclofenac +- [tranexamic acid](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/tranexamic-acid/) or a hormone medicine such as the combined pill to help with heavy bleeding + +If medicine does not help, your fibroids are too large or your symptoms are getting worse, you may need surgery. + +Surgical treatment includes: + +- surgery to remove fibroids (myomectomy) +- surgery to remove fibroids and the womb ([hysterectomy](/tests-and-treatments/hysterectomy/)) +- a procedure using heat to remove the lining of the womb (endometrial ablation) + +Sometimes, a non-surgical procedure called uterine artery embolization (UAE) may be an option. This is where the blood supply to your fibroids is blocked, causing them to shrink. + +The type of surgery recommended for you depends on the size, number and location of your fibroids. + +### Important + +Fibroid surgery and procedures are not suitable for everyone. + +If you plan on having children, talk to a doctor about your options. Some treatments can stop you having children, or increase the risk of problems during pregnancy. + +## Complications of fibroids + +Sometimes, fibroids can cause problems if they're not treated, such as: + +- [iron deficiency anaemia](/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/), caused by heavy bleeding +- urinary tract infections (UTIs) or problems peeing or incontinence, caused by large fibroids pressing on your bladder +- being unable to have children or having miscarriages, although this is rare. + +## Causes of fibroids + +The exact cause of fibroids is unknown, but you're more likely to get them if you: + +- have not reached the menopause +- have never had a full-term pregnancy +- are overweight or obese +- have high blood pressure or diabetes +- are from a Black or Asian background +- have a close relative who has fibroids + +Page last reviewed: 17 March 2026 +Next review due: 17 March 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/fibromyalgia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/fibromyalgia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d84b380 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/fibromyalgia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# Overview-Fibromyalgia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fibromyalgia/ + +**Fibromyalgia, also called fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), is a long-term condition that causes pain all over the body.** + +## Symptoms of fibromyalgia + +As well as widespread pain, other symptoms of fibromyalgia include: + +- increased sensitivity to pain +- muscle stiffness +- difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep, which can make you feel very tired (fatigue) +- problems with mental processes (known as "fibro-fog"), such as difficulty concentrating or remembering things +- [headaches](/symptoms/headaches/) +- [irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)](/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/), a digestive condition that causes stomach pain and bloating +- feelings of frustration, worry or low mood + +The symptoms of fibromyalgia are changeable – for example, they can sometimes suddenly improve or get worse. + +See a GP if you think you have fibromyalgia. Treatment can ease some of the symptoms, although they're unlikely to disappear completely. + +## How fibromyalgia is treated + +Although there's currently no cure for fibromyalgia, there are treatments to help relieve some of the symptoms and make the condition easier to live with. + +Treatment tends to be a combination of: + +- lifestyle changes, such as exercise programmes and relaxation techniques +- talking therapies, such as [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) +- medicine, such as [antidepressants](/conditions/antidepressants/) + +In particular, exercise has a number of important benefits for people with fibromyalgia, including helping to reduce pain. + +## What causes fibromyalgia? + +The exact cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, but it's thought to be related to abnormal levels of certain chemicals in the brain and changes in the way the central nervous system (the brain, spinal cord and nerves) processes pain messages carried around the body. + +It's also suggested that some people are more likely to develop fibromyalgia because of genes inherited from their parents. + +In many cases, the condition appears to be triggered by things that are physical or emotional like an injury, an infection or stress. + +## Who's affected + +Anyone can develop fibromyalgia, but it's more common in women than men. + +The condition typically develops between the ages of 25 and 55, but people of any age can get it, including children and older people. + +It's not clear exactly how many people are affected by fibromyalgia, although research has suggested it could be a relatively common condition. + +Some estimates suggest nearly 1 in 20 people may be affected by fibromyalgia to some degree. + +One of the main reasons it's not clear how many people are affected is because fibromyalgia can be a difficult condition to diagnose. + +There's no specific test for the condition, and the symptoms can be similar to a number of other conditions. + +## Support groups + +If you have fibromyalgia, support groups can provide an important network for talking to others living with the condition. + +[Fibromyalgia Action UK](http://www.fmauk.org/) is a charity that offers information and support to people with fibromyalgia. + +If you have any questions about fibromyalgia, call the charity's helpline on 0300 999 3333. + +Fibromyalgia Action UK also has a number of regional co-ordinators who can put you in touch with a support group near you. + +Page last reviewed: 12 October 2022 +Next review due: 12 October 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/flu/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/flu/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca16a6d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/flu/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +# Flu + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/flu/ + +## Symptoms of flu + +Flu symptoms come on very quickly and can include: + +- a sudden high temperature +- an aching body +- feeling tired or exhausted +- a dry cough +- a sore throat +- a headache +- difficulty sleeping +- loss of appetite +- diarrhoea, tummy pain, feeling sick (nausea) and being sick (vomiting) – although these are less common in adults + +The symptoms are similar for children, but they can also get pain in their ear, sore eyes, [swollen glands](/symptoms/swollen-glands/) and appear less active. + +Telling the difference between cold and flu + +[Cold](/conditions/common-cold/) and flu symptoms are similar, but flu tends to be more severe. + +Differences between cold and flu + +| Flu | Cold | +| --- | --- | +| Appears quickly within a few hours. | Appears gradually over 1 to 2 days. | +| Affects more than just your nose and throat. | Affects mainly your nose and throat. | +| Makes you feel exhausted and too unwell to carry on as normal. | Makes you feel unwell, but you still feel well enough to do your normal activities. | + +## How to treat flu yourself + +If you have flu, there are some things you can do to help get better more quickly. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ rest and sleep +- ✅ takeparacetamoloribuprofento lower your temperature and treat aches and pains +- ✅ giveparacetamoloribuprofento your child if they're distressed or uncomfortable – check the packaging or leaflet to make sure the medicine is suitable for your child, or speak to a pharmacist or GP if you're not sure +- ✅ drink plenty of water to avoiddehydration(your pee should be light yellow or clear) + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under the age of 16 + +### A pharmacist can help with flu + +A pharmacist can give treatment advice and recommend flu remedies. + +Do not take paracetamol and flu remedies that contain paracetamol at the same time as it's easy to take more than the recommended dose. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **💡 Information:** Antibiotics Antibiotics do not work for viral infections such as flu. GPs do not recommend antibiotics for flu because they will not relieve your symptoms or speed up your recovery. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You or your child have symptoms of flu and: +> +> - you're worried about your baby's or child's symptoms +> - you're 65 or over +> - you're pregnant or have recently given birth +> - you have a long-term medical condition – for example, diabetes or a condition that affects your heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, brain or nerves +> - you have a weakened immune system – for example, because of chemotherapy or HIV +> - you feel very unwell +> - you feel short of breath +> - your symptoms do not improve after 7 days +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you get sudden chest pain +> - you have severe difficulty breathing – you're gasping, choking or not able to get words out +> - you start coughing up blood +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## How to avoid spreading the flu + +Flu is very infectious and easily spreads to other people. You're more likely to give it to others in the first 5 days after getting infected. + +Flu is spread by germs from coughs and sneezes, which can live on hands and surfaces for 24 hours. + +To reduce the risk of spreading flu: + +- wash your hands often with warm water and soap +- cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze (if you do not have a tissue, cough or sneeze into the bend of your elbow, not into your hand) +- bin used tissues as quickly as possible + +Try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people if you have a high temperature, feel hot, cold or shivery, or do not feel well enough to do your normal activities. + +See how to wash your hands correctly + +### Video: how to wash your hands + +Watch this video to find out the best way to wash your hands. + +Media last reviewed: 15 March 2026 +Media review due: 15 March 2029 + +## Flu vaccine + +The flu vaccine helps protect against flu. It's safe and effective. + +It's offered on the NHS every year in autumn or early winter to some adults and children at higher risk of getting seriously ill from flu. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Find out more about the: adult flu vaccine , including who can get it and how children's flu vaccine , including who can get it and how + +Page last reviewed: 03 February 2026 +Next review due: 03 February 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/food-allergy/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/food-allergy/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b60de5d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/food-allergy/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +# Food allergy + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/food-allergy/ + +**A food allergy is where your body reacts to certain foods. It's often mild, but can be very serious for some people.** + +## Symptoms of a food allergy + +Symptoms of a food allergy can affect any part of the body, including different parts of the body at the same time. + +Common symptoms of a food allergy include: + +- feeling dizzy or lightheaded +- itchy skin or a raised rash ([hives](/conditions/hives/)) +- swelling of the lips, face and eyes ([angioedema](/conditions/angioedema/)) +- coughing, wheezing, breathlessness, noisy breathing or a hoarse voice +- sneezing or an itchy, runny or blocked nose +- feeling sick or being sick +- tummy pain +- diarrhoea + +You may get symptoms straight after eating the food you're allergic to, or days later. + +> **💡 Information:** A food allergy is different from having a food intolerance , which causes symptoms such as bloating and tummy pain, usually a few hours after eating the food you're intolerant to. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - your lips, mouth, throat or tongue suddenly become swollen +> - you're breathing very fast or struggling to breathe (you may become very wheezy or feel like you're choking or gasping for air) +> - your throat feels tight or you're struggling to swallow +> - your skin, tongue or lips turn blue, grey or pale (if you have black or brown skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet) +> - you suddenly become very confused, drowsy or dizzy +> - someone faints and cannot be woken up +> - a child is limp, floppy or not responding like they normally do (their head may fall to the side, backwards or forwards, or they may find it difficult to lift their head or focus on your face) +> +> You or the person who's unwell may also have a rash that's swollen, raised or itchy. +> +> These can be signs of a serious allergic reaction and may need immediate treatment in hospital. + +> **💡 Information:** If you have an adrenaline auto-injector If you or someone you're with is having a serious allergic reaction and has an adrenaline auto-injector (such as an EpiPen), you should use it immediately. Instructions are included on the side of the injector if you forget how to use it or someone else needs to give you the injection. Call 999 for an ambulance after using the injector, even if you or the person you're with seems to be feeling better. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you or your child may have a food allergy + +## Causes of food allergy + +A food allergy is caused by your immune system overreacting to certain types of food. + +It's not clear why this happens, but certain foods are more likely to cause an allergic reaction in some people. + +The most common allergic foods include: + +- cows' milk +- eggs +- peanuts, soybeans, peas and chickpeas +- tree nuts, such as walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, cashews, pistachios and Brazil nuts +- shellfish, such as prawns, crab and lobster +- wheat + +But you can be allergic to any type of food, including celery, mustard, sesame seeds and lupin flour found in some baked goods. + +You have a slightly higher chance of getting a food allergy if you or a close family member have other allergies, asthma or eczema. + +> **💡 Information:** Oral allergy syndrome Some people get an itchy mouth and throat after eating raw fruit or vegetables. This is called oral allergy syndrome. It's not usually serious and eating fruit and vegetables that have been well cooked helps. Find out more about oral allergy syndrome on Allergy UK + +## Tests for food allergy + +You may be referred to a specialist for tests if a GP thinks you have a food allergy. + +Tests you may have include: + +- a skin-prick test (where a drop of liquid containing a food you may be allergic to is put on your skin to see if it reacts) +- blood tests +- a special diet where you avoid eating the food you might be allergic to, to see if your symptoms get better + +You may also be asked to keep a food and symptoms diary to help work out what may be triggering your symptoms. + +[Find out more about keeping a food and symptoms diary on Allergy UK](https://www.allergyuk.org/resources/food-and-symptoms-diary/) + +## Treatments for a food allergy + +If you have a food allergy, you will not be able to eat the food you're allergic to, including foods where you're allergic to any of the ingredients. + +You'll be given medicines to help manage your symptoms or use in case of an emergency. + +These include: + +- antihistamines for mild allergic reactions +- emergency medicines called adrenaline auto-injectors, such as an EpiPen, for severe allergic reactions + +Your specialist will give you an allergy management plan that will explain how to manage your allergy. + +Children with a peanut allergy may have immunotherapy to help their bodies become less sensitive to peanuts, but they should still avoid eating peanuts. + +## Things you can do if you have a food allergy + +There are steps you can take to help manage your food allergy. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ check food labels and restaurant menus carefully to make sure they do not contain the food you're allergic to +- ✅ tell friends, family, nursery, school and work about your allergy +- ✅ carry 2 adrenaline auto-injectors with you at all times, if you need them +- ✅ tell staff at restaurants and cafés about your allergy +- ✅ tell airlines and cabin staff about your allergy before you fly +- ✅ wipe down surfaces in public before eating + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not eat foods without checking what ingredients are in them first +- ❌ do not cut foods out of your diet without speaking to a GP + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Allergy UK: food allergy Allergy UK: travelling with a food allergy + +Page last reviewed: 05 January 2023 +Next review due: 05 January 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/food-intolerance/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/food-intolerance/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0d3c49 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/food-intolerance/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# Food intolerance + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/food-intolerance/ + +**A food intolerance is when you have difficulty digesting certain foods or ingredients in food. It's not usually serious,** **but eating the food you're intolerant to can make you feel unwell.** + +## Symptoms of a food intolerance + +If you have a food intolerance, you usually get symptoms a few hours after eating the food or ingredient you're intolerant to. + +Common symptoms include: + +- diarrhoea +- bloating +- farting +- tummy pain + +But there are lots of other possible symptoms, including headache, feeling tired or exhausted, feeling sick, constipation, joint pain or rashes. + +Symptoms can last for a few hours or days. + +> **💡 Information:** Food allergy A food intolerance is different to a food allergy , which causes symptoms such as itchy skin, wheezing or swelling of the lips, face and eyes. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you or your child have any symptoms of a food intolerance that keep coming back + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - your lips, mouth, throat or tongue suddenly become swollen +> - you're breathing very fast or struggling to breathe (you may become very wheezy or feel like you're choking or gasping for air) +> - your throat feels tight or you're struggling to swallow +> - your skin, tongue or lips turn blue, grey or pale (if you have black or brown skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet) +> - you suddenly become very confused, drowsy or dizzy +> - someone faints and cannot be woken up +> - a child is limp, floppy or not responding like they normally do (their head may fall to the side, backwards or forwards, or they may find it difficult to lift their head or focus on your face) +> +> You or the person who's unwell may also have a rash that's swollen, raised or itchy. +> +> These can be signs of a serious allergic reaction and may need immediate treatment in hospital. + +## Causes of a food intolerance + +A food intolerance is caused by your body not being able to digest a certain food or an ingredient in food. + +The most common food intolerance is [lactose intolerance](/conditions/lactose-intolerance/). This is when your body is not able to digest lactose, a type of sugar mainly found in milk and dairy products such as cheese and yoghurts. + +But you can be intolerant to any type of food or ingredient in food, such as: + +- gluten (wheat, rye and barley) – found in foods like bread and pasta +- histamine – found in foods and drinks like wine and cheese +- caffeine – found in coffee, tea and some fizzy drinks +- alcohol +- sulphites – found in cider, beer and wine +- salicylates – found in some fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices +- monosodium glutamate (MSG) – found in ripened fruits, cured meats and savoury foods + +Unlike a food allergy, a food intolerance is not caused by your immune system overreacting to certain types of food, which means you cannot have a serious allergic reaction. + +## Tests for food intolerance + +You may be referred to a food and nutrition specialist (dietitian) if a GP thinks you have a food intolerance. + +Tests you may have include: + +- a special diet where you avoid eating the food you might be intolerant to, to see if your symptoms get better – after a few weeks you start eating the food again to see if your symptoms return +- blood tests +- a breath test if you might be lactose intolerant + +You may also be asked to keep a food and symptoms diary to help work out what may be triggering your symptoms. + +### Home tests + +Some tests you can buy that claim to diagnose food intolerances are not recommended. + +There's limited evidence that they give accurate results and they may suggest you should avoid multiple foods, which can be harmful. + +## Treatment for a food intolerance + +If you have a food intolerance, try to avoid or reduce eating the food you're intolerant to, including foods where you're intolerant to any of the ingredients. + +But it's important to not cut foods out of your or your child's diet without the advice of a GP or food and nutrition specialist (dietitian). + +This is because you or your child could miss out on certain vitamins and minerals, which are especially important for a child's growth and development. + +Page last reviewed: 25 November 2022 +Next review due: 25 November 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/food-poisoning/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/food-poisoning/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9d0a68 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/food-poisoning/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +# Food poisoning + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/food-poisoning/ + +## Symptoms of food poisoning + +Symptoms of food poisoning include: + +- feeling sick or being sick +- diarrhoea +- tummy pain +- a high temperature +- feeling generally unwell + +The symptoms usually start within a few hours or a few days of eating food that caused the infection. + +Sometimes symptoms do not start for a few weeks. + +## How to treat food poisoning yourself + +If you or your child have food poisoning, you can usually treat it at home. + +The symptoms usually get better within a week. + +Diarrhoea and vomiting can usually be treated at home. The most important thing is to have lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ stay at home and get plenty of rest +- ✅ drink lots of fluids, such as water or squash – take small sips if you feel sick +- ✅ carry on breast or bottle feeding your baby – if they're being sick, try giving small feeds more often than usual +- ✅ give babies on formula or solid foods small sips of water between feeds +- ✅ eat when you feel able to – it may help to avoid foods that are fatty or spicy +- ✅ takeparacetamolif you're in discomfort – check the leaflet before giving it to your child + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not have fruit juice or fizzy drinks – they can make diarrhoea worse +- ❌ do not make baby formula weaker – use it at its usual strength +- ❌ do not give children under 12 medicine to stop diarrhoea +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under 16 + +## A pharmacist can help with food poisoning + +Speak to a pharmacist if: + +- you or your child (over 5 years) have signs of [dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/), such as dark, smelly pee or peeing less than usual +- you're an older person, have a weakened immune system, or have other health conditions that increase your risk of dehydration +- you need to stop diarrhoea for a few hours + +They may recommend: + +- oral rehydration powder that you mix with water to make a drink +- medicine to stop diarrhoea for a few hours, like [loperamide](/medicines/loperamide/) (not suitable for children under 12) + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you're worried about a baby under 12 months +> - your child stops breast or bottle feeding while they're ill +> - a child under 5 years has signs of [dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/), such as fewer wet nappies +> - you or your child (aged 5 years or over) still have signs of dehydration after using oral rehydration sachets +> - you or your child keep being sick and cannot keep fluid down +> - you or your child have bloody diarrhoea or bleeding from the bottom +> - you or your child have diarrhoea for more than 7 days or vomiting for more than 2 days +> +> 111 will tell you what to do. They can arrange a phone call from a nurse or doctor if you need one. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - vomit blood or have vomit that looks like ground coffee +> - have green vomit (adults) +> - have yellow-green or green vomit (children) +> - may have swallowed something poisonous +> - have a stiff neck and pain when looking at bright lights +> - have a sudden, severe headache +> - have a sudden, severe tummy ache +> - have blue, grey, pale or blotchy skin, lips or tongue - on brown or black skin this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet +> - are having severe difficulty breathing, or taking lots of quick, short breaths +> - are confused or not responding as usual +> +> What we mean by severe pain +> +> Severe pain: +> : - always there and so bad it's hard to think or talk +> - you cannot sleep +> - it's very hard to move, get out of bed, go to the bathroom, wash or dress +> +> Moderate pain: +> : - always there +> - makes it hard to concentrate or sleep +> - you can manage to get up, wash or dress +> +> Mild pain: +> : - comes and goes +> - is annoying but does not stop you doing daily activities +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## How you get food poisoning + +Food poisoning is caused by eating something that has been contaminated with germs. + +This can happen if food is: + +- not cooked or reheated thoroughly +- not stored correctly – for example, it's not been frozen or chilled +- left out for too long +- handled by someone who's ill or has not washed their hands +- eaten after its "use by" date + +Any type of food can cause food poisoning. + +Infections that cause food poisoning + +Food poisoning is usually caused by: + +- campylobacter bacteria – the most common cause of food poisoning in the UK +- salmonella bacteria +- E. coli bacteria +- [norovirus (vomiting bug)](/conditions/norovirus/) + +[Find out more about food hygiene and avoiding food poisoning from the Food Standards Agency website](https://www.food.gov.uk/consumer-advice/food-hygiene). + +Page last reviewed: 19 December 2024 +Next review due: 19 December 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/frozen-shoulder/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/frozen-shoulder/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73a54f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/frozen-shoulder/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +# Frozen shoulder + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/frozen-shoulder/ + +## Symptoms of frozen shoulder + +The 2 main symptoms of frozen shoulder are: + +- pain in your shoulder which can be worse at night and disturb sleep +- stiffness in your shoulder which makes it difficult to move + +Frozen shoulder can take months or years to get better. + +But the pain and stiffness will usually go away eventually. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have shoulder pain and stiffness that does not go away +> - the pain is so bad it makes it hard to move your arm and shoulder + +## Treatment for frozen shoulder + +Treatment for frozen shoulder works in 3 main steps: + +1. Pain relief – avoid movements that cause you pain. Only move your shoulder gently. At first, try taking [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/). You can take it at regular intervals, up to the recommended daily dose. If paracetamol does not work, try an oral NSAID painkiller such as [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/). If it does not help stop using it. +2. Stronger pain relief – you may be prescribed stronger painkillers or a steroid injection in your shoulder. +3. Getting movement back – try gentle shoulder exercises at home. If the pain continues, you may be referred to a physiotherapist. + +You may get a mix of these treatments depending on how painful and stiff your shoulder is. + +Stronger pain relief is usually only used for a short time because it can cause side effects. + +### Physiotherapy for frozen shoulder + +Physiotherapy can help you get movement back in your shoulder. + +A physiotherapist will decide on the number of sessions you need. It usually lasts at least 6 weeks. The exact number depends on how quickly your shoulder start to get better. + +The physiotherapist will first check how much movement you have in your shoulders. + +Treatments from a physiotherapist include: + +- stretching exercises +- strength exercises +- good posture advice +- pain relief, including giving steroid injections + +If you're still in pain after you have finished your sessions, go back to your GP or physiotherapist. They might prescribe more physiotherapy or another treatment. + +Many physiotherapists work at GP surgeries. In some areas, you can ask to see a physiotherapist without seeing a GP first. + +You can also get physiotherapy privately. + +[Find a registered physiotherapist on the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy website](https://www.csp.org.uk/public-patient/find-physiotherapist/find-physio) + +## How you can ease pain from frozen shoulder yourself + +There are things you can do to help ease the pain from frozen shoulder yourself. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ follow any exercises from your GP or physiotherapist +- ✅ move your shoulder – keeping it still will make the pain worse +- ✅ take paracetamol regularly up to the recommended daily dose +- ✅ try putting a heat pack (or hot water bottle) wrapped in a tea towel on your shoulder for up to 20 minutes at a time – you can also buy heat packs from a pharmacy + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not make up your own strenuous exercises – for example, gym equipment can make the pain worse + +## Causes of frozen shoulder + +It's often not clear why people get a frozen shoulder. + +Frozen shoulder happens when the tissue around your shoulder joint becomes inflamed. + +The tissue then gets tighter and shrinks, which causes pain. + +Frozen shoulder can happen because: + +- you had an injury or surgery that stops you from moving your arm normally +- you have diabetes – it's unclear why this is, but it's important to have your regular diabetes check-ups to catch any problems early + +Page last reviewed: 24 June 2024 +Next review due: 24 June 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/fungal-nail-infection/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/fungal-nail-infection/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98ccfc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/fungal-nail-infection/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +# Fungal nail infection + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fungal-nail-infection/ + +## Symptoms of a fungal nail infection + +Fungal nail infections usually affect your toenails, but you can sometimes get them on your fingernails, too. + +![The nail on a person's big toe. The sides of the nail are yellow and the edge that's trimmed is flaky. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/DA5M57.original.width-320.jpg) + +Fungal nail infections usually start at the edge of the nail. + +![A person's toenails that are thickened and discoloured. The person has medium brown skin and their toenails are covered in white patches.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0509911-Fungal_nail_infection_copy.width-320.jpg) + +The infection often spreads to all of the nail, making it thicker and turning it white or yellow. + +![The toes on the left foot of a person with white skin. The right side of their big toenail is yellow and there's a piece missing from the tip of the nail.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C28R5H.original.width-320.jpg) + +The nail may become brittle and crumbly. The whole nail can sometimes lift off, causing the skin around it to become swollen and painful. + +## A pharmacist can help with fungal nail infections + +Speak to a pharmacist if the look of your nail bothers you or it's painful. + +They may suggest trying an antifungal nail medicine that you brush onto the affected nail. + +These medicines: + +- should be used daily or weekly, depending on the type +- need to be used for 6 to 12 months – it may take several months before you start to see an improvement +- may not be suitable for you if you're under 18, pregnant or breastfeeding + +The infection is cured when you see healthy nail growing back at the base. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have a fungal nail infection and: +> +> - the infection is severe and treatment has not worked +> - the infection has spread to other nails +> - you have diabetes – foot problems can be more serious if you have diabetes +> - you have a weakened immune system – for example, you have had an organ transplant or are having chemotherapy + +## Treatment for a fungal nail infection + +A GP can prescribe antifungal tablets if you have a fungal nail infection and treatments from a pharmacy have not worked. + +But before they give you tablets, they should take a sample of your nail and have it tested, to find out what type of infection you have. + +You may also need to have a blood test before starting treatment and during treatment to check your liver is working properly. + +You may need to take antifungal tablets for up to 6 months. + +The tablets can have side effects, including: + +- headaches +- an itchy rash +- stomach ache +- feeling sick and diarrhoea + +You cannot take antifungal tablets if you have certain conditions, such as liver or kidney disease. They may also not be suitable if you're pregnant or breastfeeding. + +Badly infected nails sometimes need to be removed. It's a small procedure done while the area is numbed (under [local anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/local-anaesthesia/)). + +## Preventing fungal nail infections + +You can get a fungal nail infection if your feet are constantly warm and damp. + +You're more likely to get an infection if you wear trainers for a long time and have hot, sweaty feet. + +There are some things you can do to help prevent fungal nail infections. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ treatathlete's footas soon as possible to avoid it spreading to nails +- ✅ keep your nails short +- ✅ keep your feet clean and dry +- ✅ wear clean socks every day +- ✅ wear flip-flops in showers at the gym or pool +- ✅ wear shoes that fit well and do not have high heels or narrow toes +- ✅ throw out old shoes + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not wear shoes that make your feet hot and sweaty +- ❌ do not share towels +- ❌ do not wear other people's shoes +- ❌ do not share nail clippers or scissors + +Page last reviewed: 27 March 2024 +Next review due: 27 March 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/gallstones/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/gallstones/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26f2452 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/gallstones/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +# Gallstones + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallstones/ + +The gallbladder is a small organ in the top part of your tummy that helps you digest your food. + +Gallstones may be found in the gallbladder or the bile ducts, which are small tubes that connect the gallbladder to organs such as the liver and pancreas. + +![Diagram of the body highlighting the gallbladder and bile ducts (small tubes that connect organs such as the liver and pancreas to the gallbladder).](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_2192_Gallbladder_Cancer_NEW_copy.width-320.jpg) + +## Symptoms of gallstones + +Gallstones are common and often do not cause symptoms. But if a gallstone blocks a bile duct (a small tube that connects the gallbladder to the liver and other organs), they can cause tummy pain. + +The pain may: + +- feel severe +- be constant +- last longer than 30 minutes, and up to several hours +- be in the middle of your tummy, or just under your ribs on the right side +- make you feel sick or vomit + +This tummy pain is called a biliary colic. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you have pain in your tummy that lasts longer than 30 minutes +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you have sudden, severe pain in your tummy +> - you have pain that spreads from your tummy to your back, and are being sick +> - your temperature is very high, or you feel hot, cold or shivery +> - your skin or the white part of your eyes looks yellow +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## How gallstones are diagnosed + +If you do not have symptoms, gallstones may be found by chance at a scan or X-ray for another health issue. + +If you have symptoms of gallstones, you may have: + +- an [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) +- a [blood test](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) + +## Treatment for gallstones + +If you have gallstones, you might not need any treatment if they're not causing symptoms. You may need follow-up appointments with the doctor in the future to check the gallstones are not getting worse or causing problems. + +You may need treatment if: + +- you have symptoms of gallstones +- you have complications from gallstones +- gallstones are found in the common bile duct + +The main treatment for gallstones is [surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy)](/tests-and-treatments/gallbladder-removal/). + +If gallstones are found in your common bile duct, you may have a procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) to clear the bile duct. + +ERCP is done using a long, thin tube with a small camera inside, called an endoscope, which is passed into your stomach through your mouth. The opening of the bile duct is widened so the stones can pass through. + +### Waiting for surgery + +While you're waiting for surgery, you may: + +- take painkillers, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen +- be offered stronger painkillers for severe pain if you need it +- want to avoid foods that cause symptoms +- be advised to eat a low-fat diet + +> **💡 Information:** Find more dietary advice for patients with gallstones on the Cambridge University Hospitals website . + +## Complications of gallstones + +Complications of gallstones are rare. But sometimes gallstones can cause a blockage which leads to serious complications such as: + +- inflammation of the gallbladder ([cholecystitis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/)) or pancreas ([pancreatitis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-pancreatitis/)) +- jaundice, which can cause your skin or the whites of your eyes to turn yellow, itchy skin, and darker pee and paler poo than usual – yellow skin may be less noticeable if you have brown or black skin + +Treatment for complications caused by gallstones is usually pain relief and [surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy)](/tests-and-treatments/gallbladder-removal/). + +## Check if you're at risk of gallstones + +Gallstones are common. There are usually no symptoms, so you may not know you have them. + +You may be more likely to get gallstones if: + +- you're over 40 years old +- you're a woman +- you're living with obesity +- you have a diet that's high in fat and low in fibre +- you've lost weight quickly – for example, through weight loss surgery +- you have a condition such as diabetes or Crohn's disease + +## Video: gallstones + +In this video, a doctor explains what gallstones are, the symptoms and the treatment options. + +Media last reviewed: 1 May 2024 +Media review due: 1 May 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 11 August 2025 +Next review due: 11 August 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/gastritis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/gastritis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1acd6f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/gastritis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +# Gastritis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gastritis/ + +**Gastritis is when the lining of your stomach becomes irritated (inflamed). It can cause pain, indigestion and feeling sick. Treatments include antacids, alginates and antibiotics.** + +## Symptoms of gastritis + +Symptoms of gastritis include: + +- tummy pain +- indigestion +- feeling full and bloated +- feeling sick (nausea) +- being sick (vomiting) +- not feeling as hungry as usual +- burping and farting + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you're vomiting bright red blood or your vomit looks like ground coffee +> - your poo is black, sticky and extremely smelly +> - you have severe tummy or chest pain that started suddenly +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have symptoms of gastritis and: +> +> - you've lost your appetite +> - you feel full after a very small meal +> - you've recently lost weight without trying to +> - it feels like you have a lump in your tummy +> - it's painful or difficult to swallow +> - you keep being sick +> +> These can be serious, so they need to be checked quickly. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/). + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have tummy pain or indigestion for longer than 1 week +> - your tummy pain is getting worse or keeps coming back + +## Causes of gastritis + +Causes of gastritis include: + +- infection with a bacteria called helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) +- taking anti-inflammatory painkillers (such as [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/)) and [aspirin](/medicines/aspirin-for-pain-relief/) +- drinking too much alcohol +- being very stressed and unwell, such as after surgery + +Gastritis can also be caused by a problem with your immune system where it attacks the lining of your stomach. + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +To find out what's causing gastritis symptoms, your doctor might arrange tests such as: + +- a breath test to check for the bacteria helicobactor pylori (H. pylori); you'll be given a special drink and your breath is checked afterwards +- a test on a sample of your poo +- a blood test + +You should be told how to get ready for a breath test around 4 weeks before it happens. + +## Treatment for gastritis + +Treatment for gastritis depends on what's causing it. + +You might need: + +- antibiotics +- medicines to control stomach acid and stop it from rising into your food pipe (oesophagus), such as antacids, proton pump inhibitors or alginates +- to talk to your doctor about stopping anti-inflammatory painkillers (such as ibuprofen) or aspirin and trying a different medicine, if possible +- to stop drinking alcohol, if gastritis is caused by alcohol + +If it's not treated, gastritis may get worse and cause a [stomach ulcer](/conditions/stomach-ulcer/). + +If gastritis is not getting better, or it's causing severe symptoms, a GP might refer you to a specialist stomach doctor (gastroenterologist). They might do a test to look inside your stomach, called a [gastroscopy](/tests-and-treatments/gastroscopy/). + +## Things you can do to help gastritis + +If gastritis is causing mild indigestion symptoms, there are things you can do to help. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ reduce the amount of drinks you have that contain caffeine, such as tea, coffee, cola and energy drinks +- ✅ lie on an extra pillow in bed so your head and shoulders are higher, to help stop stomach acid rising up your throat while you sleep +- ✅ lose weight if you're overweight +- ✅ talk to your doctor if you regularly take anti-inflammatory painkillers (such as ibuprofen) or aspirin + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not eat 3 to 4 hours before going to bed +- ❌ do not have food or drink that's acidic (such as orange juice), fizzy, spicy or fatty +- ❌ do not drink alcohol +- ❌ do not smoke + +### A pharmacist can help with mild indigestion + +A pharmacist can recommend: + +- medicines to help stop stomach acid from irritating your stomach and oesophagus, such as antacids and alginates +- medicines that reduce the amount of acid your stomach makes, such as proton pump inhibitors + +Some indigestion medicines are taken after eating, and some are taken before eating. Check the information leaflet that comes with the medicine. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +Page last reviewed: 27 October 2022 +Next review due: 27 October 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/genital-herpes/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/genital-herpes/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ae1ec5 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/genital-herpes/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +# Genital herpes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/genital-herpes/ + +**Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) passed on through vaginal, anal and oral sex. Treatment from a sexual health clinic can help. Symptoms clear up on their own but can come back.** + +## Symptoms of genital herpes + +Symptoms of genital herpes include: + +- small blisters that burst to leave red, open sores around your genitals, anus, thighs or bottom – the sores may be less red on brown or black skin +- tingling, burning or itching around your genitals +- pain when you pee +- discharge that is not usual for you + +Where genital herpes symptoms appear and what they look like + +![A small white blister on the lips outside the vagina. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0817_genital-herpes_C0169315.original.width-320.jpg) + +Genital herpes can appear as a blister on the vagina. + +![A group of small light brown blisters on the shaft of a penis. Shown on dark brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0817_penile-herpes_C0365827.original.width-320.jpg) + +Blisters can also appear on the penis in a group. + +![A group of small white blisters that are pink around the edge, including burst ones, on the buttocks. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0817_herpes-buttocks_C0263431.original.width-320.jpg) + +You can also get blisters and sores on the buttocks. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of genital herpes +> +> Go even if you have not had sex for a long time, as blisters can take months or years to appear. + +> **💡 Information:** Why you should go to a sexual health clinic You can see a GP, but they'll probably refer you to a sexual health clinic if they think you might have genital herpes. Sexual health clinics treat problems with the genitals and urine system. Many sexual health clinics offer a walk-in service, where you do not need an appointment. They'll often get test results quicker than GP practices and you do not have to pay a prescription fee for treatment. Find a sexual health clinic + +## What happens at a sexual health clinic + +The doctor or nurse at the sexual health clinic will: + +- ask about your symptoms and your sexual partners +- use a small cotton bud (swab) to take some fluid from 1 of your blisters or sores for testing + +The test cannot: + +- be done if you do not have visible blisters or sores +- tell you how long you've had herpes or who you got it from + +Symptoms might not appear for weeks or even years after you're infected with the herpes virus. + +## Treatment for genital herpes + +There's no cure for genital herpes. Symptoms clear up by themselves, but the blisters can come back (an outbreak or recurrence). + +Treatment from a sexual health clinic can help. + +### Treatment the first time you have genital herpes + +You may be prescribed: + +- antiviral medicine to stop the symptoms getting worse – you need to start taking this within 5 days of the symptoms appearing +- cream for the pain + +If you've had symptoms for more than 5 days before you go to a sexual health clinic, you can still get tested to find out the cause. + +### Treatment if the blisters come back + +Go to a GP or sexual health clinic if you've been diagnosed with genital herpes and need treatment for an outbreak. + +Antiviral medicine may help shorten an outbreak by 1 or 2 days if you start taking it as soon as symptoms appear. + +But outbreaks usually settle by themselves, so you may not need treatment. + +Recurrent outbreaks are usually milder than the first episode of genital herpes. + +Over time, outbreaks tend to happen less often and be less severe. Some people never have outbreaks. + +Some people who have more than 6 outbreaks in a year may benefit from taking antiviral medicine for 6 to 12 months. + +If you still have outbreaks of genital herpes during this time, you may be referred to a specialist. + +## How to deal with outbreaks yourself + +There are things you can do if you've been diagnosed with genital herpes and you're having an outbreak. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ keep the area clean using plain or salt water to prevent blisters becoming infected +- ✅ apply an ice pack wrapped in a flannel to soothe pain +- ✅ apply petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) or painkilling cream (such as 5%lidocaine) to reduce pain when you pee +- ✅ wash your hands before and after applying cream or jelly +- ✅ pee while pouring water over your genitals to ease the pain + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not wear tight clothing that may irritate blisters or sores +- ❌ do not put ice directly on the skin +- ❌ do not touch your blisters or sores unless you're applying cream +- ❌ do not have vaginal, anal or oral sex until the sores have gone away + +## How genital herpes is passed on + +Genital herpes is very easy to pass on (contagious) from the first tingling or itching of a new outbreak (before any blisters appear) to when sores have fully healed. + +You may also be able to pass on the virus even if you do not have any symptoms. But the risk of passing on the virus is higher during the first 6 months of infection and is rare after 2 years. + +You can get genital herpes: + +- from skin-to-skin contact with the infected area (including vaginal, anal and oral sex) +- when there are no visible sores or blisters +- if a [cold sore](/conditions/cold-sores/) touches your genitals +- by transferring the infection on fingers from someone else to your genitals +- by sharing sex toys with someone who has herpes + +You cannot get genital herpes from towels, swimming pools, saunas or toilet seats as there is no skin-to-skin contact. + +## Protecting against genital herpes + +You can reduce the chances of passing on genital herpes by: + +- using a condom every time you have vaginal, anal or oral sex – but herpes can still be passed on if the condom does not cover the infected area +- avoiding vaginal, anal or oral sex if you or your partner has blisters or sores, or a tingle or itch that means an outbreak is coming +- not sharing sex toys – if you do, wash them and put a condom on them + +### Why genital herpes comes back + +Genital herpes is caused by a virus called herpes simplex. Once you have the virus, it stays in your body. + +It will not spread in your body to cause blisters elsewhere. It stays in a nearby nerve and causes blisters in the same area. + +If you can, avoid things that trigger your symptoms. + +Triggers can include: + +- ultraviolet light on the affected area – for example, from sunbathing or sunbeds +- friction in your genital area – for example, from sex (lubricant may help) or tight clothing +- smoking +- drinking alcohol + +Some triggers are unavoidable, including: + +- being unwell +- stress +- during the menstrual cycle +- surgery on your genital area +- a weakened immune system – for example, from having chemotherapy for cancer + +## Genital herpes and HIV + +Genital herpes can be a more serious condition for people with [HIV](/conditions/hiv-and-aids/). + +If you have HIV and herpes, you'll be referred to a genitourinary medicine (GUM) specialist. + +## Genital herpes and pregnancy + +Women who have had genital herpes before pregnancy can usually expect to have a healthy baby and a vaginal delivery. + +However, if you have a herpes outbreak when you give birth, or you get genital herpes for the first time during pregnancy, there's a risk your baby could develop a serious illness called [neonatal herpes](/conditions/neonatal-herpes/). You'll be offered medicine from around 32 weeks of pregnancy to reduce this risk. + +Neonatal herpes can be fatal, but most babies recover with treatment. + +The risk of your baby getting neonatal herpes is low if you've had genital herpes before. + +It's higher if you get genital herpes for the first time within the last 6 weeks of your pregnancy. + +### Important + +See your midwife or a GP if you think you have genital herpes in pregnancy. + +### Genital herpes treatment in pregnancy + +You may be offered antiviral treatment: + +- to treat outbreaks in pregnancy +- from week 32 of pregnancy to reduce the chance of an outbreak during birth +- from diagnosis until the birth if you first get herpes after week 28 of pregnancy + +Many women with genital herpes have a vaginal delivery. You may be offered a caesarean, depending on your circumstances. + +## Video: Genital herpes - Marian's story + +In this video, Marian, from Herpes Viruses Association, talks about the symptoms, treatment and issues surrounding herpes. + +Media last reviewed: 13 January 2024 +Media review due: 13 January 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 27 June 2023 +Next review due: 27 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/gestational-diabetes/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/gestational-diabetes/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4eaf94c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/gestational-diabetes/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +# Overview-Gestational diabetes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gestational-diabetes/ + +**Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar (glucose) that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth.** + +It can happen at any stage of pregnancy, but is more common in the second or third trimester. + +It happens when your body cannot produce enough insulin – a hormone that helps control blood sugar levels – to meet your extra needs in pregnancy. + +Gestational diabetes can cause problems for you and your baby during pregnancy and after birth. But the risks can be reduced if the condition is detected early and well managed. + +## Who's at risk of gestational diabetes + +Any woman can develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy, but you're at an increased risk if: + +- you are over 40 +- your body mass index (BMI) is above 30 – use the [BMI healthy weight calculator](/live-well/healthy-weight/bmi-calculator/) to work out your BMI +- you previously had a baby who weighed 4.5kg (10lb) or more at birth +- you had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy +- 1 of your parents or siblings has diabetes +- you are of south Asian, Black, African-Caribbean or Middle Eastern origin (even if you were born in the UK) +- you have had a gastric bypass or other weight-loss surgery + +If any of these apply to you, you should be offered screening for gestational diabetes during your pregnancy. + +## Symptoms of gestational diabetes + +Gestational diabetes does not usually cause any symptoms. + +Most cases are only discovered when your blood sugar levels are tested during screening for gestational diabetes. + +Some women may develop symptoms if their blood sugar levels gets too high [(hyperglycaemia)](/conditions/high-blood-sugar-hyperglycaemia/), such as: + +- increased [thirst](/symptoms/thirst/) +- needing to pee more often than usual +- a dry mouth +- tiredness +- blurred eyesight +- genital itching or thrush + +But some of these symptoms are common during pregnancy and are not necessarily a sign of gestational diabetes. Speak to your midwife or doctor if you're worried about any symptoms you're experiencing. + +## How gestational diabetes can affect your pregnancy + +Most women with gestational diabetes have otherwise normal pregnancies with healthy babies. + +However, gestational diabetes can cause problems such as: + +- your baby growing larger than usual – this may lead to difficulties during the delivery and increases the likelihood of needing [induced labour](/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/inducing-labour/) or a [caesarean section](/tests-and-treatments/caesarean-section/) +- [polyhydramnios](/conditions/polyhydramnios/) – too much amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds the baby) in the womb, which can cause premature labour or problems at delivery +- [premature birth](/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/premature-labour-and-birth/) – giving birth before the 37th week of pregnancy +- [pre-eclampsia](/conditions/pre-eclampsia/) – a condition that causes high blood pressure during pregnancy and can lead to pregnancy complications if not treated +- your baby developing low blood sugar or yellowing of the skin and eyes ([jaundice](/conditions/jaundice-in-babies/)) after he or she is born, which may require treatment in hospital +- the loss of your baby ([stillbirth](/conditions/stillbirth/)) – though this is rare + +Having gestational diabetes also means you're at an increased risk of developing [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/) in the future. + +## Screening for gestational diabetes + +During your [first antenatal appointment](/pregnancy/your-pregnancy-care/your-antenatal-appointments/) (also called a booking appointment) at around week 8 to 12 of your pregnancy, your midwife or doctor will ask you some questions to determine whether you're at an increased risk of gestational diabetes. + +If you have 1 or more risk factors for gestational diabetes you should be offered a screening test. + +The screening test is called an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which takes about 2 hours. + +It involves having a [blood test](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) in the morning, when you have not had any food or drink for 8 to 10 hours (though you can usually drink water, but check with the hospital if you're unsure). You're then given a glucose drink. + +After resting for 2 hours, another blood sample is taken to see how your body is dealing with the glucose. + +The OGTT is done when you're between 24 and 28 weeks pregnant. If you've had gestational diabetes before, you'll be offered an OGTT earlier in your pregnancy, soon after your booking appointment, then another OGTT at 24 to 28 weeks if the first test is normal. + +[Find out more at Lab Tests Online: Glucose Tests.](https://labtestsonline.org.uk/tests/glucose-tests) + +## Treatments for gestational diabetes + +If you have gestational diabetes, the chances of having problems with your pregnancy can be reduced by controlling your blood sugar levels. + +You'll be given a blood sugar testing kit so you can monitor the effects of treatment. + +Blood sugar levels may be reduced by changing your diet and being more active if you can. Gentle activities such as walking, swimming and prenatal yoga can help reduce blood sugar. But tell your midwife or doctor before starting an activity you haven’t done before. + +However, if these changes don't lower your blood sugar levels enough, you will need to take medicine as well. This may be tablets or insulin injections. + +You'll also be more closely monitored during your pregnancy and birth to check for any potential problems. + +If you have gestational diabetes, it's best to give birth before 41 weeks. Induction of labour or a caesarean section may be recommended if labour does not start naturally by this time. + +Earlier delivery may be recommended if there are concerns about your or your baby's health or if your blood sugar levels have not been well controlled. + +Find out more about [how gestational diabetes is treated](/conditions/gestational-diabetes/treatment/). + +## Long-term effects of gestational diabetes + +Gestational diabetes normally goes away after birth. But women who've had it are more likely to develop: + +- gestational diabetes again in future pregnancies +- [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/) – a lifelong type of diabetes + +You should have a blood test to check for diabetes 6 to 13 weeks after giving birth, and once every year after that if the result is normal. + +See your GP if you develop symptoms of high blood sugar, such as increased thirst, needing to pee more often than usual, and a dry mouth – do not wait until your next test. + +You should have the tests even if you feel well, as many people with diabetes do not have any symptoms. + +You'll also be advised about things you can do to reduce your risk of getting diabetes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly. + +Some research has suggested that babies of mothers who had gestational diabetes may be more likely to develop diabetes or become [obese](/conditions/obesity-old/) later in life. + +> **💡 Information:** If you have a history of gestational diabetes, or currently have it, the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme can support you. If you self-refer to the programme, you can get help with diet, exercise and maintaining your weight. + +## Planning future pregnancies + +If you've had gestational diabetes before and you're planning to get pregnant, make sure you get checked for diabetes. Your GP can arrange this. + +If you do have diabetes, you should be referred to a diabetes pre-conception clinic for support to ensure your condition is well controlled before you get pregnant. + +Read more about [diabetes in pregnancy](/pregnancy/existing-health-conditions/diabetes/). + +If you have an unplanned pregnancy, talk to your GP and tell them you had gestational diabetes in your previous pregnancy. + +If tests show you do not have diabetes, you'll be offered screening earlier in pregnancy (soon after your first midwife appointment) and another test at 24 to 28 weeks if the first test is normal. + +Alternatively, your midwife or doctor may suggest you test your blood sugar levels yourself using a finger-pricking device in the same way as you did during your previous gestational diabetes. + +Page last reviewed: 08 December 2022 +Next review due: 08 December 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/glandular-fever/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/glandular-fever/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da47a70 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/glandular-fever/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +# Glandular fever + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/ + +**Glandular fever is a viral infection that mostly affects teenagers and young adults. It gets better without treatment, but it can last for weeks and make you feel very ill.** + +## Symptoms of glandular fever + +Glandular fever is most common in people aged 15 to 24 years old. + +Symptoms of glandular fever may include: + +- high temperature +- swollen glands, which may be in the neck, head, armpits, elbows, or groin +- sore throat +- a rash, which may be harder to see on black or brown skin +- headache +- tiredness + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - a very high temperature, or you feel hot, cold or shivery +> - a severe [sore throat](/symptoms/sore-throat/) +> - swelling either side of your neck – [swollen glands](/symptoms/swollen-glands/) +> - extreme tiredness or exhaustion +> - a sore throat that's not getting better + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - difficulty breathing – you may be more short of breath than usual +> - difficulty and pain when swallowing + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - cannot swallow, including your own spit (saliva) +> - have severe difficulty breathing – you're gasping, choking or not able to get words out +> - have severe stomach pain +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +## How to treat glandular fever yourself + +Glandular fever should get better by itself, and you should start to feel better within 2 to 4 weeks. + +There are some things you can do to help ease the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ rest +- ✅ drink plenty of fluids to avoiddehydration– drink small sips frequently if it's painful to swallow +- ✅ take painkillers likeparacetamoloribuprofen(do not give aspirin to children under 16 years old) + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not do strenuous activities like heavy lifting or playing sports + +### Video: Self-care for glandular fever + +This video explains how to treat glandular fever yourself. + +Media last reviewed: 1 June 2026 +Media review due: 1 June 2029 + +## How to stop glandular fever spreading + +Glandular fever is spread through spit, so you can get it through kissing or by sharing cups or cutlery. + +You're infectious for up to 7 weeks before you get symptoms, and you may be infectious for several months after being unwell. + +You can go back to work or school as soon as you start to feel better. + +To prevent glandular fever spreading: + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wash your hands regularly +- ✅ wash anything that may have your spit on it + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not kiss others +- ❌ do not share cups or cutlery +- ❌ do not give blood + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +A GP may order a blood test to confirm if you have glandular fever and to rule out other illnesses, like [tonsillitis](/conditions/tonsillitis/). The blood test will test for the Epstein-Barr virus, which usually causes glandular fever. + +The GP will not give you antibiotics. Glandular fever is caused by a virus so antibiotics will not work. + +## Glandular fever complications + +Most people get better with no problems. But sometimes glandular fever may lead to other problems like: + +- liver conditions, such as [hepatitis](/conditions/hepatitis/) +- heart problems, such as inflammation of the heart +- kidney problems +- blood conditions, such as low levels of blood cells called platelets (thrombocytopenia) or [sepsis](/conditions/sepsis/) +- neurological conditions, such as [Guillain-Barré syndrome](/conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/) or [Bell's palsy](/conditions/bells-palsy/) +- a ruptured (burst) spleen +- long-term tiredness (chronic fatigue) which may last for several months + +Page last reviewed: 20 December 2023 +Next review due: 20 December 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/glaucoma/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/glaucoma/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e90260 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/glaucoma/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +# Glaucoma + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glaucoma/ + +## Symptoms of glaucoma + +Glaucoma does not usually have symptoms and most people do not realise they have it. It develops slowly over many years and is usually picked up during routine eye tests. + +Glaucoma usually affects both eyes, but it may be worse in 1 eye. + +Sometimes glaucoma can develop suddenly and cause symptoms such as: + +- intense eye pain +- a red eye +- tenderness around the eyes +- seeing rainbow-coloured circles around bright lights +- blurred vision +- feeling sick (nausea) and being sick +- a headache + +Other conditions can cause similar symptoms, including [uveitis](/conditions/uveitis/) and an [eye injury](/conditions/eye-injuries/). + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have any concerns about your vision + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you develop symptoms of glaucoma suddenly +> +> This is a medical emergency that may require immediate treatment. +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Tests for glaucoma + +Glaucoma is usually found during a routine eye test, often before it causes any symptoms. + +If you're told you have glaucoma, you should be referred to a specialist eye doctor (ophthalmologist) for further tests. + +### Regular eye tests + +Everyone should have regular eye tests, at least every 2 years. + +If you're at a higher risk of glaucoma – for example if you have a brother, sister or parent with it – you may be advised to have eye tests more often. + +You can get an eye test at a local opticians, and the tests are carried out by an optometrist. + +Some people can receive free eye tests on the NHS. + +[Find an NHS sight test](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-NHS-sight-test/location) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Glaucoma UK: glaucoma diagnosis + +## Treatment for glaucoma + +There's currently no cure for glaucoma, but there are treatments that can slow down the damage and help stop your vision getting worse. + +The treatment you'll have depends on how your sight is affected and the type of glaucoma you have. + +Treatment may include: + +- [eye drops](/medicines/timolol-eye-drops/) – to decrease the amount of fluid in the eye and help it drain +- laser treatment – to decrease the amount of fluid in the eye +- [surgery](/tests-and-treatments/laser-eye-surgery-and-lens-surgery/) – there are several different types of operation to treat glaucoma + +You'll have follow-up appointments to monitor your eyes and check that treatment is working. It's important not to miss any of these appointments. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Glaucoma UK: treatments and surgery + +## Causes of glaucoma + +Glaucoma is usually caused by a build-up of pressure in the eye. This happens when the fluid in your eye cannot drain as it should. + +This increase in pressure damages the nerve that connects the eye to the brain (optic nerve). + +Sometimes the pressure in the eye is in the normal range but damage is still caused to the optic nerve. + +It's not always known why this happens, but your risk may be higher if: + +- you're over 50 years old +- you have a brother, sister or parent with glaucoma +- you're from a Black African, Caribbean or Asian background +- you have other medical conditions – such as [short-sightedness](/conditions/short-sightedness/), [long-sightedness](/conditions/long-sightedness/) or [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) + +## Types of glaucoma + +There are several different types of glaucoma. + +These can include: + +- primary glaucoma – this is the most common type, which usually develops slowly over many years +- secondary glaucoma – usually caused by another condition or eye injury +- childhood glaucoma – a rare type that affects young children + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Glaucoma UK: types + +## How glaucoma affects your life + +If you have glaucoma, it's normal to worry about how much your vision might change and how you will manage if it does. + +If glaucoma is diagnosed and treated early, it may not change your vision much. But sometimes your sight is affected, and in rare cases you may lose your sight. + +Your specialist eye doctor will advise you on how it may affect your sight, and how to live as independently as you can. + +Having glaucoma may mean you need to do things to prevent it from getting worse. For many people this includes using eye drops daily and attending regular eye clinic appointments. + +If you do have some sight loss, it can be difficult to come to terms with. You might find it helpful to contact a support group for people with sight loss. + +There are also lots of practical ways you can adapt your lifestyle to make it safer and easier for you to keep doing things you enjoy. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Glaucoma UK: living with glaucoma RNIB: living with sight loss + +## What is glaucoma? + +This video explains what glaucoma is and why it's important to have regular eye tests + +Media last reviewed: 7 April 2026 +Media review due: 7 April 2029 + +## Help and support for glaucoma + +As well as support from your doctor and specialist eye doctor, you may find it helpful to get support from other people with glaucoma, either at a local support group or online. + +There are national charities that can offer support and information about glaucoma and living with sight loss. + +### Glaucoma UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by glaucoma + +- Website: [www.glaucoma.uk](http://www.glaucoma.uk/) +- Helpline: 01233 64 81 70 +- [forum (Glaucoma UK)](https://healthunlocked.com/glaucoma-uk) +- [support groups (Glaucoma UK)](https://glaucoma.uk/care-support/support-groups/) +- [buddy scheme (Glaucoma UK)](https://glaucoma.uk/care-support/buddy-scheme/) + +### Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) + +Information and support for blind and partially sighted people, their families and carers. + +- Website: [www.rnib.org.uk](http://www.rnib.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0303 123 9999 +- [sight loss counselling (RNIB)](https://www.rnib.org.uk/living-with-sight-loss/community-connection-and-wellbeing/sight-loss-counselling/) +- [Connect Facebook groups (RNIB)](https://www.rnib.org.uk/living-with-sight-loss/community-connection-and-wellbeing/connect-facebook-groups/) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/gonorrhoea/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/gonorrhoea/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5191fa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/gonorrhoea/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +# Gonorrhoea + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gonorrhoea/ + +## Symptoms of gonorrhoea + +Not everyone gets symptoms of gonorrhoea. So it's important to get tested if you think you might have it. + +If you do get symptoms, they usually start around 2 weeks after infection, although they sometimes do not appear until many months later. + +### Symptoms in women + +Gonorrhoea can cause symptoms in women. These symptoms can affect anyone with a vagina: + +- a yellow or greenish discharge from your vagina +- burning pain when you pee +- pain in your lower abdomen +- bleeding between your periods (this is rare) + +### Symptoms in men + +Gonorrhoea can cause symptoms in men. These symptoms can affect anyone with a penis: + +- burning pain when you pee +- fluid or discharge coming out of your penis +- sore testicles + +### Gonorrhoea in the anus, throat or eyes + +Gonorrhoea can affect other parts of your body that come into contact with semen or vaginal fluid. + +This can cause: + +- pain, itching and discharge from your anus (bottom) +- a sore throat +- eye redness, pain and discharge + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you or a sexual partner think you might have gonorrhoea +> - you or a sexual partner have had sex without a condom +> - you're pregnant or planning to get pregnant and think you might have gonorrhoea +> +> [Find a sexual health clinic](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/sexual-health/find-a-sexual-health-clinic) + +### Self-test kits + +If you do not have symptoms but want a test, you can use a self-test kit for gonorrhoea at home and send it to a lab to be tested. + +If the test shows you have gonorrhoea, you'll be contacted and told what to do next. + +You may be able to get a free self-test kit from: + +- a sexual health clinic +- some pharmacies + +You can also buy a self-test kit for gonorrhoea from some pharmacies. + +[Find your local STI testing and treatment service](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/sexual-health-services/find-sti-testing-and-treatment) + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have gonorrhoea (or think you might have it) and: +> +> - your eyes are red, itchy or painful, or you have pus that sticks to your eyelashes +> - a high temperature (fever) +> - joint pain or swelling +> - a bumpy, spotty or blotchy rash +> +> These can be signs of a more serious gonorrhoea infection that needs to be treated quickly. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## What happens at your appointment + +If they think you might have gonorrhoea, the doctor or nurse will ask about your symptoms and sexual partners. They may need to check your penis or vagina. + +When you make your appointment, let them know if you’d like someone else to be in the room with you (a chaperone). This could be someone you know, another doctor, nurse or a trained member of staff. + +They may use a swab (like a large cotton bud) to take a sample of fluid from your penis or vagina. You may be able to do the swab yourself. + +You might also be asked to give a pee sample. + +You might have a swab of your bottom (anus), throat or eyes if these areas are affected. + +You can be tested even if you do not have any symptoms. You may also have tests for other [sexually transmitted infections (STIs)](/conditions/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/) at the same time. + +> **💡 Information:** Contacting sexual partners If you have gonorrhoea, your current and any recent sexual partners will also need to be tested. A sexual health clinic can help you contact your sexual partners, or they can contact them for you. This can be done without naming you. + +## Treatment for gonorrhoea + +Gonorrhoea is treated with a single dose of antibiotics, which can be an injection or tablets. + +You can start treatment before getting your test results. + +You'll need to go back to the GP surgery or sexual health clinic about a week after starting treatment to be tested again to check you no longer have gonorrhoea. + +### Important + +Do not have vaginal, anal or oral sex until you and your sexual partner (if you have one) have completed treatment and tests show you no longer have gonorrhoea. + +## Complications of gonorrhoea + +If gonorrhoea is not treated, it can cause serious problems including: + +- eye infection (gonococcal conjunctivitis) if you touch your eyes after touching infected fluid from your penis or vagina +- an infection of the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries ([pelvic inflammatory disease](/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/)), which can lead to infertility if not treated +- infection in the testicles or prostate ([prostatitis](/conditions/prostatitis/)) + +The sooner you get treatment, the easier these complications are to treat. + +### Gonorrhoea in pregnancy + +Having gonorrhoea during pregnancy can increase your risk of [premature birth](/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/premature-labour-and-birth/) and your baby having a low birth weight. + +Theres also a risk the infection could spread to your baby's eyes (gonococcal conjunctivitis) during birth. This can cause blindness if it’s not treated with antibiotics. + +If you're pregnant and think you might have gonorrhoea, it's important to get tested and treated before your baby is born. + +## How to prevent gonorrhoea + +Gonorrhoea is spread through vaginal fluid and semen. It can pass from person to person by having vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom. + +If you have gonorrhoea when you're pregnant, it can also pass to your baby during birth. + +There are some things you can do to avoid getting gonorrhoea and spreading it to others. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ use condoms when you have vaginal or anal sex +- ✅ use condoms to cover the penis or a latex or plastic square (dam) to cover the vagina if you have oral sex +- ✅ get tested once a year, or if you have a new sexual partner +- ✅ complete the full treatment if you or your sexual partner have gonorrhoea +- ✅ get vaccinated if you're offered the MenB vaccine for gonorrhoea + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not share sex toys (if you do, wash and cover them with a new condom before anyone else uses them) + +### Vaccination to protect against gonorrhoea + +The MenB vaccine can give some protection against gonorrhoea. + +You may be offered the MenB vaccine for gonorrhoea if you're a man who has sex with men and are at higher risk of getting gonorrhoea. + +This includes if you: + +- currently have or recently had gonorrhoea or another bacterial STI (such as chlamydia or syphilis) +- have had multiple sexual partners in the last 3 months + +Find out more about the [MenB vaccine for gonorrhoea](/vaccinations/menb-vaccine-for-gonorrhoea/). + +Page last reviewed: 16 December 2024 +Next review due: 16 December 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/gout/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/gout/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7ee745 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/gout/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +# Gout + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gout/ + +**Gout is a type of arthritis that causes sudden, severe joint pain. Painkillers can help the pain and healthier lifestyle choices can prevent future attacks.** + +## Symptoms of gout + +The main symptoms of gout are: + +- sudden severe pain in a joint – usually your big toe, but it can be in other joints in your feet, ankles, hands, wrists, elbows or knees +- hot, swollen, red skin over the affected joint – redness may be harder to see on black or brown skin. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of gout for the first time +> - you have gout and your usual treatments are not helping +> +> An attack of gout usually lasts 1 to 2 weeks if left untreated. If you do not get treatment, future attacks may last even longer. Leaving gout untreated may cause lasting damage to joints. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have a sudden pain and swelling in a joint and: +> +> - the pain is getting worse +> - you also have a very high temperature (or you feel hot, cold or shivery) +> - you also feel sick or cannot eat +> +> These symptoms could mean you have an infection inside your joint and need urgent medical help. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/?utm_source=nhsuk&utm_campaign=conditions&utm_content=headaches). + +## What happens at your appointment + +The GP may ask about your diet and if you drink alcohol if you have symptoms of gout. + +They may also do a test to measure how much uric acid is in your blood. Uric acid is a chemical that can lead to crystals forming around your joints which cause pain. + +If the test is still unclear, a GP may refer you to see a specialist (rheumatologist) and arrange further tests. + +This could include taking a sample of fluid from inside the affected joint, using a thin needle. If this test cannot be done or the diagnosis is still unclear, then a scan will be arranged. + +## Treatments for gout + +### Treatment for gout attacks + +Attacks of gout are usually treated with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory [(NSAID)](/medicines/nsaids/), like [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/). + +If the pain and swelling does not improve you may be given [steroids](/medicines/steroids/) as tablets or an injection. + +### Treatment to prevent gout coming back + +Gout can come back every few months or it may be years. It can come back more often if it's not treated. + +If you have frequent attacks or high levels of uric acid in your blood, you may need to take uric acid-lowering medicine. + +#### Important + +It's important to take uric acid-lowering medicine regularly, even when you no longer have symptoms. + +## Things you can do to help a gout attack + +If you're having a gout attack, there are things you can do to relieve the pain: + +**Do:** + +- ✅ take any medicine you've been prescribed as soon as possible – it should start to work within 2 days +- ✅ rest and raise the limb +- ✅ keep the joint cool – apply an ice pack, or a bag of frozen peas, wrapped in a towel for up to 20 minutes at a time +- ✅ drink lots of water (unless a GP tells you not to) +- ✅ try to keep bedclothes off the affected joint at night + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not put pressure on the joint – this can make the pain feel worse + +## Who gets gout + +Gout is caused by having too much uric acid in your blood. This can lead to crystals forming around your joints, which causes pain. + +It sometimes runs in families. + +It's more common in men, especially as they get older. + +You might have a higher chance of getting gout if you: + +- are overweight +- drink alcohol +- have been through the menopause +- take medicines such as diuretics (water tablets), or medicines for high blood pressure (such as ACE inhibitors) +- have high cholesterol, high blood pressure, kidney problems, osteoarthritis or diabetes +- have had surgery or an injury + +### Things that can trigger a gout attack + +You might get a gout attack if you: + +- have an illness that causes a high temperature +- drink too much alcohol or eat a very large meal +- get dehydrated +- injure a joint +- take certain medicines + +Get treatment immediately if you feel an attack starting. + +## Things you can do to help prevent gout coming back + +Making healthy lifestyle choices may mean you can stop or reduce further gout attacks: + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try tolose weightif you are overweight, but avoid crash diets +- ✅ eat a healthy diet – your doctor may give you a list of foods to include or limit +- ✅ have some alcohol-free days each week – try not to drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week +- ✅ drink plenty of fluids to avoid getting dehydrated +- ✅ exercise regularly – but avoid intense exercise or putting lots of pressure on joints +- ✅ try toquit smoking +- ✅ ask a GP about vitamin C supplements + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not have lots of sugary drinks and snacks + +## Complications of gout + +If you get repeated attacks of gout over a long period of time (chronic gout), and are not treated it can lead to: + +- damage in your joints +- hard lumps, called tophi, under your skin, usually on your ears, fingers or elbows – they can be painful and have an impact on your daily life +- kidney stones +- chronic arthritis – but this is rare + +## Video: gout + +This video explains how gout affects the body, and what treatments are available. + +Media last reviewed: 16 February 2026 +Media review due: 16 February 2029 + +Page last reviewed: 24 August 2023 +Next review due: 24 August 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/gum-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/gum-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eaf8cb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/gum-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +# Gum disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gum-disease/ + +## Symptoms of gum disease + +Symptoms of gum disease include: + +- your gums bleeding when you brush your teeth, floss or eat hard foods, such as apples +- your gums becoming swollen, red and sore + +Gum disease can lead to: + +- [bad breath](/symptoms/bad-breath/) and a bad taste in your mouth +- your gums shrinking +- your teeth becoming loose or falling out +- a [dental abscess](/conditions/dental-abscess/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - your gums bleed when you brush your teeth or eat hard foods +> - your gums are painful and swollen +> - you have bad breath +> - your child has sore, bleeding gums + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You or your child has gum disease and other symptoms such as: +> +> - very sore and swollen gums +> - teeth becoming loose or falling out +> - ulcers or red patches in your mouth +> - a lump in your mouth or on your lip + +> **💡 Information:** To see a dentist in an emergency or out of hours: call your dentist – if they're closed, their answerphone may tell you what to do If you do not have a dentist or cannot get an emergency appointment: call 111 – they can advise you what to do find a dentist near you – ask if you can have an emergency appointment You may have to pay for your appointment. Read more about NHS dental charges . + +### Free dental care in pregnancy + +Check-ups and treatment from a dentist are free when you’re pregnant and for 1 year after you give birth. + +Ask your midwife or GP about the [maternity exemption (MATEX) certificate](https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/help-nhs-prescription-costs/maternity-exemption-certificates) – this gives you free NHS prescriptions and free dental care. + +### Get regular dental check-ups + +You should have regular dental check-ups even if you do not have any problems. See a dentist if you have not had a check-up for 2 years (or 1 year if you're under 18). + +## Treatments for gum disease + +Your dentist will check your teeth and gums. + +They may also refer you to a specialist for further tests and treatment. + +How gum disease is treated depends on how severe it is. + +In the early stages, your dentist will: + +- give you advice about keeping your teeth clean, such as using interdental brushes +- advise you to stop smoking, if you smoke +- advise you to get your teeth cleaned by a hygienist + +If your gum disease is serious, you may need: + +- to have deep cleaning under your gums +- antibiotics +- to have some teeth removed +- gum surgery + +Cost of dental treatment + +NHS dental treatment is free for some people, including: + +- children aged under 18, or under 19 and in full-time education +- if you're pregnant or have had a baby in the past 12 months +- if you're on some benefits, including Income Support or Universal Credit + +If you do not qualify for free dental care, you will usually have to pay for treatment. + +[Find out more about dental costs](/nhs-services/dentists/) + +## Preventing gum disease + +Gum disease is caused by a build-up of plaque on your teeth. + +If you do not remove plaque from your teeth by brushing and cleaning in between them regularly, it builds up and irritates your gums. + +There are things you can do yourself to prevent gum disease. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ brush your teeth with fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day – spit after brushing, do not rinse +- ✅ clean in between your teeth every day using floss or interdental brushes +- ✅ see a dentist and dental hygienist for regular check-ups, especially if you're pregnant or have type 2 diabetes + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not use mouthwash straight after brushing your teeth +- ❌ do not smoke + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Taking care of your teeth and gums Looking after your children's teeth Looking after your baby's teeth + +Page last reviewed: 20 April 2026 +Next review due: 20 April 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/haemochromatosis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/haemochromatosis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3954bc --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/haemochromatosis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# Overview-Haemochromatosis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/haemochromatosis/ + +**Haemochromatosis is an inherited condition where iron levels in the body slowly build up over many years.** + +This build-up of iron, known as iron overload, can cause unpleasant symptoms. If it is not treated, this can damage parts of the body such as the liver, joints, pancreas and heart. + +Haemochromatosis most often affects people of white northern European background and is particularly common in countries where lots of people have a Celtic background, such as Ireland, Scotland and Wales. + +## Symptoms of haemochromatosis + +Symptoms of haemochromatosis usually start between the ages of 30 and 60. + +Common symptoms include: + +- feeling very tired all the time (fatigue) +- weight loss +- weakness +- [joint pain](/symptoms/joint-pain/) +- an inability to get or maintain an erection ([erectile dysfunction](/conditions/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/)) +- [irregular periods](/symptoms/irregular-periods/) or stopped or missed periods +- Brain fog, mood swings, [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression/) and [anxiety](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/anxiety-fear-panic/) + +[Read more about symptoms of haemochromatosis](/conditions/haemochromatosis/symptoms/) + +## When to see a GP + +See a GP if you have: + +- persistent or worrying symptoms that could be caused by haemochromatosis – particularly if you have a northern European family background +- a parent or sibling with haemochromatosis, even if you do not have symptoms yourself – tests can be done to check if you're at risk of developing problems + +Talk to the GP about whether you should have blood tests to check for haemochromatosis. + +[Read more about tests for haemochromatosis](/conditions/haemochromatosis/diagnosis/) + +## Treatments for haemochromatosis + +There's currently no cure for haemochromatosis, but there are treatments that can reduce the amount of iron in the body and reduce the risk of damage. + +There are 2 main treatments. + +- venesection (phlebotomy) – a procedure to remove some of your blood; this may need to be done every week at first and can continue to be needed 2 to 4 times a year for the rest of your life +- chelation therapy – where you take medicine to reduce the amount of iron in your body; this is only used if it's not easy to regularly remove some of your blood + +You do not need to make any big changes to your diet to control your iron levels if you're having treatment, but you'll usually be advised to avoid: + +- breakfast cereals containing added iron +- iron or [vitamin C](/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-c/) supplements +- drinking too much alcohol + +[Read more about how haemochromatosis is treated](/conditions/haemochromatosis/treatment/) + +## Causes of haemochromatosis + +Haemochromatosis is caused by a faulty gene that affects how the body absorbs iron from your diet. + +You're at risk of developing the condition if both of your parents have this faulty gene and you inherit 1 copy from each of them. + +You will not get haemochromatosis if you only inherit 1 copy of the faulty gene but there's a chance you could pass the faulty gene on to any children you have. + +If you do inherit 2 copies, you will not necessarily get haemochromatosis. Only a small number of people with 2 copies of this faulty gene will ever develop the condition. It's not known exactly why this is. + +[Read more about the causes of haemochromatosis](/conditions/haemochromatosis/causes/) + +## Complications of haemochromatosis + +If the condition is diagnosed and treated early on, haemochromatosis does not affect life expectancy and is unlikely to result in serious problems. + +But if it's not found until it's more advanced, the high iron levels can damage parts of the body. + +This can lead to potentially serious complications, such as: + +- liver problems – including scarring of the liver ([cirrhosis](/conditions/cirrhosis/)) or [liver cancer](/conditions/liver-cancer/) +- [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) – where the level of sugar in the blood becomes too high +- [arthritis](/conditions/arthritis/) – pain and swelling in the joints +- [heart failure](/conditions/heart-failure/) – where the heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly + +[Read more about complications of haemochromatosis](/conditions/haemochromatosis/complications/) + +## Further support + +[Haemochromatosis UK](https://www.haemochromatosis.org.uk/) is a patient-run UK charity that provides information and support to people living with haemochromatosis. + +Page last reviewed: 29 March 2023 +Next review due: 29 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/hand-foot-mouth-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/hand-foot-mouth-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..286220e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/hand-foot-mouth-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +# Hand, foot and mouth disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hand-foot-mouth-disease/ + +Hand, foot and mouth disease is not the same as foot and mouth disease that affects farm animals. + +## Symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease + +The 1st symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease can be: + +- a sore throat +- a high temperature +- not wanting to eat + +The 2nd stage usually starts a few days later and symptoms can include: + +- [mouth ulcers](/conditions/mouth-ulcers/), which can be painful +- a raised rash of spots on the hands and feet, and sometimes the groin area and bottom + +The rash of spots can look pink, red, or darker than the surrounding skin, depending on your skin tone. + +The spots can turn into blisters, which might be grey or lighter than surrounding skin and can be painful. + +Symptoms are usually mild and are the same in adults and children. + +### Mouth ulcers + +![A round, red ulcer with a lighter pink centre on the side of a child's tongue. The tongue has a creamy white coating on top.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/1.original.width-320.jpg) + +### Spots on the hands and feet + +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/2AB6A1W_YRQxrsn.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 1: Hand, foot and mouth disease spots on white skin (thumbnail). + 1](#gallery-image-1) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1366937726.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 2: Hand, foot and mouth disease spots and patches on medium brown skin (thumbnail). + 2](#gallery-image-2) +- [![](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/3.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + 3: Hand, foot and mouth disease blister on white skin (thumbnail). + 3](#gallery-image-3) + +![Hand, foot and mouth disease spots on a baby's hand and wrist on white skin. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/2AB6A1W_YRQxrsn.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 1. + +Hand, foot and mouth disease spots on the wrist and hand of a baby with white skin. + +There are 3 round, raised spots and several smaller, flat spots. + +The large spots vary in size from around 2mm to 5mm. 1 spot is near the knuckle of the index finger, the other 2 are near the wrist. The skin around each spot is pink. The centre of each large spot is light pink or similar to the baby's skin tone. The spots look like they have fluid in them. + +There are patches of pink skin on the fingers and back of the hand. + +![Medium brown skin with hand, foot and mouth disease spots on the palms. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1366937726.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 2. + +Hand, foot and mouth disease spots on the palms of a child with medium brown skin. + +The child's palms and fingers have many pink spots and patches on them. Most spots are round, but some are an uneven shape. The centre of some spots is light pink or the same colour as the person's skin. Other spots are dark pink or red without a lighter centre. + +Some spots on the joints of the fingers look like red scratches. + +![White skin with hand, foot and mouth disease blisters on the little toe. A long description is available next.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/3.original.2e16d0ba.fill-420x280.jpg) + +Long description, image 3. + +Hand, foot and mouth disease blisters on the little toe of a child with white skin. The skin on the top of the toe is pink. There's a large raised, round, light grey blister on the centre of the toe. + +Next to the large blister are two very small white blisters. + +### If you're not sure your child has hand, foot and mouth disease + +Look at other [rashes in babies and children](/symptoms/rashes-babies-and-children/). + +## How to treat hand, foot and mouth disease yourself + +Hand, foot and mouth disease usually gets better on its own in 7 to 10 days. You cannot take antibiotics or other medicines to cure it. + +To help the symptoms: + +- drink cool fluids to soothe the mouth and prevent dehydration (but avoid acidic drinks, such as fruit juice) +- eat soft foods like yoghurt and avoid hot, salty and spicy foods +- take [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-children/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-children/) to help ease a sore mouth or throat + +### A pharmacist can help with hand, foot and mouth disease + +Ask a pharmacist for advice about treatments, such as mouth ulcer gels, sprays and mouthwashes, to relieve pain. + +They can tell you which ones are suitable for children. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease do not improve after 7 to 10 days +> - you're pregnant and get hand, foot and mouth disease +> +> Hand, foot and mouth disease can be spread to other people. +> +> Check with your GP surgery before going. They may suggest a phone consultation. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you or your child has a very high temperature, or feels hot, cold or shivery +> - you're worried about your child's hand, foot and mouth disease symptoms +> - your child has hand, foot and mouth disease and is peeing less than usual (they may be becoming dehydrated) +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## How to stop hand, foot and mouth disease spreading + +Hand, foot and mouth disease is easily passed on to other people. It's spread in coughs, sneezes, poo and the fluid in the blisters. You can get it more than once. + +You can start spreading it from a few days before you have any symptoms, but you're most likely to spread it to others in the first 5 days after symptoms start. + +To reduce the risk of spreading hand, foot and mouth disease: + +- wash your hands often with soap and water, and children's hands too +- use tissues to trap germs when you cough or sneeze +- bin used tissues as quickly as possible +- do not share towels or household items like cups or cutlery +- wash soiled bedding and clothing on a hot wash + +### Staying off school or nursery + +Keep your child off school or nursery while they're feeling too unwell to go. + +But as soon as they're feeling better, they can go back to school or nursery. There's no need to wait until all the blisters have healed. + +Keeping your child away from other children for longer is unlikely to stop the illness spreading. + +## Hand, foot and mouth disease in pregnancy + +Although there's usually no risk to the pregnancy or baby, it's best to avoid close contact with anyone who has hand, foot and mouth disease. + +This is because getting hand, foot and mouth disease shortly before giving birth can mean your baby is born with a mild version of it. + +Speak to a GP or your midwife if you have been in contact with someone with hand, foot and mouth disease. + +Page last reviewed: 10 May 2024 +Next review due: 10 May 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/head-injury-and-concussion/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/head-injury-and-concussion/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0da28f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/head-injury-and-concussion/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +# Head injury and concussion + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/head-injury-and-concussion/ + +## When and where to get medical help + +You may need urgent medical help after a head injury, depending on your symptoms. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> Someone has hit their head and: +> +> - has been knocked out and has not woken up +> - cannot stay awake or keep their eyes open +> - has a fit (seizure) +> - has fallen from a height of more than 1 metre or 5 stairs +> - has problems with their vision or hearing +> - has a black eye, but did not hit their eye +> - has clear fluid coming from their ears or nose +> - is bleeding from their ears or has bruising behind their ears +> - has new numbness or weakness in any part of their body +> - has problems with walking, balance, understanding, speaking or writing +> - hit their head at high speed, such as in a road accident +> - has a head wound with something inside it or has a dent in their head +> - has a bruise, swelling or large cut on their head and they are under 1 year old +> - their behaviour has changed, like being more irritable or distracted, or losing interest in things around them + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You or someone else have recently had a head injury and: +> +> - are being sick (vomiting) +> - feel dizzy +> - have a condition that thins your blood or take medicine that thins your blood +> - were drinking alcohol or taking drugs at the time of the injury +> - have any other symptoms you're worried about +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). Call 111 if you need advice for a child under 5 years old. + +> **💡 Information:** If you’re told to go to A&E, do not drive yourself there if you have hit your head. The person you speak to will give you advice about what to do. + +## How to care for a minor head injury + +If you or your child have been sent home from hospital with a minor head injury, or do not need to go to hospital, you can usually look after yourself or your child at home. + +You might have symptoms for up to 2 weeks after a head injury. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ hold an ice pack (or a bag of frozen peas) wrapped in a tea towel to the area regularly for short periods in the first few days to bring down any swelling +- ✅ rest and avoid stress – you or your child do not need to stay awake if you're tired +- ✅ take painkillers such asparacetamolfor headaches – if your child has a headache you can useparacetamol for children +- ✅ make sure an adult stays with you or your child for at least the first 24 hours + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not go back to work or school until you're feeling better +- ❌ do not drive until you feel you have fully recovered +- ❌ do not play contact sports for at least 3 weeks – children should avoid rough play for a few days +- ❌ do not take drugs +- ❌ do not drink alcohol until you're feeling better +- ❌ do not take sleeping pills while you're recovering unless a doctor advises you to + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - symptoms of a head injury last more than 2 weeks +> - you're not sure if it's safe to drive or return to work, school or sports after a head injury + +Page last reviewed: 29 May 2025 +Next review due: 29 May 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/heart-attack-old/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/heart-attack-old/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c7532a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/heart-attack-old/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +# Heart attack + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack-old/ + +## Symptoms of a heart attack + +Symptoms of a heart attack may include: + +- chest pain which may feel like crushing or squeezing on your chest – the pain may also spread to your arm, neck and jaw +- feeling short of breath +- feeling sick (nausea) or being sick (vomiting) +- feeling like you have indigestion – you may have a burning feeling in your chest and feel full or bloated +- sweating +- pale, blue or grey skin – on black or brown skin this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you have chest pain that feels tight or like squeezing on your chest +> - you have chest pain that's spreading to your arms, neck or jaw +> - you're having severe difficulty breathing – you're gasping, choking or not able to get words out +> - your lips or skin are pale, blue or grey – on brown or black skin this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands +> - someone has passed out and is not responding normally + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you're suddenly more short of breath than usual +> - you have chest pain and you feel sick or are being sick +> - you have chest pain and you feel like your heart is racing, going too slowly, skipping a beat or have a fluttering feeling in your chest + +## While you're waiting for medical help + +If you think you or someone else is having a heart attack, there are some things you can do while you wait for help. + +1. Sit and rest on the floor in a comfortable position, with your knees bent and your back supported. If you cannot do this, you can also sit on a chair. +2. Take aspirin (300mg) if you have any – do not give aspirin to someone who has an aspirin allergy. +3. If you have angina, take your glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) spray if you have it with you. +4. Keep checking someone who may be having a heart attack to make sure they're still responding and breathing. +5. If someone stops responding to you and stops breathing, start CPR. + +[Find out how to do CPR](/tests-and-treatments/first-aid/cpr/) + +## How a heart attack is diagnosed + +You'll need tests including an [electrocardiogram (ECG)](/tests-and-treatments/electrocardiogram/) and blood tests to find out if you're having a heart attack. + +If these tests show you're having a heart attack, you may have further tests such as: + +- an [echocardiogram](/tests-and-treatments/echocardiogram/), which can find out if your heart has been damaged +- a coronary angiogram, which can find out exactly where the blood flow to your heart is blocked – the blockage may be treated at the same time + +A doctor will discuss what your test results may mean for you. + +## Treatments for a heart attack + +You'll need treatment in hospital for a heart attack. Your treatment will depend on how severe it is. + +Treatments may include: + +- medicines to treat the blockage in your arteries and improve blood flow to your heart +- a procedure to improve blood flow to your heart ([coronary angioplasty](/tests-and-treatments/coronary-angioplasty/)) – this involves opening blocked arteries using a small plastic tube called a stent +- surgery where arteries are taken from another part of your body and used in your heart to take blood around a blocked artery ([coronary artery bypass](/tests-and-treatments/coronary-artery-bypass-graft/)) + +A heart attack is a life-threatening condition and cannot always be treated. There's a chance someone who has one may die. + +**Medicines after a heart attack** + +You will be given medicines to take long-term after having a heart attack. They treat the causes of your heart attack and help reduce your risk of having another one. + +These medicines may include: + +- antiplatelets to help stop your arteries getting blocked +- [statins](/medicines/statins/) to lower your cholesterol +- other medicines to lower high blood pressure, such as ACE inhibitors and [beta-blockers](/medicines/beta-blockers/) + +## Recovering from a heart attack + +Heart attacks affect people in different ways. For some, it may take several weeks to recover, but there will be little impact on their life. + +For others, recovery can take months or years. + +After having a heart attack, you'll usually: + +- need to rest, including taking time off work +- be referred to cardiac rehabilitation to help with your recovery – this may involve attending appointments in-person, or taking part remotely from home using video calls or apps + +Most people can continue with their normal activities once they've recovered. + +You may feel anxious or worried about getting back to your usual tasks or going back to work. Talk to your GP if you're feeling [anxious](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/anxiety-fear-panic/) or you have [low mood](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/low-mood-sadness-depression/) after having a heart attack. They can help you get support. + +## Causes of a heart attack + +Heart attacks are usually caused by a blood clot stopping enough blood getting to your heart. + +You're more likely to have a heart attack if you: + +- smoke +- have high blood pressure +- have high cholesterol +- have a close relative who's had a heart attack +- have diabetes +- are living with overweight or obesity + +## Reducing your risk of having a heart attack + +You cannot always prevent a heart attack, but there are lifestyle changes you can make to reduce your risk of having one. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ stop smoking +- ✅ try to keep yourcholesterolat a healthy level +- ✅ try to keep yourblood pressureat a healthy level +- ✅ eat a healthy, balanced diet +- ✅ reduce the amount of salt and saturated fat you eat +- ✅ try to maintain a healthy weight +- ✅ exercise regularly +- ✅ cut down on alcohol + +## Support after a heart attack + +You may find it helpful to get emotional support from other people who've had a heart attack, either at a local group or online. + +There are also national charities that can offer more information and support. + +### British Heart Foundation + +Information and support for anyone affected by heart conditions, including local and online support services. + +- Heart helpline: 080 802 1234 +- [British Heart Foundation website](https://www.bhf.org.uk/) + +> **💡 Information:** Heart attack is different to cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest is when your heart stops suddenly and causes you to lose consciousness. It's life-threatening but different to a heart attack, and needs different treatment. The British Heart Foundation website has more information about cardiac arrest . \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/heart-failure/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/heart-failure/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b69b481 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/heart-failure/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +# Overview-Heart failure + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-failure/ + +**Heart failure means that the heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly. It usually happens because the heart has become too weak or stiff.** + +It's sometimes called congestive heart failure, although this name is not widely used now. + +Heart failure does not mean your heart has stopped working. It means it needs some support to help it work better. + +It can occur at any age, but is most common in older people. + +Heart failure is a long-term condition that tends to get gradually worse over time. + +It cannot usually be cured, but the symptoms can often be controlled for many years. + +## Symptoms of heart failure + +The main symptoms of heart failure are: + +- [breathlessness](/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/) after activity or at rest +- feeling tired most of the time and finding exercise exhausting +- feeling lightheaded or fainting +- swollen ankles and legs + +Some people also experience other symptoms, such as a persistent cough, a fast heart rate and [dizziness](/symptoms/dizziness/). + +Symptoms can develop quickly (acute heart failure) or gradually over weeks or months (chronic heart failure). + +## When to get medical advice + +See a GP if you experience persistent or gradually worsening symptoms of heart failure. + +Call 999 for an ambulance or go to [your nearest A&E department](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) as soon as possible if you have sudden or very severe symptoms. + +A number of tests can be used to help check how well your heart is working, including [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/), an [ECG](/tests-and-treatments/electrocardiogram/) and an [echocardiogram](/tests-and-treatments/echocardiogram/). + +[Find out more about how heart failure is diagnosed](/conditions/heart-failure/diagnosis/) + +## Causes of heart failure + +Heart failure is often the result of a number of problems affecting the heart at the same time. + +Conditions that can lead to heart failure include: + +- [coronary heart disease](/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/) – where the arteries that supply blood to the heart become clogged up with fatty substances ([atherosclerosis](/conditions/atherosclerosis/)), which may cause [angina](/conditions/angina/) or a [heart attack](/conditions/heart-attack/) +- [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) – this can put extra strain on the heart, which over time can lead to heart failure +- conditions affecting the heart muscle ([cardiomyopathy](/conditions/cardiomyopathy/)) +- heart rhythm problems ([arrhythmias](/conditions/arrhythmia/)), such as [atrial fibrillation](/conditions/atrial-fibrillation/) +- damage or other problems with the heart valves +- [congenital heart disease](/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/) – birth defects that affect the normal workings of the heart + +Sometimes [obesity](/conditions/obesity-old/), [anaemia](/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/), drinking too much alcohol, an [overactive thyroid](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/) or high pressure in the lungs ([pulmonary hypertension](/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/)) can also lead to heart failure. + +## Treatments for heart failure + +Treatment for heart failure usually aims to control the symptoms for as long as possible and slow down the progression of the condition. + +How you're treated will depend on what is causing your heart failure. + +Common treatments include: + +- lifestyle changes – including eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly and stopping smoking +- medicine – a range of medicines can help; many people need to take 2 or 3 different types +- devices implanted in your chest – these can help control your heart rhythm +- surgery – such as a [bypass operation](/tests-and-treatments/coronary-artery-bypass-graft/) or a heart transplant + +Treatment will usually be needed for life. + +A cure may be possible when heart failure has a treatable cause. For example, if your heart valves are damaged, replacing or repairing them may cure the condition. + +## Outlook for heart failure + +Heart failure is a serious long-term condition that will usually continue to get slowly worse over time. + +It can severely limit the activities you're able to do and is often eventually fatal. + +But it's very difficult to tell how the condition will progress on an individual basis. + +It's very unpredictable. Lots of people remain stable for many years, while in some cases it may get worse quickly. + +> **💡 Information:** Social care and support guide If you: need help with day-to-day living because of illness or disability care for someone regularly because they're ill or disabled or because of their age (including family members) our guide to care and support explains your options and where you can get support. + +Page last reviewed: 19 May 2022 +Next review due: 19 May 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9444792 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +# Heartburn and acid reflux + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/ + +**Heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux). If it keeps happening, it may be called gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD).** + +## Symptoms of acid reflux + +The main symptoms of acid reflux are: + +- heartburn – a burning sensation in the middle of your chest +- an unpleasant sour taste in your mouth, caused by stomach acid + +You may also have: + +- a cough or hiccups that keep coming back +- a hoarse voice +- bad breath +- bloating and feeling sick + +Symptoms are often worse after eating, when lying down and when bending over. + +## Causes of heartburn and acid reflux + +Lots of people get heartburn from time to time. There's often no obvious reason why. + +Sometimes it's caused or made worse by: + +- certain food and drink – such as coffee, tomatoes, alcohol, chocolate and fatty or spicy foods +- being overweight +- smoking +- pregnancy - find out more about [indigestion and heartburn in pregnancy](/pregnancy/common-symptoms/indigestion-and-heartburn/) +- stress and anxiety +- an increase in some types of hormones, such as progesterone and oestrogen +- some medicines, such as anti-inflammatory painkillers (like [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/)) +- a [hiatus hernia](/conditions/hiatus-hernia/) – when part of your stomach moves up into your chest +- a [stomach ulcer](/conditions/stomach-ulcer/) +- a bacterial infection in your stomach + +## How you can ease heartburn and acid reflux yourself + +Simple lifestyle changes can help stop or reduce heartburn. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ eat smaller, more frequent meals +- ✅ try to lose weight if you're overweight +- ✅ try to find ways to relax + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not have food or drink that triggers your symptoms +- ❌ do not eat within 3 or 4 hours before bed +- ❌ do not wear clothes that are tight around your waist +- ❌ do not smoke +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol +- ❌ do not stop taking any prescribed medicine without speaking to a doctor first + +You may find that using wood, bricks or books to raise the head of your bed by around 10 to 20cm, so your chest and head are above your waist, helps relieve symptoms. This can help stop stomach acid travelling up towards your throat. + +But do not try to achieve the same effect by using additional pillows, as this can increase pressure on your belly and make your symptoms worse. + +### A pharmacist can help with heartburn and acid reflux + +Speak to a pharmacist for advice if you keep getting heartburn. + +They may recommend medicines called [antacids](/medicines/antacids/) or alginates that can help ease your symptoms. + +It's best to take these with food or soon after eating, as this is when you're most likely to get heartburn. They may also work for longer if taken with food. + +Although antacids and alginates help symptoms in the short term, they will not cure the problem and should not be taken regularly for long periods. + +If you're pregnant, a pharmacist can advise you about medicines you can take. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - lifestyle changes and pharmacy medicines are not helping your heartburn +> - you have heartburn most days +> - you also have other symptoms, like food getting stuck in your throat, frequently being sick, or losing weight for no reason +> +> A GP can provide alternative or stronger treatments and help rule out any more serious causes of your symptoms. +> +> If at any time you feel your symptoms are getting worse, contact a GP, go to [111.nhs.uk](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms) or call 111. + +## Treatment for heartburn and acid reflux from a GP + +If you have acid reflux, a GP may prescribe a medicine called a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that reduces how much acid your stomach makes. + +PPIs include: + +- [omeprazole](/medicines/omeprazole/) +- [lansoprazole](/medicines/lansoprazole/) + +You'll usually need to take this type of medicine for 4 or 8 weeks, depending on how serious your acid reflux is. + +Go back to the GP if your symptoms return after stopping your medicine. You may need a long-term prescription. + +### Important + +If a PPI does not help, your doctor may suggest trying a different type of medicine called an H2 receptor antagonist, such as famotidine. + +### Tests and treatments for severe heartburn and acid reflux + +If medicines do not help or your symptoms are severe, a GP may refer you to a specialist for: + +- tests to find out what's causing your symptoms, such as a [gastroscopy](/tests-and-treatments/gastroscopy/) (where a thin tube with a camera inside it is passed down your throat and into your stomach) +- tests to check for bacteria that can cause heartburn – this can be treated with a combination of antibiotics and PPIs +- surgery on your stomach or food pipe (oesophagus) to stop acid reflux + +Page last reviewed: 20 November 2023 +Next review due: 20 November 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/hiatus-hernia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/hiatus-hernia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27a0c66 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/hiatus-hernia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# Hiatus hernia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hiatus-hernia/ + +**A hiatus hernia is when part of your stomach moves up into your chest. It's very common if you're over 50. It does not normally need treatment if it's not causing you problems.** + +## Symptoms of a hiatus hernia + +You can have a hiatus hernia without knowing and without it being a problem. + +Symptoms include: + +- a painful burning feeling in your chest, often after eating (heartburn) +- bringing up small amounts of food or bitter-tasting fluids (acid reflux) +- bad breath +- feeling bloated +- feeling or being sick +- difficulty or pain when swallowing (dysphagia) + +These are the symptoms of [gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)](/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/). + +## Things you can do to ease a hiatus hernia + +There are things you can do yourself to manage hiatus hernia symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ eat smaller, more frequent meals +- ✅ raise the head end of your bed by 10 to 20cm so your chest and head are above the level of your waist, which can stop stomach acid travelling up towards your throat +- ✅ try to lose weight if you're overweight +- ✅ try to find ways to relax + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not have food or drink that triggers your symptoms +- ❌ do not eat within 3 or 4 hours of going to bed +- ❌ do not wear clothes that are tight around your waist +- ❌ do not smoke +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol +- ❌ do not stop taking any prescribed medicine without speaking to a doctor first + +### A pharmacist can help with hiatus hernia symptoms + +Speak to a pharmacist for advice if you keep getting hiatus hernia symptoms. + +They may recommend medicines called antacids or alginates, which can help ease your symptoms. + +It's best to take these with food or soon after eating, as this is when you're most likely to get symptoms. They may also work for longer if taken with food. + +Although antacids and alginates help symptoms in the short term, they will not cure the problem and should not be taken regularly for long periods. + +If you're pregnant, a pharmacist can advise you about medicines you can take. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - your symptoms do not go away after 3 weeks +> - your symptoms are very bad or getting worse +> - medicines from a pharmacy do not help + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have indigestion or acid reflux and: +> +> - you have lost weight without trying +> - swallowing becomes difficult +> - you're being sick (vomiting) frequently +> - there's blood in your sick +> - you have pain in your upper tummy +> +> You can call 111 or get help from [111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/). + +## Treatment for a hiatus hernia + +If medicines from a pharmacy and changing your eating habits do not help, a GP can prescribe stronger medicines. + +If stronger medicines do not work, a GP can send you for tests to find out if your symptoms are caused by a hiatus hernia. They might also prescribe medicines for long-term gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). + +A GP might refer you to a specialist to check if you need surgery. This usually only happens if other treatments have not worked and you keep having very bad symptoms. + +### Surgery for a hiatus hernia + +Keyhole surgery (also called a [laparoscopy](/tests-and-treatments/laparoscopy/)) is usually used for a hiatus hernia. This involves making small cuts in your tummy. + +It's done under general anaesthetic, so you'll be asleep during the operation. + +After surgery, it can take up to 6 weeks before you can eat what you want and a few months to recover from things like bloating, farting and difficulty swallowing. + +There's a chance that you may need more surgery. + +## Causes of a hiatus hernia + +It's not clear what causes a hiatus hernia. Anyone can have one, but it's more common if you're over 50, pregnant or overweight. + +Page last reviewed: 08 May 2024 +Next review due: 08 May 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/high-blood-pressure/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/high-blood-pressure/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d4da47 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/high-blood-pressure/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +# High blood pressure + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure/ + +## Check if you're at risk of high blood pressure + +High blood pressure is very common, especially in older adults. There are usually no symptoms, so you may not realise you have it. + +Things that increase your chances of having high blood pressure include: + +- your age – you're more likely to get high blood pressure as you get older +- having close relatives with high blood pressure +- your ethnicity – you're at higher risk if you have a Black African, Black Caribbean or South Asian ethnic background +- having an unhealthy diet – especially a diet that's high in salt +- being overweight +- smoking +- drinking too much alcohol +- feeling stressed over a long period + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you might have high blood pressure or might be at risk of having high blood pressure +> - you're aged 40 or over and have not had your blood pressure checked for more than 5 years +> +> Some pharmacies may charge for a blood pressure check. +> +> Some workplaces also offer blood pressure checks. Check with your employer. + +> **💡 Information:** Free pharmacy checks for over 40s Many pharmacies offer free blood pressure checks for people aged 40 or over. Find a pharmacy that offers free blood pressure checks + +## Symptoms of high blood pressure + +High blood pressure does not usually cause any symptoms. + +Many people have it without realising it. + +Rarely, high blood pressure can cause symptoms such as: + +- headaches +- blurred vision +- chest pain + +But the only way to find out if you have high blood pressure is to get your blood pressure checked. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you often have headaches or blurred vision +> - you have chest pain that comes and goes +> - you have other symptoms you're worried could be caused by high blood pressure +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you get sudden pain or discomfort in your chest that does not go away – the pain can feel like squeezing or pressure inside your chest, burning or indigestion +> - you get pain that spreads to your left or right arm, or your neck, jaw, stomach or back +> - you have chest pain and you feel sweaty, sick, light headed or short of breath +> +> You could be having a heart attack. Call 999 straight away as you need immediate treatment in hospital. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +## What happens at a blood pressure check + +A [blood pressure test](/tests-and-treatments/blood-pressure-test/) involves inflating a band (cuff) around your upper arm and measuring the pressure in your blood vessels. + +If the test shows you might have high blood pressure, you may be asked to: + +- use a blood pressure monitor at home to check your blood pressure regularly over the next few days +- come back to your GP surgery a few days or weeks later to have your blood pressure checked again +- wear a portable monitor that takes regular readings over 24 hours + +This can confirm if you have high blood pressure. + +### What your blood pressure reading means + +Blood pressure readings are given as 2 numbers, with the first number higher than the second (for example, 130/80). + +You're usually considered to have high blood pressure if your reading is: + +- 140/90 or higher when checked by a healthcare professional +- 135/85 or higher when checked at home + +> **💡 Information:** Check your blood pressure reading Use our check your blood pressure reading tool to check what your blood pressure reading means, and get advice. + +## Risks of having high blood pressure + +If your blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on your blood vessels, heart and other organs, such as your brain, kidneys and eyes. + +If it's not treated, it can increase your risk of serious conditions such as: + +- [heart disease](/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/) +- [heart attacks](/conditions/heart-attack/) +- [strokes](/conditions/stroke/) +- [heart failure](/conditions/heart-failure/) +- [kidney disease](/conditions/kidney-disease/) +- [vascular dementia](/conditions/vascular-dementia/) + +Lowering your blood pressure even a small amount can help reduce your risk of these problems. + +## How you can help lower your blood pressure + +Healthy lifestyle changes can help lower your blood pressure. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ have a healthy, balanced diet +- ✅ exercise regularly – aim to do at least 150 minutes of exercise a week +- ✅ lose weight if you're overweight + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not eat too much salt – avoid salty food or adding salt to your meals +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol – avoid drinking more than 14 alcohol units a week on a regular basis +- ❌ do not drink too much caffeine – drinks high in caffeine include coffee, tea and cola +- ❌ do not smoke + +> **💡 Information:** NHS help to get healthy NHS Better Health has free tools and support to help you lose weight, get active, quit smoking and drink less. Visit the NHS Better Health website + +## Medicines for high blood pressure + +A GP will usually prescribe medicine for high blood pressure if: + +- your blood pressure is very high +- you're at higher risk of problems linked to high blood pressure, such as a heart attack or stroke +- your blood pressure is still high after making healthy lifestyle changes + +There are lots of different medicines for high blood pressure. The medicine recommended for you depends on things like how high your blood pressure is, your age and your ethnicity. + +Most blood pressure medicines are taken as tablets once a day. You may need to take more than 1 medicine to keep your blood pressure under control. + +> **💡 Information:** More about medicines Blood Pressure UK: medications for high blood pressure NHS medicines A to Z: find your medicine + +## Find out more + +You can get more information and advice about high blood pressure from: + +- [Blood Pressure UK](https://www.bloodpressureuk.org/your-blood-pressure/) +- [British Heart Foundation: high blood pressure](https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/risk-factors/high-blood-pressure) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/high-cholesterol/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/high-cholesterol/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d1af79 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/high-cholesterol/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +# What is high cholesterol?-High cholesterol + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-cholesterol/ + +- High cholesterol is when you have too much of a fatty substance called cholesterol in your blood. +- You're more likely to get high cholesterol if you're over 50, a man, you've been through the menopause, or you're of South Asian or sub-Saharan African origin. It can also run in families. +- It can also be caused by eating fatty food, not exercising enough, being overweight, smoking and drinking alcohol. +- You can lower your cholesterol by eating healthily and getting more exercise. Some people also need to take medicine. +- Too much cholesterol can block your blood vessels. It makes you more likely to have heart problems or a stroke. +- High cholesterol does not usually cause symptoms. You can only find out if you have it from a blood test. + +> **💡 Information:** HEART UK has information about inherited high cholesterol that starts at a young age (familial hypercholesterolaemia). Find out about familial hypercholesterolaemia on the HEART UK website + +Page last reviewed: 13 March 2026 +Next review due: 13 March 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..492d41f --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# Overview-Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis/ + +**Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a condition in which the lungs become scarred and breathing becomes increasingly difficult.** + +It's not clear what causes it, but it usually affects people who are around 70 to 75 years old, and is rare in people under 50. + +Several treatments can help reduce the rate at which IPF gets worse, but there's currently no treatment that can stop or reverse the scarring of the lungs. + +## Symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis + +The symptoms of IPF tend to develop gradually and get slowly worse over time. + +Symptoms can include: + +- [shortness of breath](/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/) +- a persistent dry [cough](/symptoms/cough/) +- tiredness +- loss of appetite and [weight loss](/symptoms/unintentional-weight-loss/) +- rounded and swollen fingertips (clubbed fingers) + +Many people ignore their breathlessness at first and blame it on getting old or being out of shape. + +But eventually even light activity such as getting dressed can cause shortness of breath. + +## When to get medical advice + +See a GP if you have struggled with your breathing for a while or have had a cough for more than 3 weeks. + +These symptoms are not normal and should not be ignored. + +If a GP thinks you could have a lung condition such as IPF, they can refer you to a hospital specialist for tests such as: + +- breathing (lung function) tests +- [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) +- a chest [X-ray](/tests-and-treatments/x-ray/) and [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) +- a lung [biopsy](/tests-and-treatments/biopsy/), where a small piece of lung tissue is removed during [keyhole surgery](/tests-and-treatments/laparoscopy/) so it can be analysed + +[Find out more about the tests for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis](/conditions/idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis/) + +## Causes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis + +In people with IPF, the tiny air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) become damaged and increasingly scarred. + +This causes the lungs to become stiff and makes it difficult for oxygen to get into the blood. + +The reason this happens is not clear. Idiopathic means the cause is unknown. + +IPF has been linked to: + +- exposure to certain types of dust, such as metal or wood dust +- viral infections +- a family history of IPF – around 1 in 20 people with IPF has another family member with the condition +- [acid reflux](/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/) +- smoking + +But it's not known whether some of these factors directly cause IPF. + +## Treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis + +There's currently no cure for IPF, but there are several treatments that can help relieve the symptoms and slow down its progression. + +Treatments include: + +- self care measures, such as stopping smoking, eating healthily and exercising regularly +- medicines to reduce the rate at which scarring worsens, such as pirfenidone and nintedanib +- breathing oxygen through a mask – you can do this while you're at home or while you're out and about +- exercises and advice to help you breathe more easily (pulmonary rehabilitation) +- a lung transplant – this is suitable in a few cases, although donor lungs are rare + +[Find out more about how idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is treated](/conditions/idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis/treatment/) + +### Further information + +UK Charities [Action for Pulmonary Fibrosis](https://www.actionpf.org/) and the [Pulmonary Fibrosis Trust](https://pulmonaryfibrosistrust.org/) provide information and support for people affected by IPF as well as news items about ongoing research into the condition. + +## Outlook for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis + +IPF gets worse over time, although the speed at which this happens is highly variable. + +Some people respond well to treatment and remain relatively free of symptoms for many years, while others may get rapidly worse or find the breathlessness debilitating. + +Other problems can also sometimes develop, including [chest infections](/conditions/chest-infection/), [pulmonary hypertension](/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/) and [heart failure](/conditions/heart-failure/). + +It's very difficult to predict how long someone with IPF will survive at the time of diagnosis. + +Regular monitoring over time can indicate whether it's getting worse quickly or slowly. + +## National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service + +If you have IPF, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the [National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service (NCARDRS)](https://www.ndrs.nhs.uk/). + +The NCARDRS help scientists look for better ways to prevent and treat IPF. You can opt out of the register at any time. + +Page last reviewed: 18 October 2022 +Next review due: 18 October 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/impetigo/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/impetigo/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c89e5c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/impetigo/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +# Impetigo + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/impetigo/ + +## Symptoms of impetigo + +Impetigo starts with red sores or blisters, but the redness may be harder to see on brown and black skin. + +The sores or blisters quickly burst and often leave crusty, golden-brown patches. + +The patches can: + +- look a bit like cornflakes stuck to your skin +- get bigger and spread to other parts of your body +- be itchy and are sometimes painful + +![The lower half of a child's face with red and yellow weepy impetigo sores on their nose and around their mouth. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0618_impetigo_on_face_of_child_M1800059.orig.width-320.jpg) + +The sores and blisters of impetigo commonly affect the face (around the nose and mouth) and hands. + +![3 patches of crusty, light-brown skin on a person’s chin from impetigo. They have a large, crusty patch underneath their lower lip. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_1825_M1800032-Impetigo_rash_beneath_a_man_.width-320.jpg) + +After the blisters burst, you often have golden-brown crusty patches on your skin. + +![Impetigo on the chin. There are 2 patches that have dark brown scabs in the middle surrounded by lighter areas of weeping skin. Shown on medium brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M1800105-Impetigo_skin_infection_copy.width-320.jpg) + +Sometimes yellow liquid oozes from the blisters and hardens to leave a scaly border around a scab. This is called bullous impetigo. + +Other conditions like impetigo + +Impetigo can look similar to other skin conditions. + +| Skin symptoms | Possible cause | +| --- | --- | +| Blisters on lips or around the mouth | [Cold sores](/conditions/cold-sores/) | +| Itchy, dry, cracked or sore skin | [Atopic eczema](/conditions/atopic-eczema/) | +| Itchy blisters | [Shingles](/conditions/shingles/), [chickenpox](/conditions/chickenpox/) | + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of impetigo +> - your child is aged 12 months or over and has symptoms of impetigo +> +> A pharmacist can give the same medicines as a GP to treat impetigo. They can also give advice or direct you to to other medical help if you need it. +> +> [Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You or your child have symptoms of impetigo and: +> +> - your child is aged 11 months or younger +> - you're breastfeeding and the impetigo sores are on your breasts +> - have a weakened immune system, for example, from chemotherapy +> - have had treatment but the symptoms have changed or become worse +> - have had impetigo in the past year and it has come back +> +> Impetigo is very infectious. Check with the GP surgery before you go in. They may suggest a phone consultation. + +## Treatment for impetigo + +A pharmacist or GP will check if your symptoms are caused by a more serious skin infection, like [cellulitis](/conditions/cellulitis/). + +If it's impetigo, they may prescribe: + +- hydrogen peroxide cream +- antibiotic cream or tablets + +Babies and people with a weakened immune system may need antibiotic tablets to stop the infection causing more serious problems. + +### If your impetigo keeps coming back + +A GP may take a swab from your skin to check for the bacteria that causes impetigo. They may also take a swab from inside your nose. + +They might prescribe an antiseptic body wash, nasal ointment, or both, to try to clear the bacteria and stop the impetigo coming back. + +### Make sure you finish treatment + +Do not stop using cream or taking antibiotic tablets early, even if the impetigo starts to clear up. + +## How to stop impetigo spreading or getting worse + +Impetigo can be easily spread to other parts of your body or to other people through skin-to-skin contact. + +You can also get it by touching things that have been infected, like towels and bedding. + +Impetigo stops being contagious: + +- 48 hours after you start using hydrogen peroxide cream or antibiotics prescribed by a pharmacist or GP +- when the patches dry out and crust over (if you do not get treatment) + +There are some things you can do to help stop impetigo spreading or getting worse while it's still contagious. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ stay away from work, school or nursery until no longer contagious +- ✅ wash affected areas with soap and water and dry them thoroughly +- ✅ wash your hands frequently, particularly before and after using antibiotic cream +- ✅ wash flannels, towels, sheets and pillowcases at a high temperature +- ✅ wash toys with detergent and warm water if your children have impetigo + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not touch or scratch sores, blisters or crusty patches – this also helps stop scarring +- ❌ do not have close contact with children or people with diabetes or a weakened immune system (if they're having chemotherapy, for example) +- ❌ do not share flannels, towels, sheets or pillowcases +- ❌ do not prepare food for other people if you have impetigo +- ❌ do not go to the gym or play contact sports like football + +## How to avoid impetigo + +Impetigo usually infects skin that's already damaged. + +You can get it if you have a minor injury like a cut, scratch or insect bite, or a skin condition. + +To avoid getting impetigo: + +- keep cuts, scratches and insect bites clean – for example, by washing them with warm water and soap +- get treatment for skin conditions, like [eczema](/conditions/atopic-eczema/) and [scabies](/conditions/scabies/) + +Page last reviewed: 06 June 2024 +Next review due: 06 June 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/indigestion/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/indigestion/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bc4de6 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/indigestion/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +# Indigestion + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/indigestion/ + +**Most people have indigestion (dyspepsia) at some point. Usually, it's not a sign of anything more serious and you can treat it yourself.** + +## Symptoms of indigestion + +Indigestion can be felt in different ways. + +You can have the following symptoms after eating or drinking: + +- heartburn – a painful burning feeling in the chest, often after eating +- feeling full and bloated +- feeling sick +- burping and farting +- bringing up food or bitter-tasting fluids into your mouth + +### When it's not indigestion + +Stomach ache or back pain are usually not symptoms of indigestion. If you have those you might be [constipated](/conditions/constipation/). + +## How you can treat indigestion yourself + +There's usually no need to see a GP about indigestion. There are some things you can do at home. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ cut down on tea, coffee, cola or alcohol +- ✅ raise your head and shoulders up when in bed – this can stop stomach acid coming up while you sleep +- ✅ lose weight if you're overweight + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not eat 3 to 4 hours before going to bed +- ❌ do not have rich, spicy or fatty foods +- ❌ do not takeibuprofenoraspirinunless it has been prescribed for you (speak to a pharmacist or GP if you take these medicines, as they can make indigestion worse) +- ❌ do not smoke + +### A pharmacist can help with indigestion + +A pharmacist can recommend medicines to ease the burning feeling or pain that can come with indigestion. + +Medicines that can help with indigestion include: + +- [antacids](/medicines/antacids/) +- alginates +- proton pump inhibitors + +Some indigestion medicines are best to take after eating as their effects last longer. Check the information leaflet that comes with the medicines for more information. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +## Pregnant women: treating indigestion + +Pregnant women often get indigestion. It's very common from 27 weeks onwards. + +It can be caused by hormonal changes and the growing baby pressing against the stomach. + +A pharmacist can help with uncomfortable feelings or pain. They can recommend the best medicines to use when you're pregnant. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - keep getting indigestion +> - are in severe pain +> - have lost a lot of weight without meaning to +> - have difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) +> - keep being sick +> - have [iron deficiency anaemia](/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/) +> - feel like you have a lump in your stomach +> - have bloody vomit or poo +> +> These symptoms can be a sign of something more serious. + +## What causes indigestion + +Indigestion is often caused by acid from your stomach irritating your stomach lining or throat. This is called acid reflux. + +This can be caused or made worse by: + +- certain food and drink – such as coffee, tomatoes, alcohol, chocolate and fatty or spicy foods +- being overweight +- smoking +- pregnancy +- stress and anxiety +- some medicines, including anti-inflammatory painkillers like [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) +- a [hiatus hernia](/conditions/hiatus-hernia/) – when part of your stomach moves up into your chest + +Indigestion can also be caused by an open sore in your stomach lining ([stomach ulcer](/conditions/stomach-ulcer/)). Less often, it can be a sign of something more serious such as [stomach cancer](/conditions/stomach-cancer/). + +Page last reviewed: 05 May 2023 +Next review due: 05 May 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/infertility/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/infertility/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99c59e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/infertility/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# Overview-Infertility + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/infertility/ + +**Infertility is when a couple cannot get pregnant (conceive) despite having regular unprotected sex.** + +Around 1 in 7 couples may have difficulty conceiving. + +More than 8 out of 10 couples, where the woman is under 40, will conceive naturally within a year if they have regular unprotected sex (every 2 or 3 days). + +For couples who have been trying to conceive for more than 3 years without success, the likelihood of getting pregnant naturally within the next year is 1 in 4, or less. + +## Getting help + +Some people get pregnant quickly, but for others it can take longer. It's a good idea to see a GP if you have not conceived after a year of trying. + +Women aged 36 and over, and anyone who's already aware they may have fertility problems, should see their GP sooner. + +They can check for common [causes of fertility problems](/conditions/infertility/causes/) and suggest treatments that could help. + +Infertility is usually only diagnosed and treated when a couple have not managed to conceive after 2 years of trying through regular unprotected sex. + +There are 2 types of infertility: + +- **primary infertility** – where someone who's never conceived a child in the past has difficulty conceiving +- **secondary infertility** – where someone has had 1 or more pregnancies in the past, but is having difficulty conceiving again + +Read more about [how infertility is diagnosed](/conditions/infertility/diagnosis/). + +## Treating infertility + +Fertility treatments include: + +- medical treatment for lack of regular ovulation +- surgical procedures such as treatment for endometriosis, repair of the fallopian tubes, or removal of scarring (adhesions) within the womb or abdominal cavity +- assisted conception such as [intrauterine insemination (IUI)](/tests-and-treatments/intrauterine-insemination-iui/) or [IVF](/tests-and-treatments/ivf/) + +The treatment offered will depend on what's causing the fertility problems and what's available from [your local integrated care board (ICB)](/nhs-services/find-your-local-integrated-care-board/). + +Private treatment is also available, but it can be expensive and there's no guarantee it will be successful. + +It's important to choose a private clinic carefully. You can ask a GP for advice, and should make sure you choose a clinic that's licensed by the [Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)](http://www.hfea.gov.uk). + +Some treatments for infertility, such as IVF, can cause complications. + +For example: + +- multiple pregnancy – if more than 1 embryo is placed in the womb as part of IVF treatment there's an increased chance of having twins; this may not seem like a bad thing, but it significantly increases the risk of complications for you and your babies +- [ectopic pregnancy](/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/) – the risk of having an ectopic pregnancy is slightly increased if you have IVF + +Read more about [how infertility is treated](/conditions/infertility/treatment/). + +## What causes infertility? + +There are many possible [causes of infertility](/conditions/infertility/causes/), and fertility problems can affect either partner. But in a quarter of cases it is not possible to identify the cause. + +Common causes of infertility include: + +- lack of regular ovulation (the monthly release of an egg) +- poor quality semen +- blocked or damaged fallopian tubes +- [endometriosis](/conditions/endometriosis/) – a condition where tissue, similar to the lining of the womb (the endometrium), grows in other places outside the womb + +### Risk factors + +There are also several factors that can affect fertility. + +These include: + +- **age** – fertility declines with age +- **weight** – being overweight or obese (having a BMI of 30 or over) reduces fertility; in women, being overweight or severely underweight can affect ovulation +- **sexually transmitted infections (STIs)** – several [STIs](/conditions/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/), including [chlamydia](/conditions/chlamydia/), can affect fertility +- **smoking** – can affect fertility: smoking (including passive smoking) affects your chance of conceiving and can reduce semen quality; read more about [quitting smoking](/live-well/quit-smoking/) +- **alcohol** – the safest approach is not to drink alcohol at all to keep risks to your baby to a minimum. Drinking too much alcohol can also affect the quality of sperm (the chief medical officers for the UK recommend adults should drink no more than 14 units of alcohol a week, which should be spread evenly over 3 days or more) +- **environmental factors** – exposure to certain pesticides, solvents and metals has been shown to affect fertility, particularly in men +- [**stress**](/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/stress/) – can affect your relationship with your partner and cause a [loss of sex drive](/symptoms/loss-of-libido/); in severe cases, stress may also affect ovulation and sperm production + +Page last reviewed: 09 August 2023 +Next review due: 09 August 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/inflammatory-bowel-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/inflammatory-bowel-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cea2b3d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/inflammatory-bowel-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +# Inflammatory bowel disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/ + +**Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used to describe conditions that cause severe tummy pain and diarrhoea. IBD is long-term, but there are treatments that can help with the symptoms.** + +The main types of IBD are [Crohn's disease](/conditions/crohns-disease/) and [ulcerative colitis](/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/). + +> **💡 Information:** IBD is different to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) , even though some of the symptoms may be similar. + +## Symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) + +The main symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can include: + +- diarrhoea that lasts longer than 4 weeks +- tummy pain +- blood or mucus (clear slime) in your poo +- bleeding from your bottom +- feeling tired all the time +- losing weight without trying + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have diarrhoea that lasts more than 7 days +> - you have tummy pain or bloating that will not go away or keeps coming back +> - you have blood or mucus (clear slime) in your poo +> - you've been losing a lot of weight without trying + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you have severe tummy pain +> - you're bleeding non-stop from your bottom +> - there's a lot of blood, for example, the toilet water turns red or you see large blood clots +> - you're vomiting blood or poo, or your sick looks like coffee grounds or soil +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) + +Treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) will depend on your symptoms. If you're very unwell, you may need to be treated in hospital. + +Treatments may include: + +- medicines to help ease your symptoms, such as [steroids](/medicines/steroids/), and other medicines that can help keep your symptoms under control +- surgery to remove part of your bowel, if your symptoms are severe + +## Causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) + +It's not clear what causes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It happens when your immune system attacks your bowel, which causes it to get inflamed. + +You're more likely to get IBD if one of your close relatives has it, for example, one of your parents, grandparents, or a sibling. + +## Help and support + +- [Crohn's and Colitis UK](https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/) - a charity that provides help and support for people living with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) +- [IBD Registry](https://ibdregistry.org.uk/) - UK registry for IBD, which includes Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, IBD unclassified and other forms of IBD + +Page last reviewed: 05 May 2023 +Next review due: 05 May 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/ingrown-toenail/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/ingrown-toenail/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..505f74c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/ingrown-toenail/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +# Ingrown toenail + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ingrown-toenail/ + +## Symptoms of an ingrown toenail + +You usually get an ingrown toenail on your big toe. But you can get them on any toe. + +![A person's big toe that looks red and swollen around their toenail. The side of the toenail has grown into the toe.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0166703-Ingrowing_toenail-SPL.original.width-320.jpg) + +Your toe may be red, painful and swollen. + +![A person's big toe seen from the front. Their toenail has curved round into their toe.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0918_ingrown_toenail_M3500218.width-320.jpg) + +Your toenail may curve into your toe. + +Your toe can also get infected. + +Signs of an infected toe include: + +- pus coming out of it +- you feel hot or shivery + +## How to treat an ingrown toenail at home + +If you go to a GP with an ingrown toenail, they'll usually suggest you try these things first. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ soak your foot in warm, salty water to help soften the skin around your toe and reduce the chances of infection +- ✅ keep your foot dry for the rest of the day +- ✅ wear wide, comfortable shoes or sandals +- ✅ takeparacetamoloribuprofento ease the pain + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not cut your toenail – leave it to grow out +- ❌ do not pick at your toe or toenail +- ❌ do not wear tight, pointy shoes + +## A pharmacist can help with an ingrown toenail + +You can ask a pharmacist about: + +- treatments to help ease the pain and prevent an infection +- whether you need to see a GP + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - treating your ingrown toenail at home is not helping +> - your toe is painful and swollen with pus coming out of it +> - you have a very high temperature, or you feel hot, cold or shivery +> - you have diabetes and an ingrown toenail – foot problems can be more serious if you have diabetes + +## Treatments for an ingrown toenail + +A GP can: + +- check to see if you have an ingrown toenail +- give you antibiotics if your toenail is infected + +If you have a badly ingrown toenail, they may refer you to a foot specialist (podiatrist). + +### Treatment from a foot specialist + +A podiatrist may offer further treatments, such as: + +- cutting away part of the nail +- removing the whole nail + +You may have an injection of local anaesthetic to numb your toe when this is done. + +Referral to a podiatrist on the NHS may not be available to everyone and waiting times can be long. You can pay to see a podiatrist privately. + +[Find a podiatrist](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/other-health-services/podiatrists-and-chiropodists) + +> **💡 Information:** Self-refer to a podiatrist If you have an ingrown toenail, you might be able to refer yourself directly to a podiatrist without seeing a GP. To find out if there are any services in your area: ask the reception staff at your GP surgery check your GP surgery's website contact your integrated care board (ICB) – find your local ICB search online for NHS podiatrists near you + +## How to prevent ingrown toenails + +To help stop ingrown toenails: + +- do not cut your toenails too short +- cut straight across the nail, not the edges +- do not wear shoes that are too tight or do not fit properly +- keep your feet clean and dry them thoroughly + +Page last reviewed: 30 June 2025 +Next review due: 30 June 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/insect-bites-and-stings/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/insect-bites-and-stings/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ea386d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/insect-bites-and-stings/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +# Insect bites and stings + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/insect-bites-and-stings/ + +Bites from some insects can also cause illnesses, such as [Lyme disease](/conditions/lyme-disease/) from ticks, [scabies](/conditions/scabies/) from mites, and [malaria](/conditions/malaria/) from mosquitoes in certain parts of the world. + +## Symptoms of an insect bite or sting + +The main symptoms of an insect bite or sting are: + +- pain where you were bitten or stung +- a small, swollen lump on the skin + +The lump may look red. It may be more difficult to see on black or brown skin, but you should be able to feel it. + +![A bee sting shown on white skin. There's a very small red mark on the skin and the area around it is slightly raised.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_bee-sting_M3200448.width-320.jpg) + +There may be a mark on your skin where you were bitten or stung. + +![A group of red bites shown on white skin. The person's skin is covered in small red and raised bumps.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_mite-bites_C0219667.original.width-320.jpg) + +Sometimes you may have lots of bites grouped together in a small area. + +![Mosquito bites shown on brown skin. There are several small raised bumps, which are the same colour as the skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_774637225_copy.original.width-320.jpg) + +You may have a mild allergic reaction, where the skin becomes itchy and raised around the bite or sting. + +![An infected sting on the finger or someone with white skin. The finger has raised patches that are white, red and purple.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_wasp-sting_C0029565.original.width-320.jpg) + +The area may become more swollen and painful if the bite or sting gets infected. + +Pictures of common insect bites, stings and rashes + +### Bee, wasp and hornet stings + +![A bee sting shown on white skin. There's a very small red mark on the skin and the area around it is slightly raised.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_bee-sting_M3200448.width-320.jpg) + +A bee, wasp or hornet sting will usually leave a small mark where the stinger entered the skin. Sometimes the stinger may be stuck in your skin. + +### Mosquito bites + +![Mosquito bites shown on brown skin. There are several small raised bumps, which are the same colour as the skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_774637225_copy.original.width-320.jpg) + +Mosquito bites are usually small, raised and itchy. + +### Tick bites + +![A tick shown burrowed into white skin. Only the body of the tick is visible and the skin around the tick is red.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_tick-biting-human_C0197888.width-320.jpg) + +Ticks are small spider-like creatures that attach themselves to the skin. + +![A typical Lyme disease rash on white skin. There is a round, red area, surrounded by a red, ring-shaped rash.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0817_lyme-disease_C0031417.original.width-320.jpg) + +A rash that looks like a bullseye is a symptom of Lyme disease caused by a tick bite. + +### Horsefly bites + +![A horsefly bite on the lower leg of someone with white skin. There is a large round, red area where the skin was bitten.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_1544_Horesfly_bite_BH3H07.width-320.jpg) + +Horsefly bites are large, painful and may bleed. They often become infected. + +### Midge bites + +![A group of small raised, red midge bites, shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_midge-bites_C0213330.original.width-320.jpg) + +Midge bites are usually small and raised in groups. + +### Mite bites + +![A group of red bites shown on white skin. The person's skin is covered in several small, red and raised bumps.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_mite-bites_C0219667.original.width-320.jpg) + +Mite bites cause very itchy lumps on the skin and sometimes cause blisters. + +### Flea bites + +![Large red, raised groups of flea bites. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_flea-bites_M3200341.original.width-320.jpg) + +Flea bites are usually found in groups below the knees. + +> **💡 Information:** If you're not sure it's an insect bite or sting Find out about other causes of itchy skin Find out about common rashes in babies and children + +## How to treat an insect bite or sting + +You can often treat an insect bite or sting without seeing a GP. + +### Removing stingers, ticks or caterpillars + +If anything is left on or in your skin, the first thing you need to do is remove it carefully. + +How to remove a bee, wasp or hornet stinger + +1. Brush or scrape the stinger sideways with your fingernail or the edge of a bank card. +2. Do not use tweezers to pull out a stinger as you could squeeze poison out of it. +3. Wash the area with soap and water. + +How to remove a tick + +1. Using fine-tipped tweezers or a tick-removal tool (if you have one), grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible. +2. Slowly pull upwards, taking care not to squeeze the tick or leave any of its mouth in your skin. Dispose of it when you've removed it. +3. Clean the bite with antiseptic or soap and water. + +![Illustration of a tick being removed with tweezers. The tweezers are gripping the tick's head and pulling it away from the skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A_0418_tick_removal__E6ATJC.original.width-320.jpg) + +How to remove caterpillar hairs + +1. Gently remove the caterpillar using tweezers or a pen. Try not to disturb it as it'll release more hairs. +2. Rinse your skin with running water and allow it to air dry. +3. Use sticky tape on the skin to pick up any remaining hairs. +4. Take off any jewellery in case your skin becomes swollen. +5. Take off your clothes and wash them at a high temperature. + +### Easing your symptoms + +If there's nothing in your skin, or you've removed it, wash your skin with soap and water to help lower the chance of infection. + +The bite or sting should get better in a few days. There are some things you can do to ease your symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ put an ice pack wrapped in a cloth, or a clean cloth soaked in cold water, on the bite or sting for at least 20 minutes, if it's swollen +- ✅ keep the area raised if you can +- ✅ take painkillers such asparacetamoloribuprofenif the sting is painful +- ✅ use antihistamines to relieve any itching (but do not use antihistamine cream if you had caterpillar hairs on your skin) +- ✅ use a hydrocortisone cream to reduce itching and swelling + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not scratch the bite or sting, as it could get infected +- ❌ do not use home remedies such as bicarbonate of soda to treat the bite or sting + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You or your child aged 1 year or older has an insect bite or sting and: +> +> - skin around it feels hot when you touch it or looks red – redness can be harder to see on brown and black skin +> - it's painful +> - the area looks swollen +> - there's pus or fluid coming out of the bite or sting +> +> A pharmacist can recommend treatments, such as antihistamines and steroid creams, and give the same antibiotics as a GP if the bite or sting is infected. They can also give advice or direct you to other medical help if you need it. +> +> [Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - a child under 1 year old has an insect bite or sting +> - you think you or your child have been bitten by a tick and have flu-like symptoms, or a round or oval rash that may look like a bullseye + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You or your child has been bitten or stung by an insect and: +> +> - your symptoms get worse or are not getting any better +> - you were stung in your mouth or throat, or near your eyes +> - you have tummy pain and are being sick +> - you feel dizzy or lightheaded +> - you have a high temperature and swollen glands +> - you were stung more than once +> - you've had a serious allergic reaction to an insect bite or sting before +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). Call 111 to get advice about a child under 5 years old. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - your lips, mouth, throat or tongue suddenly become swollen +> - you're breathing very fast or struggling to breathe (you may become very wheezy or feel like you're choking or gasping for air) +> - your throat feels tight or you're struggling to swallow +> - your skin, tongue or lips turn blue, grey or pale (if you have black or brown skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet) +> - you suddenly become very confused, drowsy or dizzy +> - someone faints and cannot be woken up +> - a child is limp, floppy or not responding like they normally do (their head may fall to the side, backwards or forwards, or they may find it difficult to lift their head or focus on your face) +> +> You or the person who's unwell may also have a rash that's swollen, raised or itchy. +> +> These can be signs of a serious allergic reaction and may need immediate treatment in hospital. + +Page last reviewed: 01 June 2023 +Next review due: 01 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/insomnia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/insomnia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2718561 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/insomnia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +# Insomnia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/insomnia/ + +## Symptoms of insomnia + +You have insomnia if you regularly: + +- find it hard to go to sleep +- wake up several times during the night +- lie awake at night +- wake up early and cannot go back to sleep +- still feel tired after waking up +- find it hard to nap during the day even though you're tired +- feel tired and irritable during the day +- find it difficult to concentrate during the day because you're tired + +If you have insomnia for a short time (less than 3 months) it's called short-term insomnia. Insomnia that lasts 3 months or longer is called long-term insomnia. + +## How much sleep you need + +Everyone needs different amounts of sleep. + +On average: + +- adults need 7 to 9 hours +- children need 9 to 13 hours +- toddlers and babies need 12 to 17 hours + +You probably do not get enough sleep if you're constantly tired during the day. + +## What causes insomnia + +The most common causes of insomnia are: + +- stress, anxiety or depression +- noise +- a room that's too hot or cold +- uncomfortable beds +- alcohol, caffeine or nicotine +- illegal drugs like cocaine or ecstasy +- jet lag +- shift work + +Conditions and other things that can cause insomnia + +### Conditions and medicines that can cause insomnia: + +- mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder +- Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease +- [restless legs syndrome](/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/) +- [overactive thyroid](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/) +- [menopause](/conditions/menopause/) + +Many medicines can also cause insomnia. + +### Things that keep you from getting a good night's sleep: + +- long-term pain +- sleepwalking +- snoring or interrupted breathing while sleeping ([sleep apnoea](/conditions/sleep-apnoea/)) +- suddenly falling asleep anywhere ([narcolepsy](/conditions/narcolepsy/)) +- [nightmares or night terrors](/conditions/night-terrors/) (particularly in children) + +## How you can treat insomnia yourself + +Insomnia usually gets better by changing your sleeping habits. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ only go to bed when you're sleepy +- ✅ wake up and get out of bed at the same time every day +- ✅ relax at least 1 hour before bed – for example, take a bath or read a book +- ✅ make sure your bedroom is dark and quiet – use curtains, blinds, an eye mask or ear plugs if needed +- ✅ exercise regularly during the day +- ✅ make sure your mattress, pillows and covers are comfortable + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke or drink alcohol, tea or coffee at least 6 hours before going to bed +- ❌ do not eat a big meal late at night +- ❌ do not exercise at least 4 hours before bed +- ❌ do not watch television or use devices, like smartphones, right before going to bed, because the blue light makes you more awake +- ❌ do not nap during the day +- ❌ do not drive when you feel sleepy +- ❌ do not sleep in after a bad night's sleep – stick to your regular sleeping hours instead + +### How a pharmacist can help with insomnia + +You can buy tablets or liquids (sometimes called sleeping aids) from a pharmacy that may help you sleep better. + +Some contain natural ingredients such as valerian or lavender, while others contain an [antihistamine](/medicines/antihistamines/). + +They cannot cure insomnia but may help you sleep better for 1 to 2 weeks. They should not be taken for any longer. + +Some of these products can have side effects, for instance, they may make you drowsy. This could make it difficult for you to do certain things like drive. + +Check with your doctor before taking anything for your sleep problems. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - changing your sleeping habits has not helped your insomnia +> - you've had trouble sleeping for months +> - your insomnia is affecting your daily life in a way that makes it hard for you to cope + +## Treatment from a GP for insomnia + +A GP will try to find out what's causing your insomnia so you get the right treatment. + +Sometimes you'll be offered [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/). This may be face-to-face with a therapist, or through an online self-help programme. + +This can help you change the thoughts and behaviours that keep you from sleeping. + +You may be referred to a sleep clinic if you have symptoms of another sleep disorder such as sleep apnoea. + +GPs now rarely prescribe sleeping pills to treat insomnia. Sleeping pills can have serious side effects and you can become dependent on them. + +Sleeping pills are only prescribed for a few days, or weeks at the most, if: + +- your insomnia is very bad +- other treatments have not worked + +Page last reviewed: 19 March 2024 +Next review due: 19 March 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/intracranial-hypertension/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/intracranial-hypertension/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1522a81 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/intracranial-hypertension/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +# Intracranial hypertension + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/intracranial-hypertension/ + +**Intracranial hypertension (IH) is a build-up of pressure around the brain.** + +It can happen suddenly, for example, as the result of a severe [head injury](/conditions/head-injury-and-concussion/), [stroke](/conditions/stroke/) or ruptured [brain aneurysm](/conditions/brain-aneurysm/). + +It can be caused by a condition that affects your brain, such as a [brain abscess](/conditions/brain-abscess/), [brain tumour](/conditions/brain-tumours/), [meningitis](/conditions/meningitis/) or [encephalitis](/conditions/encephalitis/). + +IH can also develop as a complication of another condition such as [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/). + +Treatment for these types of IH depends on the cause. + +Sometimes though there is no obvious reason why pressure builds up around the brain. Build-up of pressure with no known cause is known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. + +This page is about idiopathic intracranial hypertension. + +## Symptoms of intracranial hypertension + +Symptoms of intracranial hypertension (IH) can include: + +- a constant throbbing headache which may be worse in the morning, or when coughing or straining; it may improve when standing up +- temporary loss of vision – your vision may become dark or "greyed out" for a few seconds at a time; this can be triggered by coughing, sneezing or bending down +- feeling and being sick +- feeling sleepy +- feeling irritable +- finding it difficult or painful to look at bright lights (photophobia) +- hearing a pulsing rhythmic noise in your ears (pulsatile tinnitus) +- problems with co-ordination and balance +- mental confusion +- loss of feeling or weakness + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - they've come on quickly, such as a sudden severe headache, change in your vision, confusion or weakness +> - you've recently had a head injury +> - you have a high temperature, or you feel generally unwell + +## Diagnosing intracranial hypertension + +A GP may suspect you have intracranial hypertension (IH) if you have symptoms of increased pressure on your brain, such as vision problems and headaches. + +If a GP thinks you have IH they'll refer you to a hospital specialist. + +You may have several different tests to diagnose IH, such as: + +- an examination to check functions such as your muscle strength, reflexes and balance. Any problems could be a sign of an issue with your brain or nerves +- an assessment of your eyes and vision +- a [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) or [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) of your brain +- a [lumbar puncture](/tests-and-treatments/lumbar-puncture/), where a needle is inserted into your spine to check for high pressure in the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord + +Idiopathic IH may be diagnosed if you have increased pressure on your brain and no other cause can be found. + +## Treatments for idiopathic intracranial hypertension + +Treatments for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IH) can include: + +- [losing weight](/better-health/lose-weight/) if you're overweight. This can often help to reduce your symptoms and may sometimes relieve them altogether +- stopping any medicine that may be causing your symptoms +- medicine to remove excess fluid from the body (diuretics) +- medicine to reduce the production of cerebrospinal fluid in your brain +- a short course of [steroid medicine](/medicines/steroids/) to relieve headaches and reduce the risk of vision loss + +### Surgery + +Surgery may be considered if other treatments do not help, particularly if your vision is getting worse or you're at risk of loss of vision. + +The main types of surgery for idiopathic IH are: + +- shunt surgery – a thin, flexible tube is inserted into the fluid-filled space in your skull or spine to divert excess fluid to another part of your body +- optic nerve sheath fenestration – the protective layer surrounding your optic nerve (the nerve connecting the eye to the brain) is opened up to relieve pressure on it and allow fluid to drain away + +These procedures can provide relief from your symptoms, but they also carry a risk of potentially serious complications. Talk to the surgeon about what your operation involves and what the risks are. + +## Risk factors for idiopathic intracranial hypertension + +While the cause, or causes, of idiopathic IH is unknown, a number of risk factors have been linked to the condition. + +It's a rare condition that mainly affects women in their 20s and 30s. It most often happens in women who have gained weight. The reason for this is unclear. + +Other factors that have been linked with idiopathic IH include: + +- some hormone conditions such as [hypoparathyroidism](/conditions/hypoparathyroidism/) or [Addison's disease](/conditions/addisons-disease/) +- taking certain medicines including some [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/), [lithium](/medicines/lithium/) (for mental health problems) and medicines for thyroid problems +- high levels of vitamin A +- a lack of red blood cells ([iron deficiency anaemia](/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/)) +- [lupus](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lupus/) – a problem with the immune system + +## Complications of idiopathic intracranial hypertension + +Idiopathic IH is not usually life threatening, but it can be a lifelong problem. + +It can affect your vision, and there's a risk that you could lose your vision. This is because the increased pressure around the brain can cause swelling of the optic nerve. + +Treatment can help with problems with your vision and can reduce the risk of loss of vision. + +It's important to tell your doctor straight away if you notice any changes in your vision. + +[Find out more about living with idiopathic IH from the IIH UK website](https://www.iih.org.uk/) + +Page last reviewed: 28 March 2023 +Next review due: 28 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/iron-deficiency-anaemia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/iron-deficiency-anaemia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..436c438 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/iron-deficiency-anaemia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +# Iron deficiency anaemia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/ + +## Symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia + +Symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia can include: + +- tiredness and lack of energy +- shortness of breath +- noticeable heartbeats (heart palpitations) +- paler than usual skin +- headaches + +Less common symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia + +Less common symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia (that are not usually connected to pregnancy) include: + +- hearing ringing, buzzing or hissing noises inside your head (tinnitus) +- food tasting strange +- feeling itchy +- a sore tongue +- hair loss – you notice more hair coming out when brushing or washing it +- wanting to eat non-food items, such as paper or ice (pica) +- finding it hard to swallow (dysphagia) +- painful open sores (ulcers) in the corners of your mouth +- nail changes, such as [spoon-shaped nails](/symptoms/nail-problems/) +- [restless legs syndrome](/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you might have iron deficiency anaemia + +## What happens at your appointment + +To check if you have iron deficiency anaemia, your GP will ask you about your lifestyle and medical history. + +The GP will usually do a blood test to find out if the number of red blood cells you have is normal. This is called a full blood count (FBC) test, which also looks at other types of cells in your blood. + +You do not need to do anything to prepare for this test. + +> **💡 Information:** Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common type of anaemia. There are other types of anaemia, like vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia , that the blood test will also check for. + +If the reason for the anaemia is not clear, the GP may do other tests to find out what might be causing your symptoms. This might include having a faecal immunochemical test (FIT) to look for blood in a sample of your poo. + +They might also refer you to a specialist for further checks. + +## Treatment for iron deficiency anaemia + +Once the reason you have iron deficiency anaemia has been found (for example, an ulcer or heavy periods) the GP will recommend treatment. + +If the blood test shows your red blood cell count is low, iron tablets will be recommended to replace the iron that's missing from your body. + +You'll need to take them for about 6 months. Drinking orange juice after you've taken a tablet may help your body absorb the iron. + +Follow the GP's advice about how to take iron tablets. + +Some people get side effects when taking iron tablets like: + +- constipation or diarrhoea +- tummy pain +- heartburn +- feeling sick +- darker than usual poo + +Try taking the tablets with or soon after food to reduce the chance of side effects. + +It's important to keep taking the tablets, even if you get side effects. + +Your GP may carry out repeat blood tests over the next few months to check that your iron level is getting back to normal. + +### Important + +Keep iron supplement tablets out of the reach of children. An overdose of iron in a young child can be fatal. + +## Things you can do to help with iron deficiency anaemia + +If your diet is partly causing your iron deficiency anaemia, your GP will tell you [what foods are rich in iron](/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/iron/) so you can eat more of them. + +Eat more: + +- dark-green leafy vegetables like watercress and curly kale +- cereals and bread with extra iron in them (fortified) +- meat +- dried fruit like apricots, prunes and raisins +- pulses (beans, peas and lentils) + +Eat and drink less: + +- tea +- coffee +- milk and dairy +- foods with high levels of phytic acid, such as wholegrain cereals, which can stop your body absorbing iron from other foods and tablets + +Large amounts of these foods and drinks make it harder for your body to absorb iron. + +You might be referred to a specialist dietitian if you're finding it hard to include iron in your diet. + +## Causes of iron deficiency anaemia + +Heavy periods and pregnancy are very common causes of iron deficiency anaemia. Heavy periods can be treated with medicine. + +In pregnancy, iron deficiency anaemia is most often caused by a lack of iron in your diet. + +Bleeding in the stomach and intestines is another common cause of iron deficiency anaemia. This can be caused by: + +- taking [non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)](/medicines/nsaids/), such as ibuprofen and aspirin +- stomach ulcers +- inflammation of the bowel or food pipe (oesophagus) +- piles +- cancers of the bowel or stomach (but this is less common) + +Any other conditions or actions that cause blood loss could also lead to iron deficiency anaemia. + +## If iron deficiency anaemia is not treated + +Untreated iron deficiency anaemia: + +- can make you more at risk of illness and infection – a lack of iron affects the immune system +- may increase your risk of developing complications that affect the heart or lungs – such as an abnormally fast heartbeat (tachycardia) or heart failure +- can cause a greater risk of complications before and after birth if you're pregnant + +Page last reviewed: 26 January 2024 +Next review due: 26 January 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/diet-lifestyle-and-medicines.md b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/diet-lifestyle-and-medicines.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb66d3c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/diet-lifestyle-and-medicines.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# Diet, lifestyle and medicines for IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/diet-lifestyle-and-medicines/ + +## Things you can do to help with IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) + +There's no single diet or medicine that works for everyone with IBS (irritable bowel syndrome). But there are things that can help if you have been diagnosed with IBS, to help improve your symptoms or avoid making them worse. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try to eat a healthy, balanced diet +- ✅ keep a diary of what you eat and any symptoms you get – try to avoid things that trigger your IBS +- ✅ try to drink at least 8 to 10 drinks of fluid (around 1.5 litres) a day, such as water or non-caffeinated drinks such as herbal tea +- ✅ try to find ways to relax +- ✅ get plenty of exercise +- ✅ tryprobioticsfor a month – they may help any symptoms caused by gut bacteria changes + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not delay or skip meals +- ❌ do not eat too quickly +- ❌ do not eat lots of fatty, spicy or processed foods +- ❌ do not eat more than 3 portions of fresh fruit a day (a portion is 80g) +- ❌ do not drink more than 3 cups of tea, coffee or any other caffeinated drink a day +- ❌ do not drink lots of alcohol or fizzy drinks + +> **💡 Information:** If you worry about getting IBS symptoms while you're away from home, you can buy a key from the Disability Rights UK shop to help you access public toilets. + +## Other ways to help IBS symptoms + +### How to ease bloating, cramps and farting + +To help reduce symptoms like bloating, cramps and farting: + +- eat oats (such as porridge) regularly +- eat up to 1 tablespoon of linseeds (whole or ground) a day +- avoid foods that are hard to digest (like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, beans and onions) +- avoid products containing a sweetener called sorbitol +- ask a pharmacist about medicines that can help, like [Buscopan](/medicines/buscopan-hyoscine-butylbromide/) or [peppermint oil](/medicines/peppermint-oil/) + +### How to reduce diarrhoea + +To help prevent diarrhoea, you can: + +- cut down on high-fibre foods like wholegrain foods (such as brown bread and brown rice), nuts and seeds +- avoid products containing a sweetener called sorbitol +- ask a pharmacist about medicines that can help, like [loperamide (Imodium)](/medicines/loperamide/) + +> **💡 Information:** If you keep getting diarrhoea, make sure you drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration . + +### How to relieve constipation + +To help ease [constipation](/conditions/constipation/), you can: + +- drink plenty of water to help make your poo softer +- increase how much soluble fibre you eat – good foods include oats, pulses, carrots, peeled potatoes and linseeds (whole or ground) +- ask a pharmacist about medicines that can help ([laxatives](/medicines/laxatives/)), like [Fybogel](/medicines/fybogel-ispaghula-husk/) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more British Dietetic Association: IBS and diet + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - diet changes and pharmacy medicines are not helping your IBS symptoms +> - you need to avoid lots of different foods to control your IBS symptoms +> +> They may refer you to a dietitian or specialist for advice, and can also suggest other treatments to try. + +## Video: How to treat IBS + +In this video, a specialist stomach doctor (gastroenterologist) talks about things you can do to help with IBS symptoms. + +Media last reviewed: 17 October 2025 +Media review due: 17 October 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/further-help-and-support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/further-help-and-support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d84f82 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/further-help-and-support.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +# Further help and support for IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/further-help-and-support/ + +## Seeing a dietitian for IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) + +A GP may refer you to an NHS dietitian if general changes to your diet and lifestyle have not helped your IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) symptoms. + +They can suggest other changes to your diet that may help your symptoms. + +### Low FODMAP diet + +A dietitian may recommend a diet called a low FODMAP diet. + +This involves avoiding foods that are not easily broken down by the gut, such as some types of: + +- fruit and vegetables +- milk +- wheat products + +[Watch a video on the low FODMAP diet on the Patient Webinars website](https://patientwebinars.co.uk/condition/ibs/webinars/webinar-2-the-low-fodmap-diet/). + +## Private dietitians + +If you want to see a dietitian privately, make sure they're registered with the British Dietetic Association (BDA). + +[Find a BDA-registered dietitian](https://www.bda.uk.com/find-a-dietitian.html) + +## IBS medicines from a GP + +If pharmacy medicines are not helping with your symptoms of IBS, a GP may prescribe a stronger medicine, such as: + +- [amitriptyline](/medicines/amitriptyline-for-depression/) +- [citalopram](/medicines/citalopram/) + +These are antidepressants, but they can also help ease IBS symptoms. + +They may take a few weeks to start working and can cause side effects. + +A GP may refer you to a specialist if you have severe symptoms and other medicines have not helped. + +## Psychological therapies for IBS + +If you have had IBS for a long time and other treatments are not helping, a GP may refer you for a talking therapy, such as [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/). + +This can help if stress or anxiety is triggering your symptoms. It can also help you cope with your condition better. + +You can also refer yourself directly to an NHS talking therapies service without a referral from a GP. + +These offer therapies like CBT for common mental health problems like stress, anxiety and depression. + +[Find out more about NHS talking therapies](/tests-and-treatments/talking-therapies/) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/getting-diagnosed.md b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/getting-diagnosed.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b3ee1e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/getting-diagnosed.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# Getting diagnosed with IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/getting-diagnosed/ + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +If the GP thinks you may have IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) they'll ask some questions, such as: + +- what symptoms you have +- if they come and go +- how often you get them +- when you get them (for example, after eating certain foods) +- how long you've had them for + +The GP may also feel your tummy to check for lumps or swelling. + +Before your appointment, it might help to write down details of your symptoms to help you remember them. + +## Tests for IBS + +There's no test for IBS, but you might need some tests to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms. + +The GP may arrange: + +- a blood test to check for problems like [coeliac disease](/conditions/coeliac-disease/) +- tests on a sample of your poo to check for infections and [inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)](/conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/) + +You will not usually need further tests in hospital unless the GP is not sure what the problem is. + +## What happens if you're diagnosed with IBS + +If the GP thinks you have IBS, they'll talk to you about what it is and what the treatment options are. + +It might be difficult to take in everything they tell you. + +If you're unsure about something afterwards, write down any questions you have and make another appointment to go over them. + +[Guts UK has more information on IBS](https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5733f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +# Symptoms of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/symptoms/ + +## Main symptoms of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) + +The main symptoms of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) are: + +- stomach pain or cramps – usually worse after eating and better after doing a poo +- bloating – your tummy may feel uncomfortably full and swollen +- diarrhoea – you may have watery poo and sometimes need to poo suddenly +- constipation – you may strain when pooing and feel like you cannot empty your bowels fully + +There may be days when your symptoms are better and days when they're worse (flare-ups). They may be triggered by food or drink. + +## What can trigger symptoms of IBS + +IBS flare-ups can happen for no obvious reason. Sometimes they have a trigger like: + +- alcohol +- caffeine +- certain foods, such as spicy or fatty food +- stress and anxiety +- regular antibiotic use + +## Other symptoms of IBS + +IBS can also cause: + +- farting (flatulence) +- pooing mucus +- tiredness and a lack of energy +- feeling sick (nausea) +- backache +- problems peeing, like needing to pee often, sudden urges to pee, and feeling like you cannot fully empty your bladder +- not always being able to control when you poo ([bowel incontinence](/conditions/bowel-incontinence/)) +- [pelvic pain](/symptoms/pelvic-pain/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you might have IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) and have had symptoms for over 4 weeks +> +> They can check for IBS and do some tests to rule out other problems. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you have lost a lot of weight for no reason +> - you're bleeding from your bottom or have bloody diarrhoea +> - you find a hard lump or swelling in your tummy +> - you have shortness of breath, noticeable heartbeats (palpitations) and skin that's paler than usual +> +> These could be signs of something more serious. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/what-is-ibs.md b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/what-is-ibs.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81ee1dd --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/what-is-ibs.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# What is IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/what-is-ibs/ + +- IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) is a common condition that affects the digestive system. +- It causes symptoms like stomach cramps, bloating, diarrhoea and constipation. These tend to come and go over time, and can last for days, weeks or months at a time. +- It's usually a lifelong problem. It can be very frustrating to live with and can have a big impact on your everyday life. +- Diet changes and medicines can often help control the symptoms. +- The exact cause is unknown – it's been linked to things like food passing through your gut too quickly or too slowly, gastroenteritis, oversensitivity in your gut, stress and a family history of IBS. + +## Video: What is IBS? + +In this video, a specialist stomach doctor (gastroenterologist) talks about IBS symptoms and what treatment may be offered. + +Media last reviewed: 17 October 2025 +Media review due: 17 October 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/japanese-encephalitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/japanese-encephalitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..afe6cd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/japanese-encephalitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +# Japanese encephalitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/japanese-encephalitis/ + +**Japanese encephalitis is a rare but serious infection you can get from mosquito bites in some parts of the world. If you're travelling to an area where there's a risk of catching it, you can get a vaccine to help prevent it.** + +## Check if you're at risk of Japanese encephalitis + +Japanese encephalitis is not found in the UK. It's mostly found in rural areas of Asia, but it's rare for travellers to get it. + +It's caused by a virus which is spread through mosquito bites. + +Places where Japanese encephalitis is found include parts of: + +- India +- China +- Japan +- South Korea +- Indonesia +- southeast Asia (such as Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam) + +> **💡 Information:** Check your travel risk You can get health advice for a country you're travelling to on the TravelHealthPro website . + +## How to lower your risk of Japanese encephalitis + +There are some things you can do to avoid mosquito bites when travelling to areas with a risk of Japanese encephalitis. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ use insect repellent on exposed skin, ideally containing at least 50% DEET +- ✅ sleep under a mosquito net treated with insecticide +- ✅ when possible, wear long-sleeved tops, trousers or long skirts, socks and shoes to protect your skin from mosquito bites +- ✅ get advice from a travel vaccination clinic before you travel + +### Japanese encephalitis vaccine + +A vaccine for Japanese encephalitis is recommended if you're travelling to a part of the world where the virus is found, especially if: + +- you're staying for more than a month +- you're staying in a rural area +- you're staying near or visiting rice fields, wetlands, or places where pigs are kept + +You'll have to pay for the Japanese encephalitis vaccine. You can get it from travel health clinics and pharmacies with travel health services. + +## Symptoms of Japanese encephalitis + +Most people who get Japanese encephalitis have no symptoms. + +Some people get flu-like symptoms such as: + +- a headache +- a high temperature +- feeling or being sick +- tummy pain + +The symptoms usually go away on their own, but in some people the infection spreads to the brain and causes more serious symptoms such as: + +- a severe headache +- feeling confused +- not being able to feel or move parts of your body ([paralysis](/symptoms/paralysis/)) +- seizures (fits) + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You've recently travelled to an area where Japanese encephalitis is found and you have flu-like symptoms such as: +> +> - a headache +> - a high temperature +> - feeling or being sick +> - tummy pain +> +> Tell anyone you speak to about your recent travel, and if you were bitten by a mosquito or might have been. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - a severe headache and a stiff neck +> - sudden confusion (for example, not being sure of your name, age, or where you are) +> - sudden weakness or suddenly not being able to feel or move part of your body (paralysis) +> - a seizure (fit) +> - loss of consciousness +> - severe difficulty breathing + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +### Important + +Get medical advice quickly if you have Japanese encephalitis symptoms while you're travelling. + +## Treatment for Japanese encephalitis + +You'll need to be treated in hospital if you're seriously unwell because Japanese encephalitis can be life-threatening. + +Treatments for Japanese encephalitis include medicines to help relieve the symptoms, such as painkillers and [steroids](/medicines/steroids/). + +Japanese encephalitis can sometimes cause long-term complications such as [paralysis](/symptoms/paralysis/), seizures, and loss of speech. + +Page last reviewed: 06 June 2023 +Next review due: 06 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/jaundice-newborn/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/jaundice-newborn/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70d4ea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/jaundice-newborn/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +# Jaundice in babies + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/ + +## Symptoms of jaundice in babies + +The main symptom of jaundice in babies is their eyes or skin look yellow. + +You may notice yellow: + +- in the whites of their eyes +- on their skin – this usually starts on the face and head and can spread to the rest of the body +- under their tongue or inside their cheeks + +The yellow can be easier to see in bright light or sunlight. Pressing gently on the tip of your baby’s nose or forehead may also make the yellow easier to see. + +It can be harder to see yellow on black or brown skin. + +For most babies with jaundice, the yellow is most noticeable when they’re around 3 days old. It usually takes around 2 weeks for the jaundice to go. + +![Newborn baby’s face. The skin and the whites of the eyes look yellow.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_797109520_copy.original.width-320.jpg) + +![Baby with brown skin. The whites of the baby’s eyes look yellow.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_2285_30-jaundice_copy.width-320.jpg) + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> Your baby is over 24 hours old and: +> +> - you think they have jaundice +> - they’ve been diagnosed with jaundice and it’s not getting better, or is getting worse +> - their pee is dark yellow or brown or their poo is a pale creamy colour (keep a sample of poo to show a midwife or doctor) + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> Your baby has jaundice and: +> +> - is sleepier than normal or difficult to wake +> - is not feeding +> - is floppy or stiff, or they have jerking or twitching movements +> - has a high temperature of 38C or more, or a low temperature of 36C or less, feels hot or cold to the touch, or is shivering +> - has not been producing any wet nappies +> - has difficulty breathing (you may notice grunting noises or their stomach sucking in under their ribcage), is breathless or breathing very fast +> - is less than 24 hours old + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines your baby takes with you. + +## Causes of jaundice in babies + +Jaundice in babies is usually caused when a newborn baby’s liver is not able to work properly immediately. This can cause a build-up of a waste product called bilirubin, which is usually removed from the body by the liver. + +After a few weeks, the baby’s liver should develop fully and bilirubin levels will return to normal. + +Other causes of newborn jaundice include: + +- being born with [Gilbert’s syndrome](/conditions/gilberts-syndrome/), which is a common and usually harmless condition that causes episodes of jaundice +- infections such as [rubella (german measles)](/conditions/rubella/) +- the baby having a different blood type from their mother – [haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)](https://www.nhs.uk/cms/pages/30424/edit/#30395) +- problems with how a baby’s liver works + +In most babies, jaundice is not a sign of another health condition. + +## Diagnosing jaundice in babies + +Your baby will be regularly checked for signs of jaundice by your care team in the first few days after they’re born. + +If they show signs of jaundice, their bilirubin levels will be measured. This can be done using a blood test or by pressing a special light on their skin. + +Other tests can be used if the jaundice could be caused by something serious, like an infection or liver problems. + +These tests can include: + +- blood tests +- pee tests +- [ultrasound scans](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) of your baby’s liver + +## Treatment for jaundice in babies + +Most babies with jaundice usually get better without treatment. + +Encouraging your baby to feed regularly, around 8 to 12 times a day, can help them get better more quickly. If they’re sleepy, try waking them for feeds. + +Ask your midwife or GP for advice if you’re finding it difficult to feed your baby, or you’re not sure they are feeding enough + +If your baby needs treatment, this is usually phototherapy. + +Phototherapy involves shining a special light on their skin. It’s usually done while your baby is lying in a cot in hospital, but sometimes you may be given equipment you can use at home. + +Most babies need around 48 hours of phototherapy. + +Rarely, your baby may need a blood transfusion or medicine into a vein. This is done in hospital. + +Page last reviewed: 24 March 2026 +Next review due: 24 March 2029 + +Some images provided by [Skin Deep (Don't Forget The Bubbles)](https://dftbskindeep.com/). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/jaundice/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/jaundice/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d020050 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/jaundice/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# Jaundice + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice/ + +**Jaundice is when your skin or the whites of your eyes turn yellow. It can be a sign of something serious, such as liver disease, so you need to get urgent medical help.** + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - your skin or the white part of your eyes look yellow +> +> You may also have itchy skin, darker pee and paler poo than usual. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Symptoms of jaundice + +![A white hand with skin looking yellow next to a white hand with no skin changes for comparison.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1117_jaundice-hand_C0016614.original.width-320.jpg) + +Your skin may look yellow if you have jaundice. + +![An eye, on someone with white skin, with a blue iris. The white part of the eye has turned yellow. The yellow is darker at the corners of the eye.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1117_jaundice-eye_M1900084.original.width-320.jpg) + +The white part of your eyes may also look yellow. + +![Someone with brown skin who has yellowing of the white part of the eye and the skin under the eyebrows.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1343303249.width-320.jpg) + +Yellowing of the skin may be less noticeable if you have brown or black skin, but the white part of your eyes will look yellow. + +## Causes of jaundice + +You may get jaundice if a substance called bilirubin builds up in your body. + +There are lots of possible reasons for this and some of them are serious. + +They include: + +- [alcohol-related liver disease](/conditions/alcohol-related-liver-disease-arld/) +- [gallstones](/conditions/gallstones/) +- [hepatitis](/conditions/hepatitis/) +- [pancreatitis](/conditions/acute-pancreatitis/) +- [sickle cell disease](/conditions/sickle-cell-disease/) + +Treatments for jaundice depend on what's causing it. + +> **💡 Information:** Jaundice in babies Jaundice is common in newborn babies and is usually harmless. Find out about jaundice in babies + +Page last reviewed: 22 January 2024 +Next review due: 22 January 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/jellyfish-and-other-sea-creature-stings/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/jellyfish-and-other-sea-creature-stings/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c671b42 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/jellyfish-and-other-sea-creature-stings/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +# Jellyfish and other sea creature stings + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jellyfish-and-other-sea-creature-stings/ + +## What to do if you've been stung + +### Get help if possible + +If you've been stung by a sea creature such as a jellyfish, get local medical advice as soon as possible. You could ask a lifeguard or someone with first aid training for help. + +If help is not available: + +**Do:** + +- ✅ rinse the affected area with seawater (not fresh water) +- ✅ remove any spines from the skin using tweezers or the edge of a bank card +- ✅ soak the area in very warm water (as hot as can be tolerated) for at least 30 minutes – use hot flannels or towels if you cannot soak it +- ✅ take painkillers likeparacetamoloribuprofen + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not pee on the sting +- ❌ do not apply ice or a cold pack +- ❌ do not touch any tentacles or spines with your bare hands +- ❌ do not cover or close the wound + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you've been stung by a sea creature and you have severe pain that is not going away +> - you've been stung by a sea creature on your mouth or throat or near your eyes +> - you've been stung by a stingray +> - you've been stung by a sea creature in a tropical country +> - you have a high temperature or a wound that does not get better after being stung by a sea creature while travelling outside the UK + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> you've been stung by a sea creature and have: +> +> - difficulty breathing +> - chest pain +> - fits or seizures +> - severe swelling around the affected area +> - severe bleeding +> - vomiting +> - lightheadedness or loss of consciousness +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Symptoms of sea creature stings + +The main symptoms of sea creature stings are intense pain where you're stung and an itchy rash. + +Jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war stings can also cause raised stripes on the skin (welts). + +## How to avoid sea creature stings + +If you go in the sea there are things you can do to reduce the risk of being stung by a sea creature. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ look out for beach warning signs +- ✅ consider wearing a wetsuit when swimming in the sea, particularly during the spring and summer +- ✅ wear waterproof shoes or sandals when walking in shallow water or rocky areas +- ✅ scuff or stamp your feet when walking in shallow water to make sea creatures aware you're approaching + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not touch or handle sea creatures that sting + +## UK sea creatures that sting + +![A round orange jellyfish with long orange and white tentacles swimming in the sea.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/T_1017_jellyfish_467428219.original.width-320.jpg) + +Jellyfish. + +![A translucent round grey jellyfish with a clump of tentacles, washed up on a sandy beach.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A_0318_jellyfish-beach_EX9DKR.original.width-320.jpg) + +Watch out for jellyfish on the beach. + +![A Portuguese man-of-war floating on the water. There is a translucent gas-filled bladder with a crest at the top, blue and purple frills underneath, and long trailing tentacles.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_Portuguese-Man-o-War_Z1350060.original.width-320.jpg) + +Portuguese man-of-war. + +![A small, grey weever fish lying on a sandy seabed. It is long and thin with small fins near the front of its body.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A_1017_weever-fish_D9JJ70.original.width-320.jpg) + +Weever fish. + +![6 red sea urchins on rocks on the seabed. They are round and covered in sharp spines.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/T_1017_sea-urchin_86800794.original.width-320.jpg) + +Sea urchins. + +![A stingray with a flat grey body, broad fins and a long tail, swimming in the sea with 4 other stingrays on the sandy seabed below.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/T_1017_stingray_487839748.original.width-320.jpg) + +Stingrays. + +Page last reviewed: 19 June 2024 +Next review due: 19 June 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/jet-lag/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/jet-lag/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c0a707 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/jet-lag/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +# Jet lag + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jet-lag/ + +**Jet lag is when your normal sleep pattern is disturbed after a long flight. It usually improves within a few days as your body adjusts to the new time zone.** + +## Ways to reduce jet lag + +Jet lag cannot be prevented, but there are things you can do to reduce its effects. + +Get plenty of rest before you travel. You could start going to bed and getting up earlier or later than usual (more like the time zone of the place you're travelling to). + +### During your flight + +**Do:** + +- ✅ drink plenty of water +- ✅ keep active by stretching and regularly walking around the cabin +- ✅ try to sleep if it's night time at your destination +- ✅ use an eye mask and earplugs if they help you sleep + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not drink too much caffeine or alcohol – they can make jet lag worse + +### After you arrive + +**Do:** + +- ✅ change your sleep schedule to the new time zone as quickly as possible +- ✅ set an alarm to avoid oversleeping in the morning +- ✅ go outside during the day – natural light will help your body clock adjust + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not sleep during the day – only sleep at night time + +> **💡 Information:** Short trips If your trip is short (2 to 3 days), you could try not changing your eating and sleeping times to the new time zone, to avoid needing to change your schedule again when you get back. + +## Treatment for jet lag + +Medicines are not usually needed for jet lag. + +Jet lag often improves after a few days as your body clock adjusts to the new time zone. + +Sleeping tablets may be helpful if you're having problems sleeping ([insomnia](/conditions/insomnia/)). But they can be addictive so should only be used for a short time and if symptoms are severe. + +Melatonin is a natural hormone released by the body in the evening to let your brain know it's time to sleep. + +[Melatonin tablets](/medicines/melatonin/) are not recommended on the NHS for jet lag because there's not enough evidence to show they work. + +## Symptoms of jet lag + +The main symptoms of jet lag are: + +- difficulty sleeping at bedtime and waking up in the morning +- tiredness and exhaustion +- difficulty staying awake during the day +- poor sleep quality +- concentration and memory problems + +Jet lag can also sometimes cause [indigestion](/conditions/indigestion/), [feeling sick (nausea)](/symptoms/feeling-sick-nausea/), [constipation](/conditions/constipation/), changes in appetite and mild anxiety. + +Page last reviewed: 31 May 2023 +Next review due: 31 May 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eaa5a14 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +# Joint hypermobility syndrome + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/ + +## Symptoms of joint hypermobility syndrome + +You or your child may have joint hypermobility syndrome if you: + +- often get tired, even after rest +- keep getting pain and stiffness in your joints or muscles +- keep getting sprains and strains +- keep dislocating your joints (they "pop out") +- have poor balance or co-ordination +- have thin, stretchy skin +- have bladder or bowel problems + +Some people with joint hypermobility syndrome do not have symptoms. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you or your child have joint hypermobility syndrome + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +The GP will usually test for joint hypermobility syndrome by checking the flexibility of your joints using a test called the Beighton scoring system. + +They may also refer you for a blood test or X-ray to help rule out any other conditions, like arthritis. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more about assessing joint hypermobility using the Beighton scoring system on the Ehlers-Danlos Society website + +## Treating joint hypermobility syndrome + +There's no cure for joint hypermobility syndrome. + +The main treatment is improving muscle strength and fitness so your joints are better protected. + +A GP may refer you to a physiotherapist, occupational therapist or podiatrist for specialist advice. + +You can also pay for these services privately. + +These physical therapies can help to: + +- reduce pain and the risk of dislocations +- improve muscle strength and fitness +- improve your posture and balance + +[Find out more about physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) + +### Treating joint pain + +[Paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/) and anti-inflammatory painkillers (like [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/), which comes as tablets, gels and sprays) may help to ease pain. + +Speak to a pharmacist about the best painkiller for you. + +A GP may be able to prescribe stronger painkillers. + +If you're in severe pain, a GP may be able to refer you to a pain clinic to help you cope with pain. + +To help ease joint pain and stiffness, you can: + +- have warm baths +- use hot water bottles +- use heat-rub cream + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +## Joint care you can do yourself + +If you have joint hypermobility syndrome, there are things you can do to improve joint and muscle strength and reduce strain. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ gentle exercise – start with low-impact exercise like swimming or cycling if you've not been active before (not doing any exercise can make your symptoms worse) +- ✅ maintain ahealthy weight +- ✅ wear supportive shoes +- ✅ wear special insoles (orthotics) in your shoes if a podiatrist has recommended them + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not overextend your joints just because you can +- ❌ do not do repetitive exercises or activities – take regular breaks (called pacing) + +## What causes joint hypermobility syndrome + +Joint hypermobility syndrome can run in families and it cannot be prevented. + +Usually, the joints are loose and stretchy because the ligaments that should make them stronger and support them are weak. + +The weakness is because the collagen that strengthens the ligaments is different from other people's. + +Most experts agree that joint hypermobility syndrome is part of a spectrum of hypermobility disorders which includes [Ehlers-Danlos syndrome](/conditions/ehlers-danlos-syndromes/). + +> **💡 Information:** More information Hypermobility Syndromes Association Ehlers-Danlos Support UK + +Page last reviewed: 30 August 2023 +Next review due: 30 August 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kawasaki-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kawasaki-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5deb42 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kawasaki-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +# Kawasaki disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kawasaki-disease/ + +## Symptoms of Kawasaki disease + +The main symptom of Kawasaki disease is a high temperature (fever) that lasts for 5 days or more. + +Other symptoms may include: + +- swollen glands in the neck +- a rash +- the palms of the hands and soles of the feet turning bright red (this may be harder to see on brown or black skin) +- red (bloodshot) eyes +- dry and cracked lips +- redness inside the mouth and on the tongue (called "strawberry tongue") +- being very irritable + +> **💡 Information:** Kawasaki disease is rare. The symptoms are similar to many more common childhood illnesses. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - symptoms of Kawasaki disease +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). Call 111 if you need advice for a child under 5 years old. + +## How Kawasaki disease is diagnosed + +There is no single test to diagnose Kawasaki disease. + +A healthcare professional will ask about your or your child's symptoms and may examine you or your child. + +They may also do some tests such as: + +- a [blood test](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) +- a pee (urine) test +- tests or scans to check your or your child's heart, including an [electrocardiogram (ECG)](/tests-and-treatments/electrocardiogram/) or an [echocardiogram](/tests-and-treatments/echocardiogram/) + +## Treatment for Kawasaki disease + +The main treatment for Kawasaki disease is aspirin and medicine given into a vein. + +You'll usually have treatment in hospital for a few days. + +If you're at higher risk of getting seriously unwell, you may also be offered steroid medicine. + +Those at higher risk include: + +- babies under 6 months old +- people with severe inflammation or a fever that does not go away + +You can go home after your treatment. You might have more appointments to check you've recovered fully and to check your heart. + +### Important + +Do not give aspirin to children under 16 years old unless it's prescribed by a healthcare professional. + +## Complications of Kawasaki disease + +Most people fully recover from Kawasaki disease if it's diagnosed and treated early. + +But sometimes it can cause problems such as damage and swelling in the blood vessels in the heart. + +If you have complications from Kawasaki disease, you may be more likely to get other heart problems later in life. You may need to have regular check-ups for the rest of your life to check your heart is working well. + +A doctor will tell you if you're at higher risk of heart problems and give you advice on what you can do. + +## Causes of Kawasaki disease + +There is no known cause of Kawasaki disease. There's some evidence that it may run in families. It's more common in people from a Japanese or Korean background. + +You cannot catch it from other people. + +## Help and support for Kawasaki disease + +Society is a national charity that offers further information and support for people diagnosed with Kawasaki disease and their families: + +- [Societi: the UK foundation for Kawasaki disease](https://www.societi.org.uk/) + +Page last reviewed: 19 February 2026 +Next review due: 19 February 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/keloid-scars/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/keloid-scars/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..933656b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/keloid-scars/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# Keloid scars + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/keloid-scars/ + +**A keloid scar is a raised scar left on the skin after a wound has healed. You cannot get rid of it, but treatment can help improve how it looks.** + +## Symptoms of a keloid scar + +A keloid scar usually appears a few weeks to years after you damage or injure your skin, such as after a cut, burn or acne. + +![Keloid scars shown on medium brown skin. There's 2 raised, shiny, skin-coloured scars on a person's cheek.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0460996-Keloid_scar_on_the_cheek-SPL_copy.ori.width-320.jpg) + +Keloid scars are usually raised, hard, smooth and shiny. They can be skin colour, pink, red, purple, brown, or darker than the skin around them. + +![A keloid scar shown on white skin. There's a large, pink, raised scar on a person's shoulder.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID319_230119_Keloid_01_3P2A5321__aCFfytN.width-320.jpg) + +You can get keloid scars on any part of the body, but they're most common on the chest, shoulders, chin, neck, lower legs and ears. + +A keloid scar usually grows for months or years and becomes bigger than the original wound. + +While it's growing, it may feel itchy or painful. This usually stops once it's finished growing. + +If it's on or near a joint, the joint can be uncomfortable or difficult to move. + +> **💡 Information:** If you're not sure if it's a keloid scar, find out about other types of scars . + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you have a keloid scar and it's bothering you +> +> The GP can recommend treatments to improve how it looks. Getting treatment early may help stop the keloid scar growing. + +## Treatment for keloid scars + +You cannot get rid of a keloid scar, but there are treatments that can help improve how it looks and reduce irritation. + +Treatments may include: + +- steroid injections or cream +- silicone dressings or gels +- cryotherapy (a treatment to freeze the keloid scar) +- laser therapy + +Surgery to remove the keloid scar is not usually recommended because it's likely to grow back bigger. + +## Causes of keloid scars + +A keloid scar is when a scar keeps growing and becomes bigger than the original wound. + +It can happen if you have too much of a substance called collagen in your skin. + +It can happen after any sort of injury or damage to your skin such as a cut, burn, surgery, acne or a body piercing. + +You're more likely to get a keloid scar if you: + +- are of south Asian, Chinese, African Caribbean or Black African origin +- are aged 10 to 30 years +- are pregnant +- have had a keloid scar before + +## How to reduce your risk of getting keloid scars + +You cannot prevent keloid scars, but if you are more likely to get them it's recommended to avoid getting tattoos and piercings. + +It's also recommended to get early treatment for acne to reduce the risk of scarring. + +Page last reviewed: 07 February 2023 +Next review due: 07 February 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/keratosis-pilaris/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/keratosis-pilaris/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e748250 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/keratosis-pilaris/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# Keratosis pilaris + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/keratosis-pilaris/ + +**Keratosis pilaris is a very common harmless condition where small bumps appear on your skin. It can last for a long time, but there are treatments that may help.** + +## Symptoms of keratosis pilaris + +Symptoms of keratosis pilaris may include: + +![Small pink bumps close together with rough, dry skin. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/ARCWJA.original.width-320.jpg) + +Dry rough skin. + +![Small bumps close together on white skin. The bumps are darker than the skin colour.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0318_Keratosis_pilaris_C0146929.original.width-320.jpg) + +Small, painless bumps on your skin. + +![Small bumps close together on the back of the arm, shown on brown skin. The bumps are the same colour as the skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Ke1a_Keratosis_Pilaris.width-320.jpg) + +Patches of bumps that are the same colour as your skin. + +You usually get patches of small bumps on your arms, thighs or bottom, but they can appear in other places. + +The bumps are usually the colour of your skin. They can also be red if they're on white skin, or darker on brown or black skin. + +The skin can sometimes feel itchy, and may be better in summer and worse in winter. + +Keratosis pilaris can affect people of any age. If your child has a rash and you're not sure it's keratosis pilaris, see more about [rashes in babies and children](/symptoms/rashes-babies-and-children/). + +## Things you can do yourself to help + +Most people with keratosis pilaris have it for years, and it may eventually clear up by itself. + +There are things you can do to help improve the appearance of your skin. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ moisturise your skin – ask a pharmacist what's most suitable for you +- ✅ use mild and unperfumed soaps and bathing products +- ✅ gently scrub your skin with a washcloth or exfoliating mitt +- ✅ have cool or lukewarm showers and baths + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not use perfumed soaps or bathing products that can dry out your skin +- ❌ do not use harsh scrubs on your skin – this can make it worse +- ❌ do not have hot baths or showers +- ❌ do not scratch, pick or rub your skin + +## A pharmacist can help with keratosis pilaris + +Speak to a pharmacist if: + +- things you try yourself are not helping your keratosis pilaris and the condition is bothering you +- your skin becomes itchy or inflamed +- you're not sure if you need to see a GP + +A pharmacist can recommend creams or lotion to help your skin. They can also tell you if you need to see a GP. + +### Other treatments + +Other treatments available for keratosis pilaris include steroid creams and laser treatments. + +These types of treatments are not usually available on the NHS because they have not been proven to be effective, and they can be expensive to pay for privately. + +## Causes of keratosis pilaris + +Keratosis pilaris happens when your hair follicles become blocked with a build-up of keratin, a substance found in skin, hair and nails. + +Nobody knows exactly why keratin builds up, but the condition is thought to run in families. So if your parents have it, you may get it too. + +Keratosis pilaris is not infectious, so you cannot spread or catch it. + +Page last reviewed: 04 July 2024 +Next review due: 04 July 2027 + +Some images provided by [Dermatology Atlas](https://atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=216). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/causes.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/causes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6754253 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/causes.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +# Causes of kidney cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-cancer/causes/ + +## Who is more likely to get kidney cancer + +Anyone can get kidney cancer, but some things can increase your chances of getting it. + +You may be more likely to get it if you: + +- have a close relative with kidney cancer +- smoke +- are overweight or living with obesity +- have high blood pressure +- have certain inherited genetic conditions, such as tuberous sclerosis +- are having long-term [dialysis](/tests-and-treatments/dialysis/) for chronic kidney disease + +## How to reduce your chances of getting kidney cancer + +You cannot always prevent kidney cancer. But making healthy changes can lower your chances of getting it. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try tolose weightif you're overweight +- ✅ quit smoking +- ✅ make lifestyle changes if you havehigh blood pressure, such as cutting back on salt, alcohol and caffeine + +### Important + +It's important to get any [symptoms of kidney cancer](/conditions/kidney-cancer/) checked by a GP. + +Even if you do not think you fit into any of the groups with a higher chance of getting it. Anyone can get kidney cancer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/help-and-support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/help-and-support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aeb06ab --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/help-and-support.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +# Help and support for kidney cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-cancer/help-and-support/ + +## Where to find help and support + +You and your loved ones will be supported throughout your treatment by a group of specialists. + +The clinical nurse specialist, or another member of your specialist team will be able to give you information on local support services that you may find helpful. + +There are also national cancer charities that offer support and information about kidney cancer. + +## Kidney Cancer UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by kidney cancer. + +- Website: +- Helpline: [0800 002 9002](tel:0800 002 9002) +- [Kidney Cancer UK: Talk to a nurse service](https://www.kcuk.org.uk/patient-support/talk-to-a-nurse/) +- [Kidney Cancer UK: online community](https://www.kcuk.org.uk/patient-support/online-community/) + +## Macmillan Cancer Support + +A charity for anyone affected by cancer that offers online and telephone support. + +- Website: [www.macmillan.org.uk](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/) +- Helpline: [0808 808 00 00](tel:0808 808 00 00) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: support line service](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/about-us/contact-us/ask-macmillan-form.html) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: online forum](https://community.macmillan.org.uk/) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: find local support services](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/in-your-area/choose-location.html) + +## Cancer Research UK + +A charity that provides information about cancer, plus online support and information about clinical trials. + +- Website: [www.cancerresearchuk.org](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/) +- Nurse helpline: [0808 800 4040](tel:0808 800 4040) +- [Cancer Research UK: ask a nurse service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/contact-us/talk-to-our-nurses?secure=true) +- [Cancer Research UK: online cancer chat forum](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-chat/home) +- [Cancer Research UK: find a clinical trial service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/find-a-clinical-trial) + +## Maggie's Centres + +Practical, emotional and social support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [https://www.maggies.org/](https://www.maggiescentres.org/) +- Helpline: [0300 123 1801](tel:0300 123 1801) +- [Maggie's centres](https://www.maggies.org/our-centres/) +- [Maggie's support groups](https://www.maggies.org/cancer-support/our-support/our-support-groups/) + +## Marie Curie + +Care and support for anyone affected by a terminal illness. + +- Website: [www.mariecurie.org.uk](https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/) +- Helpline: [0800 090 2309](tel:0800 090 2309) +- [Marie Curie: support services](https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/services) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0084b19 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +# Symptoms of kidney cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-cancer/symptoms/ + +## Main symptoms of kidney cancer + +Often there are no obvious symptoms of kidney cancer. It’s usually diagnosed when testing for something else. + +When there are symptoms, they can include: + +- blood in your pee +- a lump or swelling in your back, under your ribs, or in your neck +- pain between your ribs and waist that does not go away +- loss of appetite or losing weight without trying to +- feeling tired or having no energy +- a high temperature that does not go away +- sweating a lot, including at night + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - your pee is smelly, cloudy or has blood in it +> - it is painful to pee or you need to pee suddenly or more often +> - you have a pain in your back, under your ribs that does not go away +> - you have pain in your genitals +> - you have a lump or swelling in your back, under your ribs, or in your neck +> +> It’s important to get help as soon as possible as the symptoms can be similar to a [kidney infection](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-infection/), which can be serious if it's not treated quickly. +> +> [Get help from 111 online](https://www.111.nhs.uk/) or call 111. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - lost a noticeable amount of weight +> - a high temperature that does not go away +> - no energy or extreme tiredness (fatigue) + +### Important + +Some of these symptoms are common and can be caused by many different conditions. + +Having them does not definitely mean you have kidney cancer. But it's important to get them checked by a GP. + +This is because if they're caused by cancer, finding it early can mean it’s more treatable. + +## What happens at the GP appointment + +The GP may examine you to feel any lumps or swelling in your back or neck. + +They may ask you to give a pee sample or have a blood test. + +### Referral to a specialist + +You may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if the GP thinks you have symptoms that could be cancer. This does not definitely mean you have cancer. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: seeing your GP with symptoms of kidney cancer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3e8d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +# Tests and next steps for kidney cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-cancer/tests-and-next-steps/ + +## Main tests for kidney cancer + +If your GP refers you to a specialist because they think you could have kidney cancer, you’ll usually have some tests and scans. + +These may include: + +- an [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) +- a [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) +- a [cystoscopy](/tests-and-treatments/cystoscopy/) – a camera is passed through the tube that carries pees out of your body (urethra) to look inside your bladder +- using a needle to collect a small sample of cells from 1 of your kidneys ([biopsy)](/tests-and-treatments/biopsy/) for testing + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: tests to diagnose kidney cancer Kidney Cancer UK: how kidney cancer is diagnosed + +## Getting your results + +It can take several weeks to get the results of your tests. + +Try not to worry if your results are taking a long time to get to you. It doesn't mean anything is definitely wrong. + +You can call the hospital or GP if you are worried. They should be able to update you. + +A specialist will explain what the results mean and what will happen next. You may want to bring someone with you for support. + +## If you're told you have kidney cancer + +Being told you have kidney cancer can feel overwhelming. You may be feeling anxious about what will happen next. + +It can help to bring someone with you to any appointments you have. + +A group of specialists will look after you throughout your diagnosis, treatment and beyond. + +Your team will include a clinical nurse specialist who will be your main point of contact during and after treatment. + +You can ask them any questions you have. + +> **💡 Information:** Macmillan Cancer Support has a free helpline that's open every day from 8am to 8pm. They are there to listen if you have anything you want to talk about. Call: 0808 808 00 00 + +## Next steps + +If you've been told you have kidney cancer, you may need more tests, such as: + +- scans, like an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) or [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) +- a chest [X-ray](/tests-and-treatments/x-ray/) +- a bone scan to see if the cancer has spread + +These, along with the tests you've already had, will help the specialists find out the size of the cancer and how far it's spread (called the stage). + +You may need a small operation to look inside your tummy, called a [laparoscopy](/tests-and-treatments/laparoscopy/). + +The specialists will use the results of these tests and work with you to decide on the best treatment plan for you. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: kidney cancer stages, types and grades Macmillan Cancer Support: information and support if you've just been diagnosed with cancer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/treatment.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/treatment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90cc48a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/treatment.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Treatment for kidney cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-cancer/treatment/ + +## Main treatments for kidney cancer + +The treatment you have for kidney cancer will depend on: + +- the type of kidney cancer you have +- where it is and how big it is +- if it has spread +- your general health + +Treatment may include surgery, cryotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, targeted medicines, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. + +The specialist care team looking after you will: + +- explain the treatments, benefits and any side effects +- work with you to create a treatment plan that is best for you +- help you manage any side effects + +## Surgery + +If kidney cancer is found early and it has not spread, you may be able to have surgery to remove it. + +There are 2 main types of surgery for kidney cancer: + +- removing a kidney (nephrectomy) +- removing the cancer but leaving as much of the kidney as possible (partial nephrectomy) + +You may also need to have some lymph nodes, which are part of the body’s drainage system, removed. + +You'll be supported through surgery and recovery by your specialist care team. + +### Blocking the blood supply to the cancer + +If you're not well enough to have surgery, you may be offered a treatment to block its blood supply instead. This is called arterial embolism. + +It can help to shrink the cancer and control your symptoms. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: Removing all or part of a kidney Cancer Research UK: Blocking the blood supply to the cancer + +## Cryotherapy + +Cryotherapy is where small needles are passed through the skin to freeze the cancer cells. The frozen cells drop off and are replaced by normal cells. + +You may have cryotherapy for kidney cancer if: + +- the cancer is small +- you’re not well enough to have surgery + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: Cryotherapy for kidney cancer + +## Radiofrequency ablation + +Radiofrequency ablation is where radio waves are used to kill cancer cells. It’s given using a needle that’s passed through your skin into your kidney. + +You may have radiofrequency ablation for kidney cancer if: + +- the cancer is small and you're too unwell to have surgery to remove it +- the cancer is large or has spread, to help control your symptoms + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: Radiofrequency treatment for kidney cancer + +## Targeted medicines + +Targeted cancer medicines aim to stop the cancer from growing. + +You may have treatment with targeted medicines for kidney cancer if: + +- the cancer has spread to other parts of your body +- the cancer has come back after treatment + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: Targeted therapy for kidney cancer + +## Radiotherapy + +[Radiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/radiotherapy/) uses radiation to kill cancer cells. + +It’s not used very often for kidney cancer, but is sometimes used to control symptoms if: + +- the cancer cannot be removed by surgery +- the cancer has spread to other parts of your body + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: Radiotherapy for kidney cancer + +## Chemotherapy + +[Chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/) uses medicines to kill cancer cells. + +It’s not used very often for kidney cancer, but may be used if you have certain types of kidney cancer. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: Chemotherapy for kidney cancer + +## What happens if you've been told your cancer cannot be cured + +If you have advanced kidney cancer, it might be very hard to treat. It may not be possible to cure the cancer. + +If this is the case, the aim of your treatment will be to limit the cancer and its symptoms, and help you live longer. + +You will be referred to a special team of doctors and nurses called the palliative care team or symptom control team. + +They will work with you to help manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable. The clinical nurse specialist or palliative care team can also help you and your loved ones get any support you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: end of life care \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/what-is-kidney-cancer.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/what-is-kidney-cancer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb3aefe --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-cancer/what-is-kidney-cancer.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# What is kidney cancer? + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-cancer/what-is-kidney-cancer/ + +![Diagram of a body highlighting the 2 kidneys, which are just below the ribs on either side of the spine.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Kidneys_copy.width-320.jpg) + +- Kidney cancer, also called renal cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the kidneys. +- The kidneys are 2 small organs either side of your spine below your ribs. They remove waste and extra fluid from the blood, turning it into pee. +- Kidney cancer is most common in people over 60. +- How serious kidney cancer is depends on where it is in the kidney, how big it is, if it has spread and your general health. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60f3ca3 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +# Overview-Chronic kidney disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/ + +**Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys do not work as well as they should.** + +It's a common condition often associated with getting older. It can affect anyone, but it's more common in people who are black or of south Asian origin. + +CKD can get worse over time and eventually the kidneys may stop working altogether, but this is uncommon. Many people with CKD are able to live long lives with the condition. + +## Symptoms of CKD + +There are usually no symptoms of kidney disease in the early stages. It may only be diagnosed if you have a blood or urine test for another reason and the results show a possible problem with your kidneys. + +At a more advanced stage, symptoms can include: + +- tiredness +- swollen ankles, feet or hands +- [shortness of breath](/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/) +- feeling sick +- [blood in your pee (urine)](/symptoms/blood-in-urine/) + +See a GP if you have persistent or worrying symptoms that you think could be caused by kidney disease. + +Find out more about the [symptoms of CKD](/conditions/kidney-disease/symptoms/). + +## Causes of CKD + +Chronic kidney disease is usually caused by other conditions that put a strain on the kidneys. Often it's the result of a combination of different problems. + +CKD can be caused by: + +- [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) – over time, this can put strain on the small blood vessels in the kidneys and stop the kidneys working properly +- [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) – too much glucose in your blood can damage the tiny filters in the kidneys +- [high cholesterol](/conditions/high-cholesterol/) – this can cause a build-up of fatty deposits in the blood vessels supplying your kidneys, which can make it harder for them to work properly +- [kidney infections](/conditions/kidney-infection/) +- [glomerulonephritis](/conditions/glomerulonephritis/) – kidney inflammation +- [autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease](/conditions/autosomal-dominant-polycystic-kidney-disease-adpkd/) – an inherited condition where growths called cysts develop in the kidneys +- blockages in the flow of urine – for example, from [kidney stones](/conditions/kidney-stones/) that keep coming back, or an [enlarged prostate](/conditions/enlarged-prostate/) +- long-term, regular use of certain medicines – such as lithium and [non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)](/medicines/nsaids/) + +You can help [prevent CKD](/conditions/kidney-disease/prevention/) by making healthy lifestyle changes and ensuring any underlying conditions you have are well controlled. + +## Tests for CKD + +CKD can be diagnosed using blood and urine tests. These tests look for high levels of certain substances in your blood and urine that are signs your kidneys are not working properly. + +If you're at a high risk of developing kidney disease (for example, you have a known risk factor such as high blood pressure or diabetes), you may be advised to have regular tests to check for CKD so it's found at an early stage. + +The results of your blood and urine tests can be used to tell the stage of your kidney disease. This is a number that reflects how severe the damage to your kidneys is, with a higher number indicating more serious CKD. + +Find out more about [how CKD is diagnosed](/conditions/kidney-disease/diagnosis/). + +## Treatments for CKD + +There's no cure for CKD, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. + +Your treatment will depend on how severe your condition is. + +The main treatments are: + +- lifestyle changes to help you remain as healthy as possible +- medicine to control associated problems such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol +- medicine that can help the kidneys keep working for longer +- [dialysis](/tests-and-treatments/dialysis/) – treatment to replicate some of the kidney's functions (this may be necessary in advanced CKD) +- kidney transplant – this may also be necessary in advanced CKD + +You'll also be advised to have regular check-ups to monitor your condition. + +Find out more about [how CKD is treated](/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/) and [living with CKD](/conditions/kidney-disease/living-with/). + +## Outlook for CKD + +CKD can range from a mild condition with no or few symptoms, to a very serious condition where the kidneys stop working, sometimes called kidney failure. + +Most people with CKD will be able to control their condition with medicine and regular check-ups. CKD only progresses to kidney failure in around 2 in 100 people with the condition. + +If you have CKD, even if it's mild, you're at an increased risk of developing other serious problems, such as [cardiovascular disease](/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/). This is a group of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, which includes [heart attack](/conditions/heart-attack/) and [stroke](/conditions/stroke/). + +Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of death in people with kidney disease, although healthy lifestyle changes and medicine can help reduce your risk of developing it. + +### Want to know more? + +- [Kidney Care UK: Chronic kidney disease](https://www.kidneycareuk.org/about-kidney-health/conditions/ckd/) +- [National Kidney Federation: What is kidney disease?](https://www.kidney.org.uk/Pages/Category/what-is-kidney-disease) +- [Kidney Research UK: Chronic kidney disease](https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/chronic-kidney-disease/) + +> **💡 Information:** Social care and support guide If you: need help with day-to-day living because of illness or disability care for someone regularly because they're ill, elderly or disabled – including family members Our guide to social care and support explains your options and where you can get support. + +Page last reviewed: 22 March 2023 +Next review due: 22 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-infection/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-infection/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84b3c82 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-infection/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +# Kidney infection + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-infection/ + +## Symptoms of a kidney infection + +Symptoms of a kidney infection can include: + +- a high temperature +- feeling or being sick +- pain in your lower back or side +- diarrhoea +- aching muscles and flu-like symptoms +- pain, burning or stinging when you pee +- needing to pee more often and urgently than usual +- pee that's dark or cloudy + +Symptoms in young children may also include: + +- wetting the bed or themselves +- being drowsy + +A child under 2 years may only have a high temperature. + +The symptoms may be similar to symptoms of other [urinary tract infections (UTIs)](/conditions/urinary-tract-infections-utis/), such as cystitis. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - pain, burning or stinging when you pee +> - needing to pee more often and urgently than usual +> - pee that's dark or cloudy +> - kidney infection symptoms that have not gone away after treatment with antibiotics + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You think you or your child may have a kidney infection and: +> +> - have a very high temperature, or feel hot, cold or shivery +> - have a very low temperature below 36C +> - have pain in the lower tummy or in the back, just under the ribs +> - have blood in your pee +> - are feeling or being sick +> - have not had a pee all day +> - you are pregnant +> +> A kidney infection can be serious if it's not treated as it can cause [sepsis](/conditions/sepsis/). +> +> Call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms) if you cannot speak to or see a GP, or your symptoms are getting worse. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you are confused, drowsy or have difficulty speaking +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Treatment for a kidney infection + +### Treatment from a GP + +If the GP thinks you have a kidney infection, you'll have your pee tested to check. + +The main treatment for a kidney infection is [antibiotic](/medicines/antibiotics/) tablets, which you'll usually take for 7 to 14 days. + +You'll usually feel better after about 2 weeks. People who are older or have underlying conditions may take longer to recover. + +### Treatment in hospital + +Some people are more vulnerable to the effects of an infection. + +If you have a long-term health condition, or you're pregnant, you may need to go to hospital to have antibiotics through a drip. This works faster than tablets. + +In hospital, you'll have regular blood and urine tests to check your health and to make sure the antibiotics are working. + +Most people are well enough to go home after 3 to 7 days. + +## Things you can do to help kidney infection symptoms + +There are some things you can try to ease kidney infection symptoms while you're having treatment. They can also help prevent a kidney infection coming back. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ rest – it can take up to 2 weeks before you feel able to return to work +- ✅ drink lots of fluids, such as water or squash – take small sips if you feel sick +- ✅ takeparacetamolto reduce a high temperature and relieve pain +- ✅ give your child liquidparacetamol for childrenif they're distressed or uncomfortable – check the packaging or leaflet to make sure the medicine is suitable for your child, or speak to a pharmacist or GP if you're not sure +- ✅ ask your doctor how much fluid you can drink if you have kidney problems +- ✅ always try to fully empty your bladder when you pee + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not takeibuprofenunless advised by a doctor – it may increase your risk of further kidney problems +- ❌ do not hold your pee in if you feel the urge to go + +## Causes of kidney infections + +A kidney infection is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI). + +UTIs are caused by bacteria in the tube that carries pee out of your body (uretha). + +A kidney infection is often caused by cystitis, another type of UTI. But you can also have one without having cystitis. + +You may be more likely to get a kidney infection if you have a problem with your kidney, such as kidney stones, or if you have certain conditions or a weakened immune system. + +UTIs and kidney infections are more common in women, but anyone can get one. + +Page last reviewed: 13 February 2025 +Next review due: 13 February 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-stones/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-stones/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8be043 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kidney-stones/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +# Overview-Kidney stones + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-stones/ + +**Kidney stones can develop in 1 or both kidneys and most often affect people aged 30 to 60.** + +They're quite common, with more than 1 in 10 people affected. + +Kidney stones are usually found in the kidneys or in the ureter, the tube that connects the kidneys to your bladder. + +They can be extremely painful, and can lead to kidney infections or the kidney not working properly if left untreated. + +## Symptoms of kidney stones + +You may not notice if you have small kidney stones. You'll usually pee them out without any discomfort. + +Larger kidney stones can cause several symptoms, including: + +- pain in the side of your tummy (abdomen) +- severe pain that comes and goes +- feeling sick or vomiting + +[Find out more about the symptoms of kidney stones](/conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms/) + +## When to get urgent medical help + +You should contact a GP or NHS 111 immediately if: + +- you're in severe pain +- you have a high temperature, or you feel hot, cold or shivery +- you have blood in your urine + +## What causes kidney stones? + +Waste products in the blood can occasionally form crystals that collect inside the kidneys. + +Over time, the crystals may build up to form a hard stone-like lump. + +This is more likely to happen if you: + +- do not drink enough fluids +- are taking some types of medication +- have a medical condition that raises the levels of certain substances in your urine + +[Find out more about the causes of kidney stones](/conditions/kidney-stones/causes/) + +After a kidney stone has formed, your body will try to pass it out when you pee. + +## Treating and preventing kidney stones + +Most kidney stones are small enough to be passed in your pee, and it may be possible to treat the symptoms at home with medication. + +Larger stones may need to be broken up or removed with surgery. + +[Find out more about treating kidney stones](/conditions/kidney-stones/treatment/) + +It's estimated up to half of all people who have had kidney stones will experience them again within the following 5 years. + +To avoid getting kidney stones, make sure you drink plenty of water every day so you do not become [dehydrated](/conditions/dehydration/). + +It's very important to keep your urine pale in colour to prevent waste products forming into kidney stones. + +[Find out more about preventing kidney stones](/conditions/kidney-stones/prevention/) + +## The kidneys + +The kidneys are 2 bean-shaped organs that are roughly 10cm (4 inches) in length. + +They're located towards the back of the abdomen on either side of the spine. + +The kidneys remove waste products from the blood. The clean blood is then transferred back into the body and the waste products are passed out of the body when you pee. + +### Video: what are kidney stones? + +This animation explains how kidneys function, how to prevent kidney stones and the treatment options. + +Media last reviewed: 1 April 2024 +Media review due: 1 April 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 30 November 2022 +Next review due: 30 November 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/klinefelters-syndrome/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/klinefelters-syndrome/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c20687d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/klinefelters-syndrome/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +# Klinefelter syndrome + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/klinefelters-syndrome/ + +**Klinefelter syndrome (sometimes called Klinefelter's, KS or XXY) is where boys and men are born with an extra X chromosome.** + +Chromosomes are packages of genes found in every cell in the body. There are 2 types of chromosome, called the sex chromosomes, that determine the genetic sex of a baby. These are named either X or Y. + +Usually, a female baby has 2 X chromosomes (XX) and a male has 1 X and 1 Y (XY). But in Klinefelter syndrome, a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome (XXY). + +The X chromosome is not a "female" chromosome and is present in everyone. The presence of a Y chromosome denotes male sex. + +Boys and men with Klinefelter syndrome are still genetically male, and often will not realise they have this extra chromosome, but occasionally it can cause problems that may require treatment. + +## Symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome + +Klinefelter syndrome does not usually cause any obvious symptoms early in childhood, and even the later symptoms may be difficult to spot. + +Many boys and men do not realise they have it. + +Possible features, which are not always present, may include: + +- in babies and toddlers – weak muscles and very flexible (hypermobile) joints, learning to sit up, crawl, walk and talk later than usual, being quieter and more passive than usual, having undescended testicles, only one testicle, or a smaller penis +- in childhood – shyness and low self-confidence, problems with reading, writing, spelling and paying attention, mild [dyslexia](/conditions/dyslexia-in-children/) or [dyspraxia](/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/), low energy levels, and difficulty socialising or expressing feelings +- in teenagers – growing taller than expected for the family (with long arms and legs), broad hips, poor muscle tone and slower than usual muscle growth, reduced facial and body hair that starts growing later than usual, small, firm testes, and enlarged breasts ([gynaecomastia](/common-health-questions/mens-health/what-is-gynaecomastia/)) +- in adulthood – [inability to have children naturally (infertility)](/conditions/infertility/), [low sex drive](/symptoms/loss-of-libido/), small, firm testes, and erection problems. + +## Health issues in Klinefelter syndrome + +Many boys and men with Klinefelter syndrome will not be significantly affected and can live normal, healthy lives. + +Infertility tends to be the main problem, although there are treatments that can help. + +But men with Klinefelter syndrome are at a slightly increased risk of developing other health problems, including: + +- [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/) +- [weak and fragile bones (osteoporosis)](/conditions/osteoporosis/) +- [cardiovascular disease](/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/) and [blood clots](/conditions/blood-clots/) +- autoimmune disorders (where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body), such as [lupus](/conditions/lupus/) +- an [underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism)](/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/) +- [anxiety](/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder/), learning difficulties and [depression](/conditions/clinical-depression/) – although intelligence is usually unaffected +- [male breast cancer](/conditions/breast-cancer-in-men/) – although this is very rare + +These problems can usually be treated if they do occur and testosterone replacement therapy may help reduce the risk of some of them. + +## Causes of Klinefelter syndrome + +Klinefelter syndrome is caused by an additional X chromosome. + +This chromosome carries extra copies of genes, which may interfere with the development of the testicles and mean they produce less testosterone (male sex hormone) than usual. + +The extra genetic information may either be carried in every cell in the body or it may only affect some cells (known as mosaic Klinefelter syndrome). + +Klinefelter syndrome is not directly inherited – the additional X chromosome occurs as a result of either the mother's egg or the father's sperm having the extra X chromosome (an equal chance of this happening in either), so after conception the chromosome pattern is XXY rather than XY. + +This change in the egg or sperm seems to happen randomly. If you have a son with the condition, the chances of this happening again are very small. + +The risk of a woman having a son with Klinefelter syndrome may be slightly higher if the mother or father are older. + +## Testing for Klinefelter syndrome + +See your GP if you have concerns about your son's development or you notice any symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome in yourself or your son. + +Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent health problems in the future. + +Treatment can help reduce some of the symptoms if necessary. + +In many cases, it's only detected if a man with the condition undergoes fertility tests. + +Your GP may suspect Klinefelter syndrome after a physical examination and may suggest sending off a sample of blood to check reproductive hormone levels. + +The diagnosis can be confirmed by checking a sample of blood for the presence of the extra X chromosome. + +Klinefelter syndrome can also be picked up as part of some screening tests during pregnancy. + +## Treatments for Klinefelter syndrome + +There's no cure for Klinefelter syndrome, but some of the problems associated with the condition can be treated if necessary. + +Possible treatments include: + +- testosterone replacement therapy +- speech and language therapy during childhood to help with speech development +- educational and behavioural support at school to help with any learning difficulties or behaviour problems +- [occupational therapy](/tests-and-treatments/occupational-therapy/) to help with any co-ordination problems associated with dyspraxia +- [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) to help build muscle and increase strength +- psychological support for any mental health issues +- [fertility treatment](/conditions/infertility/treatment/) – options include [artificial insemination](/tests-and-treatments/intrauterine-insemination-iui/) using donor sperm or possibly [intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)](https://www.hfea.gov.uk/treatments/explore-all-treatments/intracytoplasmic-sperm-injection-icsi/), where sperm removed during a small operation are used to fertilise an egg in a laboratory +- [breast reduction surgery](/tests-and-treatments/cosmetic-procedures/cosmetic-surgery/breast-reduction-male/) to remove excess breast tissue + +### Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) + +TRT involves taking medicines containing testosterone. It can be taken in the form of gels or tablets in children, or given as gel or injections in adult men. + +TRT may be considered once puberty begins and may help with the development of a deep voice, facial and body hair, an increase in muscle mass, reduction in body fat, and improvement in energy. There is also evidence that it can help with learning and behavioural problems. + +You should see a specialist in children's hormones (a paediatric endocrinologist) at this time. + +Long-term treatment during adulthood may also help with several other problems associated with Klinefelter syndrome – including osteoporosis, low mood, reduced sex drive, low self-esteem and low energy levels – although it cannot reverse infertility. + +TRT may be stopped during fertility treatment, or not started until after fertility treatment. + +Treatment with TRT will be monitored by your care team as it can cause side effects and health issues. + +### Lifestyle changes + +Leading a healthy lifestyle, including eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly, can help reduce your chances of getting conditions like type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. + +It can also help with your mental health, including depression and anxiety. + +Try to quit smoking and try to not drink more alcohol than the recommended limit of 14 units of alcohol a week, spread across 3 days. + +## More information and support + +If you or your son has been diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome, you might find it useful to find out more about it and get in touch with others affected by it. + +The following websites may be able to help: + +- [Klinefelter's Syndrome Association (KSA)](http://www.ksa-uk.net/) +- [Contact a Family](https://contact.org.uk/conditions/klinefelter-syndrome/) + +Page last reviewed: 20 February 2023 +Next review due: 20 February 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/knock-knees/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/knock-knees/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2553435 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/knock-knees/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +# Knock knees + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knock-knees/ + +**Knock knees is when there's a gap between your ankles when you stand with your knees together. It's common in children aged 3 to 6 and usually gets better on its own as they grow without causing any problems. Sometimes older children or adults can have it.** + +## Symptoms of knock knees + +![A person's knees, lower legs and feet. The knees are touching and there is a gap of around 10cm between the ankles.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Knocked_Knees_Edit_copy.original.width-320.jpg) + +If you have knock knees, there is a gap between the ankles when you stand with your knees together. + +![A person's knees, lower legs and feet. The knees are touching and there is no gap between the ankles.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Normal_Knees_Edit_copy.original.width-320.jpg) + +You do not have knock knees if there is no gap between the ankles when you stand with your knees together. + +Most people will not have any other symptoms. + +But sometimes, if your knock knees are severe or caused by another condition, you may have knee or leg pain, or difficulty walking. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You think you or your child have knock knees and: +> +> - the gap between the ankles is more than 8cm when standing with the knees together +> - 1 or both knees are painful, swollen, stiff or feel warm to touch +> - only 1 leg is affected or the legs are different lengths +> - the problem is getting worse +> - your child is very short or underweight for their age +> - you or they are limping or having difficulty walking +> - your child is under the age of 2 or over the age of 5 +> - it started when you were an adult + +## Treatment for knock knees + +Knock knees usually gets better as children grow and their legs straighten. + +Most children do not need any treatment, but sometimes [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) or treatment from a foot specialist (podiatrist) may be recommended. + +Sometimes, if knock knees cause problems such as pain or difficulty walking, you may be referred to a specialist for tests to see what might be causing it. + +Rarely, surgery to straighten the knees and legs may be recommended. + +## Causes of knock knees + +Knock knees in children is a normal part of growth and development, and it usually gets better as they get older. + +But in some children and adults it may be caused by something else, such as: + +- an injury to the knees or legs +- [osteomyelitis](/conditions/osteomyelitis/) (a bone infection) +- [arthritis](/conditions/arthritis/) +- vitamin D deficiency +- some genetic conditions which affect the joints such as [joint hypermobility syndrome](/conditions/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/) or [Ehlers-Danlos syndromes](/conditions/ehlers-danlos-syndromes/) + +Page last reviewed: 12 January 2023 +Next review due: 12 January 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/kyphosis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/kyphosis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ee4d13 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/kyphosis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +# Kyphosis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/ + +## Symptoms of kyphosis + +The main symptom of kyphosis is a hunched or rounded upper back. Sometimes your shoulders may also look rounded. + +You may not have any other symptoms if the top part of your spine is only slightly curved. If the curve is more noticeable or gets worse, it can cause [back pain](/conditions/back-pain/) and stiffness. + +If you have a severe curve in your spine, it can cause more serious problems, such as very bad back pain and difficulty breathing. + +![Diagram of 2 spines, one with kyphosis and one without. There is a bigger curve in the top part of the spine with kyphosis.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/NEW_VID-2253_-_3D_model_for_kyphosis_anatomica.width-320.jpg) + +A spine with kyphosis has a bigger curve at the top compared to a spine without kyphosis. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you or your child might have kyphosis + +## Tests for kyphosis + +A GP may refer you to a specialist (orthopaedic surgeon) who will do some tests for kyphosis. + +The specialist may examine your back while you’re bent forwards to see how severe the curve in your spine is and how flexible you are. They may also check your arms and legs. + +You may have an [X-ray](/tests-and-treatments/x-ray/) and an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) to look at your spine in more detail. + +## Causes of kyphosis + +Kyphosis is often caused by bad posture or a problem with the structure of your spine. + +It can also sometimes happen after a spinal injury or as a result of conditions like [arthritis](/conditions/arthritis/) and [osteoporosis](/conditions/osteoporosis/). + +There are 3 main types of kyphosis. Do not self-diagnose – see a GP if you’re worried. + +Types of kyphosis + +| Type | Cause | +| --- | --- | +| Postural kyphosis | Usually caused by bad posture, postural kyphosis often affects teenagers. It’s the most common type of kyphosis. | +| Scheuermann’s kyphosis | The back of the bones in the spine (vertebrae) grow quicker than the front. This makes the vertebrae wedge-shaped and causes the spine to curve. | +| Congenital kyphosis | Where a baby’s spine does not develop properly and curves as they grow. Congenital kyphosis is rare. | + +## Treatment for kyphosis + +Treatment for kyphosis is usually only needed if it's causing problems. + +If treatment is needed, it will depend on the cause and how severe the curve in your spine is. + +Treatments for kyphosis include: + +- [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/) or [anti-inflammatory medicine](/medicines/nsaids/) to help ease back pain – check with a GP or pharmacist to find out which type of pain relief is most suitable for you +- [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) to help improve posture and relieve back pain and stiffness +- a brace (a rigid support worn around the torso) to help straighten the spine if a child has mild to moderate Scheuermann’s kyphosis – a brace should only be worn under the supervision of a specialist, such as an orthopaedic surgeon +- surgery to straighten the spine if the curve is severe, getting worse or causing very bad pain (spinal surgery is usually only done if the benefits outweigh the risks) + +Your child may have regular hospital appointments to check if the curve in their spine is getting worse. It may get worse until they’ve stopped growing. + +### Exercise and kyphosis + +You should be able to [exercise](/live-well/exercise/) if you have kyphosis. Strengthening your core muscles (the muscles around your tummy and lower back) can help. + +Speak to a healthcare professional before starting to exercise if you’re new to exercise or if you have not exercised for some time. + +If you have physiotherapy, you may be given some specific exercises to help reduce back pain and stiffness. But they will not improve the curve in your spine or stop it getting worse. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more NHS back pain pilates video workout Video exercises for back pain (Chartered Society of Physiotherapy) + +Page last reviewed: 30 December 2025 +Next review due: 30 December 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/labyrinthitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/labyrinthitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38e7135 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/labyrinthitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +# Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labyrinthitis/ + +**Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis are types of inner ear infection that affect your balance. They usually get better on their own within a few weeks.** + +## Symptoms of labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis + +The most common symptoms of labyrinthitis are: + +- [dizziness](/symptoms/dizziness/) or feeling that everything around you is spinning ([vertigo](/conditions/vertigo/)) +- feeling unsteady and off balance – you might find it difficult to stay upright or walk in a straight line +- feeling or being sick +- hearing loss +- ringing in your ears ([tinnitus](/conditions/tinnitus/)) + +The symptoms of vestibular neuritis are very similar, but it does not cause hearing loss or tinnitus. + +Symptoms can start suddenly. They may be there when you wake up and get worse as the day goes on. + +The symptoms often ease after a few days. + +You'll usually get your balance back over 2 to 6 weeks, although it can take longer. + +## Things you can do to help + +Labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis usually gets better on its own. But there are things you can do to ease the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ lie still in a dark room if you feel very dizzy +- ✅ drink plenty of water if you're being sick – it's best to drink little and often +- ✅ try to avoid noise and bright lights +- ✅ try to get enough sleep – tiredness can make symptoms worse +- ✅ start to go for walks outside as soon as possible – it may help to have someone with you to steady you until you become confident +- ✅ when you're out and about, keep your eyes focused on a fixed object, rather than looking around all the time + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not drive, cycle or use tools or machinery if you feel dizzy +- ❌ do not drink alcohol – it can make symptoms worse + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis that do not get better after a few days or are getting worse +> - you've been diagnosed with labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis and your symptoms have not improved within a week of starting treatment +> +> The GP may refer you to a hospital specialist. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you have sudden hearing loss in 1 ear +> +> You may need to be referred to a specialist for tests, and possibly treatment. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **💡 Information:** Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis – what's the difference? Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis are problems with different parts of the inner ear, which are needed for balance: labyrinthitis is inflammation of the labyrinth – a maze of fluid-filled channels in the inner ear vestibular neuritis is inflammation of the vestibular nerve – the nerve in the inner ear that sends messages to the brain The symptoms of vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis are very similar. However, if your hearing is affected, then labyrinthitis is the cause. This is because inflammation of the labyrinth affects hearing, while inflammation of the vestibular nerve does not. + +## Treatment from a GP for labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis + +If you have labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis, a GP may prescribe [antihistamines](/medicines/antihistamines/) or motion sickness tablets for up to 3 days. Do not take them for any longer, as they can slow down your recovery. + +Labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis is usually caused by a viral infection, such as a cold or flu, so antibiotics will not help. But a GP may prescribe antibiotics if they think your infection is bacterial. + +### Exercises for long-term balance problems + +Sometimes, balance problems can last for much longer – for many months or even years. + +Vestibular rehabilitation is a series of exercises that can help restore balance. You should only do the exercises under the supervision of a specialist such as a physiotherapist or audiologist. + +You can ask a GP to refer you to a physiotherapist, or it may be possible to refer yourself directly. + +Waiting lists for accessing NHS [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) can be long and you may prefer to pay for private treatment. Most private physiotherapists accept direct self-referrals. + +## Video: labyrinthitis and vertigo (BPPV) - Hazel's story + +In this video, Hazel talks about how labyrinthitis affected her balance and perception and how she found help. + +Media last reviewed: 12 May 2026 +Media review due: 12 May 2029 + +Page last reviewed: 17 February 2023 +Next review due: 17 February 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/lactose-intolerance/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/lactose-intolerance/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2db1d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/lactose-intolerance/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +# Lactose intolerance + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lactose-intolerance/ + +## Symptoms of lactose intolerance + +Symptoms of lactose intolerance can start a few minutes, or a few hours, after having food or drink containing lactose. + +Common symptoms of lactose intolerance include: + +- tummy pain or discomfort +- [bloating](/symptoms/bloating/) +- [farting](/symptoms/flatulence/) +- tummy rumbling +- diarrhoea or constipation +- feeling sick or being sick + +You may also have some other symptoms that are not related to your digestive system, such as headaches, tiredness and joint or muscle pain. + +### Foods that contain lactose + +Lactose is found in foods containing animal milk (dairy products), includes milk from cows, goats and sheep. + +Dairy products include: + +- milk +- butter +- cheese +- cream +- yoghurt +- ice cream + +Many processed foods can also contain lactose, including: + +- cereals +- baked foods like bread, crackers, cakes, biscuits, and pastry +- sauces and salad dressings +- diet and protein shakes + +Find out more about [lactose intolerance and checking food labels on the Allergy UK website.](https://www.allergyuk.org/resources/lactose-intolerance/) + +> **💡 Information:** Food allergy A food intolerance is different from having a food allergy , which can cause symptoms such as struggling to breathe, itchy skin, and swelling of the lips, face and eyes. A food allergy can be life threatening. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have symptoms of lactose intolerance and: +> +> - your symptoms keep coming back and often happen after eating +> - you've noticed changes in your poo that are not usual for you, such as looser poo, pooing more often, or constipation for 3 weeks +> - you've have blood in your poo for 3 weeks +> - you've had tummy bloating and discomfort for 3 weeks +> - you've been losing weight + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - your lips, mouth, throat or tongue suddenly become swollen +> - you're breathing very fast or struggling to breathe (you may become very wheezy or feel like you're choking or gasping for air) +> - your throat feels tight or you're struggling to swallow +> - your skin, tongue or lips turn blue, grey or pale (if you have black or brown skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet) +> - you suddenly become very confused, drowsy or dizzy +> - someone faints and cannot be woken up +> - a child is limp, floppy or not responding like they normally do (their head may fall to the side, backwards or forwards, or they may find it difficult to lift their head or focus on your face) +> +> You or the person who's unwell may also have a rash that's swollen, raised or itchy. +> +> These can be signs of a serious allergic reaction and may need immediate treatment in hospital. + +## Tests for lactose intolerance + +If your GP thinks you have lactose intolerance, you may: + +- be asked to follow a lactose elimination diet – where you stop eating foods containing lactose to see if your symptoms improve +- have blood tests +- do a hydrogen breath test – where hydrogen gas in your breath is measured to find out how well you digest lactose + +If your symptoms are severe and do not get better, you may need a [gastroscopy](/tests-and-treatments/gastroscopy/). This is where a long, thin, flexible tube is passed into your mouth and down into your stomach. A very small sample of cells may be taken from your small intestine so it can be tested. + +Before the test, you may be given painkillers to help with any discomfort, and a sedative to help you relax. + +## Treatment for lactose intolerance + +For most people with lactose intolerance, the symptoms can be prevented by reducing the amount of food you eat that contains lactose, or by avoiding these foods completely. + +If you think your child is lactose intolerant, see your GP before removing dairy products from their diet. + +Taking a lactase supplement before having food or drink containing lactose may reduce or prevent symptoms for some people. + +In some people, lactose intolerance is caused by another health condition, such as coeliac disease. Treating the underlying cause should help. + +## Causes of lactose intolerance + +The most common cause of lactose intolerance is when the body does not make enough of an enzyme called lactase, which helps you digest lactose. + +Lactose intolerance can start at any age and can also be caused by: + +- conditions such as [inflammatory bowel disease](/conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/) and [Coeliac disease](/conditions/coeliac-disease/) +- bowel infections +- bowel surgery +- an injury to the bowel + +Some premature babies are unable to digest lactose because their bowel has not developed enough, but this usually gets better as your baby gets older. + +Some people do not make any lactase at all, but this is very rare. + +Page last reviewed: 05 January 2023 +Next review due: 05 January 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/laryngitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/laryngitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4207691 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/laryngitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +# Laryngitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngitis/ + +**Laryngitis is when your voice box or vocal cords in the throat become irritated or swollen. It usually goes away by itself within 1 to 2 weeks.** + +## Symptoms of laryngitis + +Laryngitis usually comes on suddenly and gets worse during the first 3 days. + +The main symptoms are: + +- a hoarse (croaky) voice +- sometimes losing your voice +- an irritating cough that does not go away +- always needing to clear your throat +- a sore throat + +Children can also: + +- have a temperature of 38C or above +- be off their food or drink +- have difficulty breathing (but this is rare) + +Laryngitis is often linked to other illnesses, such as colds and flu, so you may also have other symptoms. + +If you're not sure it's laryngitis, [check other sore throat symptoms](/symptoms/sore-throat/). + +## How you can treat laryngitis yourself + +Laryngitis usually goes away on its own after 1 to 2 weeks and you do not need to see a GP. + +There are some things you can do to help ease the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try to speak as little as possible +- ✅ drink plenty of fluids +- ✅ keep the air moist by putting out bowls of water – central heating and air conditioning make the air dry +- ✅ gargle with warm salty water (children should not try this) + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not talk loudly or whisper – both strain your voice +- ❌ do not smoke +- ❌ do not spend time in smoky or dusty places +- ❌ do not drink too much caffeine or alcohol – they can causedehydration + +How to gargle with salty water + +1. Dissolve half a teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water. Warm water helps salt dissolve. +2. Gargle with the solution then spit it out. Do not swallow it. +3. Repeat as often as you like. + +This is not suitable for younger children. + +## A pharmacist can help with laryngitis + +Speak to a pharmacist about your sore throat. + +They can give advice and suggest treatments, including: + +- [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) +- cough syrup to help with your cough +- solutions to gargle or lozenges for the pain + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - your symptoms do not improve after 2 weeks +> - you keep getting laryngitis or voice problems + +## What happens at the GP appointment + +The GP will try to work out what has caused your laryngitis. + +They may: + +- look inside your throat using a small mirror +- wipe a cotton bud around the back of your throat for testing +- arrange a blood test +- refer you to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist (if you keep getting laryngitis) + +If your laryngitis is caused by an infection, the GP might prescribe [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/). + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - it's very painful or it's difficult to swallow +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you or your child are having difficulty breathing +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## What causes laryngitis + +Laryngitis usually happens when you have an infection from a virus, such as cold or flu. A [flu vaccination](/vaccinations/flu-vaccine/) will help prevent you getting flu. + +Other things that cause laryngitis include: + +- allergies to things like dust and fumes +- acid from your stomach coming up your throat (acid reflux) +- coughing over a long time +- clearing your throat all the time + +Page last reviewed: 17 January 2024 +Next review due: 17 January 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/leg-cramps/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/leg-cramps/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93bd10f --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/leg-cramps/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +# Leg cramps + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/leg-cramps/ + +**Leg cramps are common, usually harmless, and only last a short time. They can happen at any time, but most people have them at night or when resting.** + +## Symptoms of leg cramps + +Leg cramps happen when a muscle in the leg tightens and causes a sudden pain that can make it hard to move. + +The cramps can last from a few seconds to 10 minutes. + +They can affect the: + +- calf muscle, below the knee at the back of the leg +- muscles in the feet or the thighs (less often) + +After the cramp has stopped, the muscle might feel sore for up to 24 hours. + +## Things you can do about leg cramps yourself + +### During a cramp + +Stretching and massaging the muscle may ease the pain during a cramp, although most cramps go away without you doing anything. + +Standing up and putting your weight on the leg with the cramp may also help. + +[Paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) can help to ease muscle soreness after a cramp, but they will not help when it's happening as they take too long to work. + +### Preventing cramps + +Regular calf-stretching exercises may help to reduce cramps but may not completely stop them from happening. + +How to stretch your calf muscles + +1. Stand facing a wall and stretch out your arms until your hands can just touch it. +2. Make sure you're able to stand up straight and that your feet are flat on the floor. +3. Lean forward, pressing your hands against the wall until you feel your calf muscles stretch. Hold for 2 or 3 seconds. +4. Stand up straight again. +5. Repeat a few times for 5 minutes, 3 times a day (the last time just before bed). + +If the number of cramps reduces, you might only need to do the exercise once or twice a day. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - leg cramps are disturbing your sleep +> - you also have numbness or swelling in your legs +> - cramps last longer than 10 minutes + +## Treatment for leg cramps from a GP + +A GP will examine you to try to find out the reason for your leg cramps. + +They will suggest a treatment depending on the cause. + +This might be: + +- stretching exercises +- quinine tablets if exercise has not helped + +Quinine is not suitable for everyone. The GP will discuss potential risks and side effects with you. + +## Causes of leg cramps + +Leg cramps can sometimes be caused by: + +- ageing +- putting too much strain on muscles during exercise, which can be worse in hot or humid weather +- pregnancy (usually in the later stage) +- certain medicines – for example, medicine for lowering cholesterol ([statins](/medicines/statins/)) or high blood pressure (diuretics) +- not drinking enough fluids ([dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/)) +- liver disease because of drinking too much alcohol + +The reason for some cramps is unknown. + +Page last reviewed: 01 December 2023 +Next review due: 01 December 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/liver-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/liver-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..904ec77 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/liver-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# Liver disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/liver-disease/ + +**There are many different types of liver disease. You can help prevent some of them by maintaining a healthy weight and staying within the recommended alcohol limits, if you drink.** + +## Types of liver disease + +There are several types of liver disease, which can have different causes. + +Common types of liver disease and the possible causes + +| Condition | Possible causes | +| --- | --- | +| [Alcohol-related liver disease](/conditions/alcohol-related-liver-disease-arld/) | Regularly drinking too much alcohol | +| [Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease](/conditions/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/) | Being [very overweight (obese)](/conditions/obesity-old/) – this may cause fat to build up in the liver | +| [Hepatitis](/conditions/hepatitis/) | Catching a viral infection or regularly drinking too much alcohol | +| [Haemochromatosis](/conditions/haemochromatosis/) | A gene that runs in families and may be passed from parents to children | +| [Primary biliary cholangitis](/conditions/primary-biliary-cholangitis-pbc/) | May be caused by a problem with the immune system | + +## Symptoms of liver disease + +Most types of liver disease do not cause any symptoms in the early stages. + +Once you start to get symptoms of liver disease, your liver is already damaged and scarred. This is known as [cirrhosis](/conditions/cirrhosis/). + +Symptoms of cirrhosis include: + +- feeling very tired and weak all the time +- loss of appetite – which may lead to weight loss +- [loss of sex drive (libido)](/symptoms/loss-of-libido/) +- yellow skin and whites of the eyes ([jaundice](/conditions/jaundice/)) +- [itchy skin](/symptoms/itchy-skin/) +- feeling or being sick + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> you think you might have liver disease or cirrhosis + +> **💡 Information:** If you or your child has been diagnosed with liver disease, the British Liver Trust or Children's Liver Disease Foundation can also offer advice and support. + +## Treatment for liver disease + +Treatment for liver disease depends on the type you have and how severe it is. + +Healthy lifestyle changes can help with some types of liver disease. For example, alcohol-related liver disease may improve if you stop drinking alcohol. + +Some types of liver disease (such as certain types of hepatitis) may need to be treated with medicine. + +If you have severe liver damage and scarring (cirrhosis), you may need a liver transplant. + +## How to prevent liver disease + +The 3 main causes of liver disease are: + +- [obesity](/conditions/obesity-old/) +- an undiagnosed [hepatitis](/conditions/hepatitis/) infection +- alcohol misuse, including [alcohol-use disorder](/conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/) + +You can reduce your risk of many types of liver disease with some simple lifestyle changes such as: + +- trying to maintain a healthy weight +- not drinking too much alcohol + +Vaccines are available for [hepatitis A](/conditions/hepatitis-a/) and [hepatitis B](/conditions/vaccinations/hepatitis-b-vaccine/). These are recommended if you're at risk. + +### Important + +You do not have to drink an excessive amount of alcohol to risk damaging your health. Regularly drinking just over the recommended levels can be harmful. + +## More information + +- Use the [BMI healthy weight calculator](/live-well/healthy-weight/bmi-calculator/) to find out your body mass index (BMI) +- [Start the NHS weight loss plan](https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/lose-weight/) +- Read about [cutting down on alcohol](/live-well/alcohol-advice/) +- Find out [who should have the hepatitis A vaccine](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hepatitis-a/vaccination/) and [who should have the hepatitis B vaccine](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hepatitis-b/#preventing-hepatitis-b) + +Page last reviewed: 09 August 2023 +Next review due: 09 August 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/low-blood-pressure-hypotension/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/low-blood-pressure-hypotension/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..233ef0a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/low-blood-pressure-hypotension/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +# Low blood pressure (hypotension) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/low-blood-pressure-hypotension/ + +**Low blood pressure is a reading of less than 90/60mmHg. It does not always cause symptoms, but you may need treatment if it does.** + +## Symptoms of low blood pressure + +Get your blood pressure checked if you keep getting symptoms like: + +- lightheadedness or dizziness +- feeling sick +- blurred vision +- generally feeling weak +- confusion +- fainting + +This might mean your blood pressure is too low. + +If you get symptoms when you stand up or suddenly change position, you may have a type of low blood pressure called postural hypotension. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you keep getting symptoms of low blood pressure such as dizziness and fainting + +## How to check your blood pressure + +You can check your blood pressure: + +- by asking if a pharmacist can do it +- by asking a practice nurse or GP to do it +- at home yourself using a home blood pressure monitor + +Low blood pressure is a measurement of less than 90/60mmHg. + +[Find out about monitoring your blood pressure at home and choosing a monitor from Blood Pressure UK](https://www.bloodpressureuk.org/your-blood-pressure/how-to-lower-your-blood-pressure/monitoring-your-blood-pressure-at-home/) + +> **💡 Information:** Understanding your blood pressure reading If you have a recent blood pressure reading use the NHS Check your blood pressure tool to understand what your reading means. You'll also get information about what to do next. + +## Regular blood pressure check + +If you're 40 to 74 years old, you should have your blood pressure checked at least once every 5 years as part of the [NHS Health Check](/tests-and-treatments/nhs-health-check/). + +## Treatment for low blood pressure + +If a cause for low blood pressure can be found, a GP will be able to recommend treatment to ease your symptoms. + +For example, they may suggest: + +- changing medicines or altering your dose, if this is the cause +- wearing support stockings – this can improve circulation and increase blood pressure + +Medicine to increase blood pressure is rarely needed because simple lifestyle measures or treating the underlying cause is usually effective. + +## How to ease low blood pressure symptoms yourself + +There are things you can do to help with symptoms of low blood pressure. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ get up slowly from sitting to standing +- ✅ take care when getting out of bed – move slowly from lying to sitting to standing +- ✅ eat small, frequent meals – lying down or sitting still for a while after eating may also help +- ✅ increase the amount of water you drink + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not sit or stand for long periods +- ❌ do not bend down or change posture suddenly +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol + +## Causes of low blood pressure + +Your blood pressure can vary depending on the time of day. + +What you're doing and how you're feeling can also affect it. + +There are many possible causes of low blood pressure. It may be low because you're fit and healthy, or you may have inherited it from your parents. + +Some people develop low blood pressure as they get older. + +It can also be caused by: + +- being pregnant +- some medical conditions, such as [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) +- some medicines + +Page last reviewed: 11 July 2023 +Next review due: 11 July 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/low-blood-sugar-hypoglycaemia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/low-blood-sugar-hypoglycaemia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..34ba851 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/low-blood-sugar-hypoglycaemia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +# Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/low-blood-sugar-hypoglycaemia/ + +**Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia or a hypo) is usually where your blood sugar (glucose) is below 4mmol/L. It needs to be treated quickly to stop it getting worse, but you can usually treat it yourself.** + +You can also have blood sugar that's too high. This is called [high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia)](/conditions/high-blood-sugar-hyperglycaemia/). + +## Symptoms of low blood sugar + +Low blood sugar usually affects people with [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) who take insulin or some other diabetes medicines. It's rare in people without diabetes. + +Symptoms of low blood sugar can include: + +- feeling hungry +- feeling dizzy +- feeling anxious or irritable +- sweating +- shaking +- tingling lips +- heart palpitations +- feeling tired or weak +- changes in your vision such as blurred vision +- feeling confused + +If you have severe low blood sugar you may: + +- have a seizure or fit +- become unconscious + +### Checking your blood sugar + +If you have diabetes and get any symptoms of low blood sugar, check your blood sugar if you can. If it's below 4mmol/L you'll need to take steps to treat it. + +## How to treat low blood sugar yourself + +If you have diabetes and get symptoms of low blood sugar (a hypo) or your blood sugar is below 4mmol/L: + +1. Eat or drink something that will raise your blood sugar quickly, such as a small glass of fruit juice or sugary fizzy drink, 5 glucose or dextrose tablets, 4 large jelly babies, or 2 tubes of glucose gel. +2. Check your blood sugar after 10 to 15 minutes. +3. If your blood sugar is still below 4mmol/L, have another sugary drink or snack, and check again after 10 minutes. +4. Once your symptoms have improved and your blood sugar is above 4mmol/L, eat something that will keep your blood sugar up for longer, such as some biscuits, a sandwich, or your next meal if it's due. + +### How to treat severe low blood sugar + +If someone has very low blood sugar (a severe hypo) and becomes unconscious: + +1. Do not give them any food or drink as they will not be able to swallow safely. +2. Put them into the [recovery position](/tests-and-treatments/first-aid/recovery-position/). +3. Give them a glucagon injection straight away, if one is available and you know how to use it. +4. If they start to recover within 10 minutes of having a glucagon injection and can swallow safely, give them some food or drink that will raise their blood sugar. +5. Stay with them until they're fully recovered. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You think someone has very low blood sugar and they're not responding normally or they're unconscious, and: +> +> - a glucagon injection is not available or you do not know how to use it +> - you've given a glucagon injection and they have not recovered within 10 minutes +> - they've been drinking alcohol + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have diabetes and you get low blood sugar (hypos) often, you've had severe hypos or you've had hypos at night +> - you have diabetes and you do not always recognise the symptoms when you have low blood sugar +> - you do not have diabetes and you get symptoms of low blood sugar such as shaking, sweating, a fast heartbeat and feeling confused +> +> If you have diabetes, you can also speak to your diabetes care team for advice. + +## How to reduce your risk of low blood sugar + +If you take medicine for diabetes, there are things you can do to reduce the risk of low blood sugar. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ follow the treatment plan agreed with your diabetes care team, including adjusting your insulin dose when you need to +- ✅ check your blood sugar regularly +- ✅ carry something with you that will raise your blood sugar quickly, such as sugary drinks, sweets or glucose tablets +- ✅ carry a glucagon injection kit and medical ID with you +- ✅ make sure your family and friends know how to treat severe low blood sugar +- ✅ ask your care team about getting acontinuous glucose monitor or flash monitorif you do not already have one +- ✅ if you have type 1 diabetes and often have problems with low blood sugar, ask your diabetes care team about switching to an insulin pump + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not skip or delay meals +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol – keep to the recommended guidelines of no more than 14units of alcohola week, spread over 3 days or more +- ❌ do not drink alcohol without eating + +> **💡 Information:** If you drive, you'll need to check your blood sugar before each journey and then every 2 hours while driving. If you get low blood sugar, do not drive for at least 45 minutes after your blood sugar is back to normal. The DVLA has more information about diabetes and driving . + +## How you get low blood sugar + +### If you have diabetes + +Diabetes causes [high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia)](/conditions/high-blood-sugar-hyperglycaemia/). Diabetes medicines treat your condition by lowering your blood sugar, but they can sometimes make it go too low. + +This is common if you take [insulin](/medicines/insulin/). It can also happen with some other diabetes medicines, such as [gliclazide](/medicines/gliclazide/) and glimepiride. + +You're more likely to get low blood sugar if you: + +- take too much insulin +- have problems with the way you inject insulin, such as injecting in the same place too often +- miss or delay meals, or do not eat enough carbohydrate +- do a lot of exercise without eating more carbohydrate or reducing your insulin dose +- drink a lot of alcohol, particularly without eating + +Sometimes it's not clear why it happens. + +### If you do not have diabetes + +It's rare to get low blood sugar if you do not have diabetes. It can sometimes be caused by conditions including: + +- [malnutrition](/conditions/malnutrition/) +- [Addison's disease](/conditions/addisons-disease/) +- a growth (tumour) in your pancreas + +Page last reviewed: 03 August 2023 +Next review due: 03 August 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/low-white-blood-cell-count/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/low-white-blood-cell-count/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ee19d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/low-white-blood-cell-count/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +# Low white blood cell count + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/low-white-blood-cell-count/ + +**A low white blood cell count usually means your body is not making enough white blood cells. It can increase your risk of getting infections.** + +## How you get a low white blood cell count + +Common causes of a low white blood cell count include: + +- cancer treatment, like radiotherapy and chemotherapy +- antipsychotic medicines +- medicine for an [overactive thyroid](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/) +- some cancers, like [leukaemia](/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/) +- infections such as [HIV](/conditions/hiv-and-aids/) or [hepatitis](/conditions/hepatitis/) +- autoimmune conditions like [rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/) + +Agranulocytosis and neutropenia are conditions that cause a low white blood cell count. + +## Symptoms of a low white blood cell count + +A low white blood cell count does not always cause any symptoms. + +The main symptom is getting frequent infections. Signs of an infection may include: + +- a high temperature, or feeling hot, cold or shivery +- sore throat +- mouth sores that keep coming back +- toothache +- skin rashes +- tiredness +- flu-like symptoms + +A blood test can tell you if your white blood cell count is low. + +## Treatment for a low white blood cell count + +Treatment for a low white blood cell count depends on what's causing it. Treatment often includes [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/). + +If it's caused by a medicine or other treatment you're having, you may need to stop the treatment or change your dose. + +You may also need specific treatment: + +- to boost your white blood cells +- if you've got an infection + +Occasionally, infections can lead to a life-threatening condition called [sepsis](/conditions/sepsis/). + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you know you're at risk of a low white blood cell count and you get an infection +> - you keep getting infections + +## Things you can do to avoid infections + +If you have a low white blood cell count caused by illness, cancer treatment or medicine, it's important to take steps to avoid infections. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ avoid close contact with people who are sick +- ✅ store and prepare food properly to avoid food poisoning +- ✅ wash your hands with soap and warm water regularly +- ✅ use an electric shaver instead of a razor +- ✅ avoid shared hot tubs + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not share food, cups, utensils, toothbrushes or make-up +- ❌ do not eat raw foods like meat, shellfish and eggs +- ❌ do not change cat litter or handle animal poo +- ❌ do not change nappies +- ❌ do not walk outside barefoot +- ❌ do not swim in ponds, lakes and rivers + +Page last reviewed: 28 July 2023 +Next review due: 28 July 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/lung-cancer/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/lung-cancer/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9eec55c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/lung-cancer/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +# Overview-Lung cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/ + +**Lung cancer is one of the most common and serious types of cancer. More than 43,000 people are diagnosed with the condition every year in the UK.** + +There are usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages of lung cancer, but many people with the condition eventually develop symptoms including: + +- a persistent cough +- coughing up blood +- persistent breathlessness +- unexplained tiredness and weight loss +- an ache or pain when breathing or coughing + +You should see a GP if you have these symptoms. + +## Types of lung cancer + +Cancer that begins in the lungs is called primary lung cancer. Cancer that spreads to the lungs from another place in the body is known as secondary lung cancer. This page is about primary lung cancer. + +There are two main forms of primary lung cancer. These are classified by the type of cells in which the cancer starts growing. They are: + +- non-small-cell lung cancer – the most common form, accounting for around 80 to 85 out of 100 cases. It can be one of three types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or large-cell carcinoma. +- small-cell lung cancer – a less common form that usually spreads faster than non-small-cell lung cancer. + +The type of lung cancer you have determines which treatments are recommended. + +## Who's affected + +Lung cancer mainly affects older people. It's rare in people younger than 40. More than 4 out of 10 people diagnosed with lung cancer in the UK are aged 75 and older. + +Although people who have never smoked can develop lung cancer, smoking is the most common cause (accounting for more than 70 out of 100 cases). This is because smoking involves regularly inhaling a number of different toxic substances. + +## Treating lung cancer + +Treatment depends on the type of mutation the cancer has, how far it's spread and how good your general health is. + +If the condition is diagnosed early and the cancerous cells are confined to a small area, surgery to remove the affected area of lung may be recommended. + +If surgery is unsuitable due to your general health, [radiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/radiotherapy/) to destroy the cancerous cells may be recommended instead. + +If the cancer has spread too far for surgery or radiotherapy to be effective, [chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/) is usually used. + +There are also a number of medicines known as targeted therapies. They target a specific change in or around the cancer cells that is helping them to grow. Targeted therapies cannot cure lung cancer but they can slow its spread. + +## Outlook + +Lung cancer does not usually cause noticeable symptoms until it's spread through the lungs or into other parts of the body. This means the outlook for the condition is not as good as many other types of cancer. + +About 2 in 5 people with the condition live for at least 1 year after they're diagnosed, and about 1 in 10 people live at least 10 years. + +However, survival rates vary widely, depending on how far the cancer has spread at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis can make a big difference. + +Page last reviewed: 01 November 2022 +Next review due: 01 November 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/lupus/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/lupus/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de2d2c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/lupus/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +# Lupus + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lupus/ + +**Lupus** **(systemic lupus erythematosus) is a long-term condition that causes joint pain, skin rashes and tiredness. There's no cure, but symptoms can improve if treatment starts early.** + +## Symptoms of lupus + +There are lots of possible symptoms of lupus. + +The main symptoms include: + +- joint and muscle pain +- extreme tiredness that will not go away no matter how much you rest +- rashes that usually come on after being in the sun – the rash is often over the nose and cheeks + +You might also have: + +- headaches +- mouth ulcers +- a high temperature +- hair loss +- weight loss +- swollen glands, usually in the neck, armpits or groin +- depression and anxiety +- chest or tummy pain +- changes in the colour of your fingers and toes when you're cold, anxious or stressed ([Raynaud's](/conditions/raynauds/)) + +### Symptom flare-ups + +Lupus often flares up (relapses) and symptoms become worse for a few weeks, sometimes longer. + +Symptoms then settle down (remission). The reason why symptoms flare up or settle down is not known. + +Some people do not notice any difference and their symptoms are constant. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you often get symptoms of lupus +> +> Lupus is better managed if it's found and treated early. + +## Tests for lupus + +Lupus is not always easy to diagnose because the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. + +A GP will usually do some blood tests. They may diagnose lupus if the tests show you have high levels of a certain type of antibody, and you also have the typical symptoms of lupus. + +You might be referred for X-rays and scans of your heart, kidneys and other organs if the doctor thinks they might be affected. + +If lupus is confirmed, you'll be advised to have regular checks and tests, such as blood tests to check for [anaemia](/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/) and urine tests to check for kidney problems. + +Lupus can range from mild to severe + +| Severity | How it affects the body | +| --- | --- | +| Mild | Joint and skin problems, tiredness | +| Moderate | Inflammation of other parts of the skin and body, including your lungs, heart and kidneys | +| Severe | Inflammation causing severe damage to the heart, lungs, brain or kidneys, which can be life- threatening | + +## Treatment for lupus + +Treatment you may have for lupus includes: + +- anti-inflammatory medicines like [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) +- hydroxychloroquine for fatigue and skin and joint problems +- steroid tablets, injections and creams for kidney inflammation and rashes + +Immunosuppressant or biological medicines are sometimes used to treat severe lupus. They help to calm or control your body's immune system. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more about lupus and how it's treated on the Arthritis UK website + +## Things you can do if you have lupus + +Although medicines are important in controlling lupus, you can help manage your symptoms and reduce the risk of it getting worse. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ use high-factor (at least factor 50) sunscreen and wear a hat in the sun – you can get sunscreen on prescription if you have lupus +- ✅ learn to pace yourself to avoid getting too tired +- ✅ try to stay active, even on a bad day +- ✅ try relaxation techniques to manage stress – stress can make symptoms worse +- ✅ tell your employer about your condition – you might be able to adjust your working pattern +- ✅ ask for help from family, friends and health professionals +- ✅ eat ahealthy, balanced diet, including vitamin D and calcium + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke – smoking makes lupus worse so it's important tostop smoking +- ❌ do not sit in direct sunlight or spend a lot of time in rooms with fluorescent lights + +> **💡 Information:** Help and support Lupus UK: information, advice and support + +## Causes of lupus + +Lupus is an autoimmune condition. This means the body's natural defence system (immune system) attacks healthy parts of your body. + +It's not contagious. + +The causes of lupus are not fully understood. Possible causes include: + +- viral infection +- certain medicines +- sunlight +- puberty +- childbirth +- menopause + +More women than men get lupus, and it's more common in women with an African, Caribbean, Asian or Chinese background. + +## Lupus in pregnancy + +Lupus can cause complications in pregnancy. + +See a doctor before trying to get pregnant. They can discuss the risks and check if your medicine needs to be changed. + +## Video: lupus in children + +Watch this video to find out how lupus (an autoimmune condition) affects children. + +Media last reviewed: 10 August 2024 +Media review due: 10 August 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 19 July 2023 +Next review due: 19 July 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/lyme-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/lyme-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db58b38 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/lyme-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +# Lyme disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lyme-disease/ + +## Symptoms of Lyme disease + +A circular or oval shape rash around a tick bite can be an early symptom of Lyme disease in some people. + +The rash can appear up to 3 months after being bitten by an infected tick, but usually appears within 1 to 4 weeks. It can last for several weeks. + +The rash can have a darker or lighter area in the centre and might gradually spread. It's not usually hot or itchy. + +The rash may be flat, or slightly raised, and look pink, red, or purple when it appears on white skin. It can be harder to see the rash on brown and black skin and it may look like a bruise. + +![A round, red area, surrounded by a red, ring-shape rash, from Lyme disease. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0817_lyme-disease_C0031417.original.width-320.jpg) + +The rash may look like a bullseye on a dartboard. + +![A round, red rash with a slightly darker centre, on the upper arm, caused by Lyme disease. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0817_lyme-disease_M2000232.original.width-320.jpg) + +Sometimes the edges of the rash may feel slightly raised. + +![A round, raised rash with a slightly darker centre, on the upper arm, caused by Lyme disease. Shown on black skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Lyme_Disease.width-320.jpg) + +The rash can be less obvious on black or brown skin, and may look more like a bruise. + +Some people also get flu-like symptoms a few days or weeks after they were bitten by an infected tick, such as: + +- a high temperature, or feeling hot, cold or shivery +- headache +- muscle and joint pain +- tiredness and loss of energy + +Other symptoms of Lyme disease + +Some people with Lyme disease develop more severe symptoms months or years later. + +This is more likely if treatment is delayed. + +These more severe symptoms may include: + +- pain and swelling in joints +- nerve problems – such as pain or numbness +- heart problems +- trouble with memory or concentration + +## The chance of getting Lyme disease + +Not all ticks in England carry the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. + +But it's still important to be aware of ticks and to safely remove them as soon as possible, just in case. + +Ticks that may cause Lyme disease are found all over the UK, but high-risk places include grassy and wooded areas in southern England and the Scottish Highlands. + +What are ticks? + +![A red-brown tick on white skin, surrounded by brown hairs. The tick has a small oval body and 8 legs.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0817_tick_M3200189.original.width-320.jpg) + +Ticks are tiny spider-like creatures that live in woods, areas with long grass, and sometimes in urban parks and gardens. They're found all over the UK. + +Ticks do not jump or fly. They attach to the skin of animals or humans that brush past them. + +Once a tick bites into the skin, it feeds on blood for a few days before dropping off. + +## How to avoid Lyme disease + +You can reduce your risk of getting Lyme disease by avoiding tick bites and removing the tick quickly if you do get bitten. + +### How to spot and remove ticks + +To remove a tick safely: + +1. Use fine-tipped tweezers or a tick-removal tool. You can buy these from some pharmacies, vets and pet shops. +2. Grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible. +3. Slowly pull upwards, taking care not to squeeze or crush the tick. Dispose of it when you have removed it. +4. Clean the bite with antiseptic or soap and water. + +The chance of getting ill is low. You do not need to do anything else unless you notice a rash or become unwell. + +![An illustration of a tick with its head buried under skin. Tweezers are around the tick's head, pulling it out of the skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A_0418_tick_removal__E6ATJC.original.width-320.jpg) + +You can remove a tick safely using fine-tipped tweezers. + +### Important + +Tick bites are not always painful. You may not notice a tick unless you see it on your skin. + +Regularly check for ticks on your clothes and skin, and on children and pets after being outdoors. + +### How to avoid tick bites + +To reduce the chance of being bitten by a tick: + +- cover your skin while walking outdoors and tuck your trousers into your socks +- use insect repellent on your clothes and skin – products containing DEET are best +- stay on clear paths whenever possible +- wear light-coloured clothing so ticks are easier to see and brush off + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You've been bitten by a tick or visited an area in the past 3 months where infected ticks could be, and you either: +> +> - feel unwell with flu-like symptoms – such as feeling hot or cold, feeling shivery, headaches or aching muscles +> - have a round or oval shape rash +> +> Tell them if you have recently been in forests or grassy areas. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## What happens at your appointment + +If you think you could have Lyme disease the GP will ask about your symptoms and consider any rash or recent tick bites you know about. + +Lyme disease can be difficult to diagnose. It has similar symptoms to other conditions and there's not always an obvious rash. + +2 types of blood test are available to help confirm or rule out Lyme disease. But these tests are not always accurate in the early stages of the disease. + +You may need to be retested if you still have Lyme disease symptoms after a negative result. + +## Treatment for Lyme disease from a GP + +If a GP thinks you might have Lyme disease, they'll prescribe a course of antibiotics. + +Treatment is more effective if it's started as soon as possible. + +The antibiotics you're given will depend on your symptoms, but you may need to take them for up to 28 days. It's important to finish the course, even if you start to feel better. + +If you have severe symptoms you may be referred to a specialist in hospital so antibiotics can be given directly into a vein. + +Most people with Lyme disease get better after antibiotic treatment. This can take months for some people, but the symptoms should improve over time. + +If you have symptoms of Lyme disease that last a long time after treatment you may be referred to a specialist in hospital for advice and more blood tests. + +### Important + +Some websites offer tests and treatment for Lyme disease that may not be supported by scientific evidence. + +Speak to a doctor for advice before buying tests or treatment online. + +## Ongoing symptoms of Lyme disease + +A few people who are diagnosed and treated for Lyme disease continue to have symptoms, like tiredness, aches and loss of energy, that can last for years. + +These symptoms are often compared to [fibromyalgia](/conditions/fibromyalgia/) and [chronic fatigue syndrome](/conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs/). + +It's not clear why this happens to some people and not others. This means there's also no agreed treatment. + +Speak to a doctor if your symptoms come back, or do not improve, after treatment with antibiotics. + +The doctor may be able to offer you further support if needed, such as: + +- referral for a [care needs assessment](/social-care-and-support/help-from-social-services-and-charities/getting-a-needs-assessment/) +- telling your employer, school or higher education institution that you need a gradual return to activities +- communicating with children and families' social care + +Page last reviewed: 03 June 2025 +Next review due: 03 June 2028 + +Some images provided by the [Lyme Disease Research Center at Johns Hopkins University](https://www.hopkinslyme.org/). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/lymphoedema/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/lymphoedema/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..812bd74 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/lymphoedema/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +# Overview-Lymphoedema + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lymphoedema/ + +**Lymphoedema is a long-term (chronic) condition that causes swelling in the body's tissues. It can affect any part of the body, but usually develops in the arms or legs.** + +It develops when the lymphatic system does not work properly. The lymphatic system is a network of channels and glands throughout the body that helps fight infection and remove excess fluid. + +It's important that lymphoedema is identified and treated as soon as possible. If it is not treated, it can get worse. + +## Symptoms of lymphoedema + +The main symptom of lymphoedema is swelling in all or part of a limb or another part of the body. It can be difficult to fit into clothes, and jewellery and watches can feel tight. + +At first, the swelling may be soft and easy to push in, leaving a dent, and may come and go. It may get worse during the day and go down overnight. Without treatment, it will usually become more severe and persistent. + +Other symptoms in an affected body part can include: + +- an aching, heavy feeling +- difficulty with movement +- repeated skin infections +- developing hard, tight or thickened skin +- folds developing in the skin +- wart-like growths developing on the skin +- fluid leaking through the skin + +Signs of lymphoedema in the head and neck may include swelling or heaviness in the face, mouth or throat, and problems with swallowing and speech. + +## What causes lymphoedema? + +Lymphoedema is caused by a problem with the lymphatic system, a network of vessels and glands spread throughout the body. The main functions of the lymphatic system are helping fight infection and draining excess fluid from tissues. + +There are 2 main types of lymphoedema: + +- primary lymphoedema – caused by faulty genes that affect the development of the lymphatic system; it can develop at any age, but usually starts during infancy, adolescence, or early adulthood +- secondary lymphoedema – caused by damage to the lymphatic system or problems with the movement and drainage of fluid in the lymphatic system; it can be the result of a cancer treatment, an infection, injury, inflammation of the limb, or a lack of limb movement + +[Read more about the causes of lymphoedema](/conditions/lymphoedema/causes/) + +## Who's affected + +Lymphoedema is thought to affect more than 200,000 people in the UK. Primary lymphoedema is rare and secondary lymphoedema is much more common. + +Secondary lymphoedema often affects people with cancers that involve the lymph system or who've had treatment to the lymph nodes, such as [breast cancer](/conditions/breast-cancer/), [vulval cancer](/conditions/vulval-cancer/), [penile cancer](/conditions/penile-cancer/), and [head and neck cancer](/conditions/head-and-neck-cancer/). + +People who have treatment for [skin cancer (melanoma)](/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/) in the lymph nodes in the groin can also get lymphoedema. + +Your treatment team will let you know if you're at risk of getting lymphoedema from your cancer or cancer treatment. Any planned treatment you have will try to avoid causing damage to your lymph nodes. + +[Cancer Research UK has more information about lymphoedema and cancer](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/lymphoedema-and-cancer). + +## Diagnosing lymphoedema + +See a GP if you experience the typical symptoms of lymphoedema, such as swelling in your arms and legs. They may refer you to a specialist lymphoedema treatment centre for further assessment. + +In many cases, lymphoedema can be diagnosed from your symptoms and medical history, and by examining the affected body part and measuring the distance around it to see if it's enlarged. + +Occasionally, further tests may be necessary to assess and monitor your condition. + +If you're being treated for cancer and are at risk of developing lymphoedema, you'll be monitored for it afterwards. + +[Read more about diagnosing lymphoedema](/conditions/lymphoedema/diagnosis/) + +## Treating lymphoedema + +There's no cure for lymphoedema, but it's usually possible to control the main symptoms using techniques to minimise fluid build-up and stimulate the flow of fluid through the lymphatic system. + +These include wearing compression garments, taking good care of your skin, moving and exercising regularly, having a healthy diet and lifestyle, and using specialised massage techniques. + +Read more about [treating lymphoedema](/conditions/lymphoedema/treatment/) and [preventing lymphoedema](/conditions/lymphoedema/prevention/). + +## Complications + +Cellulitis is the most common complication of lymphoedema. It can also have a significant psychological impact. It can be serious if it's not treated quickly. + +### Cellulitis + +If you have lymphoedema, the build-up of fluid in your tissues makes you more vulnerable to infection. + +[Cellulitis](/conditions/cellulitis/) is a bacterial infection of the deep layer of skin (dermis) that often affects people with lymphoedema. Cellulitis can also sometimes cause lymphoedema. + +Symptoms of cellulitis can include: + +- redness and a feeling of heat in the skin – this may be harder to see on brown and black skin +- pain and increased swelling in the affected area +- a high temperature, or feeling hot, cold or shivery + +[Antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/) taken by mouth (orally) can usually be used to treat cellulitis, although severe cases may need to be treated in hospital with antibiotics given directly into a vein (intravenously). + +### Psychological impact + +Living with a long-term condition that affects your appearance can cause a great deal of distress and lead to periods of [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/). + +You may be depressed if you've been feeling down for the past few months and no longer find pleasure in things you usually enjoy. + +If this is the case, talk to a GP or a member of your lymphoedema treatment team. Effective treatments are available for depression. + +Talking to other people with lymphoedema can be reassuring and decrease feelings of isolation, stress and anxiety. + +[Visit the Lymphoedema Support Network website for information and advice](https://www.lymphoedema.org/). They can also put you in touch with a support group in your area. + +If you continue with your treatment plan, your symptoms should eventually become less noticeable. + +## Video: lymphoedema - Philippa's story + +In this video, Philippa describes how she lives with primary lymphoedema. + +Media last reviewed: 2 December 2023 +Media review due: 2 December 2026 + +Page last reviewed: 29 March 2023 +Next review due: 29 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/measles/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/measles/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bae93d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/measles/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +# Measles + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/measles/ + +## Symptoms of measles + +Measles usually starts with cold-like symptoms, followed by a rash a few days later. Some people may also get small spots in their mouth. + +### Cold-like symptoms + +The first symptoms of measles include: + +- a high temperature +- a runny or blocked nose +- sneezing +- a cough +- red, sore, watery eyes + +### Spots in the mouth + +![A number of very small white spots inside a person’s mouth.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_kopliks-spots_M2100363.original.width-320.jpg) + +Small white spots may appear inside the cheeks and on the back of the lips a few days later. These spots usually last a few days. + +### The measles rash + +A rash usually appears a few days after the cold-like symptoms. + +The rash starts on the face and behind the ears before spreading to the rest of the body. + +![The measles rash on the forehead of a child with light brown skin. The rash looks like pale red blotchy patches.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_408024505.original.width-320.jpg) + +![The measles rash on a person with white skin. The person’s arms, chest and tummy are almost completely covered with red, blotchy patches.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_measles-torso_M2100364.original.width-320.jpg) + +The spots of the measles rash are sometimes raised and join together to form blotchy patches. They're not usually itchy. + +![A close-up of the measles rash on someone with white skin, showing some raised red spots joined together to form blotchy patches.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A_1017_measles-rash_D1BM7H.original.width-320.jpg) + +The rash looks brown or red on white skin. It may be harder to see on brown and black skin. + +![The measles rash on a child with brown skin. The rash looks like pale red to brown blotchy patches covering the child's arm, chest and face.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/measles-27.width-320.jpg) + +![The measles rash on the back of a child with dark brown skin. The rash looks like dark red to brown, slightly raised, blotchy patches covering the child’s back.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M11_-_measles.width-320.jpg) + +> **💡 Information:** Vaccination or previous infection It's unlikely to be measles if you've had both doses of the MMRV or MMR vaccine or you've had measles before. See other rashes in babies and children + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you or your child may have measles +> - your child is under 1 year old and has come into contact with someone who has measles +> - you've been in close contact with someone who has measles and you're pregnant or have a weakened immune system +> - you or your child have not had measles or 2 doses of either the MMRV or MMR vaccine and you (or your child) have been in close contact with someone with measles +> - you or your child have a high temperature that has not come down after taking paracetamol or ibuprofen +> - you or your child have difficulty breathing – you may feel more short of breath than usual +> - your baby or young child is not feeding well, or taking less feeds or fluids than usual +> - you or your child are peeing less than usual (or your baby has fewer wet nappies) +> - you or your child feels very unwell, or you're worried something is seriously wrong +> +> Measles can spread to others easily. Call your GP surgery before you go in. They may suggest talking over the phone or arrange for you to come to a part of the surgery where you’re separated from others. +> +> You can also call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/). + +## How to look after yourself or your child + +Measles usually starts to get better in about a week. + +After seeing a GP, there are things you can do to help ease the symptoms and reduce the risk of spreading the infection. + +It can help to: + +- rest and drink plenty of fluids, such as water, to avoid dehydration +- give your child [paracetamol for children](/medicines/paracetamol-for-children/) or [ibuprofen for children](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-children/) if they're distressed or uncomfortable – check the packaging or leaflet to make sure the medicine is suitable for your child, or speak to a pharmacist or GP if you're not sure +- adults can take [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) for a high temperature +- use cotton wool soaked in water that has been boiled and allowed to cool to gently remove any crusts from your or your child's eyes + +### Important + +Stay off nursery, school or work for at least 4 days from when the rash first appears. + +Also try to avoid close contact with babies and anyone who is pregnant or has a weakened immune system. + +## How to avoid spreading or catching measles + +Measles is spread when an infected person breathes, coughs or sneezes. + +You’re infectious from when you first have symptoms (around 4 days before the rash appears) until 4 days after you get the rash. + +There are things you can do to reduce the risk of spreading or catching measles. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ open windows and doors to help reduce the risk of measles spreading – only open the top window or use safety catches if you have young children +- ✅ wash your hands often with soap and warm water +- ✅ use tissues when you cough or sneeze and throw them in the bin immediately after using them + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not share cutlery, cups, towels, clothes, or bedding + +## Complications of measles + +Measles can lead to serious problems if it spreads to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain. + +Problems that can be caused by measles include: + +- [pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/) +- [meningitis](/conditions/meningitis/) +- blindness +- seizures (fits) + +These problems are rare, but some people are more at risk. This includes babies and people with weakened immune systems. + +### Measles in pregnancy + +If you get measles when you're pregnant, it could harm your baby. + +It can cause: + +- [miscarriage](/conditions/miscarriage/) or [stillbirth](/conditions/stillbirth/) +- [premature birth](/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/premature-labour-and-birth/) (before the 37th week of pregnancy) +- your baby having a low birthweight + +It's important to get medical advice if you're pregnant and have been in close contact with someone who has measles. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You or your child has measles and: +> +> - have a seizure (fit) +> - have severe difficulty breathing – you're gasping, choking or not able to get words out (babies may make grunting noises or their stomach may suck under their ribcage) +> - are unable to stay awake – cannot keep their eyes open for more than a few seconds +> - suddenly become confused – your child may be very unsettled, behaving differently, or crying non-stop +> - your child is limp, floppy or not responding normally – their head may fall to the side, backwards or forwards, or they may find it difficult to lift their head and focus on your face +> - have a rash that does not fade when you press a glass against it +> - have a stiff neck, or find light uncomfortable or painful + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Get vaccinated against measles + +The MMRV and MMR vaccines can prevent measles. Both vaccines also protects you from [mumps](/conditions/mumps/) and [rubella](/conditions/rubella/), and the MMRV vaccine also protects you from [chickenpox](/conditions/chickenpox/). + +The MMRV vaccine is offered to all young children in the UK. The MMR vaccine is recommended for adults and older children if they were not vaccinated when they were younger. + +Ask at your GP surgery if you're not sure you or your child have had either of these vaccines. Your GP can vaccinate you for free on the NHS. + +Find out more about the: + +- [MMRV vaccine](/vaccinations/mmrv-vaccine/) +- [MMR vaccine](/vaccinations/mmr-vaccine/) + +Page last reviewed: 31 July 2025 +Next review due: 31 July 2028 + +Some images provided by [DermNet](https://dermnetnz.org/) and [Skin Deep (Don't Forget The Bubbles)](https://dftbskindeep.com/). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/menieres-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/menieres-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3be188a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/menieres-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# Ménière's disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/menieres-disease/ + +**Ménière's disease is a rare inner ear condition that can affect your balance and hearing. It cannot be cured, but treatment can help the symptoms.** + +## Check if you have Ménière's disease + +Ménière's disease symptoms come and go. + +When you get symptoms, they start suddenly and can last anywhere between a few minutes and 24 hours. Some people have symptoms more often than others. + +Symptoms include: + +- feeling like you or everything around you is spinning ([vertigo](/conditions/vertigo/)) +- losing your balance +- ringing or buzzing sounds in 1 or both ears ([tinnitus](/conditions/tinnitus/)) +- hearing loss +- feeling pressure, discomfort or pain deep inside your ear +- feeling or being sick + +Over time, your hearing may gradually get worse and you may get constant tinnitus. + +> **💡 Information:** If you're not sure it's Ménière's disease Having these symptoms does not mean you definitely have Ménière's disease. Conditions that can have similar symptoms include: ear infections labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis migraine Do not self-diagnose. See a GP if you're worried. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of Ménière's disease + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You feel like you or everything around you is spinning and: +> +> - your face droops on 1 side (the mouth or eye may have drooped) +> - you cannot lift up both arms and keep them there +> - you have difficulty speaking (speech may be slurred or garbled) +> - you have sudden problems with the vision in 1 eye +> +> These can be signs of a stroke, which is a medical emergency. The symptoms of a stroke usually come on suddenly. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +## What happens at your appointment + +If you have symptoms of Ménière's disease, a GP will ask you about your symptoms, check inside your ears, and look at your head and neck. + +They may also ask you to do some exercises, such as marching on the spot or standing with your heels together and your eyes closed. + +If the GP thinks you have Ménière's disease, they'll refer you to a specialist for further tests, such as blood tests and an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/). + +## Treatment for Ménière's disease + +There's no cure for Ménière's disease, but your symptoms can be managed with treatment. + +Treatment includes: + +- medicines to help symptoms such as vertigo, feeling sick and being sick +- hearing aids +- help to manage your [tinnitus](/conditions/tinnitus/), which can include different types of therapy +- help to improve your balance (vestibular rehabilitation) + +Rarely, you may be offered surgery on your inner ear if you're finding it difficult to manage your symptoms. + +Ménière's disease can have an impact on your everyday life, which can affect your mental health. + +[Counselling](/tests-and-treatments/counselling/) and relaxation techniques, such as [breathing exercises](/mental-health/self-help/guides-tools-and-activities/breathing-exercises-for-stress/), can help. + +## Things you can try to help with Ménière's disease + +Ménière's disease symptoms can come on suddenly and without warning. + +There are some lifestyle changes you can make that may help manage the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ keep your medicines with you at all times +- ✅ consider the risks and take care if doing things like swimming, climbing ladders or using dangerous machinery +- ✅ drink lots of fluids +- ✅ talk to a GP about trying a low-salt diet +- ✅ try to avoid caffeine in drinks such as tea and coffee and foods like chocolate + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not drive if you feel dizzy or symptoms of vertigo are coming on +- ❌ do not drink alcohol +- ❌ do not smoke + +### Important + +You must tell the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) if you have dizziness that comes on suddenly or happens often. + +[GOV.UK: Dizziness or vertigo and driving](https://www.gov.uk/dizziness-and-driving) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Ménière's Society: Ménière's disease + +Page last reviewed: 25 April 2023 +Next review due: 25 April 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/meningitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/meningitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70b6cfa --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/meningitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +# Meningitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/ + +## Symptoms of meningitis + +The symptoms of meningitis develop suddenly and can include: + +- a high temperature (fever) +- very cold hands and feet +- a stiff neck +- joint and muscle pain +- a severe headache that is getting worse +- eye pain when looking at bright lights +- seizures (fits) +- vomiting (being sick) and diarrhoea +- confusion +- being very sleepy or difficult to wake +- spots or a rash that does not fade when pressed with a glass (this may be harder to see on brown or black skin) + +Babies and children under 5 years may also: + +- not want to feed +- have a high-pitched, unusual cry +- have a stiff body or be floppy or unresponsive +- have a bulging soft spot on the top of their head + +Some of the early symptoms of meningitis can be similar to flu, a stomach bug or a hangover. + +### Examples of the meningitis rash + +Not everyone with meningitis gets spots or a rash, but it's important to know what to look for. + +![A red, spotty rash that looks like small red pinpricks. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A_1017_meningitis-rash_ATB0C2.original.width-320.jpg) + +The rash usually starts as small red pinpricks before spreading quickly and turning into red or purple blotches. The rash can be harder to see on black or brown skin. + +![A clear glass being pressed against a red, spotty rash on white skin. The rash is not fading and is visible through the glass.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/meningitis_342x198_A8FF2B.width-320.jpg) + +The rash does not fade if you press the side of a clear glass firmly against the skin. + +![A blotchy rash spreading across a person’s lower leg. Shown on dark brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/MRUK_0119_meningitis_on_black_skin_copy.width-320.jpg) + +The rash can be harder to see on brown or black skin. Check paler areas, such as the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, roof of the mouth, whites of the eyes or inside the eyelids. + +## When and where to get medical help + +You need to get medical help immediately if you think you or your child might have meningitis. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> #### An adult or child aged 5 years or over: +> +> - has a very high or very low temperature, feels hot or cold to the touch, or is shivery +> - has a very painful headache +> - is confused, has slurred speech, or is not making sense +> - has a stiff neck and cannot look at bright lights +> - has a rash that does not fade when you press it +> - has a seizure (fit) for the first time +> - has symptoms you're worried might be meningitis +> +> #### A baby or child under 5 years: +> +> - has a very high temperature – 38C or more in babies under 3 months old, or 39C or more in babies 3 to 6 months old +> - has a very low temperature – less than 36C, or feels cold to the touch or is shivery +> - has a weak, high-pitched or continuous cry +> - has a rash that does not fade when you press it +> - is not responding like they normally do, is not feeding, or is floppy, difficult to wake or more sleepy than usual +> - has symptoms you're worried might be meningitis +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +### Trust your instincts + +A child or adult with meningitis might not have every symptom listed. Get immediate medical help if you or your child are unwell and you think there's something seriously wrong. + +## Causes of meningitis + +Meningitis can be caused by many different types of viruses or bacteria, which are spread through close contact with a person who has them. For example: + +- contact with the person's spit, such as kissing them, or sharing drinks or vapes +- being in close contact with the person for a lot of time, such as living in the same home + +The infection is usually spread by people who carry these viruses or bacteria but are not ill themselves. + +Although anyone can get it, meningitis is more common in: + +- babies and young children +- teenagers and young adults +- older people +- people with a weakened immune system – for example, people with [HIV](/conditions/hiv-and-aids/) or having [chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/) + +It's possible to get meningitis more than once. + +## How to reduce your risk of meningitis + +Vaccines are one of the safest and most effective ways to protect you and your child against meningitis. + +As part of the [NHS vaccination schedule](/vaccinations/nhs-vaccinations-and-when-to-have-them/), children and teenagers are offered vaccines that protect against the main causes of meningitis, such as the MenB, MenACWY, pneumococcal, 6-in-1 and MMRV vaccines. + +### MenB vaccine for young people + +From 20 July 2026, the MenB vaccine will be offered to: + +- teenagers aged 17 or 18 who are born between 1 September 2007 and 31 August 2008 +- young people aged 24 or under who are starting university or some types of residential further education for the first time + +You'll be able to book an appointment online or go to a walk-in vaccination site and get vaccinated without an appointment. + +> **💡 Information:** Check if your vaccines are up to date If you're not sure whether your or your child's vaccinations are up to date you can: use the NHS App to view your vaccinations history ask at your GP surgery + +## Treatments for meningitis + +The treatment for meningitis depends on whether it's caused by a bacterial or viral infection. You'll need some tests in hospital to find out what's causing it. + +Viral meningitis tends to get better on its own within 7 to 10 days. It can often be treated at home with plenty of rest, painkillers and anti-sickness medicine. + +Bacterial meningitis needs to be treated in hospital, usually for at least a week. Treatments may include: + +- [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/) given directly into a vein +- fluids given directly into a vein +- oxygen through a face mask + +## Recovering from meningitis + +Viral meningitis does not usually cause any long-term problems and most people make a full recovery. + +Bacterial meningitis is rarer but more serious. It may cause long-term problems such as: + +- hearing or vision loss +- seizures (fits) +- problems with movement and co-ordination +- problems with memory and concentration + +Bacterial meningitis can be fatal. + +## Help and support for meningitis + +If you or your child have had meningitis, you may find it useful to get in touch with organisations who can provide further support and advice. + +### Meningitis Now + +A charity providing information and support services for anyone affected by meningitis. + +- Website: [www.meningitisnow.org](https://www.meningitisnow.org) +- Helpline: 0808 80 10 388 +- [Meningitis Now: get support](https://www.meningitisnow.org/get-support/) + +### The Meningitis Research Foundation + +A charity providing information and support services for anyone affected by meningitis. + +- Website: [www.meningitis.org](https://www.meningitis.org) +- [Meningitis Research Foundation: support services](https://www.meningitis.org/get-support/help-and-support/support-services/) +- [Meningitis Research Foundation: what are the after-effects of meningitis?](https://www.meningitis.org/about-meningitis/meningitis-after-effects/) + +> **💡 Information:** More information GOV.UK: meningitis patient factsheet GOV.UK: vaccine safety factsheet \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/migraine/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/migraine/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..afe4b07 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/migraine/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +# Overview-Migraine + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/ + +## Symptoms of migraine + +Migraine is a condition that causes a set of symptoms known as a migraine attack. + +The main symptoms of a migraine attack are: + +- a throbbing headache – this can be severe, often on 1 side of the head and can be worse when you move around +- feeling or being sick (nausea and vomiting) +- being very sensitive to light and sounds + +You may also get symptoms at the start of a migraine attack, such as: + +- feeling very tired and yawning a lot +- craving certain foods or feeling thirsty +- changes in your mood +- a stiff neck +- peeing more + +Some people get warning signs that they're about to have a migraine attack (called aura), such as: + +- problems with your sight, such as seeing zigzag lines or flashing lights +- numbness or a tingling that feels like pins and needles +- feeling dizzy +- difficulty speaking + +Aura symptoms should not last for longer than 1 hour. + +Migraine attacks usually last between 4 hours and 3 days, with early symptoms (such as feeling very tired) starting hours or up to 2 days before the head pain starts and finishing after the headache stops. + +Some people have migraine attacks several times a week, while others do not have them as often. + +Migraine attacks that happen just before or during your period are called menstrual migraines. They are often longer and more severe than migraine attacks at other times. + +Most people find their migraine attacks slowly get better as they get older. + +In women, migraine often gets better after the menopause and sometimes improves in pregnancy. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more The Migraine Trust: what is migraine? The Migraine Trust: stages of a migraine attack The Migraine Trust: types of migraine + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - your migraine attacks are severe or getting worse, or lasting longer than usual +> - you have migraine attacks more than once a week +> - you're finding it difficult to control your migraine +> - you regularly get migraine before or during your period + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have a migraine attack and: +> +> - it's lasted longer than 72 hours +> - aura symptoms last longer than 1 hour at a time +> - you're pregnant or just had a baby +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - have a headache that came on suddenly and is extremely painful +> - have problems speaking or remembering things +> - lose your vision, or have blurred or double vision +> - feel drowsy or confused +> - have a seizure or fit +> - have a very high temperature and [symptoms of meningitis](/conditions/meningitis/) +> - cannot move or have weakness in the arms or legs on 1 side of your body, or 1 side of your face +> - have recently had a head injury + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +## Treatment for migraine + +Migraine cannot be cured, but treatment can help: + +- manage symptoms of a migraine attack +- prevent migraines attacks + +The treatments available will depend on how severe your migraine is and how often you get migraine attacks. + +You may have to try a combination of treatments before you find something that works for you. + +Treatment for symptoms of a migraine attack includes: + +- painkillers, such as ibuprofen and paracetamol +- medicines called triptans and gepants +- medicines that stop you feeling sick or being sick + +If you're taking painkillers, take them as soon as your headache starts. + +Treatment to prevent migraine attacks includes: + +- medicines that help prevent migraine attacks, such as beta blockers, antidepressants and medicines for epilepsy +- acupuncture +- relaxation techniques and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) +- vitamin B2 + +A GP may also recommend making changes to your lifestyle to help manage migraine, such as eating at regular times and drinking less caffeine. + +If none of these treatments help your symptoms, or they're getting worse, you may be referred to a specialist for further tests and treatment. + +### Important + +Try not to take painkillers for more than 2 days a week as this can cause you to get more headaches and make migraine harder to treat. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more The Migraine Trust: treatment options The Migraine Trust: migraine in pregnancy + +## Causes of migraine + +It's not known what causes migraine, but it happens when there are changes to nerves and blood vessels in the brain. + +You're more likely to get it if you have a close family member who has it. + +Women are also more likely to get migraine than men. + +Some people find certain triggers can cause migraine attacks, such as: + +- having your period +- anxiety and depression +- stress and tiredness +- skipping meals or not eating regularly +- too much caffeine +- not getting enough regular exercise + +It can help to keep a migraine diary to help you work out what might trigger your migraine attacks. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more The Migraine Trust: keeping a headache diary + +## Things you can do to ease or reduce migraine + +There are things you can do yourself to manage migraine, with help and advice from a GP. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try sleeping or lying down in a darkened room during a migraine attack +- ✅ try to avoid things you know trigger your migraine attacks +- ✅ stay well hydrated, and limit how much caffeine and alcohol you drink +- ✅ try to keep to a healthy weight +- ✅ eat meals at regular times +- ✅ get regular exercise +- ✅ get plenty of sleep +- ✅ try to manage your stress + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more The Migraine Trust: living with migraine + +## Video: Migraine + +Migraines affect 10 million people in the UK. Identifying and avoiding the things that trigger migraines is an important part of managing them, says Dr Dawn Harper. + +Media last reviewed: 16 June 2026 +Media review due: 16 June 2029 + +Page last reviewed: 10 March 2026 +Next review due: 10 March 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/miscarriage/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/miscarriage/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d92711 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/miscarriage/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +# Miscarriage + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/ + +## Symptoms of a miscarriage + +The main symptom of miscarriage is usually vaginal bleeding that happens before 24 weeks of pregnancy. + +Signs of bleeding in pregnancy may include: + +- spots of pink, red or brown blood on your underwear or toilet paper (spotting) +- larger areas of pink, red or brown blood that may need a period pad (light bleeding) +- red blood that soaks through a pad (heavy bleeding) + +Other symptoms of a miscarriage can include: + +- pain and cramping in your lower tummy +- pink, grey or white lumps coming out of your vagina, which may look or feel stringy +- fluid suddenly coming out of your vagina + +Sometimes you may have no symptoms and you'll only find out you've had a miscarriage at a pregnancy scan. This is called a missed miscarriage. + +> **💡 Information:** Vaginal bleeding and tummy pain in pregnancy can be caused by other things and are not always serious. But if you’re worried you can call your maternity unit (if you have one), or you can call NHS 111. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You’re pregnant and have either: +> +> - light vaginal bleeding or spotting (but no, or only mild, tummy pain that does not stop you doing daily tasks) +> - vaginal discharge that's unusual for you or fluid leaking from your vagina +> +> Call your maternity unit if you have the phone number. +> +> If you’re less than 20 weeks pregnant, an early pregnancy unit may be able to help. You can find how to contact one on your local NHS trust website or in your maternity notes. +> +> If you do not have a maternity unit yet or cannot contact an early pregnancy unit, call NHS 111. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You're pregnant, have vaginal bleeding and: +> +> - you have severe pain in your tummy (you cannot do daily tasks or focus on TV or reading a book because of the pain) +> - you have pain in your shoulder +> - you feel sick, faint, dizzy or lose consciousness +> - the bleeding is heavy (soaking a period pad soon after putting it on) +> +> These can be signs you need immediate treatment. + +## How miscarriage is diagnosed + +If doctors think you might be having a miscarriage, you'll be asked some questions about your pregnancy, any previous pregnancies, and your general health. + +You may be offered tests to check your pregnancy including: + +- blood tests or pee (urine) tests +- an internal vaginal (trans-vaginal) [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) + +## Treatments for miscarriage + +A miscarriage cannot be stopped once it has started. + +You'll usually be offered different options for managing a miscarriage, depending on your symptoms and how many weeks pregnant you are. + +### **Early miscarriage (before 14 weeks)** + +If you have a miscarriage during the first 14 weeks of pregnancy, your options may include: + +- having no treatment and waiting for your symptoms to pass – this usually takes about 2 weeks, but can take longer +- taking medicine to help you pass the pregnancy – you may be able to go home after taking the medicine or you may be monitored in hospital +- a procedure where a thin tube is inserted through your vagina into your womb to remove the pregnancy using gentle suction – this is done using a [general anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/general-anaesthesia/) or [local anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/local-anaesthesia/) and you may be able to go home the same day + +### **Late miscarriage (between 14 to 23 weeks)** + +If you're having a miscarriage at 14 to 23 weeks, your care team will discuss your options with you. + +You may need to give birth. Sometimes labour will start by itself, but if this does not happen you may be given medicines to help start it. + +A care team will support you throughout your labour and birth. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Tommy's: second trimester loss (late miscarriage) + +## What happens after a miscarriage + +Everyone experiences miscarriage differently. You may feel physically better after a few days or weeks, but it can take longer. + +After a miscarriage you may: + +- have tummy pain, which may last for a few days +- have vaginal bleeding or spotting, which may last for up to 2 weeks +- feel lots of different emotions, including feeling anxious and upset + +Sometimes it takes longer to come to terms with what's happened emotionally. + +If you're worried about any of your symptoms, contact a GP, NHS 111, or your pregnancy unit, if you have one. + +### **Counselling after a miscarriage** + +Having a miscarriage can be difficult and upsetting. Support is available. + +You may be offered [counselling](https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/counselling/), or you can ask your GP or pregnancy unit. + +### **Recovery at home** + +There are things you can do that may help your recovery after a miscarriage. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ rest if you need to +- ✅ takeparacetamolto help with pain +- ✅ talk to your partner, family or friends about how you feel + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not have sex until your miscarriage symptoms have gone because there's a risk you could get an infection + +### **Trying to get pregnant after a miscarriage** + +You can try to get pregnant again when you feel ready, after your symptoms have gone. + +After a miscarriage it can take up to 8 weeks before you have a period again. It may take a few months for your periods to go back to what's usual for you. + +Most women who've had a miscarriage go on to have a successful pregnancy in the future. + +Talk to a GP if you've had 3 or more miscarriages (recurrent miscarriage). You'll usually be referred for tests to find out if there's a cause that can be treated, and you'll be offered support. + +## Causes of miscarriage + +It's not always known what causes miscarriage, but it's often because there's a problem with the way the pregnancy develops. + +Some things that may increase your chances of having a miscarriage include: + +- being aged 35 or over +- being from a Black African or Black Caribbean background +- the baby's father being aged 45 or over +- [polycystic ovary syndrome](/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/),  [diabetes,](/conditions/diabetes/) a blood clotting condition, or a thyroid condition, such as [underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)](/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/) +- a problem with your womb +- low levels of a hormone called progesterone +- vitamin D deficiency +- smoking +- drinking a lot of caffeine +- drinking alcohol +- living with obesity or being underweight +- being exposed to harmful chemicals or high levels of air pollution + +## Help and support after a miscarriage + +Having a miscarriage can be difficult both physically and emotionally. + +Your GP surgery or pregnancy unit can offer you information about counselling and other support services. Support is also available for partners. + +You may find it helpful to talk to other people who've experienced miscarriage at a local or online support group. + +There are also national charities that can offer information and support. + +### **Miscarriage Association** + +The Miscarriage Association offers advice and support for anyone affected by the loss of a baby during pregnancy, including a helpline, live chat and support groups. + +- Website: [www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk](https://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0303 003 6464 +- [Miscarriage Association: support services](https://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/how-we-help/) + +### **Tommy's** + +Tommy's is a national pregnancy and baby charity and offers advice and support for anyone affected by baby loss. + +- Website: [www.tommys.org](https://www.tommys.org/) +- Helpline: 0800 0147 800 +- [Tommy's: support after miscarriage](https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/miscarriage-information-and-support/miscarriage-support) +- [Tommy's: stillbirth information and support](https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/stillbirth-information-and-support) + +Page last reviewed: 31 March 2026 +Next review due: 31 March 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/molluscum-contagiosum/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/molluscum-contagiosum/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16f99a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/molluscum-contagiosum/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +# Molluscum contagiosum + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/molluscum-contagiosum/ + +## Symptoms of molluscum contagiosum + +Molluscum contagiosum is more common in children, but anyone can get it. + +Usually, the only symptom of molluscum contagiosum is spots. + +![A close-up of circular, red spots up to 5mm wide on white skin. Some spots are raised with a shiny white centre and some have a small hole or dimple in the middle.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0917_Molluscum-contagiosum_M2100039.original.width-320.jpg) + +The spots are about 2 to 5mm wide and usually appear together. They are raised and dome-shaped with a shiny white dimple in the middle. + +![A child’s neck and torso showing many raised red spots, especially in the folds of the neck (shown on light brown skin).](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1737390707.original.width-320.jpg) + +Children with the infection often get spots on their body and in or around folds of skin, such as the groin, behind the knee and armpits. + +![A close-up of the pubic area with small red spots (shown on white skin).](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0024016-Molluscum_contagiosum_viral_infection.width-320.jpg) + +In adults where the infection is spread through sexual contact, spots may be around the lower tummy, genital area and thighs. + +![A close-up of the side of a person's face showing raised spots near the eye (shown on dark brown skin).](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2100254-Molluscum_contagiosum_pustules_copy.o.width-320.jpg) + +Someone with a weakened immune system may get spots on the face or around the eyes, or have lots of spots or bigger spots. + +> **💡 Information:** If you're not sure it's molluscum contagiosum Check other rashes in babies and children . + +## How to treat molluscum contagiosum yourself + +The spots caused by molluscum contagiosum are usually harmless and should clear up within 18 months without needing treatment. + +Molluscum contagiosum is contagious. It is usually passed on by direct skin to skin contact. + +The chance of passing it on to other people during normal activities is small so you or your child should be able to carry on with your normal activities. If you are not sure, check with a GP. + +There are some things you can do to help reduce the risk of the infection spreading and help ease any symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try things to help with dryness and itchy skin, such as holding a damp towel against the skin, having cool baths or using an unperfumed moisturiser regularly +- ✅ keep the affected area covered, including using waterproof bandages if you go swimming +- ✅ use a condom while having sex if you are infected + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not squeeze or scratch the spots, as it could cause an infection or scarring +- ❌ do not share baths or things such as towels, bedding or clothes + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you're not sure your spots are caused by molluscum contagiosum +> - the spots are very itchy, painful, swollen or covered with crusts +> - you have spots near your eyes or genitals +> - you have a weakened immune system and think you may have molluscum contagiosum + +## Treating molluscum contagiosum + +It's rare to need treatment for molluscum contagiosum because it usually clears up on its own. + +But treatment may be recommended if the spots are causing problems. + +For example, a GP may suggest: + +- antibiotics if your spots become infected +- steroid cream to treat skin that's itchy, dry or sore (like an [eczema](/conditions/atopic-eczema/) rash caused by the spots) + +A GP may refer you to a specialist for tests and treatment if: + +- you have lots of spots or the spots are having a big impact on your life +- you have spots near your eyes, eyelids or genitals +- you have a weakened immune system – for example, if you're having chemotherapy or have HIV + +Page last reviewed: 14 May 2026 +Next review due: 14 May 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/mouth-ulcers/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/mouth-ulcers/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dde5d8b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/mouth-ulcers/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +# Mouth ulcers + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mouth-ulcers/ + +**Mouth ulcers are common and should clear up on their own within a week or 2. But see a GP or dentist if you have a mouth ulcer that lasts longer than 3 weeks.** + +## How you can treat mouth ulcers yourself + +Mouth ulcers are rarely a sign of anything serious, but may be uncomfortable to live with. + +They need time to heal and there's no quick fix. + +Avoiding things that irritate your mouth ulcer should help: + +- speed up the healing process +- reduce pain +- reduce the chance of it returning + +**Do:** + +- ✅ use a soft-bristled toothbrush +- ✅ drink cool drinks through a straw +- ✅ eat softer foods +- ✅ get regular dental check-ups +- ✅ eat a healthy, balanced diet + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not eat very spicy, salty or acidic food +- ❌ do not eat rough, crunchy food, such as toast or crisps +- ❌ do not drink very hot or acidic drinks, such as fruit juice +- ❌ do not use toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulphate + +### A pharmacist can help with mouth ulcers + +A pharmacist can recommend a treatment to speed up healing, prevent infection or reduce pain, such as: + +- antimicrobial mouthwash +- a painkilling tablet, mouthwash, gel or spray +- corticosteroid lozenges +- a salt (saline) mouthwash + +You can buy these without a prescription. + +How to rinse with salt mouthwash + +1. Dissolve half a teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water – warm water helps salt dissolve. +2. Rinse your mouth with the solution, then spit it out – do not swallow it. +3. Repeat as often as you like. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - lasts longer than 3 weeks +> - is different to other mouth ulcers you've had before, for example if it's bigger than usual or near the back of your throat +> - bleeds or becomes more painful and red – this may be a sign of an infection +> +> Although most mouth ulcers are harmless, a long-lasting mouth ulcer is sometimes a sign of mouth cancer. It's best to get it checked. +> +> You should also see a GP if you have other symptoms such as: +> +> - ulcers anywhere else on your body, such as your skin or genitals +> - painful, red or swollen joints + +## Treatment from a dentist or GP + +A GP or dentist may prescribe stronger medicine to treat severe, persistent or infected mouth ulcers. + +Possible treatments include: + +- steroids given as either a mouth spray, tablets that dissolve in your mouth or tablets that can be dissolved in water +- painkilling gels, ointments, sprays or tablets +- mouthwashes to kill or remove any germs in your mouth + +## Check if you have a mouth ulcer + +![A large, white, circular mouth ulcer on the inside of the bottom lip.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0118_mouth-ulcer_C0345376.original.width-320.jpg) + +Mouth ulcers usually appear inside the mouth on the cheeks or lips. + +![A large, white, circular mouth ulcer on the underside of the tongue.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0051857-Aphthous_ulcer_on_the_tongue-SPL_1.or.width-320.jpg) + +Ulcers can also appear on the tongue. + +You may have more than 1 ulcer at a time. + +Mouth ulcers are not contagious and should not be confused with [cold sores](/conditions/cold-sores/). + +Cold sores appear on the lips or around the mouth and often begin with a tingling, itching or burning sensation. They can also appear as a small group of pinhead-sized ulcers inside the mouth. + +## Causes of mouth ulcers + +Most single mouth ulcers are caused by things you can try to avoid, such as: + +- biting the inside of your cheek +- badly fitting dentures, braces, rough fillings or a sharp tooth +- cuts or burns while eating or drinking – for example, hard food or hot drinks +- a food intolerance or allergy +- damaging your gums with a toothbrush or irritating toothpaste +- feeling tired, stressed or anxious + +Sometimes they're triggered by things you cannot always control, such as: + +- hormonal changes – such as during pregnancy +- your genes – some families get mouth ulcers more often +- a vitamin deficiency, such as iron, zinc, folic acid, vitamin B or vitamin D +- medicines – including some NSAIDs, beta blockers or nicorandil +- stopping smoking – people may develop mouth ulcers when they first stop smoking + +If you have several mouth ulcers, it can be a symptom of: + +- [hand, foot and mouth disease](/conditions/hand-foot-mouth-disease/), which also causes a rash on the hands and feet +- oral [lichen planus](/conditions/lichen-planus/), which causes a white, lacy pattern inside the cheeks +- [Crohn's disease](/conditions/crohns-disease/) and [coeliac disease](/conditions/coeliac-disease/) (conditions that affect the digestive system) +- a weakened immune system from having a condition like [HIV](/conditions/hiv-and-aids/) or [lupus](/conditions/lupus/) + +Page last reviewed: 11 March 2024 +Next review due: 11 March 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/multiple-sclerosis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/multiple-sclerosis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44faf50 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/multiple-sclerosis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# Multiple sclerosis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-sclerosis/ + +## Symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) + +There are lots of possible symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Everyone with the condition is affected differently. + +Some of the most common symptoms include: + +- feeling extremely tired (fatigue) +- problems with your eyes or your vision, such as blurred vision or eye pain +- numbness or a tingling feeling in different parts of the body +- feeling off balance, dizzy or clumsy (uncoordinated) +- muscle cramps, spasms and stiffness +- needing to pee more often or not being able to control when you pee +- problems with memory or concentration +- sexual problems, including a dry vagina or erection problems + +Symptoms may come (called "flare-ups" or "relapses") and go (called "remissions"), and may get worse over time. + +## When and where to get medical help + +Symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are common and can be caused by many different conditions. Having them does not definitely mean you have MS, but it's important to get them checked. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you have symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - weakness or numbness in 1 arm +> - loss or blurring of vision +> - problems with balance and co-ordination +> +> These could be signs of a stroke and need urgent medical attention. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Tests for multiple sclerosis (MS) + +If your GP thinks you could have multiple sclerosis (MS) they'll refer you to a brain and nerve specialist (neurologist). + +At your appointment the neurologist will ask about your symptoms. + +There is no single test to diagnose MS. + +Tests you may have include: + +- checks on your movement, coordination, vision, balance and reflexes +- [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) +- an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) to see if there is damage to the nerves in your brain or spinal cord +- taking a small sample of spinal fluid from your lower back using a needle ([lumbar puncture](/tests-and-treatments/lumbar-puncture/)) +- tests that use small sensors attached to your skin to measure how quickly messages from your eyes or ears travel to your brain + +## Types of multiple sclerosis (MS) + +There are 3 main types of multiple sclerosis (MS). They affect everyone differently. + +Your neurologist may need to monitor your symptoms and test results for some time to diagnose which type you have. + +The 3 main types of MS + +| Type | How symptoms might affect you | +| --- | --- | +| Relapsing remitting | You have flare-ups of symptoms where they get worse (relapse) and then go away or get better (remission). Over time, this type often develops into secondary progressive MS. | +| Secondary progressive | Your symptoms are there all the time, and get slowly worse. This type of MS can come after relapsing remitting MS. | +| Primary progressive | Your symptoms slowly get worse over time. You do not have periods when they go away or get better (remission). This is less common than the other types of MS. | + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more MS Society: types of MS + +## Treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) + +There is currently no cure for multiple sclerosis (MS). But there are treatments that can slow the progression of MS and help ease symptoms. + +The type of treatment will depend on the type of MS you have and your symptoms. You'll probably need different treatments over time. + +You'll be supported by different healthcare professionals. This may include a specialist MS nurse, a neurologist (brain and nerve specialist), physiotherapist and occupational therapist. + +### Medicines for MS + +Treatments you may have include: + +- [steroid medicine](/medicines/steroids/) to reduce swelling and help nerves work better +- medicines called disease-modifying therapies to reduce how many relapses you have and how serious they are +- muscle relaxant medicine to help relieve muscle spasms, cramps or stiffness +- medicine to treat pain, vision problems and other symptoms +- medicines called biological medicines to reduce how many relapses you have and how serious they are, if disease-modifying therapies have not worked + +### Treatment and support for symptoms of MS + +You'll also be offered treatment and support for the symptoms of MS. Every person's needs will be different depending on their symptoms. + +Support you might need may include: + +- advice about how to manage tiredness (fatigue) +- [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) and exercises to help with movement problems and muscle pain +- [mobility equipment](/social-care-and-support/care-services-equipment-and-care-homes/walking-aids-wheelchairs-and-mobility-scooters/) (including walking sticks, frames and wheelchairs) and home adaptations (such as stair lifts or railings) to help you with day-to-day activities +- [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) to help with anxiety, depression and fatigue +- activities to improve your memory, concentration, thinking and mood (cognitive rehabilitation) +- advice, exercises and medicines to help with bowel or bladder problems +- advice and treatments for sexual problems such as [erectile dysfunction](/conditions/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/), [vaginal dryness](/symptoms/vaginal-dryness/), [low sex drive (loss of libido)](/symptoms/loss-of-libido/) or difficulty reaching orgasm + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more MS Society: treatments and therapies + +## How multiple sclerosis (MS) affects your life + +Multiple sclerosis (MS) is different for everyone. No one can predict how much your MS might affect you. + +For some people, MS only has a small impact on daily life which means you can continue with your work and usual activities. + +Others have more severe symptoms which can have a much bigger impact. + +MS symptoms can affect mobility, and you may need to adapt your life by using mobility aids, reducing working hours or needing more help around the home. + +MS treatments are improving, so if you're diagnosed with MS today you can expect a better quality of life than was possible before. + +Most people with MS live into old age although life expectancy, on average, is a few years less than the general population. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more MS Society: living with MS MS Trust: life expectancy + +## Causes of multiple sclerosis (MS) + +Multiple sclerosis (MS) happens when your immune system attacks your brain and nerves. It's not clear what causes this. + +You might be more likely to get MS if: + +- you're aged 20 to 50 +- you're a woman – women are more likely than men to get MS +- you have a brother, sister or parent who has MS +- you smoke – people who smoke are about twice as likely to develop MS +- you've had the Epstein-Barr virus (a common virus that causes illnesses such as glandular fever) + +## Help and support for multiple sclerosis (MS) + +Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be a difficult condition to live with, both physically and emotionally. + +As well as support from your doctor and MS nurse, you may find it helpful to get support from other people with MS, either at a local support group or online. + +There are also national charities that can offer support and information about MS. + +### MS Society + +Information and support for anyone affected by MS. + +- Website: [www.mssociety.org.uk](https://www.mssociety.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0808 800 8000 +- [MS Society: local support groups](https://www.mssociety.org.uk/support-and-community/local-support) +- [MS Society: community forum](https://forum.mssociety.org.uk/) +- [MS Society: virtual support events](https://www.mssociety.org.uk/support-and-community/virtual-support-events) + +### MS Trust + +Information and support for anyone affected by MS. + +- Website: [www.mstrust.org.uk](https://mstrust.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0800 032 3839 +- [MS Trust: support and services](https://mstrust.org.uk/information-support/support-services) +- [MS Trust: podcasts](https://mstrust.org.uk/information-support/support-services/podcasts-ms-trust) + +### MS-UK + +Information and emotional support for anyone affected by MS. + +- Website: [www.ms-uk.org](https://ms-uk.org/) +- Helpline: 0800 783 0518 +- [MS-UK: peer support service](https://ms-uk.org/peer-pod-multiple-sclerosis-support-groups-online/) +- [MS-UK: online activities](https://ms-uk.org/multiple-sclerosis-online-activities/) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/narcolepsy/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/narcolepsy/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d40ad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/narcolepsy/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +# Overview-Narcolepsy + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/narcolepsy/ + +**Narcolepsy is a rare long-term brain condition that can prevent a person from choosing when to wake or sleep.** + +The brain is unable to regulate sleeping and waking patterns normally, which can result in: + +- excessive daytime sleepiness – feeling very drowsy throughout the day and finding it difficult to concentrate and stay awake +- sleep attacks – falling asleep suddenly and without warning +- cataplexy – temporary loss of muscle control resulting in weakness and possible collapse, often in response to emotions such as laughter and anger +- [sleep paralysis](/conditions/sleep-paralysis/) – a temporary inability to move or speak when waking up or falling asleep +- excessive dreaming and waking in the night – dreams often come as you fall asleep (hypnogogic hallucinations) or just before or during waking (hypnopompic hallucinations) + +Narcolepsy does not cause serious or long-term physical health problems, but it can have a significant impact on daily life and be difficult to cope with emotionally. + +In an attempt to avoid attacks, some people may become emotionally withdrawn and socially isolated. + +Find out more about the [symptoms of narcolepsy](/conditions/narcolepsy/symptoms/). + +## What causes narcolepsy + +Narcolepsy is often caused by a lack of the brain chemical hypocretin (also known as orexin), which regulates wakefulness. + +The lack of hypocretin is thought to be caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the cells that produce it or the receptors that allow it to work. + +But this does not explain all cases of narcolepsy, and the exact cause of the problem is often unclear. + +Things that have been suggested as possible triggers of narcolepsy include: + +- hormonal changes, which can occur during puberty or the [menopause](/conditions/menopause/) +- major psychological stress +- an infection, such as [swine flu](/conditions/swine-flu/), or the medicine used to vaccinate against it (Pandemrix) + +Find out more about the [causes of narcolepsy](/conditions/narcolepsy/causes/). + +## Who's affected + +It's difficult to know exactly how many people have narcolepsy because many cases are thought to go unreported. + +But it's estimated to affect about 30,000 people in the UK. + +Men and women are thought to be affected equally by narcolepsy, although some studies have suggested the condition may be more common in men. + +The symptoms of narcolepsy often begin during adolescence, although it's usually diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 40. + +## Diagnosing narcolepsy + +See a GP if you think you may have narcolepsy. They may ask about your sleeping habits and any other symptoms you have. + +They may also carry out tests to help rule out other conditions that could be causing your excessive daytime sleepiness, such as [sleep apnoea](/conditions/sleep-apnoea/), [restless legs](/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/) in bed and kicking during sleep, or an [underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism)](/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/). + +If necessary, you'll be referred to a specialist in sleep disorders, who'll analyse your sleep patterns. + +This will usually involve staying overnight in a specialist sleep centre so various aspects of your sleep can be monitored. + +Find out more about [diagnosing narcolepsy](/conditions/narcolepsy/diagnosis/). + +## Treating narcolepsy + +There's currently no cure for narcolepsy, but making changes to improve your sleeping habits and taking medicine can help minimise the impact the condition has on your daily life. + +Taking frequent, brief naps evenly spaced throughout the day is one of the best ways to manage excessive daytime drowsiness. + +This may be difficult when you're at work or school, but a GP or specialist may be able to devise a sleep schedule that will help you get into a routine of taking naps. + +Keeping to a strict bedtime routine can also help, so you should go to bed at the same time each night whenever possible. + +If your symptoms are particularly troublesome, you may be prescribed medicine that can help reduce daytime sleepiness, prevent cataplexy attacks and improve your sleep at night. + +These medicines are usually taken as daily tablets, capsules or drinkable solutions. + +Find out more about [treating narcolepsy](/conditions/narcolepsy/treatment/). + +## Narcolepsy and driving + +If you're diagnosed with narcolepsy, it may affect your ability to drive. + +Stop driving immediately and inform the [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agency). + +You'll need to complete a medical questionnaire so your individual circumstances can be assessed. + +You'll usually be allowed to drive again if your narcolepsy is well controlled and you have regular reviews to assess your condition. + +[Narcolepsy UK's information about driving and narcolepsy](https://www.narcolepsy.org.uk/resources/narcolepsy-and-driving) + +[Tell the DVLA about your condition at GOV.UK: Narcolepsy and driving](https://www.gov.uk/narcolepsy-and-driving) + +Page last reviewed: 30 December 2022 +Next review due: 30 December 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/nasal-polyps/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/nasal-polyps/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c9b3b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/nasal-polyps/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +# Nasal polyps + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasal-polyps/ + +**Nasal polyps are painless soft growths inside your nose. They're not usually serious, but they can keep growing and block your nose if not treated.** + +## Symptoms of nasal polyps + +Symptoms of nasal polyps include: + +- a blocked nose +- a runny nose +- a feeling that mucus is slowly dripping down the back of your throat (postnasal drip) +- a reduced sense of smell or taste +- snoring + +Nasal polyps can sometimes feel like a [cold](/conditions/common-cold/). But colds tend to clear up within a few days, whereas nasal polyps will not get better unless they're treated. + +If your polyps block your sinuses (the air pockets around your nose) you may also have symptoms of [sinusitis](/conditions/sinusitis-sinus-infection/). + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you may have nasal polyps +> - you have difficulty breathing +> - your symptoms are getting worse +> - you notice changes to your sense of smell + +## Treatment for nasal polyps + +A GP should be able to tell if you have nasal polyps by looking inside your nose. + +If you have nasal polyps, you'll usually be given steroid nose drops or a spray to shrink the polyps. + +Sometimes, you may be given steroid tablets, usually for up to 2 weeks, to help relieve symptoms. + +Make sure you follow the advice of the GP about how to use your medicine and how long to take it for. + +### Surgery to remove polyps + +If there's no sign of improvement after about 12 weeks, the GP may suggest surgery to remove your polyps. + +Most people who have surgery see an improvement, but it's common for polyps to grow back, usually within a few years. + +### Important + +You may need to keep using a steroid nasal spray after surgery to stop the polyps returning quickly. + +## Things you can do if you have nasal polyps + +After seeing a GP for nasal polyps, a pharmacist can recommend: + +- steroid nasal sprays that do not need a GP prescription +- salt water washes (called a saline rinse or nasal douche) to help unblock your nose + +How to make your own salt water wash to help unblock your nose + +1. In a bowl, mix 1 level teaspoon of salt and 1 level teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda in about 1 pint of cooled boiled water. +2. Wash your hands. +3. Stand over a sink, cup the palm of 1 hand and pour a small amount of the cooled mixture into it. +4. Sniff the cooled mixture up 1 nostril and let it run out. +5. Repeat sniffing at least 3 times up each nostril or until your nose clears up. +6. You can gargle any remaining mixture to help clear the back of the throat. + +Check the mixture is not too hot before sniffing. Do not swallow the salty mixture. It may make you feel sick. + +These salt water washes are not suitable for children. + +## Causes of nasal polyps + +It's not clear what causes nasal polyps. + +Certain things can increase your risk of getting nasal polyps, like: + +- asthma +- an intolerance or sensitivity to aspirin + +Nasal polyps are rare in children. + +Page last reviewed: 29 June 2023 +Next review due: 29 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/night-terrors/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/night-terrors/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..680c4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/night-terrors/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# Night terrors and nightmares + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/night-terrors/ + +## Symptoms of a night terror or nightmare + +Night terrors and nightmares are different and happen at different stages of sleep. + +During a night terror you may talk and move about but are asleep. It's rare to remember having a night terror. + +Nightmares are bad dreams you wake up from and can remember. + +Night terrors are most common in children between the ages of 3 and 8, while nightmares can affect both children and adults. + +Differences between night terrors and nightmares + +| Night terrors | Nightmares | +| --- | --- | +| Mainly affect children | Affect both children and adults | +| Scream, shout, thrash about, jump out of bed, eyes open but not awake, will not remember it | Strong feelings of fear, you may wake up and be able to remember the dream | +| Happen in the early part of the night, sometimes more than once, lasting up to 15 minutes | Happen later in the night | + +> **💡 Information:** If you cannot move or speak as you wake up or fall asleep, you may have sleep paralysis . This is not the same as having a night terror. + +## Causes of night terrors and nightmares + +Common causes of night terrors and nightmares include: + +- being very tired or unwell +- sudden noises at night or needing to pee during the night (which can affect your deep sleep) +- something that's frightened you (such as watching a scary film) or made you stressed, anxious or worried + +They can also be caused by: + +- taking certain medicines, such as antidepressants +- conditions that affect sleep, such as [restless legs syndrome](/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/) or [sleep apnoea](/conditions/sleep-apnoea/) +- mental health conditions, such as [generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)](/mental-health/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder-gad/) +- conditions that affect the brain, such as [Parkinson's disease](/conditions/parkinsons-disease/) +- a severe injury (your sleep may be disturbed for 4 to 6 weeks afterwards) + +Night terrors are more common in people with family members who have had night terrors or who sleepwalk. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - your child continues having nightmares after the age of 6 +> - your child is having frequent nightmares, or nightmares caused by an upsetting or frightening event +> - your child continues having night terrors after the age of 12 +> - your child starts having night terrors after the age of 5 +> - you're having regular nightmares that are affecting your sleep and everyday life + +## How to help with night terrors or nightmares + +For most people, night terrors and nightmares get better on their own. + +If you or your child are having night terrors or nightmares, there are things you can try to help. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try having a relaxing bedtime routine +- ✅ keep a sleep diary – including how long you or your child sleep for, how long it takes you to fall asleep and how you feel the next day – to help identify any causes +- ✅ try to deal with things that might be causing stress or anxiety + +### How to help someone having night terrors + +During a night terror, you should: + +- stay calm and wait for the person to calm down +- do not talk to them or try to stop them moving about, unless there's a risk they could hurt themselves or someone else +- do not try to wake them – they may not recognise you and may get more upset if you try to comfort them + +If they're having a night terror at the same time every night, try waking them up 15 minutes before the night terror every night for 2 weeks. This may stop the night terrors happening. + +## Treatments for night terrors and nightmares + +Treatment for night terrors and nightmares depends on what may be causing them. + +Psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help children and adults who have frequent nightmares. + +CBT may also help with conditions such as anxiety or insomnia that can cause night terrors or nightmares. + +If you're having nightmares caused by a traumatic event, a GP may recommend psychological treatment such as counselling. + +If you have a condition that affects your sleep, treatment will usually involve trying to manage the condition better. + +Page last reviewed: 24 November 2025 +Next review due: 24 November 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a6708e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +# Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/ + +It's also known as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). + +## Symptoms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease + +Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease does not usually cause any symptoms. + +Many people have it without realising. It's usually found when you have tests for another reason. + +Some people have symptoms including: + +- feeling very tired +- feeling generally unwell +- liver pain or discomfort, which is felt in your tummy (abdomen) under the right side of your ribs + +## Who is more likely to get non-alcoholic fatty liver disease + +Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is very common. + +You're more likely to get it if you: + +- are overweight, particularly if you have a lot of fat around your stomach and waist +- do not have a healthy diet or are not very physically active +- have type 2 diabetes +- have polycystic ovary syndrome +- have high blood pressure or high cholesterol +- are over 50 + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you could have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease +> - you think you have a higher risk of getting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more British Liver Trust: risks and causes of liver disease + +## How non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is diagnosed + +Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is usually diagnosed after blood tests or scans are done for another reason, and the results show signs of problems with your liver. + +If a GP thinks you could have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or if tests show signs of liver problems, the GP will ask about your symptoms and check your height, weight and waist measurement. They'll also ask about how much alcohol you drink, to rule out [alcohol-related liver disease](/conditions/alcohol-related-liver-disease-arld/). + +They may arrange more blood tests, and sometimes scans such as an [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) of your tummy, to: + +- confirm if there's a build-up of fat in your liver +- rule out other causes of liver problems +- find out if there's any damage to your liver +- check for other conditions linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, such as kidney problems + +## Stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease + +Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has 4 stages. + +Most people only have the 1st stage, which does not usually cause any problems. A small number of people will progress to the later stages with more serious liver damage, but lifestyle changes can help prevent this. + +What the stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mean + +| Stage | What this means | +| --- | --- | +| 1: Fatty liver (steatosis) | The 1st stage, where there is build-up of fat but no damage to your liver | +| 2: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) | A build-up of fat has caused inflammation in your liver. It is not yet seriously damaged, but there's a risk it could get worse | +| 3: Fibrosis | There is damage to your liver, but it will usually still be working well. It's important to try to stop further damage which could lead to cirrhosis | +| 4: [Cirrhosis](/conditions/cirrhosis/) | There is severe damage to your liver that will affect how well it works. This could cause serious health problems including internal bleeding, liver failure, [liver cancer](/conditions/liver-cancer/) or [sepsis](/conditions/sepsis/) | + +## How you can treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease yourself + +If you have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, healthy lifestyle changes can reduce the build-up of fat in your liver and help repair any damage or stop it getting worse. Your GP can give you advice about this. + +These changes will also reduce the risk of some other conditions that are linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, including [cardiovascular disease](/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/), [chronic kidney disease](/conditions/kidney-disease/), [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure/) and [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/). + +**Do:** + +- ✅ eat a healthy, balanced diet +- ✅ exercise regularly – aim to do at least 150 minutes of exercise a week +- ✅ lose weight if you're overweight + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol – keep to the recommended limit of no more than 14 alcohol units a week +- ❌ do not smoke + +> **💡 Information:** NHS help to get healthy NHS Better Health has free tools and support to help you have a healthy diet, lose weight and get active. Visit the NHS Better Health website + +## Treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from a GP or specialist + +If you have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, apart from making healthy lifestyle changes you will not need any other treatment unless your condition has progressed and you have damage to your liver. + +You should have check-ups as least once a year and tests every 2 to 3 years to monitor your condition. + +If you have damage to your liver (fibrosis or [cirrhosis](/conditions/cirrhosis/)), as well as making healthy lifestyle changes you'll need to see a liver specialist in hospital for treatment. + +Treatment from a liver specialist may include a medicine called pioglitazone, or vitamin E. In very severe cases you may need a liver transplant. + +If you're living with [obesity](/conditions/obesity-old/) a specialist may recommend treatments to help with weight loss such as medicines or surgery. + +## Help and support for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease + +If you have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, you will be supported by your GP or specialists. + +There are also national charities that offer support and information about non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. + +### British Liver Trust + +Information and support for people affected by liver disease. + +- Website: [britishlivertrust.org.uk](https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0800 652 7330 +- [British Liver Trust: support groups](https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/support-for-you/support-groups/) +- [British Liver Trust: living with a liver condition](https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/living-with-a-liver-condition/) +- [British Liver Trust: treating NAFLD with a healthy diet and physical activity](https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/download-pdf/?title=Treating%20NAFLD%20with%20a%20healthy%20diet%20and%20physical%20activity&downloadurl=https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Treating-NAFLD_web_JUN21.pdf) + +Page last reviewed: 31 July 2025 +Next review due: 31 July 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/non-allergic-rhinitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/non-allergic-rhinitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3344708 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/non-allergic-rhinitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# Non-allergic rhinitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-allergic-rhinitis/ + +## Symptoms of non-allergic rhinitis + +The most common symptoms of non-allergic rhinitis are: + +- a blocked or runny nose +- sneezing +- a sore throat +- a feeling that mucus is slowly dripping down the back of your throat (post-nasal drip) + +## Causes of non-allergic rhinitis + +Common causes of non-allergic rhinitis include: + +- changes in the weather, such as temperature or humidity +- exercising +- smoke, perfume and paint fumes +- alcohol and spicy food +- hormone changes in pregnancy or puberty, or from taking medicines such as [hormone replacement therapy (HRT)](/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/), the [combined contraceptive pill](/contraception/methods-of-contraception/combined-pill/) or the [progesterone-only contraceptive pill](/contraception/methods-of-contraception/progestogen-only-pill/) +- conditions such as an [underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)](/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/) +- medicines such as ACE inhibitors, [beta blockers](/medicines/beta-blockers/), [aspirin](/medicines/low-dose-aspirin/), and anti-inflammatory painkillers like ibuprofen +- using [decongestant nasal sprays](/medicines/decongestants/) for longer than it says on the packet + +> **💡 Information:** Non-allergic rhinitis is different from allergic rhinitis , which is caused by allergies such as hay fever. + +## Things you can do if you have non-allergic rhinitis + +Non-allergic rhinitis is not harmful, but it can affect your life. + +You can often treat it without seeing a GP. + +Try to avoid the things that trigger your symptoms, if you can. + +A pharmacist can advise you about medicines that can help, such as: + +- antihistamines +- nasal sprays to unblock your nose +- salt water nasal sprays or solutions to rinse out the inside of your nose + +You can buy nasal sprays without a prescription, but they should not be used for more than a week. Using them for longer than this can make the problem worse. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +How to clean your nose with a homemade salt water solution + +1. Boil a pint of water, then leave it to cool. +2. Mix 1 teaspoon of salt and 1 teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda into the water. +3. Wash your hands. +4. Stand over a sink, cup the palm of 1 hand and pour a small amount of the solution into it. +5. Sniff the water into 1 nostril at a time. Breathe through your mouth and allow the water to pour back into the sink. Try not to let the water go down the back of your throat. +6. Repeat the first 5 steps up to 3 times a day (making a new solution each time) until your nose feels more comfortable. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have non-allergic rhinitis and the symptoms get worse +> - you get [asthma symptoms](/conditions/asthma/) or your asthma gets worse +> - your symptoms are affecting your sleep and everyday life +> - it's not clear what's causing your symptoms +> - treatments from a pharmacist are not working + +## Treatments for non-allergic rhinitis from a GP + +If needed, a GP may prescribe stronger medicine, such as prescription nasal sprays. + +They may also change any medicine you're taking if they think it may be causing your symptoms. + +You may be referred to a specialist for further tests and treatment if your symptoms are severe or it's not clear what's causing them. + +Page last reviewed: 04 March 2026 +Next review due: 04 March 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes.md b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43ccf5b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# Causes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes/ + +## Who is more likely to get non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +It is not known what causes non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but there are things that may increase your chances of getting it. + +Anyone can get non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but you may be at higher risk if: + +- you’re over 50 +- you’ve had certain infections, including the Epstein-Barr virus (which causes [glandular fever](/conditions/glandular-fever/)) and [hepatitis C](/conditions/hepatitis-c/) +- you have a weakened immune system – either from a health condition such as [HIV](/conditions/hiv-and-aids/) or because you're having treatment that weakens your immune system +- you have a condition where your immune system attacks your body tissue (autoimmune condition), such as [coeliac disease](/conditions/coeliac-disease/) or [psoriasis](/conditions/psoriasis/) +- you have a close relative (parent, brother or sister) who’s had non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: risks and causes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/help-and-support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/help-and-support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19c6b21 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/help-and-support.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +# Help and support for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/help-and-support/ + +## Where to find help and support for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +If you have non-Hodgkin lymphoma, your specialist treatment team will be there to support you throughout your treatment. + +They will also be able to give you information about local support services you may find helpful. + +There are also national cancer charities that can offer support and information about non-Hodgkin lymphoma. + +### Blood Cancer UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by non-Hodgkin lymphoma. + +- Website: [www.bloodcancer.org.uk](https://bloodcancer.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0808 208 0888 +- [Blood Cancer UK: online community forum](https://forum.bloodcancer.org.uk/) + +### Lymphoma Action + +Information and support for anyone affected by non-Hodgkin lymphoma. + +- Website: [www.lymphoma-action.org.uk](http://www.lymphoma-action.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0808 808 5555 +- [Lymphoma Action: helpline services, including live chat and email](https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/support-you/helpline-services) +- [Lymphoma Action: online support meetings](https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/support-you/online-support-meetings) + +### Macmillan Cancer Support + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [www.macmillan.org.uk](http://www.macmillan.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0808 808 0000 +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: non-Hodgkin lymphoma online forum](https://community.macmillan.org.uk/cancer_types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma-forum) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: email the Macmillan support line](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/about-us/contact-us/ask-macmillan-form.html) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: find local cancer support services](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/in-your-area/choose-location.html) + +### Cancer Research UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [www.cancerresearchuk.org](http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/) +- Nurse helpline: 0808 800 4040 +- [Cancer Research UK: ask our nurses a question by email](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/contact-us/talk-to-our-nurses?secure=true) +- [Cancer Research UK: online cancer chat forum](https://cancerchat.cancerresearchuk.org/) +- [Cancer Research UK: find a clinical trial](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/find-a-clinical-trial) + +### Marie Curie + +Care and support for anyone affected by terminal illness. + +- Website: [www.mariecurie.org.uk](http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0800 090 2309 +- [Marie Curie: care and support services](https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/services) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9734fa --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# Symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/symptoms/ + +## Main symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +Symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include: + +- a painless lump or swelling, usually in your neck, armpit or the area at the top of your inner thigh (groin) – this is the most common symptom +- a high temperature, or feeling hot, cold or shivery +- night sweats +- shortness of breath +- itchy skin +- sudden unexplained weight loss + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you might have symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +### Important + +Some of these symptoms are common and can be caused by many different conditions. + +Having them does not definitely mean you have non-Hodgkin lymphoma. But it's important to get them checked by a GP. + +This is because if they're caused by non-Hodgkin lymphoma, finding it early means treatment is more likely to be successful. + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +The GP will ask about your symptoms and may feel for any lumps in your neck, armpit and the area at the top of your inner thigh (groin). + +You may also be asked to have a blood test. + +### Referral to a specialist + +The GP may refer you to see a specialist in hospital for more tests if they think you have a condition that needs to be investigated. + +You may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if the GP thinks you have symptoms that could be cancer. This does not definitely mean you have cancer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/tests-and-next-steps.md b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/tests-and-next-steps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5ad3e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/tests-and-next-steps.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +# Tests and next steps for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/tests-and-next-steps/ + +## Main test for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (biopsy) + +If a GP thinks you might have non-Hodgkin lymphoma, they’ll refer you to a specialist at a hospital for tests. + +The main test for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a [biopsy](/tests-and-treatments/biopsy/), where a sample of the affected glands (lymph nodes) is taken and checked for signs of cancer. + +You may have: + +- part, or all, of a lymph node removed (excision biopsy) +- a sample of cells taken from a lymph node using a thin needle (needle biopsy) + +You will usually have either a local or general anaesthetic so you do not feel any pain during the test. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: lymph node biopsy + +## Getting your results + +You should get the results of a lymph node biopsy within 2 weeks. + +Try not to worry if your results are taking longer. You can call the hospital or GP if you're worried. They should be able to update you. + +A specialist will explain what the results mean and what will happen next. You may want to bring someone with you for support. + +### If you're told you have non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +Being told you have non-Hodgkin lymphoma can feel overwhelming. You may feel anxious about what will happen. + +You'll be helped through your diagnosis and treatment by a team of specialists. + +This team will usually include a clinical nurse specialist who will be your main point of contact during and after your treatment. You can ask them any questions you may have. + +> **💡 Information:** Get support Macmillan Cancer Support has a free helpline that's open every day from 8am to 8pm. They're there to listen if you have anything you want to talk about. Call 0808 808 0000. + +## Next steps + +If you've been told you have non-Hodgkin lymphoma, you may need more tests which can include: + +- blood tests +- scans such [PET](/tests-and-treatments/pet-scan/), [CT](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/), [MRI](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) or an [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) +- a [biopsy](/tests-and-treatments/biopsy/) of the spongy cells in your bones (bone marrow) + +The results of these tests can show how far the cancer has spread. This is called staging. + +You’ll also be told what type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma you have and if it is slow-growing (low grade) or fast-growing (high grade). + +The stage, grade and type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma will help your specialist team decide what treatment you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Blood Cancer UK: types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma Cancer Research UK: getting diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/treatment.md b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/treatment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af12eb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/treatment.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +# Treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/treatment/ + +## Main treatments for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +The treatment you'll have for non-Hodgkin lymphoma depends on: + +- if it is fast growing (high grade) or slow growing (low grade) +- where it is in your body +- the type you have +- if it has spread to other parts of your body +- what symptoms you have +- your general health + +You may be offered a combination of treatments including [chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/), other medicines that target the cancer cells and [radiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/radiotherapy/). + +Your specialist treatment team will: + +- explain the treatments, the benefits and side effects +- work with you to make a treatment plan that's best for you +- help you to manage the side effects of treatment + +If you have any questions or worries, you can talk to your specialist team. + +### Fast-growing non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +Fast-growing (high grade) non-Hodgkin lymphoma needs to be treated straight away. + +Treatment can often get rid of it completely but sometimes you may need further treatment. + +### Slow-growing non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +Treatment for slow-growing (low grade) non-Hodgkin lymphoma does not get rid of it but can keep it under control for many years. + +If you have slow-growing non-Hodgkin lymphoma, you can sometimes delay treatment if you do not have symptoms (this is sometimes called watch and wait). + +## Chemotherapy + +[Chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/) uses medicines to kill cancer cells. It's sometimes given alongside steroid medicine. + +You may have chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: + +- as a first treatment, with or without other targeted medicines +- as a second treatment if your first treatment does not work or your lymphoma comes back +- before a [stem cell transplant](/tests-and-treatments/stem-cell-or-bone-marrow-transplants/) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +## Targeted medicines and immunotherapy + +Targeted medicines kill cancer cells or stop them from growing as quickly. + +Immunotherapy is where medicines are used to help your immune system kill cancer. + +You may have targeted medicines or immunotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: + +- as a first treatment with chemotherapy +- after your treatment, to keep the lymphoma under control for as long as possible +- if your cancer comes back after treatment or if treatment does not work + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: targeted and immunotherapy drugs for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +## Radiotherapy + +[Radiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/radiotherapy/) uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells in your glands (lymph nodes). + +You may have radiotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: + +- as a first treatment, if you have low grade lymphoma +- after chemotherapy and targeted medicines, if you have high grade lymphoma +- as part of a stem cell transplant +- to help manage symptoms if the lymphoma has spread to other parts of your body + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: radiotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +## Stem cell transplant + +A [stem cell transplant](/tests-and-treatments/stem-cell-or-bone-marrow-transplants/) is where damaged blood cells are replaced with healthy ones. + +You may have a stem cell transplant if: + +- your cancer has come back after treatment +- other treatments are not working + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: stem cell transplants for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +## Watch and wait + +If your cancer is slow growing (low grade), you may not need to have treatment straight away. + +Instead you’ll have regular tests to monitor your lymphoma. You’ll be offered treatment when tests show you need it. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: watch and wait for non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +## Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and fertility + +Some treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma can affect your ability to have children (fertility). + +Speak to your specialist team before treatment if you want to have children in the future. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: sex, fertility and non-Hodgkin lymphoma + +## What happens if you've been told your cancer cannot be cured + +If you've been diagnosed with advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma that has spread to other parts of the body (advanced cancer), it is sometimes harder to treat. + +The aim of treatment will be to slow down the growth and spread of the cancer, to help with the symptoms and help you live longer. + +Finding out cancer cannot be cured can be very hard news to take in. + +You'll be referred to a team of doctors and nurses called a palliative care team or symptom control team. + +They will help you to manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable. + +The palliative care team can also help you and your loved ones get any other support you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: advanced cancer Macmillan Cancer Support: end of life care \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/what-is.md b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/what-is.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46713ce --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/what-is.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +# What is non-Hodgkin lymphoma? + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/what-is/ + +![Illustration showing the outline of a human body with small, bean-shaped glands (lymph nodes) throughout the body which are connected by vein-like lines (lymph vessels). The lymph nodes and lymph glands are labelled.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_1957_Hodkins_Lymphoma_EDIT_copy.width-320.jpg) + +- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer that affects the white blood cells that help you fight infection (lymphocytes). +- Lymphocytes travel through thin tubes (lymph vessels) and glands (lymph nodes) throughout your body. +- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can cause painless lumps in your glands. These are usually found in your neck, armpit or the area at the top of your inner thigh (groin). +- There are over 60 different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. +- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be slow growing (low grade) or fast growing (high grade). +- If diagnosed early, treatment can often get rid of some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma completely. But other types may need long-term treatment. +- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can affect people of any age, including children, but it mostly affects older people. + +> **💡 Information:** Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is different to Hodgkin lymphoma , which is less common and often affects young adults as well as older adults. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/norovirus/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/norovirus/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea3c2a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/norovirus/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +# Norovirus (vomiting bug) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/norovirus/ + +## Symptoms of norovirus + +The main symptoms of norovirus usually start suddenly and may include: + +- feeling sick +- being sick (vomiting) +- diarrhoea + +You may also have: + +- a high temperature +- a headache +- tummy pain +- body aches and pains + +Although it's sometimes called the winter vomiting bug, you can get norovirus at any time of year. + +## How to treat norovirus yourself + +If you or your child have norovirus, you can usually treat it at home. + +You'll usually start to feel better in 2 to 3 days. + +Diarrhoea and vomiting can usually be treated at home. The most important thing is to have lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ stay at home and get plenty of rest +- ✅ drink lots of fluids, such as water or squash – take small sips if you feel sick +- ✅ carry on breast or bottle feeding your baby – if they're being sick, try giving small feeds more often than usual +- ✅ give babies on formula or solid foods small sips of water between feeds +- ✅ eat when you feel able to – it may help to avoid foods that are fatty or spicy +- ✅ takeparacetamolif you're in discomfort – check the leaflet before giving it to your child + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not have fruit juice or fizzy drinks – they can make diarrhoea worse +- ❌ do not make baby formula weaker – use it at its usual strength +- ❌ do not give children under 12 medicine to stop diarrhoea +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under 16 + +## A pharmacist can help with norovirus + +Speak to a pharmacist if you or your child (aged 5 years or over) have norovirus and: + +- you have signs of [dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/), such as dark, smelly pee or peeing less than usual +- you're an older person, have a weakened immune system, or have other health conditions that increase your risk of dehydration +- you need to stop diarrhoea for a few hours + +They may recommend oral rehydration powder that you mix with water to make a drink. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +## How norovirus is spread + +Norovirus is caused by a virus that spreads through poo. It can spread to others very easily. + +You can catch norovirus from: + +- close contact with someone with norovirus +- touching surfaces or objects that have the virus on them, then touching your mouth +- eating food that's been prepared or handled by someone with norovirus +- drinking unclean water or infected food + +## How to stop norovirus spreading + +There are things you can do when you have norovirus to help prevent infecting others. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wash your hands with soap and water after going to the toilet or changing nappies (alcohol hand gels do not kill norovirus) +- ✅ wash your hands with soap and water before preparing, serving or eating food +- ✅ wash clothes and bedding that has poo or vomit on it on a 60°C wash and separately from other laundry +- ✅ clean toilet seats, flush handles, taps and bathroom door handles +- ✅ avoid contact with others as much as possible + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not go to school, nursery or work until you have not been sick or had diarrhoea for 2 days +- ❌ do not visit others in hospitals or places like care homes until you have not been sick or had diarrhoea for 2 days + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you're worried about a baby under 12 months +> - your child stops breast or bottle feeding while they're ill +> - a child under 5 years has signs of [dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/), such as fewer wet nappies +> - you or your child (aged 5 years or over) still have signs of dehydration after using oral rehydration sachets +> - you or your child keep being sick and cannot keep fluid down +> - you or your child have bloody diarrhoea or bleeding from the bottom +> - you or your child have diarrhoea for more than 7 days or vomiting for more than 2 days +> +> 111 will tell you what to do. They can arrange a phone call from a nurse or doctor if you need one. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - vomit blood or have vomit that looks like ground coffee +> - have green vomit (adults) +> - have yellow-green or green vomit (children) +> - may have swallowed something poisonous +> - have a stiff neck and pain when looking at bright lights +> - have a sudden, severe headache +> - have a sudden, severe tummy ache +> - have blue, grey, pale or blotchy skin, lips or tongue - on brown or black skin this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet +> - are having severe difficulty breathing, or taking lots of quick, short breaths +> - are confused or not responding as usual +> +> What we mean by severe pain +> +> Severe pain: +> : - always there and so bad it's hard to think or talk +> - you cannot sleep +> - it's very hard to move, get out of bed, go to the bathroom, wash or dress +> +> Moderate pain: +> : - always there +> - makes it hard to concentrate or sleep +> - you can manage to get up, wash or dress +> +> Mild pain: +> : - comes and goes +> - is annoying but does not stop you doing daily activities +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +Page last reviewed: 31 December 2024 +Next review due: 31 December 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/nosebleed/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/nosebleed/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03027c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/nosebleed/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +# Nosebleed + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nosebleed/ + +**Nosebleeds are not usually a sign of anything serious. They're common, particularly in children, and most can be easily treated at home.** + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - a child under 2 years old has had a nosebleed +> - you have regular nosebleeds +> - you have symptoms of [anaemia](/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/) – such as a faster heartbeat (palpitations), shortness of breath and skin that is paler than normal for you +> - you have a nosebleed and you're taking a medicine that helps prevent blood clots, such as [warfarin](/medicines/warfarin/) +> - you have a nosebleed and you have a condition that means your blood cannot clot properly, such as haemophilia +> +> The GP might want to test you for haemophilia or for other conditions like anaemia. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You have a nosebleed and: +> +> - your nosebleed lasts longer than 10 to 15 minutes +> - the bleeding seems excessive +> - you're swallowing a large amount of blood that makes you vomit +> - the bleeding started after a blow to your head +> - you're feeling weak or dizzy +> - you're having difficulty breathing + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Causes of a nosebleed + +The inside of the nose is easy to damage and that's when nosebleeds happen. This can be caused by: + +- picking your nose +- blowing your nose too hard +- the inside of your nose being too dry (maybe because of a change in air temperature) + +Nosebleeds that need medical attention can come from deeper inside the nose and usually affect adults. They can be caused by: + +- an injury or broken nose +- conditions that affect the blood vessels or how the blood clots +- certain medicines, like warfarin + +Sometimes the cause of a nosebleed is unknown. + +Certain people are more likely to getting nosebleeds, including: + +- children +- adults over 45 years old +- pregnant women +- people with high blood pressure + +## How to stop a nosebleed yourself + +If you have a nosebleed, you should: + +- sit down and lean forward, with your head tilted forward and your mouth open +- pinch your nose just above your nostrils for 10 to 15 minutes +- breathe through your mouth + +Holding an icepack (or a bag of frozen peas wrapped in a tea towel) on the top of the nose may help reduce the blood flow. But the evidence to show it works is not very strong. + +### Video: How to treat a nosebleed + +This video shows you how to treat a nosebleed. + +Media last reviewed: 1 June 2026 +Media review due: 1 June 2029 + +## Treatment for nosebleeds + +If you have a nosebleed and a doctor can see where the blood is coming from, they may use a stick with a chemical on it to stop the bleeding. This is pushed into the nostril to seal the area. + +If this is not possible, they might pack your nose with ribbon gauze or sponge, to stop the bleeding. You may need to stay in hospital for a day or two. + +When your nosebleed stops, a doctor may prescribe an antiseptic cream to use inside your nose. This stops crusting, or scabs forming. Check the cream's ingredients first, as it may not be suitable if you have a peanut or soya allergy. + +## When a nosebleed stops + +After a nosebleed, to reduce the chance of another nosebleed, try not to do the following for 24 hours: + +- blow your nose +- pick your nose +- drink hot drinks or alcohol +- do any heavy lifting or strenuous exercise +- pick any scabs +- lie down flat + +Page last reviewed: 05 December 2023 +Next review due: 05 December 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/obesity-old/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/obesity-old/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20dd85a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/obesity-old/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +# Overweight and obesity in adults + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity-old/ + +> **💡 Information:** For information about overweight in children see advice for parents of overweight children + +## How to tell if you’re living with overweight or obesity + +### Body mass index (BMI) + +You can find out if you are a healthy weight by working out your [body mass index (BMI) using the BMI calculator](/health-assessment-tools/calculate-your-body-mass-index/). + +For most adults: + +- a BMI of 25 to 29.9 is overweight +- a BMI of 30 or more is obese + +If you are from a South Asian, Chinese, other Asian, Middle Eastern, Black African or African–Caribbean background you're at risk of health problems with a slightly lower BMI, so: + +- a BMI of 23 to 27.4 is overweight +- a BMI of 27.5 or higher is obese + +The BMI calculator cannot tell the difference between muscle and fat. For example, if you have a lot of muscle, it's possible the BMI calculator may put you in the overweight or obese category even if you do not have a lot of body fat. + +### Waist to height ratio + +If your BMI is under 35, you can use the [waist to height ratio calculator](https://www.nhs.uk/health-assessment-tools/calculate-your-waist-to-height-ratio) to help you understand if you're carrying too much fat around your tummy. + +You should try to keep your waist size to less than half your height. + +### How to measure your waist + +This video explains how to measure your waist so you can calculate your waist to height ratio. + +Media last reviewed: 11 October 2023 +Media review due: 11 October 2026 + +## Risks of living with overweight and obesity + +Living with overweight and obesity increases your risk of developing many other serious health conditions, including: + +- type 2 diabetes +- heart disease +- stroke +- high blood pressure +- some cancers, such as breast cancer, womb cancer and bowel cancer +- osteoarthritis +- fatty liver disease + +Living with obesity is likely to lower your life expectancy by between 2 and 10 years. + +It can also cause day-to-day problems such as: + +- breathlessness +- difficulty moving around +- feeling very tired (fatigue) +- joint and back pain +- snoring +- mental health problems, such as feeling very low (depression) + +> **💡 Information:** You can reduce your risk of many serious health conditions by losing weight. Just losing a small amount of weight (5 to 10% of your body weight) can improve your health. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> Your BMI is in the obese or overweight category and: +> +> - you want help to lose weight +> - your waist size is more than half your height +> - you have pre-diabetes, diabetes, high blood pressure, joint pain, high cholesterol, sleep apnoea or cardiovascular disease +> - you have a family history of obesity +> - you have, or you think you may have, an eating disorder, such as [binge eating](/mental-health/conditions/binge-eating/) + +## How to lose weight + +Making changes to your lifestyle can help you lose weight and maintain a healthy weight. + +To lose weight try to: + +- eat and drink fewer calories than your body uses +- do more physical activity to burn more calories + +On average, women use around 2,000 calories a day, and men use around 2,500 calories a day. + +[Find out more about understanding calories](/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/understanding-calories/) + +**Do:** + +- ✅ eat ahealthy balanced diet– cut down on high fat or sugary foods and eat plenty of fruit and vegetables +- ✅ reduce the number of calories you eat +- ✅ try to lose weight steadily – aim to lose 1 to 2lbs, or 0.5 to 1kg, a week +- ✅ cut down on alcohol –alcohol is high in calories +- ✅ get activefor 45 to 60 minutes a day – you can break this up into shorter sessions +- ✅ take part in a free fitness programme such as Couch to 5K +- ✅ make a plan – set yourself realistic goals and check how you are getting on by weighing yourself regularly +- ✅ be kind to yourself – changing habits and losing weight is not easy and takes time + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more NHS Better Health: lose weight NHS Better Health: healthy eating when trying to lose weight NHS Better Health: get active NHS Better Health: couch to 5K Strength exercises + +## Treatments to help you lose weight + +It can be hard to lose weight and you may need extra support or treatment to lose weight and keep the weight off. + +A GP can give you advice about losing weight safely and refer you for treatment, including: + +- weight management programmes +- medicines +- surgery + +A GP can also help you get support for any other conditions that might be affecting your weight, such as mental health conditions. + +### Weight management programmes + +Weight management programmes can help support you to lose weight safely and keep the weight off. + +They might include: + +- 1 to 1 coaching +- [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) +- group support +- online exercise classes +- healthy eating advice and recipes + +You can self-refer for some weight management programmes. + +If you need a lot of extra support to lose weight, you may be referred to a specialist weight management service + +You may also be able to get support from a dietician to follow a very low calorie diet (under 800 or 1200 calories). + +Very low calorie diets are not suitable or safe for everyone. They are usually only recommended if your weight is affecting other health conditions and you need to lose weight quickly. + +If you have other health conditions that are affected by your weight such as [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure/) or [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/), you may be offered specialist support such as the NHS digital weight management programme. + +> **💡 Information:** Self-refer for weight loss support You might be able to refer yourself to your local weight loss services, without seeing a GP. To find out if there are any services in your area: check your GP surgery website or ask the reception staff check your integrated care board (ICB) website – find your local ICB search online for NHS weight management services near you + +### Weight loss medicines + +Depending on your BMI, and if you have any other health conditions affected by your weight, you may be able to have medicines to help you lose weight. + +Medicines for weight loss work in different ways. They can: + +- reduce your appetite and help you feel fuller for longer (GLP-1 and GIP agonists such as [semaglutide](/medicines/semaglutide/), [tirzepatide](/medicines/tirzepatide/) and [liraglutide](/medicines/liraglutide/)) +- stop your body absorbing as much fat from foods ([orlistat](/medicines/orlistat/)) + +Weight loss medicines are usually prescribed alongside diet and lifestyle advice. + +You'll need to eat a balanced diet with fewer calories and do regular physical activity while taking them. + +After you stop taking the medicines you should be offered support to help you stay a healthy weight. + +### Weight loss surgery + +[Weight loss surgery](/tests-and-treatments/weight-loss-surgery/), sometimes called bariatric surgery, is surgery that makes your stomach smaller so you do not eat as much food. + +You may be offered surgery if: + +- you have a BMI of 40 or over +- you have a BMI of 35 or over and have other health conditions that could be improved by weight loss, such as type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure + +If you are from a South Asian, Chinese, other Asian, Middle Eastern, Black African or African–Caribbean background, you may be offered surgery if: + +- you have a BMI of 37.5 or over +- you have a BMI of between 32.5 and 37.4 and have other health conditions that could be improved by weight loss, such as type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure + +You'll have the surgery in hospital and usually go home 1 to 2 days after. Recovery time is usually 3 to 4 weeks. + +After surgery you'll have regular check-ups for 2 years to make sure you're eating healthily and doing regular physical activity. + +## Causes of overweight and obesity + +You put on weight when you your body turns extra calories from food and drink into fat. + +This is often caused by: + +- not doing enough physical activity to use up calories from food and drink +- eating and drinking more than your body needs, especially food and drinks that are high in [fat](/live-well/eat-well/food-types/different-fats-nutrition/) and [sugar](/live-well/eat-well/food-types/how-does-sugar-in-our-diet-affect-our-health/) + +You may also find it harder to stay a healthy weight if you: + +- have an eating disorder or other mental health condition, such as [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/) +- have a health condition or disability that makes it difficult to be physically active +- have a learning disability +- have a health condition that causes weight gain, such [polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)](/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/), an [underactive thyroid gland](/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/) or [Cushings syndrome](/conditions/cushings-syndrome/) +- take certain medicines including some [steroids](/medicines/steroids/), [antidepressants](/medicines/antidepressants/) and [beta blockers](/medicines/beta-blockers/) +- have genes that make you more likely to gain weight +- are over 55 years old +- are menopausal or perimenopausal + +Speak to a GP for advice if you have a condition that makes it harder to stay a healthy weight. + +## Help and support for overweight and obesity + +Overweight and obesity can be a difficult to live with, both physically and emotionally. + +You can find out if you can get any help with day-to-day living, such as help to move around, in the [social care and support guide.](/social-care-and-support/) + +You can get support to make lifestyle changes in the [NHS Better Health guide](https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/). + +You may also find it helpful to join a local support group or find an online support group through a charity such as Obesity UK. + +### Obesity UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by overweight and obesity. + +- Website: [www.obesityuk.org.uk](https://obesityuk.org.uk/) +- [Obesity UK: support groups](https://obesityuk.org.uk/get-involved/support-groups/) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/causes.md b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/causes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5126437 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/causes.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# Causes of oesophageal cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oesophageal-cancer/causes/ + +## Who is more likely to get oesophageal cancer + +It's not always clear what causes oesophageal cancer. + +Anyone can get it, but you might be more at risk if you: + +- are over the age of 75 (it's not very common in people under 45) +- are a man +- have certain conditions, such as long-term, severe acid reflux (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease), or Barrett's oesophagus + +Many oesophageal cancers are also linked to lifestyle. For example, you're more likely to get it if you're overweight, smoke or drink too much alcohol. + +### Barrett's oesophagus + +Barrett's oesophagus is a condition where some of the cells in your oesophagus grow abnormally. + +If you have Barrett's oesophagus you're slightly more likely to get oesophageal cancer. But this is not common. It's sometimes called a pre-cancerous condition. + +Barrett’s oesophagus often does not have any symptoms. But you may have symptoms of [indigestion](/conditions/indigestion/) and [heartburn](/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/). + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Guts UK: Barrett's oesophagus + +## How to reduce your chance of getting oesophageal cancer + +You cannot always prevent oesophageal cancer. But making healthy changes can lower your chances of getting it. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try tolose weightif you're overweight +- ✅ let hot drinks cool down a bit before drinking, so they do not damage your oesophagus +- ✅ try tocut down on alcohol– avoid drinking more than 14 units a week +- ✅ try toquit smoking + +> **💡 Information:** It's important to get any symptoms of oesophageal cancer checked by a GP. Anyone can get oesophageal cancer, even if you do not think you have a higher chance of getting it. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/help-and-support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/help-and-support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa6f65e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/help-and-support.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +# Help and support for oesophageal cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oesophageal-cancer/help-and-support/ + +## Where to find help and support + +If you have oesophageal cancer, you and your loved ones will be supported throughout your treatment by a group of specialists. + +The clinical nurse specialist, or another member of your specialist team will be able to give you information on local support services that you may find helpful. + +There are also national cancer charities that offer support and information about oesophageal cancer. + +### Oesophageal Patients Association (OPA) + +Information and support for anyone affected by oesophageal cancer. + +- Website: [www.opa.org.uk](http://www.opa.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0121 704 9860 +- [OPA: support for patients and their families](https://opa.org.uk/support/) +- [OPA: find a cancer support group near you](https://opa.org.uk/group-locations/) + +### Macmillan Cancer Support + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [www.macmillan.org.uk](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/) +- Helpline: [0808 808 00 00](tel:0808 808 00 00) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: support line service](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/about-us/contact-us/ask-macmillan-form.html) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: online community](https://community.macmillan.org.uk/) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: find local support services](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/in-your-area/choose-location.html) + +### Cancer Research UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [www.cancerresearchuk.org](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/) +- Nurse helpline: [0808 800 4040](tel:0808 800 4040) +- [Cancer Research UK: ask a nurse service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/contact-us/talk-to-our-nurses?secure=true) +- [Cancer Research UK: online cancer chat forum](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-chat/home) +- [Cancer Research UK: find a clinical trial service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/find-a-clinical-trial) + +### Maggie's + +Practical, emotional and social support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [www.maggies.org](https://www.maggies.org/) +- Helpline: [0300 123 1801](tel:0300 123 1801) +- [Maggie's: find cancer support near you](https://www.maggies.org/our-centres/) +- [Maggie's: cancer support](https://www.maggies.org/cancer-support/) + +### Marie Curie + +Care and support for anyone affected by a terminal illness. + +- Website: [www.mariecurie.org.uk](https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/) +- Helpline: [0800 090 2309](tel:0800 090 2309) +- [Marie Curie: support services](https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/services) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ede74f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +# Symptoms of oesophageal cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oesophageal-cancer/symptoms/ + +## Main symptoms of oesophageal cancer + +There are many possible symptoms of oesophageal cancer, but they might be hard to spot. + +They can affect your digestion, such as: + +- having problems swallowing ([dysphagia](/symptoms/swallowing-problems-dysphagia/)) +- feeling or being sick +- [heartburn or acid reflux](/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/) +- symptoms of [indigestion](/conditions/indigestion/), such as burping a lot + +Other symptoms include: + +- a cough that is not getting better +- a hoarse voice +- loss of appetite or [losing weight without trying to](/symptoms/unintentional-weight-loss/) +- feeling tired or having no energy +- pain in your throat or the middle of your chest, especially when swallowing +- black poo or coughing up blood (although these are uncommon) + +If you have another condition, such as [gastro-oesophageal reflux disease](/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/), you may get symptoms like these regularly. + +You might find you get used to them. But it's important to be checked by a GP if your symptoms change, get worse, or do not feel normal for you. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you're being sick for more than 2 days +> - your poo is black or dark red +> - you have symptoms of oesophageal cancer you're worried about, but are not sure where to get help +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have problems swallowing +> - you've lost a noticeable amount of weight +> - you have heartburn most days that lasts for 3 weeks or more +> - you have symptoms of oesophageal cancer that get worse +> - you have a condition that causes digestion symptoms and they're not getting better with your usual treatments + +### Important + +These symptoms are very common and can be caused by many different conditions. + +Having them does not definitely mean you have oesophageal cancer. But it's important to get them checked by a GP. + +This is because if they're caused by cancer, finding it early makes it more treatable. + +## What happens at the GP appointment + +The GP may feel your neck and tummy. + +They might arrange for you to have a blood test. + +### Referral to a specialist + +You may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if the GP thinks you have symptoms that could be cancer. This does not definitely mean you have cancer. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: referral to a specialist for symptoms that could be caused by oesophageal cancer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..988b510 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# Tests and next steps for oesophageal cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oesophageal-cancer/tests-and-next-steps/ + +## Main test for oesophageal cancer + +If the GP or specialist thinks you might have oesophageal cancer, they will probably refer you for a test to look inside your oesophagus. + +This test is called a [gastroscopy](/tests-and-treatments/gastroscopy/) (a type of endoscopy) or sometimes a camera test. It looks for any problems in your oesophagus or stomach, including oesophageal cancer. + +During a gastroscopy: + +1. A long, thin, flexible tube with a small camera inside (called an endoscope) will be put into your mouth and down your oesophagus. +2. A specialist will use the camera in the endoscope to look for any problems. +3. A small sample of cells (called a [biopsy](/tests-and-treatments/biopsy/)) may be collected during the procedure. These cells will be sent to a laboratory to check for cancer. + +The gastroscopy should take around 10 to 15 minutes, but you'll probably be in hospital for several hours. + +The test should not be painful, but you might find it uncomfortable. + +You may be offered things to make you more comfortable and make the test easier, such as: + +- a spray to numb the back of your throat ([local anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/local-anaesthesia/)) +- sedation – medicine given through a small tube in your arm to help you relax +- putting you to sleep ([general anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/general-anaesthesia/)) + +A gastroscopy can also help find problems in other nearby organs, such as your stomach and the first part of the bowels (small intestine). + +## Getting your results + +You should get the results of a gastroscopy and biopsy within 2 weeks. + +Try not to worry if your results are taking longer to get to you. It does not definitely mean anything is wrong. + +You can call the hospital or GP if you're worried. They should be able to update you. + +A specialist will explain what the results mean and what will happen next. You may want to bring someone with you for support. + +### If you're told you have oesophageal cancer + +Being told you have oesophageal cancer can feel overwhelming. You may be feeling anxious about what will happen next. + +It can help to bring someone with you to any appointments you have. + +A group of specialists will look after you throughout your diagnosis, treatment and beyond. + +Your team will include a clinical nurse specialist who will be your main point of contact during and after treatment. + +You can ask them any questions you have. + +> **💡 Information:** Macmillan Cancer Support has a free helpline that's open every day from 8am to 8pm. They're there to listen if you have anything you want to talk about. Call 0808 808 00 00 + +## Next steps + +If you've been told you have oesophageal cancer, you will need more tests. + +These, along with the camera test, will help the specialists find out the size of the cancer and how far it's spread (called the stage). + +You may need: + +- scans, like an [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) (sometimes from inside your body using an endoscope), [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/), or [PET-CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/pet-scan/) +- a small operation to look inside your tummy, called a [laparoscopy](/tests-and-treatments/laparoscopy/) + +You may not have all these tests. + +The specialists will use the results of these tests and work with you to decide on the best treatment plan for you. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: stages, types and grades of oesophageal cancer Macmillan Cancer Support: information and support if you've just been diagnosed with cancer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/treatment.md b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/treatment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e28590c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/treatment.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# Treatment for oesophageal cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oesophageal-cancer/treatment/ + +## Treatment for oesophageal cancer + +Oesophageal cancer is often treatable. But it can be difficult to treat. + +The treatment you have will depend on: + +- the size and type of oesophageal cancer you have +- where it is +- if it has spread +- your general health + +It may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted medicines and immunotherapy. + +The specialist care team looking after you will: + +- explain the treatments, benefits and side effects +- work with you to create a treatment plan that is best for you +- help you manage any side effects, including changes to your diet + +You'll have regular check-ups during and after any treatments. You may also have tests and scans. + +If you have any symptoms or side effects that you're worried about, talk to your specialists. You do not need to wait for your next check-up. + +## Surgery + +If oesophageal cancer is found early and it has not spread, you may be able to have surgery to remove it. + +The surgeon will remove part or, in a small number of people, most of the oesophagus. + +They may also need to remove parts of other organs around the oesophagus, such as the top of the stomach. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: surgery for oesophageal cancer + +## Chemotherapy + +[Chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/) uses medicines to kill cancer cells. + +You may have chemotherapy for oesophageal cancer: + +- before surgery to help make the cancer smaller +- after surgery to get rid of any remaining cancer and help stop the cancer coming back +- with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) to treat early cancer, or if you're not able to have surgery +- to help control and improve the symptoms of advanced cancer + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: chemotherapy for oesophageal cancer + +## Radiotherapy + +[Radiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/radiotherapy/) uses high-energy rays of radiation to kill cancer cells. + +You may have radiotherapy for oesophageal cancer: + +- to treat early cancer, usually with chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) +- to help control and improve the symptoms of advanced cancer + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: radiotherapy for oesophageal cancer + +## Targeted medicines and immunotherapy + +Targeted medicines and immunotherapy aim to stop the cancer growing and help your immune system attack the cancer. + +You might have treatment with targeted medicines or immunotherapy: + +- if the cancer has spread to another part of the body +- if the cancer cannot be cured +- to lower the risk of the cancer coming back after surgery to remove it + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: targeted drugs and immunotherapy for oesophageal cancer + +## What happens if you've been told your cancer cannot be cured + +If you have advanced oesophageal cancer it might be very hard to treat. It may not be possible to cure the cancer. + +In this situation, the aim of your treatment will be to limit the cancer and its symptoms, and help you live longer. + +Finding out the cancer cannot be cured can be very hard news to take in. You will be referred to a special team of doctors and nurses called the palliative care team or symptom control team. + +They will work with you to help manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable. + +The clinical nurse specialist or palliative care team can also help you and your loved ones get any support you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: end of life care \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/what-is-oesophageal-cancer.md b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/what-is-oesophageal-cancer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e4d566 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/oesophageal-cancer/what-is-oesophageal-cancer.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# What is oesophageal cancer? + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oesophageal-cancer/what-is-oesophageal-cancer/ + +![Diagram of the upper part of the body with the oesophagus highlighted in yellow and shown as a tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Oesophageal_Cancer_3_copy.width-320.jpg) + +- Oesophageal cancer is a cancer that's found anywhere in the oesophagus, sometimes called the gullet or food pipe. +- The oesophagus connects your mouth to your stomach. +- How serious oesophageal cancer is depends on where it is in the oesophagus, how big it is, if it has spread and your general health. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/oral-thrush-mouth-thrush/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/oral-thrush-mouth-thrush/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58c90d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/oral-thrush-mouth-thrush/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +# Oral thrush (mouth thrush) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oral-thrush-mouth-thrush/ + +**Oral thrush is usually harmless. It's common in babies and also older people with dentures. It can be treated with antifungal medicine.** + +## Symptoms of oral thrush + +### Adults + +![The inside of a person's mouth which is red with lots of white patches.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0130862.original.width-320.jpg) + +When you have oral thrush, your mouth is red inside with white patches. + +![Red patches inside a person's mouth.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0230714-Drug-induced_oral_ulceration_and_thru.width-320.jpg) + +When you wipe off the white patches, they leave red spots that can bleed. + +Other symptoms in adults are: + +- cracks at the corners of the mouth +- not tasting things properly +- an unpleasant taste in the mouth +- pain inside the mouth (for example, a sore tongue or sore gums) +- difficulty eating and drinking + +Oral thrush in adults is not contagious. + +### Babies + +![White coating on the top of a child's tongue.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M1120330-Oral_thrush_in_AIDS_baby-SPL.original.width-320.jpg) + +A baby with oral thrush will have a white coating on their tongue. It may look like cottage cheese and it cannot be rubbed off easily. + +![White spots inside a baby's mouth.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M1300357-Oral_candidiasis_thrush_in_a_baby_s_m.width-320.jpg) + +Sometimes there are white spots in their mouth. + +Babies with oral thrush may not want to feed. + +### If you're not sure it's oral thrush + +Look at other causes of a [white or sore tongue](/symptoms/sore-or-white-tongue/). + +## Treatment for oral thrush + +A GP can prescribe antifungal medicine to treat oral thrush, called [nystatin](/medicines/nystatin/). It comes as a liquid, which you should hold in your mouth for as long as possible before swallowing it. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - if you think you or your child might have oral thrush + +## How you can prevent oral thrush + +Oral thrush is an infection caused by a fungus called Candida. Some things can make the fungus grow more than usual. + +You might get thrush if you're: + +- taking antibiotics over a long time +- using asthma inhalers +- having cancer treatment like chemotherapy + +There are some things you can do to help prevent oral thrush. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ take care of your teeth: brush twice a day, clean your dentures, and go for regular check-ups even if you have dentures +- ✅ brush your gums and tongue with a soft toothbrush if you do not have any teeth +- ✅ rinse your mouth after eating or taking medicine +- ✅ go to regular check-ups if you have a long-term condition like diabetes +- ✅ sterilise dummies regularly +- ✅ sterilise bottles after each use + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not wear dentures at night +- ❌ do not keep wearing dentures if they do not fit properly – see your dentist +- ❌ do not smoke + +Page last reviewed: 05 June 2023 +Next review due: 05 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/osteoarthritis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/osteoarthritis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c2e0fb --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/osteoarthritis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +# Overview-Osteoarthritis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteoarthritis/ + +**Osteoarthritis is a condition that causes joints to become painful and stiff. It's the most common type of**[**arthritis**](/conditions/arthritis/) **in the UK.** + +## Symptoms of osteoarthritis + +The main symptoms of osteoarthritis are joint pain and stiffness, and problems moving the joint. + +Some people also have symptoms such as: + +- swelling +- tenderness +- grating or crackling sound when moving the affected joints + +The severity of osteoarthritis symptoms can vary greatly from person to person, and between different affected joints. + +For some people, the symptoms can be mild and may come and go. Other people can experience more continuous and severe problems which make it difficult to carry out everyday activities. + +Almost any joint can be affected by osteoarthritis, but the condition most often causes problems in the knees, hips and small joints of the hands. + +You should see your GP if you have persistent symptoms of osteoarthritis so they can confirm the diagnosis and prescribe any necessary treatment. + +Read more about the [symptoms of osteoarthritis](/conditions/osteoarthritis/symptoms/). + +## Causes of osteoarthritis + +As part of normal life, your joints are exposed to a constant low level of damage. In most cases, your body repairs the damage itself and you do not experience any symptoms. + +But in osteoarthritis, the protective cartilage on the ends of your bones breaks down, causing pain, swelling and problems moving the joint. Bony growths can develop, and the area can become swollen and red. (Redness can be harder to see on brown and black skin.) + +The exact cause is not known, but several things are thought to increase your risk of developing osteoarthritis, including: + +- joint injury – overusing your joint when it has not had enough time to heal after an injury or operation +- other conditions (secondary arthritis) – osteoarthritis can happen in joints severely damaged by a previous or existing condition, such as [rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/) or [gout](/conditions/gout/) +- age – your risk of developing the condition increases as you get older +- family history – osteoarthritis may run in families, although studies have not identified a single gene responsible +- [obesity](/conditions/obesity-old/) – being obese puts excess strain on your joints, particularly those that bear most of your weight, such as your knees and hips +- being a woman – osteoarthritis is more common in women than men + +## Diagnosing osteoarthritis + +To help determine whether you have osteoarthritis, a GP will first ask you about your symptoms and examine your joints. + +A GP may suspect osteoarthritis if: + +- you're aged 45 or older +- you have joint pain that gets worse the more you use your joints +- the stiffness in your joints is not there in the mornings, or lasts less than 30 minutes + +If your symptoms are slightly different, this may indicate another joint condition. For example, prolonged joint stiffness in the morning can be a sign of [rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/). + +Further tests – such as [X-rays](/tests-and-treatments/x-ray/) or [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) – are not usually necessary, but may be used to rule out other possible causes, such as rheumatoid arthritis or a fractured bone. + +## Treating osteoarthritis + +Osteoarthritis is a long-term condition and cannot be cured, but it doesn't necessarily get any worse over time and it can sometimes gradually improve. A number of treatments are also available to reduce the symptoms. + +Mild symptoms can sometimes be managed with simple measures, including: + +- regular exercise +- losing weight if you're overweight +- wearing suitable footwear +- using special devices to reduce the strain on your joints during your everyday activities + +If your symptoms are more severe, you may need additional treatments such as painkillers and a structured exercise plan with a physiotherapist. + +In a small number of cases, where these treatments haven't helped or the damage to the joints is particularly severe, surgery may be done to repair, strengthen or replace a damaged joint. + +Find out more about [treating osteoarthritis](/conditions/osteoarthritis/treatment/). + +## Living with osteoarthritis + +As osteoarthritis is a long-term condition, it's important you receive support to help you cope with any issues such as reduced mobility, and advice on any necessary financial support. + +Some people may find it helpful to talk to their GP or others who are living with osteoarthritis, as there may be questions or worries you want to share. + +Find out more about [living with osteoarthritis](/conditions/osteoarthritis/living-with/). + +## Preventing osteoarthritis + +It's not possible to prevent osteoarthritis altogether. However, you may be able to minimise your risk of developing the condition by avoiding injury and living a healthy lifestyle. + +### Exercise + +Exercise or a job that puts frequent strain on your joints and forces them to bear an excessive load can increase your risk of osteoarthritis. + +Try to do at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity (such as cycling or fast walking) every week, plus strength exercises on 2 or more days each week that work the major muscle groups, to keep yourself generally healthy. + +Find out more about [health and fitness](/live-well/exercise/), including tips on simple exercises you can do at home. + +### Posture + +It can also help to maintain good posture at all times and avoid staying in the same position for too long. + +If you work at a desk, make sure your chair is at the correct height, and take regular breaks to move around. + +### Losing weight + +Being overweight or [obese](/conditions/obesity-old/) increases the strain on your joints and your risk of developing osteoarthritis. If you're overweight, losing weight may help lower your chances of developing the condition. + +Use the [BMI healthy weight calculator](/live-well/healthy-weight/bmi-calculator/) to find out whether you're overweight or obese. + +Find out more more about [losing weight](https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/lose-weight/). + +#### Want to know more? + +- [Arthritis UK: osteoarthritis](https://www.arthritis-uk.org/information-and-support/understanding-arthritis/conditions/osteoarthritis/) + +Page last reviewed: 20 March 2023 +Next review due: 20 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/osteomyelitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/osteomyelitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3a3944 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/osteomyelitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# Osteomyelitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteomyelitis/ + +**Osteomyelitis is a painful bone infection. It usually goes away if treated early with antibiotics. It can cause serious long-term problems if it's not treated.** + +## Who's at risk of getting osteomyelitis + +Anyone can develop osteomyelitis, but you're more at risk of getting it if you have: + +- had osteomyelitis before +- [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/), especially if you also have a foot ulcer +- broken (fractured) a bone +- been injured and have a wound +- had an infection +- had surgery +- a weakened immune system (for example, because of chemotherapy, or you have a condition such as HIV) + +Children may also be more likely to get osteomyelitis after having a respiratory infection or chickenpox. + +## Symptoms of osteomyelitis + +Osteomyelitis usually causes severe pain, most often affecting the legs, but it may affect other parts of the body. + +Other symptoms of osteomyelitis can include: + +- swelling of the affected area +- a feeling of warmth on the affected area +- redness of the skin in the affected area, which may be harder to see on black or brown skin +- a limp (more common in children) +- a high temperature + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - pain, swelling, redness and a warm sensation over an area of bone +> - a very high temperature (or you feel hot, cold or shivery) and feel generally unwell +> - had osteomyelitis before and you think the symptoms have come back +> +> ### Take your child to a GP if: +> +> - they do not want to use an arm or leg and seem irritable - young children do not always get a high temperature with osteomyelitis +> +> You can call NHS 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/). +> +> If it's not treated quickly, osteomyelitis can cause serious long-term problems, such as infections and permanent damage to your bones. + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +The GP will examine the area and may do some tests to find out if you have a bone infection. + +You might need a blood test, or to go to hospital for: + +- an [X-ray](/tests-and-treatments/x-ray/), [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) or [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) +- a [biopsy](/tests-and-treatments/biopsy/), where a small sample of fluid is taken from the bone and sent for testing + +## Treatment for osteomyelitis + +Osteomyelitis is treated with antibiotics. You may need treatment in hospital, or you might be able to take antibiotics at home. + +You'll usually take antibiotics for 4 to 6 weeks. If you have a severe infection, you may need to take them for up to 12 weeks. It's important to finish a course of antibiotics even if you start to feel better. + +If the infection is treated quickly (within 3 to 5 days of it starting), it often clears up completely. + +You can take painkillers to ease the pain. If the infection is in a long bone (such as an arm or leg), you may be fitted with a splint so you do not move it as often. + +### Surgery for osteomyelitis + +You'll usually need an operation if: + +- a build-up of pus (abscess) develops in the bone and the pus needs to be drained +- the infection presses against something else, for example, the spinal cord +- the infection has lasted a long time and damaged the bone + +If the infection has damaged the bone, you'll need surgery (known as debridement) to remove the damaged part. + +Debridement can leave an empty space in the bone, which may need to be reconstructed. + +Sometimes more than 1 operation is needed to treat the infection. Muscle and skin from another part of the body might be used to repair the area near the affected bone. + +## Diabetes and osteomyelitis + +It's very important to look after your feet if you have diabetes. + +If you have poorly controlled diabetes, you can lose sensation in your feet and not notice small cuts, which could develop into an infection that spreads to the bone. + +Page last reviewed: 16 August 2023 +Next review due: 16 August 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/osteophyte/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/osteophyte/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6364038 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/osteophyte/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +# Osteophyte (bone spur) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteophyte/ + +**Osteophytes (bone spurs) are bony lumps that grow on the bones in the spine or around joints. They form when a joint or bone has been damaged by arthritis, but do not always cause problems.** + +## Symptoms of an osteophyte + +Osteophytes often do not cause any problems. You may only find out you have one when you have an [X-ray](/tests-and-treatments/x-ray/) for another reason. + +But they can sometimes cause problems if they rub against bone or muscles, affect your movement or put pressure on nerves. + +The main symptom of an osteophyte is pain and stiffness. + +Other symptoms depend on where in the body the osteophyte has formed. + +They can include: + +- pins and needles, numbness or weakness in the arms and legs +- lumps on joints like the fingers, big toe, heel and ankle + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have joint pain or stiffness +> - you have numbness, nerve pain or weakness in any part of your body + +## Treatments for osteophytes + +Osteophytes only need to be treated if they cause problems such as pain or stiffness. + +As osteophytes are closely linked to arthritis, the treatments you might need are the same as treatments for arthritis. + +Treatment may include: + +- painkillers such as [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/) and [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) +- [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) +- [losing weight](/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/12-tips-to-help-you-lose-weight/) if you're overweight +- surgery, such as a [hip replacement](/tests-and-treatments/hip-replacement/) or [knee replacement](/tests-and-treatments/knee-replacement/) + +Page last reviewed: 22 December 2022 +Next review due: 22 December 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/osteoporosis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/osteoporosis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8106955 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/osteoporosis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +# Overview-Osteoporosis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteoporosis/ + +**Osteoporosis is a health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. It develops slowly over several years and is often only diagnosed when a fall or sudden impact causes a bone to break (fracture).** + +The most common injuries in people with osteoporosis are: + +- [broken wrist](/conditions/broken-arm-or-wrist/) +- broken hip ([hip fracture](/conditions/broken-hip/)) +- broken spinal bones (vertebrae) + +However, breaks can also happen in other bones, such as in the arm or pelvis. Sometimes a cough or sneeze can cause a broken rib or the partial collapse of one of the bones of the spine. + +Osteoporosis is not usually painful until a bone is broken, but broken bones in the spine are a common cause of long-term pain. + +Although a broken bone is often the first sign of osteoporosis, some older people develop the characteristic stooped (bent forward) posture. It happens when the bones in the spine have broken, making it difficult to support the weight of the body. + +Osteoporosis can be treated with bone strengthening medicines. + +## Bone loss before osteoporosis (osteopenia) + +The stage before osteoporosis is called osteopenia. This is when a bone density scan shows you have lower bone density than the average for your age, but not low enough to be classed as osteoporosis. + +Osteopenia does not always lead to osteoporosis. It depends on many factors. + +If you have osteopenia, there are steps you can take to keep your bones healthy and [reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis](/conditions/osteoporosis/prevention/). + +Your doctor may also prescribe one of the bone-strengthening treatments that are given to people with osteoporosis, depending on how weak your bones are and your risk of breaking a bone. + +## Causes of osteoporosis + +Losing bone is a normal part of ageing, but some people lose bone much faster than normal. This can lead to osteoporosis and an increased risk of broken bones. + +Women also lose bone rapidly in the first few years after the [menopause](/conditions/menopause/). Women are more at risk of osteoporosis than men, particularly if the menopause begins early (before the age of 45) or they've had their ovaries removed. + +However, osteoporosis can also affect men, younger women and children. + +Many other factors can also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, including: + +- taking high-dose [steroid tablets](/medicines/steroids/) for more than 3 months +- other medical conditions – such as inflammatory conditions, hormone-related conditions, or malabsorption problems +- a family history of osteoporosis – particularly a hip fracture in a parent +- long-term use of certain medicines that can affect bone strength or hormone levels, such as anti-oestrogen tablets that many women take after breast cancer +- having or having had an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia +- having a low [body mass index (BMI)](/live-well/healthy-weight/bmi-calculator/) +- not exercising regularly +- heavy drinking and smoking + +Read more about the [causes of osteoporosis](/conditions/osteoporosis/causes/). + +## Diagnosing osteoporosis and osteopenia + +If your doctor suspects you have osteoporosis, they can work out your future risk of breaking a bone using an online programme, such as FRAX or Q-Fracture. + +[Find out more about Frax, the online tool developed by Sheffield University](https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/FRAX/tool.aspx) + +### Bone density scan (DEXA scan) + +They may also refer you for a [bone density scan](/tests-and-treatments/dexa-scan/) to measure your bone strength. It's a short, painless procedure that takes 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the part of the body being scanned. + +Your bone density can be compared to that of a healthy young adult. + +The difference is calculated as a standard deviation (SD) and is called a T score. + +Standard deviation is a measure of variability based on an average or expected value. A T score of: + +- above -1 SD is normal +- between -1 and -2.5 SD shows bone loss and is defined as osteopenia +- below -2.5 shows bone loss and is defined as osteoporosis + +## Treating osteoporosis + +Treatment for osteoporosis is based on treating and preventing broken bones, and taking medicine to strengthen your bones. + +The decision about whether you need treatment depends on your risk of breaking a bone in the future. This will be based on a number of factors such as your age, sex and the results of your bone density scan. + +If you need treatment, your doctor can suggest the safest and most effective treatment plan for you. + +Read more about [how osteoporosis is treated](/conditions/osteoporosis/treatment/). + +## Preventing osteoporosis + +If you're at risk of developing osteoporosis, you should take steps to help keep your bones healthy. This may include: + +- taking regular [exercise](/live-well/exercise/) to keep your bones as strong as possible +- [healthy eating](/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/) – including foods rich in [calcium](/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/calcium/) and [vitamin D](/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/) +- taking a daily supplement containing 10 micrograms of vitamin D +- making lifestyle changes – such as [giving up smoking](/live-well/quit-smoking/) and reducing your [alcohol](/live-well/alcohol-advice/) consumption + +Read more about [preventing osteoporosis](/conditions/osteoporosis/prevention/). + +## Living with osteoporosis + +If you're diagnosed with osteoporosis, there are steps you can take to reduce your chances of a fall, such as removing hazards from your home and having regular [sight tests](/nhs-services/opticians/visiting-an-optician/) and [hearing tests](/tests-and-treatments/hearing-tests/). + +To help you recover from a fracture, you can try using: + +- painkillers +- hot and cold treatments, such as warm baths and cold packs +- relaxation techniques and other [ways to reduce pain](/live-well/pain/10-ways-to-ease-pain/) + +Speak to your GP or nurse if you're worried about living with a long-term condition. They may be able to answer any questions you have. + +You may also find it helpful to talk to a trained counsellor or psychologist, or other people with the condition. + +Read more about [living with osteoporosis](/conditions/osteoporosis/living-with/). + +## Osteoporosis support + +The [Royal Osteoporosis Society](https://theros.org.uk/) is the UK's national charity for osteoporosis. + +It has detailed information about osteoporosis prevention and treatment, and support groups throughout the UK. + +[Find an osteoporosis support group near you on the Royal Osteoporosis Society website](https://theros.org.uk/information-and-support/support-in-your-area/find-your-local-support-group/) + +The Royal Osteoporosis Society's helpline may be particularly helpful if you're newly diagnosed with osteoporosis. + +The helpline number is 0300 102 3030 and is open Monday to Friday, 9am to 12.30pm and 1.30pm to 5.00pm. + +> **💡 Information:** Social care and support guide The guide to care and support explains your options and where you can get support if you: need help with day-to-day living because of illness or disability care for someone regularly because they're ill or disabled or because of their age, including family members + +Page last reviewed: 13 October 2022 +Next review due: 13 October 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/ovarian-cancer/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/ovarian-cancer/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..437b244 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/ovarian-cancer/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# Overview-Ovarian cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cancer/ + +![Diagram of the pelvic area with labels showing the cervix, womb, fallopian tubes and 2 ovaries. The ovaries are either side of the womb.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID-1402_-_Ovarian_Cancer_Illustration.width-320.jpg) + +- Ovarian cancer affects the ovaries. It mostly affects women over the age of 50. +- It can affect anyone who has ovaries. +- The ovaries are 2 small organs that store the eggs needed to make babies and produce female sex hormones. +- Sometimes ovarian cancer runs in families. +- The symptoms of ovarian cancer, such as bloating, are not always obvious. +- Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed late, but early diagnosis can mean it is more treatable. +- You can still get ovarian cancer if you've had your ovaries removed because it can also affect your fallopian tubes, or the lining inside your tummy (peritoneum). +- Cancers of the ovary, fallopian tubes and peritoneum are often grouped together because they are similar and treated in the same way. + +## Get your symptoms checked + +It's important to get any [symptoms of ovarian cancer](/conditions/ovarian-cancer/symptoms/) checked as soon as possible. Finding it early can mean it's more treatable. + +Page last reviewed: 17 November 2025 +Next review due: 17 November 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/ovarian-cyst/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/ovarian-cyst/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be8a221 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/ovarian-cyst/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +# Overview-Ovarian cyst + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cyst/ + +**An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on an ovary. They're very common and do not usually cause any symptoms.** + +Most ovarian cysts occur naturally and go away in a few months without needing any treatment. + +## The ovaries + +The ovaries are 2 almond-shaped organs that are part of the female reproductive system. There's 1 on each side of the womb (uterus). + +The ovaries have 2 main functions: + +- to release an egg approximately every 28 days as part of the [menstrual cycle](/conditions/periods/) +- to release the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which play an important role in reproduction + +Ovarian cysts may affect both ovaries at the same time, or they may only affect 1. + +## Symptoms of an ovarian cyst + +An ovarian cyst usually only causes symptoms if it splits (ruptures), is very large or twists and then blocks the blood supply to the ovaries. + +In these cases, you may have: + +- [pelvic pain](/symptoms/pelvic-pain/) – this can range from a dull, heavy sensation to a sudden, severe and sharp pain +- pain during sex +- difficulty emptying your bowels +- a frequent need to urinate +- [heavy periods](/conditions/heavy-periods/), [irregular periods](/symptoms/irregular-periods/) or lighter periods than normal +- bloating and a swollen tummy +- feeling very full after only eating a little +- difficulty getting pregnant – although fertility is usually unaffected by ovarian cysts + +See a GP if you have symptoms of an ovarian cyst. + +Ask for an urgent GP appointment or get help from NHS 111 if: + +- you have sudden, severe pelvic pain +- you have pain in your tummy (abdomen) and you also feel sick (nausea) or are being sick (vomiting) + +You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Types of ovarian cyst + +The 2 main types of ovarian cyst are: + +- functional ovarian cysts – cysts that develop as part of the menstrual cycle and are usually harmless and short-lived; these are the most common type +- pathological ovarian cysts – cysts that form as a result of abnormal cell growth; these are much less common + +Ovarian cysts can sometimes also be caused by an underlying condition, such as [endometriosis](/conditions/endometriosis/). + +The vast majority of ovarian cysts are non-cancerous (benign), although a small number are cancerous (malignant). + +Cancerous cysts are more common if you have been through the menopause. + +[Find out more about the causes of ovarian cysts](/conditions/ovarian-cyst/causes/) + +## Diagnosing ovarian cysts + +If a GP thinks you may have an ovarian cyst, you'll probably be referred for an [ultrasound scan](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/), carried out by using a probe placed inside your vagina. + +If a cyst is identified during the ultrasound scan, you may need to have this monitored with a repeat ultrasound scan in a few weeks, or a GP may refer you to a doctor who specialises in female reproductive health (gynaecologist). + +If there's any concern that your cyst could be cancerous, the doctor will also arrange [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) to look for high levels of chemicals that can indicate [ovarian cancer](/conditions/ovarian-cancer/). + +But having high levels of these chemicals does not necessarily mean you have cancer, as high levels can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions, such as: + +- [endometriosis](/conditions/endometriosis/) +- a [pelvic infection](/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/) +- [fibroids](/conditions/fibroids/) +- your [period](/conditions/periods/) + +## Treating ovarian cysts + +Whether an ovarian cyst needs to be treated will depend on: + +- its size and appearance +- whether you have any symptoms +- whether you have been through the [menopause](/conditions/menopause/) + +In most cases, the cyst disappears after a few months. A follow-up ultrasound scan may be used to confirm this. + +If you are postmenopausal, there is a slightly higher risk of [ovarian cancer](/conditions/ovarian-cancer/). Regular ultrasound scans and blood tests are usually recommended over the course of a year to monitor the cyst. + +Surgical treatment to remove the cysts may be needed if they're large, causing symptoms or potentially cancerous. + +## Ovarian cysts and fertility + +Ovarian cysts do not usually prevent you getting pregnant, although they can sometimes make it harder to conceive. + +If you need an operation to remove your cysts, your surgeon will aim to preserve your fertility whenever possible. + +This may mean removing just the cyst and leaving the ovaries intact, or only removing 1 ovary. + +In some cases, surgery to remove both your ovaries may be necessary, in which case you'll no longer produce any eggs. + +Make sure you talk to your surgeon about the potential effects on your fertility before your operation. + +### Video: Ovarian cysts + +This video explores the symptoms ovarian cysts can cause, the long-term effects, and the treatment options. + +Media last reviewed: 1 April 2024 +Media review due: 1 April 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 21 June 2023 +Next review due: 21 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af6a60e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +# Overview-Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/ + +**An overactive thyroid, also known as hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis, is where the thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormones.** + +The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, just in front of the windpipe (trachea). It produces hormones that affect things such as your heart rate and body temperature. + +Having too much of these hormones can cause unpleasant and potentially serious problems that may need treatment. + +An overactive thyroid can affect anyone, but it's about 10 times more common in women than men, and typically happens between 20 and 40 years of age. + +## Symptoms of an overactive thyroid + +An overactive thyroid can cause a wide range of symptoms, including: + +- nervousness, anxiety and irritability +- mood swings +- [difficulty sleeping](/conditions/insomnia/) +- persistent tiredness and weakness +- sensitivity to heat +- swelling in your neck from an [enlarged thyroid gland (goitre)](/conditions/goitre/) +- an irregular and/or unusually fast heart rate [(palpitations)](/symptoms/heart-palpitations/) +- twitching or [trembling](/symptoms/tremor-or-shaking-hands/) +- [weight loss](/symptoms/unintentional-weight-loss/) + +[Find out more about the symptoms of an overactive thyroid](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/symptoms/) + +## When to see a GP + +See a GP if you have symptoms of an overactive thyroid. + +They'll ask about your symptoms and if they think you might have a thyroid problem, they can arrange for a [blood test](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) to check how well your thyroid is working. + +If the blood test shows that you have an overactive thyroid, you may be referred for further tests to identify the cause. + +[Find out more about how an overactive thyroid is diagnosed](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/diagnosis/) + +## Treatments for an overactive thyroid + +An overactive thyroid is usually treatable. + +The main treatments are: + +- medicine that stops your thyroid producing too much of the thyroid hormones +- radioiodine treatment – where a type of [radiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/radiotherapy/) is used to destroy cells in the thyroid, reducing its ability to produce thyroid hormones +- surgery to remove some or all of your thyroid, so that it no longer produces thyroid hormones + +Each of these treatments has benefits and drawbacks. You'll usually see a specialist in hormonal conditions (endocrinologist) to discuss which treatment is best for you. + +[Find out more about how an overactive thyroid is treated](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/treatment/) + +## Causes of an overactive thyroid + +There are several reasons why your thyroid can become overactive. + +These include: + +- Graves' disease – an autoimmune condition where the immune system produces antibodies that cause the thyroid to produce too much thyroid hormone (about 4 in every 5 people with an overactive thyroid have Graves' disease) +- lumps (nodules) on the thyroid – this extra thyroid tissue can produce thyroid hormones, causing your levels to be too high +- some medicines such as amiodarone, which can be used to treat an [irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)](/conditions/arrhythmia/) + +[Find out more about the causes of an overactive thyroid](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/causes/) + +## Further problems + +An overactive thyroid can sometimes lead to further problems, particularly if it's not treated or well controlled. + +These include: + +- eye problems – such as eye irritation, [double vision](/symptoms/double-vision/) or [bulging eyes](/symptoms/bulging-eyes/) +- pregnancy complications – such as [pre-eclampsia](/conditions/pre-eclampsia/), [premature birth](/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/premature-early-labour/) or [miscarriage](/conditions/miscarriage/) +- a thyroid storm – a sudden and life-threatening flare-up of symptoms + +[Find out more about the complications of an overactive thyroid](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/complications/) + +## Help and support + +- [British Thyroid Foundation: help and support if you have an overactive thyroid](https://www.btf-thyroid.org/hyperthyroidism) + +Page last reviewed: 11 April 2023 +Next review due: 11 April 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/parkinsons-disease/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/parkinsons-disease/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a71e25 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/parkinsons-disease/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +# Overview-Parkinson's disease + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/parkinsons-disease/ + +**Parkinson's disease is a condition in which parts of the brain become progressively damaged over many years.** + +## Symptoms of Parkinson's disease + +The main symptoms of Parkinson's disease are: + +- involuntary shaking of particular parts of the body [(tremor)](/symptoms/tremor-or-shaking-hands/) +- slow movement +- stiff and inflexible muscles + +A person with Parkinson's disease can also experience a wide range of other physical and psychological symptoms. + +These include: + +- [depression](/conditions/clinical-depression/) and [anxiety](/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder/) +- balance problems (this may increase the chances of a [fall](/conditions/falls/)) +- loss of sense of smell [(anosmia)](/symptoms/lost-or-changed-sense-smell/) +- problems sleeping [(insomnia)](/conditions/insomnia/) +- memory problems + +## Seeking medical advice + +See a GP if you're concerned that you may have symptoms of Parkinson's disease. + +They'll ask about the problems you're experiencing and may refer you to a specialist for further tests. + +[Find out more about diagnosing Parkinson's disease](/conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis/) + +## Causes of Parkinson's disease + +Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of nerve cells in part of the brain called the substantia nigra. This leads to a reduction in a chemical called dopamine in the brain. + +Dopamine plays a vital role in regulating the movement of the body. A reduction in dopamine is responsible for many of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. + +Exactly what causes the loss of nerve cells is unclear. Most experts think that a combination of genetic and environmental factors is responsible. + +## Who's affected + +Most people with Parkinson's start to develop symptoms when they're over 50, although some people with the condition first experience symptoms when they're under 40. + +Men are slightly more likely to get Parkinson's disease than women. + +## Treating Parkinson's disease + +Although there's currently no cure for Parkinson's disease, treatments are available to help reduce the main symptoms and maintain quality of life for as long as possible. + +These include: + +- supportive treatments, such as [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) and [occupational therapy](/tests-and-treatments/occupational-therapy/) +- medication +- in some cases, brain surgery + +You may not need any treatment during the early stages of Parkinson's disease, as symptoms are usually mild. + +But you may need regular appointments with your specialist so your condition can be monitored. + +## Outlook + +As the condition progresses, the symptoms of Parkinson's disease can get worse and it can become increasingly difficult to carry out everyday activities without help. + +Many people respond well to treatment and only experience mild to moderate disability, whereas the minority may not respond as well and can, in time, become more severely disabled. + +Parkinson's disease does not directly cause people to die, but the condition can place great strain on the body, and can make some people more vulnerable to serious and life-threatening infections. + +But with advances in treatment, most people with Parkinson's disease now have a normal or near-normal life expectancy. + +[Find out more about living with Parkinson's disease](/conditions/parkinsons-disease/living-with/) + +It may also be useful to read information and advice on: + +- [care and support plans](/social-care-and-support/help-from-social-services-and-charities/care-and-support-plans/) +- [getting a needs assessment](/social-care-and-support/help-from-social-services-and-charities/getting-a-needs-assessment/) + +### Parkinson's UK + +[Parkinson's UK](http://www.parkinsons.org.uk) is the main Parkinson's support and research charity in the UK. + +They can help if you're living with the disease and let you know about support groups in the area. + +[Find out more about support groups in your local area from the Parkinson's UK website.](https://localsupport.parkinsons.org.uk/) + +You can contact them by: + +- calling their free helpline on 0808 800 0303 (Monday to Friday, 9am to 6pm, and 10am to 2pm on Saturdays) +- emailing [hello@parkinsons.org.uk](mailto:hello@parkinsons.org.uk) + +You can also talk to others about your experiences of Parkinson's on the [community forum on the Parkinson's UK website.](https://forum.parkinsons.org.uk/) + +> **💡 Information:** Social care and support guide If you: need help with day-to-day living because of illness or disability care for someone regularly because they're ill, elderly or disabled, including family members Our guide to care and support explains your options and where you can get support. You can also read more about working and supporting someone’s health or care on GOV.UK . + +## Video: Parkinson's disease - Karen's story + +This video explores the effect that Parkinson's has had on Karen's life. + +Media last reviewed: 1 April 2024 +Media review due: 1 April 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 03 November 2022 +Next review due: 03 November 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/peripheral-neuropathy/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/peripheral-neuropathy/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6332c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/peripheral-neuropathy/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +# Overview-Peripheral neuropathy + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/ + +**Peripheral neuropathy develops when nerves in the body's extremities, such as the hands, feet and arms, are damaged. The symptoms depend on which nerves are affected.** + +In the UK it's estimated almost 1 in 10 people aged 55 or over are affected by peripheral neuropathy. + +## The peripheral nervous system + +The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves that lie outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). + +It includes different types of nerves with their own specific functions, including: + +- sensory nerves – responsible for transmitting sensations, such as pain and touch +- motor nerves – responsible for controlling muscles +- autonomic nerves – responsible for regulating automatic functions of the body, such as blood pressure and bladder function + +## Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy + +The main symptoms of peripheral neuropathy can include: + +- numbness and tingling in the feet or hands +- burning, stabbing or shooting pain in affected areas +- loss of balance and co-ordination +- muscle weakness, especially in the feet + +These symptoms are usually constant, but may come and go. + +## When to see a GP + +It's important to see a GP if you experience the early symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. + +These include: + +- pain, tingling or loss of sensation in the feet +- loss of balance or weakness +- a cut or ulcer on your foot that's not getting better + +It's also recommended that people at highest risk of peripheral neuropathy, such as people with [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/), have regular check-ups. + +A GP will ask about your symptoms and may arrange some tests to help identify the underlying cause. + +You may be referred to hospital to see a neurologist, a specialist in health problems affecting the nervous system. + +Generally, the sooner peripheral neuropathy is diagnosed, the better the chance of limiting the damage and preventing further complications. + +[Find out more about diagnosing peripheral neuropathy](/conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/diagnosis/) + +## Causes of peripheral neuropathy + +In the UK [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) (both type 1 and type 2) is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy. + +Over time, the high blood sugar levels associated with diabetes can damage the nerves. + +This type of nerve damage is known as diabetic polyneuropathy. + +Peripheral neuropathy can also have a wide range of other causes. + +For example, it can be caused by: + +- physical injury to the nerves +- a viral infection, such as [shingles](/conditions/shingles/) +- a side effect of certain medicines or drinking too much alcohol + +People who are known to be at an increased risk of peripheral neuropathy may have regular check-ups so their nerve function can be assessed. + +## Treating peripheral neuropathy + +Treatment for peripheral neuropathy depends on the symptoms and underlying cause. + +Not all of the underlying causes of neuropathy can be treated. + +For example, if you have diabetes, it may help to gain better control of your blood sugar level, stop smoking and cut down on alcohol. + +Nerve pain may be treated with prescribed medicines called neuropathic pain agents, as standard painkillers often do not work. + +If you have other symptoms associated with peripheral neuropathy, these may need to be treated individually. + +For example, treatment for muscle weakness may involve [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) and walking aids. + +## Complications of peripheral neuropathy + +The outlook for peripheral neuropathy varies, depending on the underlying cause and which nerves have been damaged. + +Some cases may improve with time if the underlying cause is treated, whereas in some people the damage may be permanent or may get gradually worse with time. + +If the underlying cause of peripheral neuropathy is not treated, you may be at risk of developing potentially serious complications, such as a foot ulcer that becomes infected. + +This can lead to [gangrene](/conditions/gangrene/) if untreated, and in severe cases may mean the foot has to be amputated. + +Peripheral neuropathy may affect the nerves controlling the automatic functions of the heart and circulation system (cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy). + +You may need treatment to increase your blood pressure or, in rare cases, a [pacemaker](/tests-and-treatments/pacemaker-implantation/). + +[Find out more about complications of peripheral neuropathy](/conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/complications/) + +## Different types of peripheral neuropathy + +Peripheral neuropathy may affect: + +- only 1 nerve (mononeuropathy) +- several nerves (mononeuritis multiplex) +- all the nerves in the body (polyneuropathy) + +Polyneuropathy is the most common type and starts by affecting the longest nerves first, so symptoms typically begin in the feet. + +Over time it gradually starts to affect shorter nerves, so feels as if it's spreading upwards, and later affects the hands. + +Page last reviewed: 10 October 2022 +Next review due: 10 October 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/piles-haemorrhoids/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/piles-haemorrhoids/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e8f8ea --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/piles-haemorrhoids/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +# Piles (haemorrhoids) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/piles-haemorrhoids/ + +## Symptoms of piles + +Symptoms of piles include: + +- bright red blood after you poo +- an [itchy anus](/symptoms/itchy-anus/) +- feeling like you still need to poo after going to the toilet +- mucus in your underwear or on toilet paper after wiping your bottom +- lumps around your anus +- pain around your anus + +See what piles look like + +![A close-up of the anus of someone with piles. There is a small, pink, pea-sized lump visible around the outside of the anus.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0619__Hemorrhoid_C0197929.width-320.jpg) + +They can be small lumps, around the size of a pea. + +![A close-up of the anus of someone with piles. There is a pink or purple bulge near the opening of the anus.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0619_Hemorrhoids_C0213340_LFroDRZ.original.width-320.jpg) + +They can be pink or purple. + +![A close-up of severe piles. There are several large pink and purple, grape-sized lumps surrounding the anus.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A_0619__Hemorrhoids_ABFA1G.width-320.jpg) + +They can grow into larger lumps, the size of grapes. + +## How you can treat or prevent piles + +**Do:** + +- ✅ gently push a pile back inside if you can +- ✅ takeparacetamolif piles hurt +- ✅ use an ice pack wrapped in a towel to ease discomfort +- ✅ drink lots of fluid and eat plenty offibreto keep your poo soft +- ✅ take a warm bath to ease itching and pain +- ✅ keep your bottom clean and dry – pat (rather than rub) it dry +- ✅ cut down on alcohol and caffeine (like tea, coffee and cola) to avoid constipation + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not ignore the urge to poo +- ❌ do not push too hard when pooing +- ❌ do not take painkillers that containcodeine, as they can cause constipation +- ❌ do not takeibuprofenif your piles are bleeding +- ❌ do not spend more time than you need to on the toilet + +### Ask a pharmacist about treatment for piles + +A pharmacist can suggest: + +- creams to ease the pain, itching and swelling +- treatment – such as laxatives – to help constipation and soften poo +- cold packs to ease discomfort + +Many pharmacies have private areas if you do not want to be overheard. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of piles and they're getting worse or there's no improvement after trying treatments at home +> - you keep getting piles +> - you notice a change around your anus that is not normal for you +> +> The GP may prescribe stronger medicines for piles or constipation. They may also check your symptoms are not being caused by something else. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have piles and: +> +> - your temperature is very high, or you feel hot, cold or shivery and generally unwell +> - painless bleeding from the bottom +> - pus is leaking from your piles +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/). + +## Hospital treatment for piles + +If there is no improvement to your piles after home treatments, you may need hospital treatment. + +Talk to your doctor about the best treatment for you. Treatment does not always prevent piles coming back. + +### Treatment without surgery + +Common hospital treatments include: + +- rubber band ligation: a band is placed around your piles to make them drop off +- sclerotherapy: a liquid is injected into your piles to make them shrink +- electrotherapy: a gentle electric current is applied to your piles to make them shrink +- infrared coagulation: an infrared light is used to cut the blood supply to your piles to make them shrink + +You'll be awake for this type of treatment, but the area may be numbed. + +You should be able to go home on the same day. + +If these treatments do not work, or your piles are large, you may need surgery to remove them. + +### Surgery + +Surgical treatments include: + +- haemorrhoidectomy: your piles are cut out +- stapled haemorrhoidopexy: your piles are stapled back inside your anus +- haemorrhoidal artery ligation: stitches are used to cut the blood supply to your piles to make them shrink + +You will usually need to be asleep for this type of treatment. You may be able to go home on the same day as your treatment or on the following day. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you are bleeding non-stop +> - there is a lot of blood or you see large blood clots +> - you are in severe pain + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Causes of piles + +Piles are swollen blood vessels. It's not clear what causes them. + +Things that make piles more likely: + +- [constipation](/conditions/constipation/) +- pushing too hard when pooing +- heavy lifting +- pregnancy +- getting older +- being overweight + +[Find out more about piles during pregnancy](/pregnancy/common-symptoms/piles/) + +Page last reviewed: 01 April 2026 +Next review due: 01 April 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/plantar-fasciitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/plantar-fasciitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccfc3cd --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/plantar-fasciitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +# Plantar fasciitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/plantar-fasciitis/ + +## Symptoms of plantar fasciitis + +The main symptom of plantar fasciitis is pain on the bottom of your foot, around your heel and arch. + +![The bottom of a foot with some red shading at the back of the foot, towards the heel, showing where the pain of plantar fasciitis is felt.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID303_0419_plantar_fasciiitis_copy.width-320.jpg) + +It's more likely to be plantar fasciitis if: + +- the pain is much worse when you first start walking after sleeping or resting +- the pain gradually gets better when you start moving around, but gets worse if you stand, walk or run for a long time +- it's painful to stretch the bottom of your foot, for example when you raise your toes off the floor or walk up stairs + +## How to ease plantar fasciitis yourself + +If you see a GP for plantar fasciitis, they'll usually suggest you try these things: + +**Do:** + +- ✅ rest and raise your foot on a stool when you can +- ✅ put an ice pack (or bag of frozen peas) in a towel on the painful area for up to 20 minutes every 2 to 3 hours +- ✅ wear shoes with cushioned heels and good arch support +- ✅ use insoles or heel pads in your shoes +- ✅ try regular gentle exercises to stretch the sole of your foot and your heel +- ✅ try exercises that do not put pressure on your feet, such as swimming +- ✅ take painkillers likeparacetamoloribuprofengel, or ibuprofen tablets if you need them +- ✅ try to lose weight if you're overweight + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not walk or stand for long periods +- ❌ do not wear high heels or tight pointy shoes +- ❌ do not wear flip-flops or backless slippers +- ❌ try not to walk barefoot on hard surfaces + +### A pharmacist can help with plantar fasciitis + +You can ask a pharmacist about: + +- the best painkiller to take +- insoles and pads for your shoes +- if you need to see a GP + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more about pain in the bottom of the foot, including videos of exercises that can help + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have pain in the bottom of your foot that is severe or stopping you doing normal activities +> - your foot pain is getting worse or keeps coming back +> - your foot pain has not improved after treating it yourself for 2 weeks +> - you have any tingling or loss of feeling in your foot +> - you have diabetes and foot pain – foot problems can be more serious if you have diabetes +> +> > **💡 Information:** Refer yourself for back or joint help In many areas you may be able to get help, such as physiotherapy, from NHS community musculoskeletal (MSK) services without needing a referral from a GP. Get NHS help for back or joint problems + +## Treatment for plantar fasciitis from a foot specialist + +If plantar fasciitis does not get better, you might need to see a physiotherapist or foot specialist (podiatrist). + +A physiotherapist can show you exercises to help ease your symptoms. A podiatrist can recommend things like insoles and the right shoes to wear, or splints to wear at night. + +If these things do not help, you may be offered other treatments such as steroid injections, or using a machine to deliver high-energy sound waves to your foot (extracorporeal shock-wave therapy). Less commonly you may be referred to a specialist to discuss surgery. + +[Physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) is available free of charge on the NHS throughout the UK but waiting times for accessing physiotherapy can sometimes be long. + +[Get NHS help for back or joint problems](/nhs-services/get-nhs-help-for-back-joint-problems/) + +Podiatry may not be available for free on the NHS everywhere and waiting times can sometimes be long. + +[Find a registered podiatrist](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/other-health-services/podiatrists-and-chiropodists) + +You can also pay to see a podiatrist or physiotherapist privately. + +## Common causes of plantar fasciitis + +Plantar fasciitis is caused by straining the part of your foot that connects your heel bone to your toes (plantar fascia). + +It's not always clear why this happens. + +Plantar fasciitis is common. You may be more likely to get it if you: + +- are 40 to 60 years of age +- recently started exercising on hard surfaces +- exercise with a tight calf or heel +- overstretch the sole of your foot during exercise +- do a lot of standing, walking or running, or started doing a lot more than is usual for you +- wear shoes with poor cushioning or support +- are overweight + +Page last reviewed: 14 February 2025 +Next review due: 14 February 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/pneumonia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/pneumonia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..215400a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/pneumonia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Pneumonia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pneumonia/ + +**Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by an infection. Most people get better in 2 to 4 weeks, but babies, older people, and people with heart or lung conditions are at risk of getting seriously ill and may need treatment in hospital.** + +## Symptoms of pneumonia + +Symptoms of pneumonia can start suddenly or gradually over a few days. + +They include: + +- a cough – you may cough up yellow or green mucus (phlegm) +- shortness of breath +- a high temperature +- chest pain +- an aching body +- feeling very tired +- loss of appetite +- making wheezing noises when you breathe – babies may also make grunting noises +- feeling confused – this is common in older people + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you've had a cough for 3 weeks or more +> - you're coughing up blood +> - you have chest pain that comes and goes, or happens when breathing or coughing +> - you're feeling short of breath +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you're struggling to breathe – you're choking, gasping and unable to speak +> - you have pale, blue or blotchy skin, lips or tongue +> - you suddenly feel confused – for example, you do not know where you are +> - you cannot wake your baby and they feel floppy + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +## Treatment for pneumonia + +You'll usually be given antibiotics to treat pneumonia. Most people get better in 2 to 4 weeks. + +Some people are more at risk of becoming seriously ill. You may need to go to hospital for treatment if: + +- you're over 65 +- you have [cardiovascular disease](/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/) or a long-term lung condition +- your baby or young child has pneumonia +- you're very unwell +- you're not getting better after taking antibiotics + +In hospital you'll usually be given fluids, antibiotics, and sometimes steroids, to treat the infection. You may also be given oxygen to help you breathe. + +You may be sent for an [X-ray](/tests-and-treatments/x-ray/) of your chest and blood tests to check for other conditions. + +### Important + +If you're given antibiotics to take at home, contact your doctor if you do not feel better after taking them for 2 to 3 days. + +## Things you can do if you have pneumonia + +There are some things you can do to help with recovery from pneumonia and reduce the risk of spreading it to other people. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ rest until you feel better – try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people if you have a high temperature or do not feel well enough to do normal activities +- ✅ drink plenty of fluids +- ✅ takeparacetamoloribuprofento help with pain or a high temperature +- ✅ cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze +- ✅ put used tissues in the bin as quickly as possible +- ✅ wash your hands regularly with water and soap + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not take cough medicine – coughing helps your body get rid of the infection +- ❌ do not smoke + +## Causes of pneumonia + +Pneumonia is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. + +You can catch pneumonia from someone who has it, or you can sometimes get it if you have another infection such as: + +- [flu](/conditions/flu/) +- [respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)](/conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/) +- [COVID-19](/conditions/covid-19/) + +Pneumonia can be caused by a fungal infection, but this is rare in healthy people in the UK. + +It may also be caused by something getting into your lungs, such as water or food (aspiration pneumonia). + +## How to reduce your risk of pneumonia + +There are several vaccines available to help protect you or your child from infections that can cause pneumonia: + +- [pneumococcal vaccine](/vaccinations/pneumococcal-vaccine/) – recommended for babies, adults over 65 and people at higher risk of pneumococcal infections +- [flu vaccine](/vaccinations/flu-vaccine/) – recommended during pregnancy, for adults over 65, people with certain long-term health conditions and those at high risk of catching or passing on flu +- [RSV vaccine](/vaccinations/rsv-vaccine/) – recommended for adults aged 75 to 79, and during pregnancy (from 28 weeks onwards) to help protect your baby after they're born +- [COVID-19 vaccine](/vaccinations/covid-19-vaccine/) – a seasonal vaccine that's recommended for people at increased risk from COVID-19 + +> **💡 Information:** Stopping smoking also reduces your chance of getting pneumonia. + +Page last reviewed: 12 January 2023 +Next review due: 12 January 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1922eab --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +# Overview-Polycystic ovary syndrome + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/ + +**Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that affects how a woman's ovaries work.** + +The 3 main features of PCOS are: + +- [irregular periods](/symptoms/irregular-periods/) – which means your ovaries do not regularly release eggs (ovulation) +- excess androgen – high levels of "male" hormones in your body, which may cause physical signs such as excess facial or body hair +- polycystic ovaries – your ovaries become enlarged and contain many fluid-filled sacs (follicles) that surround the eggs (but despite the name, you do not actually have cysts if you have PCOS) + +If you have at least 2 of these features, you may be diagnosed with PCOS. + +> **💡 Information:** PCOS is now known as PMOS (polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome). This information will be updated soon. + +## Polycystic ovaries + +Polycystic ovaries contain a large number of harmless follicles that are up to 8mm (approximately 0.3in) in size. + +The follicles are underdeveloped sacs in which eggs develop. In PCOS, these sacs are often unable to release an egg, which means ovulation does not take place. + +It's difficult to know exactly how many women have PCOS, but it's thought to be very common, affecting about 1 in every 10 women in the UK. + +More than half of these women do not have any symptoms. + +## Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) + +If you have [signs and symptoms of PCOS](/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/symptoms/), they'll usually become apparent during your late teens or early 20s. + +They can include: + +- irregular periods or [no periods at all](/symptoms/missed-or-late-periods/) +- difficulty getting pregnant as a result of irregular ovulation or no ovulation +- [excessive hair growth (hirsutism)](/symptoms/hirsutism/) – usually on the face, chest, back or buttocks +- weight gain +- thinning hair and [hair loss](/symptoms/hair-loss/) from the head +- oily skin or [acne](/conditions/acne/) + +PCOS is also associated with an increased risk of developing health problems in later life, such as [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/) and [high cholesterol](/conditions/high-cholesterol/) levels. + +## What causes polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? + +The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but it often runs in families. + +It's related to abnormal hormone levels in the body, including high levels of insulin. + +Insulin is a hormone that controls sugar levels in the body. + +Many women with PCOS are resistant to the action of insulin in their body and produce higher levels of insulin to overcome this. + +This contributes to the increased production and activity of hormones like testosterone. + +Being overweight or [obese](/conditions/obesity-old/) also increases the amount of insulin your body produces. + +## Treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) + +There's no cure for PCOS, but the symptoms can be treated. Speak to a GP if you think you may have the condition. + +If you have PCOS and you're overweight, [losing weight](https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/lose-weight/) and eating a [healthy, balanced diet](/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/) can make some symptoms better. + +Medicines are also available to treat symptoms such as excessive hair growth, irregular periods and fertility problems. + +If fertility medicines are not effective, a simple surgical procedure called laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) may be recommended. + +This involves using heat or a laser to destroy the tissue in the ovaries that's producing androgens, such as testosterone. + +With treatment, most women with PCOS are able to get pregnant. + +Page last reviewed: 11 October 2022 +Next review due: 11 October 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/postural-tachycardia-syndrome/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/postural-tachycardia-syndrome/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f776c1b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/postural-tachycardia-syndrome/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +# Postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/postural-tachycardia-syndrome/ + +**Postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) is when your heart rate increases very quickly after getting up from sitting or lying down, often making you feel dizzy or lightheaded.** + +There's currently no cure, but it can be managed with changes to your lifestyle, or sometimes treatment with medicines. + +## Symptoms of postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) + +Postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) affects everyone differently. Some people have mild symptoms, while for others it can have a big impact on their everyday lives. + +Some symptoms happen when you stand up and can get better when you sit or lie down, such as: + +- dizziness or lightheadedness +- noticeable heartbeats (heart palpitations) +- chest pain +- shortness of breath +- shaking and sweating +- fainting or nearly fainting + +You may also get other symptoms, such as: + +- problems with your stomach or digestion, such as feeling sick, being sick, diarrhoea, constipation, bloating and tummy pain +- headaches and problems with your sight, such as blurred vision or tunnel vision +- your hands and feet looking purple – this may be more difficult to see if you have brown or black skin +- weakness and extreme tiredness (fatigue), not being able to do much exercise, and sleeping badly +- problems with thinking, memory and concentration (brain fog) + +You may find your symptoms are worse in the morning, and they may change from day to day. + +> **💡 Information:** Symptoms of PoTS can be similar to those of other conditions, such as low blood pressure . Having these symptoms does not mean you definitely have PoTS. + +## Causes of postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) + +It's not clear what causes postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS). It can develop suddenly or gradually over time. + +You may be more likely to get PoTS if you have [long covid](/conditions/covid-19/long-term-effects-of-covid-19-long-covid/), [myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)](/conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs/), or [joint hypermobility syndrome](/conditions/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/). + +Some things can also make your symptoms worse, such as: + +- being in a hot place +- standing or sitting upright for long periods of time +- eating, especially refined carbohydrates like white bread +- not drinking enough fluids +- drinking alcohol +- resting too much +- exercise +- being on your period +- stress + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) + +## How postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) is diagnosed + +If you have symptoms of postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), a GP may check your blood pressure and heart rate before and after you stand up. + +You may also have some blood tests and an [electrocardiogram (ECG)](/tests-and-treatments/electrocardiogram/). + +You may be referred to a specialist if: + +- making changes to your lifestyle does not help +- you're very unwell +- it's not clear what's causing your symptoms + +The specialist may perform more tests, such as: + +- blood tests +- pee (urine) tests +- heart and blood pressure tests, such as an [echocardiogram](/tests-and-treatments/echocardiogram/), ECG, and 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate monitoring +- a tilt table test, where you lie on a flat bed that's tilted upwards so your heart rate can be monitored + +It can take time for people to be diagnosed with PoTS, as the symptoms are similar to other conditions. + +[Find out more about how PoTS is diagnosed on the PoTS UK website](https://www.potsuk.org/about-pots/diagnosis) + +## Treatments for postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) + +If you're diagnosed with postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), finding the right treatment for you can take time. + +A GP or specialist may suggest lifestyle changes first, such as drinking more fluids, eating small meals low in refined carbohydrates, and wearing compression clothing. + +You may be prescribed medicines to help control your symptoms, such as steroids, medicines used to treat heart conditions and manage your blood pressure, and [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](/medicines/antidepressants/). + +You may also need to try several different medicines or combinations of medicines. + +## Things you can do if you have postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) + +If you have postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), there are things you can try to help ease your symptoms. + +If you suddenly feel faint or dizzy, you can try lying down and raising your legs until you feel better. + +If you cannot lie down, you can try: + +- crossing your legs with 1 in front of the other while standing +- rocking up and down on your toes +- clenching your buttocks and tummy muscles +- clenching your fists + +Making changes to your lifestyle may also help with PoTS. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try to avoid the things that trigger your symptoms +- ✅ drink plenty of fluids until your pee is pale +- ✅ try gentle exercise, such as walking, pilates and swimming – be careful when exercising and stop if you have any symptoms +- ✅ raise the head of your bed so you're not lying completely flat +- ✅ wear support tights to improve blood flow + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not stand up for too long +- ❌ do not get up too quickly after lying down – sit for a while before standing up +- ❌ do not drink too much caffeine or alcohol + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more PoTS UK STARS: postural tachycardia syndrome + +Page last reviewed: 26 January 2023 +Next review due: 26 January 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/pre-eclampsia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/pre-eclampsia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ce5b71 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/pre-eclampsia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +# Pre-eclampsia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-eclampsia/ + +## Symptoms of pre-eclampsia + +Early signs of pre-eclampsia include [high blood pressure (hypertension)](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) and having protein in your pee. + +It's unlikely that you'll notice these signs, so you'll be offered regular blood pressure and pee checks at your routine [antenatal (pregnancy) appointments](/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/antenatal-appointment-schedule/). + +Other symptoms include: + +- a severe headache that does not go away with simple painkillers +- vision problems, such as blurred vision or seeing flashing lights +- pain below the ribs +- sudden swelling of the face, hands or feet +- feeling very unwell +- heartburn that does not go away with heartburn medicines +- being sick (vomiting) + +Any of these symptoms can be serious and need to be checked immediately. + +Pre-eclampsia is most likely from 20 weeks of pregnancy onwards, but it can happen at any point in pregnancy. + +> **💡 Information:** Sometimes pre-eclampsia develops in the days or weeks after your baby is born. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You're pregnant or have given birth in the last few weeks and: +> +> - you have symptoms of pre-eclampsia +> +> If you're pregnant, call your maternity unit if you have the number. +> +> If you've recently given birth or cannot call your maternity until, call 111. + +### Video: what is pre-eclampsia and what are the warning signs? + +In this video, a midwife explains the warning signs of pre-eclampsia. + +Media last reviewed: 1 September 2023 +Media review due: 1 September 2026 + +## Tests for pre-eclampsia + +Tests for pre-eclampsia include: + +- blood pressure checks +- pee tests + +If a midwife or doctor thinks you may have pre-eclampsia, they'll usually refer you to hospital for further tests. + +These can include a blood test and ultrasound scans to check your baby's growth. + +## Complications of pre-eclampsia + +In most cases pre-eclampsia is not severe. + +Sometimes it can cause complications for your baby, including slower growth during pregnancy and premature birth (being born too early). + +Sometimes pre-eclampsia can lead to serious, possibly life-threatening complications. + +These include: + +- seizures (eclampsia) +- HELLP syndrome (a rare liver and blood disorder) +- [stroke](/conditions/stroke/) +- [stillbirth](/conditions/stillbirth/) + +## Treating pre-eclampsia + +Currently there is no cure for pre-eclampsia, but there are treatments that can help manage your symptoms. The symptoms usually improve once your baby is born. + +You'll be seen by a specialist, usually in hospital, to check how severe the condition is. + +A care plan will be agreed with you to keep you and your baby as healthy as possible. This usually includes more regular appointments in pregnancy to monitor the pre-eclampsia, and extra scans to check how well your baby is growing. + +You'll usually be given a medicine to lower your blood pressure, and reduce your risk of a stroke. + +If your pre-eclampsia symptoms are not severe you may be able to go home. + +If you have severe pre-eclampsia, you may need to stay in hospital for monitoring and treatment until it's safe for your baby to be born. + +You might be given medicine to prevent seizures as an injection or drip. + +### Pre-eclampsia and giving birth + +If you have pre-eclampsia, it's often safer for your baby to be born early, in some cases before 37 weeks. + +Labour may be started by a healthcare professional ([inducing labour](/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/inducing-labour/)) or you may be offered a [caesarean section](/tests-and-treatments/caesarean-section/). + +You'll be monitored in hospital after the birth and your baby may also need to be monitored. + +Pre-eclampsia symptoms usually go away after your baby is born, but sometimes they can continue after birth. + +After you leave hospital you may need to: + +- take medicine for a few weeks to lower your blood pressure +- have regular blood pressure checks + +[Find out more about premature labour and birth](/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/premature-labour-and-birth/) + +## Causes of pre-eclampsia + +It's not known what causes pre-eclampsia. + +You may be at higher risk of pre-eclampsia if: + +- you have [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/), [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure/) or [kidney disease](/conditions/kidney-disease/) +- you have an autoimmune condition, such as [lupus](/conditions/lupus/) or [antiphospholipid syndrome](/conditions/antiphospholipid-syndrome/) +- you've had pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy + +You may also have a higher risk of pre-eclampsia if: + +- it's your first pregnancy +- you're aged 40 or over +- you're from a Black or South Asian ethnic background +- you're pregnant with multiple babies (twins or triplets) +- your mother, sister or another relative has had pre-eclampsia +- it's been 10 years or more since your last pregnancy +- you have a [body mass index (BMI)](/health-assessment-tools/calculate-your-body-mass-index/) of 35 or more before pregnancy + +## How to reduce your risk of pre-eclampsia + +It's important to attend your pregnancy (antenatal) appointments. This is where your midwife can work out whether you are at risk of developing pre-eclampsia. + +If a midwife or doctor thinks you're at a higher risk of pre-eclampsia they may prescribe: + +- aspirin – every day from week 12 of pregnancy until your baby is born +- calcium supplements – if you do not not get enough calcium from the foods you eat + +Do not start taking aspirin or calcium supplements unless you have been advised to by a midwife or GP. + +Maintaining a healthy weight by eating a [healthy, balanced diet](/pregnancy/keeping-well/have-a-healthy-diet/) and [exercising](/pregnancy/keeping-well/exercise/) can also help lower your risk of pre-eclampsia. + +## Help and support for pre-eclampsia + +If you have pre-eclampsia it can be worrying. Your midwife and doctor will offer you support. + +The charity Action on Pre-eclampsia offers support and information. + +### Action on Pre-eclampsia + +- Website: [action-on-pre-eclampsia.org.uk](https://action-on-pre-eclampsia.org.uk/) +- [Action on Pre-eclampsia: pre-eclampsia support and information](https://action-on-pre-eclampsia.org.uk/support/) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/causes.md b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/causes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..838c9e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/causes.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# Causes of prostate cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/causes/ + +## Who is more likely to get prostate cancer + +The risk of developing prostate cancer increases with age and mostly affects men over 50 years old. + +Anyone with a prostate can get it. + +You may have a higher chance of getting prostate cancer if: + +- you're over 50 years old +- you're from a Black African or African Caribbean ethnic background +- you have a history of prostate cancer in your family +- a close relative has had pancreatic cancer, breast cancer or ovarian cancer, particularly at a young age – because prostate cancer is sometimes caused by the same inherited genes (a faulty version of a gene called BRCA2) + +### Important + +Speak to a GP if you're worried about your prostate cancer risk, even if you do not have any symptoms. + +Symptoms of prostate cancer do not always appear until the cancer has grown or spread. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/help-and-support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/help-and-support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d459f3f --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/help-and-support.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +# Help and support for prostate cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/help-and-support/ + +## Where to find help and support for prostate cancer + +If you have prostate cancer, your specialist treatment team will be there to support you throughout your treatment. They will also be able to give you information about local support services. + +There are also national cancer charities that offer support and information about prostate cancer. + +### **Prostate Cancer UK** + +Information and support for anyone affected by prostate cancer. + +- Website: [prostatecanceruk.org](https://prostatecanceruk.org/) +- [Prostate Cancer UK: information and support](https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information-and-support/get-support) +- [Prostate Cancer UK: contact a specialist nurse](https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information-and-support/get-support/our-specialist-nurses) +- [Prostate Cancer UK's online community](https://community.prostatecanceruk.org/). + +### Cancer Research UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [www.cancerresearchuk.org](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/) +- Nurse helpline: 0808 800 4040 +- [Cancer Research UK: ask a nurse service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/contact-us/talk-to-our-nurses?secure=true) +- [Cancer Research UK: online cancer chat forum](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-chat/home) +- [Cancer Research UK: find a clinical trial service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/find-a-clinical-trial) + +### Macmillan + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [www.macmillan.org.uk](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0808 808 00 00 +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: support line service](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/about-us/contact-us/ask-macmillan-form.html) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: prostate cancer online forum](https://community.macmillan.org.uk/cancer_types/prostate-cancer-forum) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: find support near you](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/in-your-area/choose-location.html) + +### Prostate Cancer Research infopool + +Information for anyone affected by prostate cancer. + +- Website: [www.theinfopool.co.uk](https://www.theinfopool.co.uk/) +- [Prostate Cancer Research infopool: living with side effects of prostate cancer](https://www.theinfopool.co.uk/living-side-effects) +- [Prostate Cancer Research infopool: clinical trials](https://www.theinfopool.co.uk/clinical-trials) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d9bf6e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +# Symptoms of prostate cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms/ + +## Main symptoms of prostate cancer + +Prostate cancer often has no symptoms at first. + +Prostate cancer usually starts to grow on the outer part of the prostate. This means it does not press on the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the penis (urethra) and cause symptoms, until the cancer has grown or spread. + +If this happens, it can cause changes to the way you pee, such as: + +- finding it difficult to start peeing or straining to pee +- having a weak flow of urine +- "stop start" peeing +- needing to pee urgently or often, or both +- feeling like you still need to pee when you've just finished +- peeing during the night + +Other symptoms can include: + +- erectile dysfunction (being unable to get or keep an erection) +- [blood in your urine](/symptoms/blood-in-urine/) or [blood in your semen](/symptoms/blood-in-semen/) +- lower back pain and losing weight without trying to (these may be symptoms of advanced prostate cancer) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you're having trouble peeing or have other symptoms of prostate cancer +> - you're over 40 years old and genetic tests have shown that you have a faulty version of a gene called BRCA2 (this raises your risk of prostate cancer) +> - you're worried about your risk of prostate cancer +> +> You can ask your GP about having a blood test (PSA test) that shows if there are any problems with your prostate, even if you do not have symptoms. +> +> They'll consider your cancer risk to help them decide if the test is the right choice for you. + +### Important + +These symptoms do not always mean you have prostate cancer. You can also get these symptoms if you have an [enlarged prostate](/conditions/enlarged-prostate/). This is a very common non-cancerous condition caused by the prostate getting larger as you get older. + +You might find you get used to some of these symptoms. But it's important to be checked by a GP if your symptoms change, get worse, or do not feel normal. + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +The GP will ask about your health and if you have any health problems. They may ask if anyone in your family has had prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer or breast cancer. This is because certain genes can increase your risk of getting these types of cancer. + +They may then ask to check your prostate gland by doing a [rectal examination](/tests-and-treatments/rectal-examination/). This is where a doctor or nurse gently puts 1 finger inside your bottom. They wear gloves and put lubricating gel on their finger first. + +You can ask for a male or female doctor or nurse, if one's available. You can have a friend, family member or other member of staff in the room with you if you want. + +### Prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test + +Your GP may suggest you have a [PSA blood test](/tests-and-treatments/psa-test/). They'll explain the benefits and risks of the test to help you decide. + +A PSA test cannot tell you if you have prostate cancer, but it can show if there are any problems affecting your prostate. + +If your PSA blood test result is higher than normal, you'll be offered other tests to see if you have prostate cancer, or if you have something less serious such as an enlarged prostate or prostate infection (prostatitis). + +PSA test results usually take 1 to 2 weeks. + +> **💡 Information:** PSA blood tests are not routinely offered if you do not have symptoms, or if you have not had genetic tests that show you have a faulty version of a gene called BRCA2. + +### Referral to a specialist + +You may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if the GP thinks you have symptoms which could be cancer, or if your PSA blood test result is higher than normal. This does not definitely mean you have cancer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5e12fa --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +# Tests and next steps for prostate cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/tests-and-next-steps/ + +## Tests to diagnose prostate cancer + +If you're referred to a specialist because there's a chance you could have prostate cancer, you'll have an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/). This can give a clearer view of the prostate and show if you need any more tests. + +If your specialist needs to find out more, they may suggest a test called a [biopsy](/tests-and-treatments/biopsy/). This is where a small needle is put into the prostate to take a tissue sample so it can be checked for cancer cells. + +## Getting your results + +It can take a few weeks to get the results of your tests. + +If your symptoms get worse, or you're still waiting to hear after 2 weeks, you can call the hospital or contact your GP for an update. + +When the results are ready, the specialist will explain what they mean and what happens next. + +You may want to bring someone with you for support. + +### If you're told you have prostate cancer + +Being told you have prostate cancer can feel overwhelming. You may feel anxious and worried, but a team of specialists will be available throughout the diagnosis and treatment to help you. + +This team will include a clinical nurse specialist who will be your main point of contact. You can ask them any questions you have. + +> **💡 Information:** Get support Macmillan Cancer Support has a free helpline that's open every day from 8am to 8pm. They're there to listen if you have anything you want to talk about. Call 0808 808 00 00. + +## Next steps + +If you've been told you have prostate cancer, you may need more tests, which can include: + +- a [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/) +- an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) +- a [PET scan](/tests-and-treatments/pet-scan/) +- a bone scan + +This will help your specialist team decide what treatment you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: stages, types and grades of prostate cancer Cancer Research UK: prostate cancer tests Prostate Cancer Research infopool: testing and diagnosis \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/treatment.md b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/treatment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dab929d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/treatment.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +# Treatment for prostate cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/treatment/ + +## Main treatments for prostate cancer + +Prostate cancer does not always need treatment. + +If the cancer has not spread, your care team may suggest monitoring your cancer to see if it is growing or not. + +When they know how the cancer is behaving, they can decide what treatment is best for you. + +Treatments for prostate cancer include surgery, radiotherapy and hormone therapy. If the cancer has spread, you may need chemotherapy. + +A specialist care team will look after you during your treatment. If you have any concerns, speak to them. You do not need to wait for your next check-up. + +You'll have regular check-ups during and after any treatments. You may also have tests and scans. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Prostate Cancer Research infopool: treatment choices for prostate cancer + +## Monitoring your prostate cancer + +If your cancer is small and not causing any symptoms, it may just be monitored at first. + +This is because prostate cancer often grows slowly and may never cause problems. Treatments for prostate cancer can also cause side effects, which can be serious and long-lasting. + +If your care team recommends monitoring your cancer, they may suggest either: + +- having regular check-ups and blood tests at your GP surgery (called watchful waiting) +- having regular tests and scans in hospital (called active surveillance) + +If the cancer grows or starts to cause symptoms, your care team will talk to you about your treatment options. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Prostate Cancer Research infopool: watchful waiting Prostate Cancer Research infopool: active surveillance + +## Surgery + +Surgery for prostate cancer involves removing your prostate gland (radical prostatectomy). + +Like any operation, this surgery carries some risks. After surgery, some people experience: + +- peeing without meaning to +- problems having or keeping an erection (erectile dysfunction) +- problems with orgasms, such as difficulty reaching orgasm or not ejaculating during orgasm + +Having a prostatectomy also means that you will not be able to have children by having sex. Your doctor will be able to tell you more about your options. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Prostate Cancer UK: radical prostatectomy Prostate Cancer Research infopool: radical prostatectomy + +## Radiotherapy + +Radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. + +You may have radiotherapy for prostate cancer to: + +- treat cancer that has not spread very far, or advanced prostate cancer +- help with symptoms or slow the cancer down if it has spread + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan: radiotherapy for prostate cancer Prostate Cancer Research infopool: radiotherapy + +## Hormone therapy + +The hormone testosterone causes prostate cancer to grow. Hormone injections and tablets can stop testosterone being produced or block its effects. + +Hormone therapy may be used alongside other treatments (such as medicines called targeted therapies). It can be used at all stages, including if the cancer has not spread, has not spread very far or the cancer is at an advanced stage. + +Hormone therapy alone does not cure prostate cancer, but it can slow it down and help symptoms. Hormone therapy with radiotherapy aims to cure early prostate cancer. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: hormone therapy for prostate cancer Prostate Cancer Research infopool: hormone therapy for prostate cancer + +## Chemotherapy + +Chemotherapy is medicine that kills cancer cells. It's a common treatment for advanced prostate cancer and may be used with hormone therapy, and steroids. + +It may be used if your cancer has spread outside the prostate but not very far. + +It can be used on its own or combined with hormone therapy, radiotherapy or both to treat cancer that has not spread (localised). + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Prostate Cancer UK: chemotherapy Prostate Cancer Research infopool: chemotherapy + +## Other treatments + +There are other treatments for prostate cancer but they may not be available everywhere. These include: + +- high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) – this uses sound waves to kill cancer cells +- cryotherapy – this kills cancer cells by freezing them + +These treatments are usually used if the cancer has not spread past the prostate. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: high-intensity focused ultrasound Prostate Cancer UK: cryotherapy + +## What happens if you have been told your cancer cannot be cured + +If you have advanced prostate cancer, it might be very hard to treat and not possible to cure. + +You may be given chemotherapy, hormone therapy or both. Steroid treatment may also be used to slow down the growth and spread of the cancer. These may reduce your symptoms and help you live longer. + +If you decide not to continue with treatment, your care team will respect your decision. + +You'll be referred to a special team of doctors and nurses called the palliative care team or symptom control team. + +They'll work with you to help manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable. + +The clinical nurse specialist or palliative care team can also help you and your loved ones get any support you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: end of life \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/what-is-prostate-cancer.md b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/what-is-prostate-cancer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ce6453 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/prostate-cancer/what-is-prostate-cancer.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# What is prostate cancer? + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/what-is-prostate-cancer/ + +![Diagram showing the prostate gland underneath the bladder.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_1985_-_Prostate_Cancer_Illustration.width-320.jpg) + +- Prostate cancer affects the prostate gland. +- The prostate is a small, walnut-size gland under the bladder. It produces a thick, white fluid that mixes with sperm to make semen. +- Prostate cancer is most common in men who are over the age of 50, have a history of prostate cancer in their family, have certain genes, or are from a Black African or African Caribbean background. Anyone with a prostate can get it. +- How serious prostate cancer is depends on how fast it's growing, or if it has spread to other parts of the body. +- Prostate cancer can be successfully treated if it's diagnosed at an early stage. But it does not always need treatment. +- Prostate cancer does not usually have any signs or symptoms at first. Later signs may include back, hip or pelvis pain, or difficulty maintaining an erection. You may also have problems peeing, but this could be a sign of other prostate problems. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/q-fever/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/q-fever/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8f839e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/q-fever/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# Q fever + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/q-fever/ + +## Symptoms of Q fever + +Q fever does not always cause symptoms. Some people get flu-like symptoms within 2 to 3 weeks of being infected, such as: + +- a high temperature +- aching muscles +- tiredness +- feeling sick +- a sore throat +- swollen glands + +Symptoms of Q fever usually last up to 2 weeks. + +## How Q fever is spread + +Q fever is most often spread to humans by close contact with infected farm animals. + +The bacteria can be spread by contact with: + +- afterbirth (placenta) +- blood +- pee +- poo +- animal skins, fur and wool + +The bacteria can spread by being breathed in or through touch. + +You can also get Q fever from drinking unpasteurised milk (milk that has not been heated to kill bacteria), but this is less likely. + +Although Q fever is rare, people who work closely with animals are more at risk, such as farmers, vets, stablehands and abattoir workers. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You think you have Q fever and: +> +> - you're pregnant – Q fever can cause miscarriage and serious complications if it spreads to your baby, especially if you catch it early in pregnancy +> - your immune system is weakened, for example, if you have had an organ transplant or you're having chemotherapy – the infection may affect your eyes or brain +> - you have heart valve disease (where 1 or more of your heart valves are diseased or damaged) +> +> Q fever is usually harmless, but in rare cases it can lead to serious problems. + +## Tests for Q fever + +If a GP thinks you might have Q fever, they can arrange a blood test to see if you have been infected. + +If you're pregnant and you test positive for Q fever, a GP can refer you for more tests to see if your baby has been infected. This is very rare. + +## Treatment for Q fever from a GP + +If your Q fever symptoms are severe or they're not getting better, a GP may prescribe a course of antibiotics for 1 or 2 weeks. + +It's important to finish the whole course of antibiotics, even if you start to feel better. + +## How to prevent Q fever + +There is currently no licensed vaccine for Q fever available in the UK. + +If you work with animals: + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wash your hands regularly +- ✅ clean cuts or grazes immediately and cover them with a plaster or dressing +- ✅ wear protective clothing, such as waterproof gloves and goggles +- ✅ ensure all animal afterbirth (placenta) is cleaned up safely + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not help animals give birth if you're pregnant +- ❌ do not touch anything that has been near animal blood, poo, pee or afterbirth, such as clothes, boots or gloves +- ❌ do not drink milk that has not been heated to kill bacteria (unpasteurised milk) +- ❌ do not eat in areas where animals are kept + +### Important + +If you're pregnant, it's especially important to avoid contact with sheep and lambs during the lambing season, between January and April. + +Do not touch anything that has been near sheep or lambs, such as gloves or boots. + +If you catch Q fever while pregnant, you will usually have no symptoms, so it's better to avoid any risk. + +There is also a risk of catching [toxoplasmosis](/conditions/toxoplasmosis/) from sheep and lambs during lambing season. + +## Complications of Q fever + +In a few people with Q fever, the symptoms can last for months. This is known as chronic Q fever. + +Chronic Q fever sometimes leads to serious heart problems, such as [endocarditis](/conditions/endocarditis/). + +People with chronic Q fever may need a much longer course of antibiotics and treatment in hospital for any complications that develop. + +Page last reviewed: 19 April 2024 +Next review due: 19 April 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/rabies/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/rabies/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..255c797 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/rabies/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# Overview-Rabies + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rabies/ + +**Rabies is a rare but serious infection that's usually caught from a bite or scratch of an infected animal. It's almost always fatal once symptoms appear, but vaccination and early treatment can prevent it.** + +## Check if you're at risk of rabies + +Rabies is found throughout the world, but it's very rare in the UK. + +Although the risk of getting it while travelling is small, rabies is more common in parts of: + +- Asia +- Africa +- Central and South America + +Rabies is spread by mammals, such as dogs, bats, raccoons and foxes. In the UK, it's only found in some bats. + +You can get rabies if: + +- you're bitten or scratched by an infected animal +- an infected animal licks your eyes, nose or mouth, or you have a wound that's licked by an infected animal + +> **💡 Information:** Check your travel risk You can get health advice for a country you're travelling to on the TravelHealthPro website + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you've been bitten or scratched by an animal while you're abroad +> - an animal has licked your eyes, nose or mouth, or licked a wound you have, while you're abroad +> - you've been bitten or scratched by a bat in the UK +> +> If you're abroad, get medical help as soon as possible. Do not wait until you get back to the UK. +> +> If you're in the UK, ask for an urgent GP appointment, call NHS 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +### Important + +Rabies can be prevented if you get treatment quickly. It's important to get help even if you've been vaccinated. + +## How to reduce your risk of rabies + +If you're travelling abroad, there are some things you can do to reduce your risk of getting rabies. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ get advice from a travel health clinic at least 8 weeks before you travel – they may recommend getting vaccinated against rabies +- ✅ find out where you'll be able to get urgent medical help while abroad +- ✅ wash any animal bites or scratches with soap and water and get medical help immediately + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not touch or go near wild or stray animals, even if they do not seem unwell (animals with rabies may not have any symptoms) +- ❌ do not feed any animals, including in zoos or animal sanctuaries + +### Rabies vaccination + +The rabies vaccine is recommended if you're travelling to a part of the world where rabies is more common, especially if: + +- you're going somewhere where it may be hard to get medical help quickly +- you might come into contact with infected animals (for example, you'll be doing lots of outdoor activities like cycling or running) +- you're staying for over a month + +Some people at risk of rabies through their work should also get vaccinated. + +You have to pay for the rabies vaccine for travel. You can get it from travel health clinics and pharmacies with travel health services. + +[Find out more about the rabies vaccine](/conditions/rabies/vaccination/) + +## Treatment for possible rabies + +If you've been bitten, scratched or licked by an animal that may have rabies, a doctor will check if you need treatment. + +Treatment usually involves: + +- 2 or more doses of the rabies vaccine +- a medicine called rabies immunoglobulin, a liquid given into the wound or by injection (this is only needed if you've not had the rabies vaccine before or have a weakened immune system) + +If treated quickly, treatment is usually very effective at preventing rabies. Rabies cannot be treated if symptoms appear. + +> **💡 Information:** If you had treatment while abroad, contact your GP when you get back to the UK. They can check if you need any more treatment. + +## Symptoms of rabies + +Symptoms of rabies usually take 3 to 12 weeks to appear, but they can appear after a few days or not for several months or years. + +Symptoms include: + +- numbness or tingling where you were bitten or scratched +- seeing things that are not there (hallucinations) +- feeling very anxious or energetic +- difficulty swallowing or breathing +- being unable to move (paralysis) + +Once symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal. + +Page last reviewed: 08 February 2023 +Next review due: 08 February 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/raynauds/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/raynauds/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..85110a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/raynauds/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# Raynaud's + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/raynauds/ + +**Raynaud's phenomenon is where your blood stops flowing properly to your fingers and toes. It's common and does not usually cause severe problems. You can often treat the symptoms yourself by keeping warm. Sometimes it can be a sign of a more serious condition.** + +## Symptoms of Raynaud's + +Raynaud's affects your blood circulation. When you're cold, anxious or stressed, your fingers and toes may change colour. + +Other symptoms can include: + +- pain +- numbness +- [pins and needles](/symptoms/pins-and-needles/) + +![Fingers of a person with white skin. One fingertip is pale while the rest of the skin is pink.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0130868-Raynaud_s_phenomenon_of_the_finger-SP.width-320.jpg) + +The skin may turn white or a lighter colour as blood flow is restricted. + +![Hands of a person with white skin. The fingertips of the index and middle finger on each hand are blue.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0197581-Raynaud_s_disease-SPL.original_copy.width-320.jpg) + +Sometimes the skin turns blue as blood vessels react. + +![Fingers of a person with white skin, with red or dark pink fingertips, while the rest of the skin is lighter pink and white.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2500031-Raynaud_s_phenomenon_seen_on_woman_s_.width-320.jpg) + +The skin may turn red as blood flow returns. + +![Hands of a person with dark brown skin. The fingertips around the nails are paler than the rest of the skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_755_Raynauds_A654KC.width-320.jpg) + +Raynaud's may make your fingertips appear paler if you have brown or black skin. + +Some people also find that their ears, nose, lips or nipples are affected. + +The symptoms of Raynaud's may last from a few minutes to a few hours. + +Raynaud's is sometimes caused by another health condition, taking certain medicines, or working with vibrating tools for a long time. + +If you're not sure it's Raynaud's + +Symptoms affecting your hands and other possible causes + +| Symptoms | Possible causes | +| --- | --- | +| Pins and needles that lasts for a few minutes | Resting or sleeping on part of the body | +| Breathing too quickly, trembling hands, pins and needles, but fingers do not change colour | Hyperventilation | +| Burning or itchy swelling on fingers and toes, happens after being very cold, gets worse as you warm up | [Chilblains](/conditions/chilblains/) | + +## Things you can do to help with Raynaud's + +If you have Raynaud's: + +**Do:** + +- ✅ keep your home warm +- ✅ wear warm clothes during cold weather, especially on your hands and feet +- ✅ try to avoid sudden changes in temperature +- ✅ exercise regularly – this helps improve circulation +- ✅ trybreathing exercisesor yoga to help you relax +- ✅ eat a healthy,balanced diet + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke – improve your circulation byquitting smoking +- ❌ do not have too much caffeine (found in tea, coffee, cola and chocolate) – it may trigger the symptoms of Raynaud's + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of Raynaud's that are very bad or getting worse +> - Raynaud's is affecting your daily life +> - your symptoms are only on 1 side of your body +> - you also have joint pain, skin rashes or muscle weakness +> - you're over 30 years old and get symptoms of Raynaud's for the first time +> - your child is under 12 years old and has symptoms of Raynaud's + +## Treatment for Raynaud's from a GP + +If you have Raynaud's and your symptoms are very bad or getting worse, a GP may prescribe a medicine to help improve your circulation. For example, you may be offered [nifedipine](/medicines/nifedipine/), which is used to treat high blood pressure. + +Some people need to take this medicine every day. Others only use it to prevent Raynaud's, for example, during cold weather. + +A GP may arrange tests if they think Raynaud's could be a sign of a more serious condition, such as [rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/) or [lupus](/conditions/lupus/). + +> **💡 Information:** Support from Scleroderma and Raynaud's UK (SRUK) SRUK is a charity for people with scleroderma or Raynaud's. SRUK: further information and advice about living with Raynaud's SRUK: information on how to find support groups + +Page last reviewed: 20 July 2023 +Next review due: 20 July 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/reflux-in-babies/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/reflux-in-babies/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80d2171 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/reflux-in-babies/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# Reflux in babies + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/reflux-in-babies/ + +## Symptoms of reflux in babies + +Reflux usually starts before a baby is 8 weeks old and gets better by the time they're 1. + +Symptoms of reflux in babies include: + +- bringing up milk or being sick during or shortly after feeding +- coughing or hiccupping when feeding +- being unsettled during feeding +- swallowing or gulping after burping or feeding +- crying and not settling +- not gaining weight as they're not keeping enough food down + +Sometimes babies may have signs of reflux but will not bring up milk or be sick. This is known as silent reflux. + +## Things you can try to ease reflux in babies + +It's common for a baby under the age of 1 to bring up a little bit of milk during or shortly after a feed, without being distressed. Your baby does not usually need to see a doctor if they have reflux, as long as they're happy, healthy and gaining weight. + +If symptoms of reflux seem to be bothering your baby, there are things you can do to help. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ ask a health visitor for advice and support +- ✅ get advice about your baby'sbreastfeeding positionorhow to bottle feed your baby +- ✅ hold your baby upright during feeding and for as long as possible after feeding +- ✅ burp your baby regularly during feeds +- ✅ make sure your baby sleeps flat on their back (they should not sleep on their side or front) + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not raise the head of their cot or Moses basket + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - is not improving after trying things to ease reflux +> - gets reflux for the first time after they're 6 months old +> - is older than 1 and still has reflux +> - is not gaining weight or is losing weight + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - has vomit that's green or yellow, or has blood in it +> - is projectile vomiting (being sick with more force than usual) +> - has blood in their poo +> - has a swollen or tender tummy +> - has a very high temperature, or they feel hot, cold or shivery +> - keeps being sick and cannot keep fluid down +> - has diarrhoea that lasts for over a week or has signs of dehydration +> - will not stop crying and is very distressed +> - is refusing to feed +> +> Also call your GP or 111 if you have any other concerns about your baby. + +## Treatment for reflux in babies + +A GP or specialist may want to check whether your baby has an allergy to cow's milk, because the symptoms can be very similar to reflux. If there's no sign of cow' milk allergy, they may recommend treatments for reflux. + +If your baby is formula-fed, they may recommend: + +- a powder that's mixed with formula, to thicken it +- a pre-thickened formula milk + +If the thickening powder does not help or your baby is breastfed, a GP or specialist might recommend medicines that help with distress from reflux and stop their stomach from producing as much acid. + +Very rarely, surgery might be needed to strengthen the muscle that stops food or milk travelling back up. This is usually only after trying other things or if their reflux is severe. + +## Causes of reflux + +Reflux usually happens because the ring of muscle inside your baby's food pipe (oesophagus) can be weak, which allows milk to come back up easily. + +This muscle will get stronger as your baby gets older and the reflux should stop. + +Page last reviewed: 10 June 2025 +Next review due: 10 June 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa8a6cb --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +# Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/ + +## Who's at risk from RSV + +RSV infections are very common. Almost all children get them at least once before they're 2 years old. + +They're not usually serious, but some babies and adults have a higher risk of getting seriously ill, particularly: + +- babies under 6 months old +- young children who were born prematurely +- adults over 75 years +- babies, children and adults with a weakened immune system, or long-term lung or heart conditions +- people who smoke tobacco and babies exposed to tobacco smoke + +In babies, RSV is a common cause of a type of chest infection called [bronchiolitis](/conditions/bronchiolitis/). This can cause breathing problems and may need to be treated in hospital. + +RSV can also cause a serious lung infection ([pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/)) in babies and older adults. + +## How to avoid catching and spreading RSV + +RSV is spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone who has the virus. + +There are some things you can do to reduce your chances of getting it or spreading it to others, such as: + +- washing or wiping down toys and cleaning surfaces regularly +- not touching your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean +- using disposable tissues and throwing them away as soon as you've used them +- trying to keep newborn babies away from anyone with a cold or the flu, especially if they were born prematurely or have serious health conditions + +### Injection for children at risk of serious infections + +Young children with a very high risk of getting seriously ill from RSV may be given an injection of infection-fighting antibodies each winter. + +This helps reduce the risk of RSV causing severe bronchiolitis. It's usually given in children's clinics in hospital. + +### RSV vaccination + +You can get a free [RSV vaccination](/vaccinations/rsv-vaccine/) on the NHS if: + +- you're 28 weeks pregnant or more – this will help protect your baby for the first few months after they're born +- you're aged 75 or over +- you live in a care home for older adults + +The vaccine helps reduce the risk of RSV causing serious problems, such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. + +[Find more information with the RSV vaccine factsheet on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/rsv-vaccine-factsheet-information-for-patients-parents-and-carers/rsv-vaccine-factsheet-information-for-patients-parents-and-carers) + +## Symptoms of an RSV infection + +Symptoms of an RSV infection usually start within a few days of getting infected. + +Most people only get cold-like symptoms, such as: + +- a runny or blocked nose +- a cough +- sneezing +- tiredness +- a high temperature – signs include your back or chest feeling hotter than usual, sweatiness and shivering (chills) + +Babies with RSV may also be irritable and feed less than usual. + +If RSV leads to a more serious infection (such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis) it may also cause: + +- a cough that gets worse +- shortness of breath +- faster breathing or long gaps between breaths +- difficulty feeding (in babies) or loss of appetite +- noisy breathing (wheezing) +- confusion (in older adults) + +> **💡 Information:** Cold-like symptoms are very common in babies and children. They're not usually a sign of anything serious and should get better within a few days. But get medical help if you're worried your child is seriously ill. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - your child is unwell and it's getting worse +> - your child is feeding or eating much less than normal +> - your child has had a dry nappy for 12 hours or more, or shows other signs of dehydration +> - your baby feels hotter than usual when you touch their back or chest, feels sweaty or is shivering +> - your baby is under 3 months old and has a temperature of 38C, or is older than 3 months and has a temperature of 39C or higher +> - you or a child aged 5 years or older has a temperature below 36C +> - your child is very tired or irritable +> - you get cold symptoms and you have a long-term medical condition (such as a heart or lung condition) or a weakened immune system (for example, because you're having chemotherapy) +> - you have difficulty breathing – you may be shorter of breath than usual +> +> [Check symptoms on 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms) (for anyone aged 5 and over) or call 111 (for children under 5). + +> **💡 Information:** How to take a temperature If you have a digital thermometer, you can use it to check if you or your child has a high temperature. For more information about how to do this, see: high temperature in children high temperature in adults If you do not have a thermometer, look for signs such as the back or chest feeling hotter than usual, sweatiness and shivering (chills). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - your child is having difficulty breathing – you may notice grunting noises, long pauses in their breathing or their tummy sucking under their ribs +> - you have severe difficulty breathing – you're gasping, choking or not able to get words out +> - you or your child is floppy and will not wake up or stay awake +> - you or your child's lips or skin are turning very pale, blue or grey – on brown or black skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands +> - your child is under 5 years old and has a temperature below 36C +> +> As a parent, you may know if your child seems seriously unwell and should trust your judgement. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E if you are unwell. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +## Treatment for RSV infections + +There's no specific treatment for an RSV infection. + +It often gets better on its own in 1 or 2 weeks and you can usually look after yourself or your child at home. + +Children and adults who get a more serious infection may need to be treated in hospital. + +Treatment in hospital may include being given fluids to avoid dehydration or oxygen to help you breathe. + +## Things you can do to ease symptoms of an RSV infection + +If you or your child have mild RSV symptoms, there are some things you can do to help ease the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ takeparacetamoloribuprofenif you have a high temperature and are uncomfortable +- ✅ give your childchildren's paracetamolorchildren's ibuprofenif they have a high temperature and are uncomfortable – always check the leaflet to make sure it's suitable for your child +- ✅ try using saline nose drops from a pharmacy if you or your child's nose is blocked +- ✅ drink lots of fluids – try smaller feeds more often in babies, and give older children extra water or diluted fruit juice + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under 16 +- ❌ do not smoke around your child – children who breathe in cigarette smoke have a higher risk of getting serious RSV infections +- ❌ do not try to lower your child's temperature by sponging them with cool water or taking off all their clothes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/respiratory-tract-infection/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/respiratory-tract-infection/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b9394a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/respiratory-tract-infection/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +# Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/respiratory-tract-infection/ + +## Symptoms of a respiratory tract infection + +Symptoms of a respiratory tract infection include: + +- a [cough](/symptoms/cough/) – you may bring up mucus (phlegm) +- sneezing +- a stuffy or runny nose +- a [sore throat](/symptoms/sore-throat/) +- [headaches](/symptoms/headaches/) +- muscle aches +- breathlessness, tight chest or wheezing +- a high temperature +- feeling generally unwell + +## How to treat a respiratory tract infection yourself + +Most respiratory tract infections (RTIs) pass within 1 to 2 weeks. You can usually treat your symptoms at home. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ get plenty of rest +- ✅ drink lots of water to loosen any mucus and make it easier to cough up +- ✅ drink a hot lemon and honey drink to help soothe a cough (not suitable for babies under 1 year old) +- ✅ gargle with warm salty water if you have a sore throat (children should not try this) +- ✅ raise your head up while sleeping using extra pillows to make breathing easier and clear your chest of mucus +- ✅ use painkillers to bring down a fever and help ease a sore throat, headaches and muscle pain + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not let children breathe in steam from a bowl of hot water as there's a risk of scalding +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under 16 +- ❌ do not smoke – it can make your symptoms worse + +How to make a hot lemon and honey drink + +1. Squeeze half a lemon into a mug of boiled water +2. Add 1 to 2 teaspoons of honey +3. Drink while still warm + +Do not give hot drinks to small children. + +How to gargle with salt water + +1. Dissolve half a teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water – warm water helps salt dissolve +2. Gargle with the solution then spit it out – do not swallow it +3. Repeat as often as you like + +### A pharmacist can help with an RTI + +A pharmacist can suggest treatments to help relieve your symptoms, such as [decongestants](/medicines/decongestants/) and nasal sprays. + +You can also buy cough medicines and throat lozenges, although there's little evidence to show they help. + +Some treatments contain [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/) and [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/). + +If you're taking these medicines separately, be careful not to take more than the recommended dose. + +Certain treatments are not suitable for children, babies and pregnant women. Your pharmacist can advise you about the best treatment for you or your child. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have symptoms of a respiratory tract infection and: +> +> - you feel very unwell or your symptoms get worse +> - you've had a high temperature for more than 3 days +> - you cough up blood or bloodstained mucus +> - you've had a cough for more than 3 weeks +> - you're pregnant +> - you're over 65 +> - you have a weakened immune system – for example, because you have a condition like [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) or you're having [chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/) +> - you have a long-term health condition, such as a heart, lung or kidney condition +> +> You may have [pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/) if your symptoms are severe. + +## Treatment for a respiratory tract infection from a GP + +Treatment for a respiratory tract infection (RTI) will depend on the cause of your infection. + +If your RTI is caused by a virus (like the [common cold](/conditions/common-cold/)), it will usually clear up by itself after a few weeks. Antibiotics will not help. + +If your RTI is caused by bacteria (like [pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/)), a GP may prescribe [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/). Make sure you complete the whole course as advised by a GP, even if you start to feel better. + +Sometimes a sample of your mucus may need to be tested to see what's causing your RTI. + +### Use of antibiotics + +Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial infections. They're not used for treating viral infections because they do not work for this type of infection. + +## How to avoid spreading a respiratory tract infection + +Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. + +To reduce the chance of passing an RTI on to others: + +- cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze +- wash your hands regularly +- throw away used tissues immediately + +## How to avoid getting a respiratory tract infection + +If you keep getting respiratory tract infections or you're at a high risk of getting one (for example, because you're over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition), you should: + +- ask a GP about the annual [flu vaccine](/vaccinations/flu-vaccine/) +- ask if you should have the [pneumococcal vaccine](/vaccinations/pneumococcal-vaccine/) – this helps prevent pneumonia +- stop smoking if you smoke + +## Types of respiratory tract infection + +There are several different types of respiratory tract infection (RTI). They're usually grouped into upper RTIs and lower RTIs. + +Upper RTI affect the sinuses and throat. They include: + +- [common cold](/conditions/common-cold/) +- [sinusitis](/conditions/sinusitis-sinus-infection/) (sinus infection) +- [tonsillitis](/conditions/tonsillitis/) +- [laryngitis](/conditions/laryngitis/) + +Lower RTIs affect the airways and lungs. They include: + +- [bronchitis](/conditions/bronchitis/) +- [bronchiolitis](/conditions/bronchiolitis/) +- [chest infection](/conditions/chest-infection/) +- [pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/) (lung infection) + +[Flu](/conditions/flu/) and [COVID-19](/conditions/covid-19/) can both be upper or lower RTIs. + +Lower RTIs tend to last longer and can be more serious. + +Page last reviewed: 23 December 2024 +Next review due: 23 December 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/restless-legs-syndrome/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/restless-legs-syndrome/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11baf35 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/restless-legs-syndrome/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +# Restless legs syndrome + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/ + +## Symptoms of restless legs syndrome + +Symptoms of restless legs syndrome include: + +- a strong need to move your legs +- uncomfortable feelings in your legs, such as tingling, throbbing or itching +- pain in your legs + +Symptoms are usually worse at night when resting and can affect your sleep. + +Some people also have symptoms in other parts of the body, such as the arms. + +> **💡 Information:** Some conditions can cause similar symptoms to restless legs syndrome, including leg cramps and peripheral neuropathy . + +## Things you can do to help with restless legs syndrome + +There are things you can do to reduce the symptoms of restless legs syndrome, including making changes to improve your sleep. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ exercise during the day +- ✅ try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day +- ✅ make sure your bedroom is dark and quiet – use curtains, blinds, an eye mask or ear plugs if needed +- ✅ try having a warm bath or using heat pads on your legs before you go to bed +- ✅ try walking, stretching or massaging your legs when you’re having symptoms +- ✅ try doing things to distract yourself from your symptoms, such as reading or doing a game or puzzle +- ✅ get help to stop smoking + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not have caffeine, such as tea, coffee or energy drinks, after midday +- ❌ do not drink alcohol for at least 2 hours before going to bed +- ❌ do not eat a big meal or do strenuous exercise late at night +- ❌ do not use electronic devices, like smartphones, right before going to bed +- ❌ do not nap during the day + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more How to fall asleep faster and sleep better (Every Mind Matters) Breathing exercises for stress + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have symptoms of restless legs syndrome and: +> +> - it’s stopping you sleep +> - it's affecting your mental health +> - you’ve tried things you can do yourself but they have not helped + +## Causes of restless legs syndrome + +Restless legs syndrome is thought to be linked to the levels of iron and the brain chemical dopamine in your body. + +There’s usually no clear cause for restless legs syndrome, but you’re more likely to get it if someone in your family also has it. + +It can also be linked to other things, such as: + +- pregnancy (symptoms usually go away after giving birth) +- [iron deficiency anaemia](/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/) +- [kidney disease](/conditions/kidney-disease/) +- some medicines + +## Treatment for restless legs syndrome + +Treatment for restless legs syndrome depends on what’s causing it. + +If another condition is causing restless legs syndrome, treating that may help. For example, you may need iron supplements if you have low levels of iron in your blood. + +Your doctor might check what other medicines you’ve been taking, as some medicines can make symptoms of restless legs syndrome worse. + +You may also be prescribed another medicine including: + +- [pregabalin](/medicines/pregabalin/) or [gabapentin](/medicines/gabapentin/) +- painkillers such as [codeine](/medicines/codeine-old/) or [tramadol](/medicines/tramadol/) +- medicines to help with sleep problems +- medicines to increase dopamine levels, such as co-careldopa or [ropinirole](/medicines/ropinirole/), for occasional use or if other medicines have not worked + +If your symptoms get worse or do not improve, you may be referred to a specialist for more tests and treatment. + +Restless legs syndrome can be hard to live with. If it's affecting your mental health, treatments such as [talking therapies](/nhs-services/mental-health-services/find-nhs-talking-therapies-for-anxiety-and-depression/) may help. + +Page last reviewed: 22 September 2025 +Next review due: 22 September 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/retinal-migraine/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/retinal-migraine/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbf413a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/retinal-migraine/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# Retinal migraine + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/retinal-migraine/ + +**Retinal migraines are a type of migraine that affect the eyes. They can cause temporary vision loss in 1 eye and other eye symptoms.** + +Retinal migraines are less common than [other types of migraine](/conditions/migraine/). + +## Symptoms of a retinal migraine + +Retinal migraines usually affect 1 eye. + +They often come on suddenly and symptoms include: + +- vision loss – this usually lasts around 10 to 20 minutes but can sometimes last up to 1 hour +- a blind spot in your vision +- a headache – you may get this at the same time as the eye symptoms or shortly afterwards +- other eye symptoms, such as blurred vision and seeing flashing lights, zigzag patterns or coloured spots or lines +- feeling sick or being sick + +Sometimes you can get the eye symptoms without having a headache. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you have vision problems, such as a blind spot in your vision, for the first time +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have retinal migraines and: +> +> - they're getting worse +> - you're getting them more often +> - there's a change to your usual symptoms + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you have a headache that came on suddenly and is extremely painful +> - you suddenly have problems speaking or remembering things +> - you have sudden vision loss, blurred vision or double vision +> - you suddenly feel dizzy, drowsy or confused +> - you have a seizure or fit +> - you have a high temperature with a stiff neck, pain when looking at bright lights, pale and blotchy skin or a rash that does not fade when you roll a glass over it +> - you have sudden weakness in your arms or legs on 1 side of your body, or 1 side of your face +> +> These are signs of more serious conditions and you need to get immediate medical help. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. + +## Treatments for retinal migraine + +Treatment for retinal migraines is not usually needed if you do not have them very often. + +If you have them frequently, a GP may suggest: + +- trying to avoid things that cause your migraines, such as cutting down on caffeine or alcohol +- painkillers like [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) +- medicines to stop you feeling sick or being sick +- medicines to help prevent migraines, such as [topiramate](/medicines/topiramate/) or [amitriptyline](/medicines/amitriptyline-for-pain/) +- a few weeks of acupuncture + +If these treatments do not help control your migraines, you may be referred to a specialist called a neurologist for more tests and treatment. + +## Causes of retinal migraine + +It's not known what causes retinal migraine, but it happens when there are changes to nerves and blood vessels in the brain. + +Some people find certain things can trigger retinal migraine, such as: + +- stress +- caffeine and alcohol +- [dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/) +- smoking +- [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) +- bending over +- [low blood sugar](/conditions/low-blood-sugar-hypoglycaemia/) +- some types of hormonal contraception + +Keeping a record of when you get migraines in a diary can help you work out what might be causing them. + +## Things you can do if you get retinal migraines + +There are things you can do if you get retinal migraines. A GP may suggest trying them before recommending other treatments. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try sleeping or lying down in a dark room during a migraine +- ✅ drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration +- ✅ have a healthy diet and eat meals at regular times +- ✅ exercise regularly and get plenty of sleep +- ✅ try to keep to a healthy weight +- ✅ try to manage your stress levels +- ✅ avoid things you know can trigger migraines like caffeine and alcohol + +Page last reviewed: 19 January 2023 +Next review due: 19 January 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/rheumatoid-arthritis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/rheumatoid-arthritis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..190ab8e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/rheumatoid-arthritis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +# Overview-Rheumatoid arthritis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/ + +**Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints. The condition usually affects the hands, feet and wrists.** + +There may be periods where symptoms become worse, known as flare-ups or flares. + +A flare can be difficult to predict, but with treatment it's possible to decrease the number of flares and minimise or prevent long-term damage to the joints. + +Some people with rheumatoid arthritis also experience problems in other parts of the body, or more general symptoms such as tiredness and weight loss. + +Find out more about the [symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/symptoms/). + +## When to get medical advice + +See a GP if you think you have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, so they can try to identify the underlying cause. + +Diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis quickly is important, because early treatment can prevent it getting worse and reduce the risk of joint damage. + +Find out more about [diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/diagnosis/). + +## Causes of rheumatoid arthritis + +Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. This means your immune system (which usually fights infection) attacks the cells that line your joints by mistake, making the joints swollen, stiff and painful. + +Over time, this can damage the joints, cartilage and nearby bone. + +It's not clear what triggers this problem with the immune system, although you're at an increased risk if: + +- you are a woman +- you have a family history of rheumatoid arthritis +- you smoke + +Find out more about the [causes of rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/causes/). + +## Treating rheumatoid arthritis + +There's no cure for rheumatoid arthritis. However, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment enables many people with the condition to have periods of months or even years between flares. This can help them to lead full lives and continue regular employment. + +The main treatment options include: + +- medicine that is taken long term to relieve symptoms and slow the progress of the condition +- supportive treatments, such as [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) and occupational therapy, to help keep you mobile and manage any problems you have with daily activities +- surgery to correct any joint problems that develop + +Find out more about [treating rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/treatment/). + +Depending on how much pain, stiffness or joint damage you have, daily tasks may become difficult or take you longer to do. You may have to adapt the way you do everyday tasks. + +Find out more about [living with rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/living-with/). + +## Complications of rheumatoid arthritis + +Having rheumatoid arthritis can lead to several other conditions that may cause additional symptoms and can sometimes be life threatening. + +Possible complications include: + +- [carpal tunnel syndrome](/conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/) +- inflammation of other areas of the body (such as the lungs, heart and eyes) +- an increased risk of [heart attack](/conditions/heart-attack/) and [stroke](/conditions/stroke/) + +Making sure that rheumatoid arthritis is well controlled can help to reduce your risk of these complications. + +Find out more about [complications of rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/complications/). + +## Video: rheumatoid arthritis + +In this video, a rheumatologist describes the effects of rheumatoid arthritis and the symptoms and treatments. + +Media last reviewed: 4 April 2023 +Media review due: 4 April 2026 + +Page last reviewed: 08 March 2023 +Next review due: 08 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/ringworm/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/ringworm/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71bea98 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/ringworm/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# Ringworm + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ringworm/ + +**Ringworm is a common fungal infection. It's not caused by worms. You can usually buy medicine from a pharmacy to treat it.** + +## Symptoms of ringworm + +The main symptom of ringworm is a rash. It may look red or darker than the surrounding skin, depending on your skin tone. + +The rash may be scaly, dry, swollen or itchy. + +Ringworm can appear anywhere on the body, including the scalp (tinea capitis) and groin (jock itch). + +![A large, circular rash on a person with white skin. There is a red outer ring and a paler inner circle that is slightly darker than their normal skin tone.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2700152-Close-up_of_ringworm_infection_on_gir.width-320.jpg) + +The rash is usually ring-shaped, but it may look different on your face, neck or scalp. + +![An oval-shaped patch of scaly, reddish-brown skin on a child’s cheek, caused by ringworm. Shown on medium brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/CT07BH.width-320.jpg) + +The colour of the ringworm rash may be less noticeable on brown and black skin. + +![The upper back of a person with white skin. There is a large, pale pink patch of skin in the middle and several smaller patches around the outside.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2700313-Ringworm_fungal_infection-SPL.origina.width-320.jpg) + +Sometimes the rash grows, spreads, or there's more than 1 rash. + +![Close-up of the top of a person’s head. They have brown hair and there is a patch of dark pink, scaly skin (a ringworm rash) on their scalp.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2700155-Tinea_capitis_ringworm_of_the_scalp_l.width-320.jpg) + +Ringworm on the face or scalp may also cause patchy hair loss. + +Other common fungal infections + +Common fungal infections + +| Affected area | Possible condition | +| --- | --- | +| Nails | [Fungal nail infection](/conditions/fungal-nail-infection/) | +| Feet | [Athlete's foot](/conditions/athletes-foot/) | + +## A pharmacist can help with ringworm + +Speak to a pharmacist first if you think you have ringworm. + +They can look at the rash and recommend the best antifungal medicine. This might be tablets, cream, gel or spray depending on where the rash is. + +You may need to use an antifungal medicine every day for up to 4 weeks. It's important to use it for the right amount of time, even if the rash has gone away. + +A pharmacist will tell you if they think you should see a GP. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - ringworm has not improved after using antifungal medicine recommended by a pharmacist +> - you have ringworm on your scalp – you'll usually need prescription antifungal tablets and shampoo +> - you have a weakened immune system – for example, from chemotherapy, steroids or diabetes + +## How ringworm is passed on + +Ringworm is caused by a type of fungi. + +It can be passed on through close contact with: + +- an infected person or animal +- infected objects, such as bedsheets, combs or towels +- infected soil, although this is less common + +> **💡 Information:** It's fine for your child to go to school or nursery once they've started treatment. Let your child's teachers know they have ringworm. + +## How to stop ringworm spreading + +**Do:** + +- ✅ start treatment as soon as possible +- ✅ wash towels and bedsheets regularly +- ✅ keep your skin clean and wash your hands after touching animals or soil +- ✅ regularly check your skin if you have been in contact with an infected person or animal +- ✅ take your pet to the vet if they might have ringworm – for example, if they have patches of missing fur + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not share towels, combs or bedsheets with someone who has ringworm +- ❌ do not scratch a ringworm rash because this could spread it to other parts of your body + +Page last reviewed: 03 August 2023 +Next review due: 03 August 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/rosacea/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/rosacea/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c578920 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/rosacea/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +# Rosacea + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rosacea/ + +**Rosacea is a long-term skin condition that mainly affects the face. It's more common in women and people with lighter skin, but symptoms can be worse in men. Treatment can help with symptoms.** + +## Symptoms of rosacea + +The first signs of rosacea include: + +- redness ([blushing](/symptoms/blushing/)) across your nose, cheeks, forehead, chin, neck and chest that comes and goes, usually lasting for a few minutes each time – your face may also feel warm, hot or painful +- a burning or stinging feeling when using water or skincare products + +The redness may be harder to see on brown or black skin. + +![Picture of red patches caused by rosacea on the cheeks of a man with white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/AM8W1E.original.width-320.jpg) + +As rosacea gets worse, the skin on your cheeks, nose and forehead may be red all the time. + +![Picture of broken blood vessels caused by rosacea on the cheek of a woman with white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A_0120_Rosacea_RDPHA0_Hv5FSij.width-320.jpg) + +Rosacea may cause tiny broken blood vessels to appear on your skin that do not go away. + +![Picture of pink and red bumps with some bumps filled with a yellowish liquid on the cheek of a woman with white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0120_Rosacea_C0051852_l3o9KoU.width-320.jpg) + +You may get small pink or red bumps on your face, sometimes filled with a yellowish liquid, if you have rosacea. + +Other symptoms can include: + +- dry skin +- swelling, especially around the eyes +- yellow-orange patches on the skin +- sore eyelids or crusts around roots of eyelashes – this could be [blepharitis](/conditions/blepharitis/) +- thickened skin, mainly on the nose (usually appears after many years) + +### Triggers + +It's not known what causes rosacea, but some things can make symptoms worse. + +Common triggers for rosacea include: + +- alcohol +- spicy foods +- hot drinks +- sunlight +- hot or cold temperatures +- aerobic exercise, like running +- being stressed + +> **💡 Information:** If you're not sure it's rosacea Rosacea can look a lot like other conditions, such as: acne contact dermatitis , seborrhoeic dermatitis and other types of dermatitis lupus keratosis pilaris + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of rosacea + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> If you have rosacea and: +> +> - your eye is painful +> - your vision is blurred +> - you're sensitive to light +> - you have a red eye +> - your eye feels gritty +> +> These could be signs of keratitis, which can be serious if not treated urgently. + +## Treatment for rosacea + +Rosacea cannot be cured, but treatment from a GP can help control the symptoms. It can get worse if it's not treated. + +A GP may suggest: + +- prescriptions for creams and gels you put on your skin +- taking antibiotics for 6 to 16 weeks + +A GP may refer you to a skin specialist (dermatologist) if treatments are not working. + +## Things you can do to help rosacea + +Rosacea is not caused by poor hygiene and it's not contagious. But there are things you can try to help with symptoms. + +If you know a trigger like alcohol or spicy food makes symptoms worse, try to avoid it as much as possible. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wear a high SPF sunscreen of at least SPF 30 every day +- ✅ try to avoid heat, sunlight or humid conditions if possible +- ✅ try to cover your face in cold weather +- ✅ use gentle skincare products for sensitive skin +- ✅ clean your eyelids at least once a day if you haveblepharitis +- ✅ take steps tomanage stress + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not drink alcohol +- ❌ do not have hot drinks +- ❌ do not eat spicy food +- ❌ do not do too much aerobic exercise, like running + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more The charity Changing Faces can offer advice and support if you're feeling anxious or depressed. You can: call the Changing Faces support and information helpline on 0300 012 0275 find out more about the Changing Faces Skin Camouflage Service + +## Video: Rosacea + +This video describes symptoms, causes and treatment options for rosacea. + +Media last reviewed: 10 August 2024 +Media review due: 10 August 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 17 March 2023 +Next review due: 17 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/scabies/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/scabies/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90b1302 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/scabies/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +# Scabies + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/scabies/ + +**Scabies is an itchy rash caused by mites. It's spread through close skin contact, and anyone can get it. It should be treated quickly to stop it spreading.** + +## Symptoms of scabies + +The symptoms of scabies are: + +- intense itching, especially at night +- a raised rash or spots + +The spots may look red. They are more difficult to see on brown or black skin, but you should be able to feel them. + +![White skin with a line of tiny bumps and a dot at one end.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2600040-Scabies_rash_on_skin-SPL.original.width-320.jpg) + +Tiny mites lay eggs in the skin, leaving lines with a dot at one end. + +![A hand with white skin, with a red rash in between the fingers and across the back of the hand.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2600159-Scabies_skin_infection_on_hand_knuckl.width-320.jpg) + +The rash can appear anywhere, but is common between the fingers. + +![A rash with many small red spots, on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2600127-Red_papules_on_the_skin_due_to_scabie.width-320.jpg) + +The rash may then spread and turn into tiny spots. This may look red on white skin. + +![A rash with many small dark spots on a hand with brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/shutterstock_1410825806.width-320.jpg) + +The rash may leave dark spots on the skin. This may look darker than your usual skin colour on brown or black skin. + +The scabies rash usually spreads across the whole body, apart from the head and neck. It often affects skin between the fingers, around the wrists, under the arms, and around the waist, groin and bottom. + +However, older people and young children may develop a rash on their head, neck, palms and soles of their feet. + +People with a weakened immune system can sometimes get a rare and very contagious type of scabies called crusted scabies. The main symptom is a crusted, flaky rash that often affects the elbows, knees, hands and feet. + +### If you're not sure it's scabies + +Many other things can cause [itchy skin](/symptoms/itchy-skin/) and [rashes in babies and children](/symptoms/rashes-babies-and-children/). + +## A pharmacist can help with scabies + +Scabies is not usually a serious condition, but it does need to be treated. + +A pharmacist will recommend a cream or lotion that you apply over your whole body, including your scalp and face (apart from the area around your eyes). + +Let the pharmacist know if you're breastfeeding or pregnant. + +You'll need to repeat the treatment 7 days later. + +Scabies is very infectious, but it can take up to 8 weeks for the rash to appear. + +Everyone in your home needs to be treated at the same time, even if they do not have symptoms. But do not use pharmacy treatments on children under 2 years old, they will need to see a GP. + +Anyone you've had sexual contact with in the past 8 weeks should also be treated. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +## Things you can do during treatment to stop scabies spreading + +If you or someone in your family has scabies there are things you can do to reduce the risk of it spreading. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wash all bedding and clothing in the house at 60C or higher, and if possible in a hot dryer, on the first day of treatment +- ✅ put clothing that cannot be washed in a sealed bag for at least 3 days until the mites die + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not have sex or close physical contact until you have completed the full course of treatment +- ❌ do not share bedding, clothing or towels with someone with scabies + +## How long it takes to get rid of scabies + +Adults and children aged 5 years or over can go back to work or school as soon as they have started treatment. It’s important to avoid close contact with other people for the first 24 hours. + +Children under 5 years old can go back to nursery or pre-school 24 hours after the first treatment. + +Although the treatment kills the scabies mites quickly, the itching can carry on for a few weeks. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - your child is under 2 years old and has symptoms of scabies or someone else in your household has scabies +> - you have scabies and think your skin may be infected or you have another skin condition, such as eczema +> - you have a crusted, flaky rash on your elbows, knees, hands or feet +> - you've used pharmacy treatment for scabies and your skin is still itching 2 to 4 weeks after treatment has finished + +## Scabies can spread easily + +Scabies spreads through close skin contact, including sexual contact. You cannot get scabies from pets. + +People who live or work closely together in nurseries, university halls of residence or nursing homes are more at risk. + +### Scabies and hygiene + +Anyone can get scabies. It has nothing to do with poor hygiene. + +## Complications of scabies + +Scratching the rash can cause skin infections like [impetigo](/conditions/impetigo/). + +Scabies can make conditions like [eczema](/conditions/atopic-eczema/) or [psoriasis](/conditions/psoriasis/) worse. + +Page last reviewed: 21 November 2023 +Next review due: 21 November 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/scarlet-fever/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/scarlet-fever/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d57906 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/scarlet-fever/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +# Scarlet fever + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/scarlet-fever/ + +## Symptoms of scarlet fever + +The first signs of scarlet fever can be flu-like symptoms, including a high temperature, a sore throat and swollen neck glands (a large lump on the side of your neck). + +A rash appears 12 to 48 hours later. It looks like small, raised bumps and starts on the chest and tummy, then spreads. The rash makes your skin feel rough, like sandpaper. + +![A red, patchy rash on the chest, neck and upper arms caused by scarlet fever. The rash is shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2600209-Scarlet_fever_rash-SPL.original.width-320.jpg) + +On white skin the rash looks pink or red. On brown and black skin it might be harder to see a change in colour, but you can still feel the rash and see the raised bumps. + +![Rash of small, raised, pink spots spread across a child's chest. The spots are close together. The rash is shown on light brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_1555_16a-scarlet-fever_938DFTB.width-320.jpg) + +![Rash of small, raised bumps spread across the lower part of a child's arm. The rash is shown on medium brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_1555_401b-resized-scarletfever_4664DFTB_GE.width-320.jpg) + +A white coating also appears on the tongue. This peels, leaving the tongue red, swollen and covered in little bumps (called "strawberry tongue"). + +![A swollen tongue with a reddish orange surface and a white coating at the back and along the centre. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2600055-Scarlet_fever_rash_on_tongue-SPL.orig.width-320.jpg) + +![A young child with light brown skin sticking their tongue out. The tongue is red and covered in little bumps like a strawberry.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_1555_392b-resized-scarletfever.width-320.jpg) + +The rash does not appear on the face, but the cheeks can look red. The redness may be harder to see on brown and black skin. + +![Lower half of a child's face with a bright red cheek. Skin is red from their jaw up to their eye. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017-scarlet-fever-face_C0037237.original_Lw.width-320.jpg) + +Sometimes the skin peels, like sunburn, as the rash fades. + +The symptoms are the same for children and adults, although scarlet fever is less common in adults. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - have scarlet fever symptoms +> - do not get better in a week (after seeing a GP) +> - have scarlet fever and chickenpox at the same time +> - are ill again, weeks after scarlet fever got better – this can be a sign of a complication, such as [rheumatic fever](/conditions/rheumatic-fever/) +> - are feeling unwell and have been in contact with someone who has scarlet fever +> +> Scarlet fever spreads very easily. Check with a GP before you go in. They may suggest a phone consultation. + +## What happens at your appointment + +GPs can often diagnose scarlet fever by looking at your tongue and rash. + +Sometimes they may: + +- wipe a cotton bud around the back of your throat to test for bacteria +- arrange a blood test + +## Treating scarlet fever + +If you have scarlet fever a GP will prescribe antibiotics. These will: + +- help you get better quicker +- reduce the chance of a serious illness, such as [pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/) +- make it less likely that you'll pass the infection on to someone else + +### Taking antibiotics + +Keep taking the antibiotics until they're finished, even if you feel better. + +## Things you can do yourself to help scarlet fever + +While you're taking antibiotics from your GP, you can help relieve symptoms of scarlet fever by: + +- drinking cool fluids +- eating soft foods if you have a sore throat +- taking painkillers like paracetamol to bring down a high temperature (do not give aspirin to children under 16) +- using calamine lotion or [antihistamine](/medicines/antihistamines/) tablets to ease itching + +## How long scarlet fever lasts + +Scarlet fever lasts for around 1 week. + +You can spread scarlet fever to other people until 24 hours after you take your 1st dose of antibiotics. + +If you do not take antibiotics, you can spread the infection for 2 to 3 weeks after your symptoms start. + +### Important + +If you or your child has scarlet fever, stay away from nursery, school or work for 24 hours after you take the 1st dose of antibiotics. + +## Complications of scarlet fever + +Scarlet fever can be a serious illness, but thanks to antibiotics, it's less common than it used to be and easier to treat. + +But cases of scarlet fever have increased in recent years. + +Complications from scarlet fever are rare. They can happen during or in the weeks after the infection, and can include: + +- [ear infection](/conditions/ear-infections/) +- throat abscess +- [sinusitis](/conditions/sinusitis-sinus-infection/) +- [pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/) +- [meningitis](/conditions/meningitis/) +- [rheumatic fever](/conditions/rheumatic-fever/) + +### Pregnancy advice + +There's no evidence to suggest that getting scarlet fever during pregnancy will harm your baby. + +But it can make you feel unwell, so it's best to avoid close contact with anyone who has it. + +Contact a GP if you get symptoms. + +Many of the antibiotics used for scarlet fever can be taken during pregnancy. + +## How to avoid spreading scarlet fever + +Scarlet fever is very infectious and can easily spread to other people. + +There are things you can do to reduce the chance of spreading scarlet fever. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ stay off nursery, school or work until 24 hours after you take the 1st dose of antibiotics +- ✅ wash your hands often with soap and water +- ✅ use tissues to trap germs from coughs or sneezes +- ✅ bin used tissues as quickly as possible + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not share cutlery, cups, towels, clothes, bedding or baths with anyone else + +Page last reviewed: 23 December 2024 +Next review due: 23 December 2027 + +Some images provided by [Skin Deep (Don't Forget The Bubbles)](https://dftbskindeep.com/). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/sciatica/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/sciatica/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5555ad --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/sciatica/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +# Sciatica + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sciatica/ + +If you get sciatica, there's a chance that it could happen again at some point. + +## Symptoms of sciatica + +The symptoms of sciatica usually affect your bottom and the back of one leg, often including your foot and toes. + +You may feel: + +- a sharp, burning pain down the back of the leg +- tingling – like [pins and needles](/symptoms/pins-and-needles/) +- numbness +- weakness + +Your symptoms may come on suddenly but they can also start slowly. The pain may be worse when moving, sneezing or coughing. + +You may also have back pain, but it's not usually as bad as the pain in your leg. + +> **💡 Information:** You probably do not have sciatica if you only have back pain . + +## How you can ease sciatica pain yourself + +Sciatica usually gets better in a few weeks to a few months, but it can sometimes last longer. It can also return if you've had it before. + +To help relieve your pain and speed up recovery: + +**Do:** + +- ✅ carry on with your normal activities as much as possible +- ✅ tryregular exercises for sciatica +- ✅ start gentle exercise as soon as you can – anything that gets you moving can help +- ✅ hold heat packs to the painful areas – you can buy these from pharmacies +- ✅ ask a pharmacist about painkillers (paracetamol is unlikely to help and it's not clear how muchNSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, help with sciatica) + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not sit or lie down for long periods – even if moving hurts, it's not harmful and can help you get better faster + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have sciatica and the pain: +> +> - has not improved after trying home treatments for a few weeks +> - is getting worse +> - is stopping you doing your normal activities +> +> > **💡 Information:** Refer yourself for back or joint help In many areas you may be able to get help, such as physiotherapy, from NHS community musculoskeletal (MSK) services without needing a referral from a GP. Get NHS help for back or joint problems + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - have sciatica on both sides +> - have weakness or numbness in both legs that's severe or getting worse +> - have numbness around or under your genitals, or around your bottom (anus) +> - find it hard to start peeing, cannot pee or cannot control when you pee – and this is not normal for you +> - do not notice when you need to poo or cannot control when you poo – and this is not normal for you +> +> These could be symptoms of a serious back problem that needs to be treated in hospital as soon as possible. + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Treatments for sciatica + +### Main treatments for sciatica + +If you have sciatica, treatments can include: + +- exercises and stretches +- painkillers +- [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) – including exercise advice and techniques like massage (manual therapy) +- psychological support – to help you cope with the pain + +Physiotherapy is free of charge on the NHS throughout the UK, but waiting times can be long. You can also get it privately. + +### Other treatments for sciatica + +If your pain is severe and treatments have not helped, you may be referred to a hospital specialist for: + +- a procedure to seal off some of the nerves in your back so they stop sending pain signals (radiofrequency denervation) +- a painkilling injection such as an epidural to stop you feeling pain +- surgery – an operation called [decompression surgery](/tests-and-treatments/lumbar-decompression-surgery/) can sometimes help relieve sciatica + +## How to stop sciatica coming back + +If you have sciatica, or have had it in the past, there's a chance you could get it again. But there are some things you can do to reduce your chance of this happening. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ stay active – take regular exercise +- ✅ use a safe technique when lifting heavy objects +- ✅ make sure you have a good posture when sitting and standing +- ✅ sit correctly when using a computer +- ✅ lose weightif you're overweight + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke – smoking can increase your risk of getting sciatica + +## Causes of sciatica + +Sciatica happens when something presses or rubs on the sciatic nerve. + +Causes include: + +- a [slipped disc](/conditions/slipped-disc/), when a soft cushion of tissue between the bones in your spine pushes out – this is the most common cause of sciatica and is more likely to happen as you get older +- spinal stenosis – narrowing of the part of your spine where nerves pass through +- spondylolisthesis – when one of the bones in your spine slips out of position +- a back injury + +## Video: What is sciatica? + +This video explains what sciatica is and what causes it. + +Media last reviewed: 2 March 2026 +Media review due: 2 March 2029 + +Page last reviewed: 03 December 2024 +Next review due: 03 December 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/sepsis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/sepsis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9bb08bd --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/sepsis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +# Sepsis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sepsis/ + +## Symptoms of sepsis + +Sepsis usually develops quickly over a few hours. If it's not treated it can turn into septic shock, which you can die from. + +### Symptoms of sepsis in babies and children + +Symptoms of sepsis in babies and children include: + +- difficulty breathing or breathing very fast +- having a fit (seizure) +- a high or low temperature – feeling very hot or cold when you touch them +- blue, grey, pale or blotchy skin, lips or tongue – on black or brown skin this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet +- a rash that does not fade when you press it – this type of rash is rare in sepsis, but it may be a symptom of meningitis +- being sleepier than normal or difficult to wake +- not peeing in the last 12 hours (for babies and children under 5 years), or not peeing all day (for children 5 years and over) – you can check a baby's nappy to see if it's dry + +Babies and children under 5 years may also not be interested in feeding or they may keep being sick (vomiting). + +### How to spot symptoms of sepsis in children aged under 5 + +This video shows how to check for the symptoms of sepsis in young children. + +Media last reviewed: 7 June 2024 +Media review due: 7 June 2027 + +### Symptoms of sepsis in adults + +Common symptoms of sepsis in adults include: + +- confusion or slurred speech +- uncontrollable shivering +- muscle pain +- difficulty breathing +- blue, pale, grey or blotchy skin, lips or tongue – on black or brown skin this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet +- a high or low temperature – a high temperature is less common in older adults +- not peeing all day or peeing very little in the past 18 hours + +### Noticing sepsis symptoms + +Symptoms of sepsis can be more difficult to notice in some people, such as: + +- babies and young children +- people with dementia +- people with a learning disability +- people who have difficulty communicating + +### Trust your instincts + +A child or adult with sepsis might not have every symptom listed. Get immediate medical help if you or your child are unwell and you think there's something seriously wrong. + +## When and where to get medical help + +You need to get medical help immediately if you think you or your child might have sepsis. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> #### A baby or child under 5 years: +> +> - is breathing very fast or having difficulty breathing – they may make grunting noises or their tummy may be sucking under their ribcage when they breathe +> - has blue, grey, pale or blotchy skin, lips or tongue – on black or brown skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet +> - has a rash that does not fade when you press it +> - has a very high temperature – 38C or more in babies under 3 months old, or 39C or more in babies 3 to 6 months old +> - has a very low temperature – less than 36C, or feels cold to the touch or is shivery +> - has a weak, high-pitched or continuous cry +> - is not responding like they normally do, is not feeding, is difficult to wake or is more sleepy than usual +> - has not had a pee for the last 12 hours +> - has symptoms you're worried might be sepsis +> +> #### An adult or child aged 5 years or over: +> +> - is breathing very fast +> - is confused, has slurred speech, or is not making sense +> - has blue, pale or blotchy skin – on black or brown skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet +> - has a very high or very low temperature, feels hot or cold to the touch, or is shivery +> - has a rash that does not fade when you press it +> - has symptoms you're worried might be sepsis +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Treatment for sepsis + +Sepsis is treated in hospital. Treatment depends on things like your age and how unwell you are. + +Treatment for sepsis includes: + +- [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/) – you may be given a general antibiotic to start with and then a more specific one after the cause of the infection has been confirmed +- oxygen to help with breathing +- fluids given into a vein to help rehydrate you + +Sometimes you may need treatment in a specialist care unit so you can be closely monitored. + +## Recovering from sepsis + +Sepsis is a serious condition, and it can take weeks or months to recover. + +There are some things you can do to help during this time. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ be patient and give yourself plenty of time – try not to rush your recovery +- ✅ try to get enough sleep – adults usually need 7 to 9 hours' sleep each night +- ✅ eat ahealthy, balanced diet– if you have a reduced appetite, eating smaller meals more frequently may help +- ✅ exerciseregularly, but start slowly and build up gradually +- ✅ keep a diary to track your progress – you can record things like your sleep, exercise and any symptoms you have +- ✅ talk to your partner or a friend about how you're feeling – you can also contact The UK Sepsis Trust and speak to a support nurse + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more about recovering from sepsis on The UK Sepsis Trust website + +## Complications of sepsis + +### Post-sepsis syndrome (PSS) + +If you've had sepsis, there's a chance you may get post-sepsis syndrome (PSS). + +PSS can cause many different physical, emotional and psychological symptoms including: + +- feeling very tired +- hearing loss +- nerve damage that may cause numbness or weakness in your hands and feet +- problems with your organs, such as your heart, kidneys and lungs +- depression, anxiety, and loss of confidence and self-esteem +- cognitive problems, such as memory loss and finding it difficult to concentrate + +Everyone who gets PSS is affected differently. It often lasts 6 to 18 months, but some people take much longer to recover. + +Treatment for PSS involves treating the symptoms, and may include [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/), [counselling](/tests-and-treatments/counselling/) and additional help and support. + +### Repeat infections + +If you've had sepsis, you may have a higher chance of getting other infections because of damage to your immune system. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you or your child have had sepsis in the past 12 months and have symptoms of an infection, such as a very high temperature, or feeling hot, cold or shivery + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more about post-sepsis syndrome on The UK Sepsis Trust website + +## Causes of sepsis + +The exact cause of sepsis is not known. It's thought your immune system overreacts to an infection and starts to damage your body's organs. + +The risk of getting sepsis may also be affected by the type of infection, your age, genetics and any other conditions you have. + +Any type of infection can lead to sepsis, but bacterial infections are the most common cause, including: + +- chest infections ([pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/)) +- [urinary tract infections (UTIs)](/conditions/urinary-tract-infections-utis/) +- abdominal infections, such as [appendicitis](/conditions/appendicitis/) +- skin infections, such as [cellulitis](/conditions/cellulitis/) or infected wounds + +### Who's at risk of getting sepsis + +Anyone can get sepsis, but there's a higher chance of getting it if: + +- a baby is under 12 months +- you're over 75 years +- you're pregnant, have given birth, or had an abortion or a miscarriage in the past 6 weeks +- your immune system is weakened because you have a condition like HIV or sickle cell disease, you're having chemotherapy, or you're taking corticosteroids or immunosuppressants +- you have a burn, cut or wound, or a skin infection like cellulitis +- you have a catheter (a tube used to empty pee from your bladder and collect it in a drainage bag) +- you inject illegal drugs or misuse alcohol + +## Help and support for sepsis + +Many people die from sepsis in the UK each year. For those who survive, the long-term effects can be both physical and emotional. + +### The UK Sepsis Trust + +The UK Sepsis Trust provides help and support for anyone affected by sepsis, including family, friends and carers. + +- Website: [www.sepsistrust.org](https://sepsistrust.org/) +- Helpline: 0808 800 0029 +- [The UK Sepsis Trust: support](https://sepsistrust.org/get-support/) + +> **💡 Information:** Information for people with a learning disability and their carers Easy read information about sepsis for people with a learning disability (NHS England) NHS Sherwood Forest Hospitals video about sepsis for people with a learning disability (YouTube) NHS Sherwood Forest Hospitals video about sepsis for families and carers of people with a learning disability (YouTube) + +Page last reviewed: 14 May 2026 +Next review due: 14 May 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/shingles/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/shingles/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c63bb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/shingles/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +# Shingles + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/shingles/ + +## Symptoms of shingles + +The first signs of shingles can be: + +- a tingling or painful feeling in an area of skin +- a headache or feeling generally unwell + +A rash will usually appear a few days later. In rare cases shingles can cause pain without a rash. + +Usually you get the shingles rash on your chest and tummy, but it can appear anywhere on your body including on your face, eyes and genitals. + +The rash appears as blotches on your skin, on 1 side of your body only. A rash on both the left and right of your body is unlikely to be shingles. + +![Shingles rash shown on white skin. Close up of patches of small red blisters oozing fluid. The skin around the blisters is pink.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A02G43.original.width-320.jpg) + +The blotches become itchy blisters that ooze fluid. A few days later, the blisters dry out and scab. + +![Shingles rash shown on medium brown skin. Pink rash with many small brown blisters on one side of a person’s lower back.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0372222-Shingles_rash.width-320.jpg) + +The rash can be red, but this can be harder to see on brown and black skin. + +![Shingles rash shown on dark brown skin. Blisters are grey and in a cluster on 1 side of a person’s chest.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2600272-Shingles_skin_rash.width-320.jpg) + +The rash can form a cluster that only appears on 1 side of your body. The skin remains painful until after the rash has gone. + +![Shingles shown on white skin. Close up of a person's face with a red, swollen eyelid and a red rash on surrounding skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_0618_Shingles_Rash_M2600324.original.width-320.jpg) + +The rash may be in and around your eye, making it sore and red. It can affect your sight or hearing and make it hard to move 1 side of your face. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of shingles and you're 18 years old or older +> +> Try to see a pharmacist within 3 days of the rash appearing. If you need medicine, it can help to speed up your recovery and avoid longer-lasting problems. +> +> A pharmacist can give the same antiviral medicines as a GP. They can also give advice or direct you to other medical help, if needed. +> +> [Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have symptoms of shingles and: +> +> - you're pregnant +> - you're breastfeeding and the shingles rash is on your breasts +> - the rash is on your eye or nose +> - you have changes to your vision +> - you have a severely weakened immune system, for example, from chemotherapy +> - you're 17 years old or younger +> +> You might need medicine to help speed up your recovery and avoid longer-lasting problems. +> +> This works best if you start taking it within 3 days of the shingles rash appearing. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Treatment for shingles + +Treatment for shingles depends on how severe your symptoms are and whether you're at risk of complications. + +If you have a mild rash you may not need any treatment. + +You may be offered medicine (antiviral tablets) to help speed up your recovery from shingles if: + +- you have a weakened immune system +- your pain or your rash is moderate or severe +- the rash is affecting other areas of your body apart from your chest, tummy and back + +You usually need to start taking the medicine within 3 days of your rash first appearing. + +Treatment for shingles can also include medicines to help relieve pain, such as painkillers, steroid tablets or medicines that help with nerve pain. + +## How to treat shingles symptoms yourself + +If you have shingles there are things you can do to help with the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ takeparacetamolto ease pain +- ✅ keep the rash clean and dry to reduce the risk of infection +- ✅ wear loose-fitting clothing +- ✅ use a cool compress (a bag of ice cubes or frozen vegetables wrapped in a towel, or a wet cloth) a few times a day + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not let dressings or plasters stick to the rash +- ❌ do not wear clothes with rough fibres that can irritate your skin + +## How long shingles lasts + +It can take up to 4 weeks for the shingles rash to heal. + +Your skin can be painful for weeks after the rash has gone, but it usually gets better over time. + +## Stay away from certain groups of people if you have shingles + +You cannot spread shingles to others. But people could catch chickenpox from you if they have not had chickenpox before or have not had the chickenpox vaccine. + +This is because shingles is caused by the chickenpox virus. + +Try to avoid: + +- anyone who is pregnant and has not had chickenpox before +- people with a weakened immune system – like someone having chemotherapy +- babies less than 1 month old + +### Work and school + +Stay off work or school if the rash is still oozing fluid (weeping) and cannot be covered, or until the rash has dried out. + +You can only spread the infection to other people while the rash oozes fluid. + +You can cover the rash with loose clothing or a non-sticky dressing. + +## Complications of shingles + +Most people recover from shingles without any problems. But it can sometimes cause complications, such as: + +- [post-herpetic neuralgia](/conditions/post-herpetic-neuralgia/), where pain lasts for several months after the shingles rash has gone +- the rash becoming infected, which may need to be treated with antibiotics +- scarring or changes in skin colour after the rash has healed +- muscle weakness +- eye problems, which can lead to sight loss +- Ramsay Hunt syndrome, a rare condition where shingles affects your facial nerve, causing weakness on one side of your face and sometimes hearing problems + +You can reduce the risk of complications by getting treatment as soon as possible after your symptoms start. + +### Shingles and pregnancy + +If you're pregnant and get shingles, it's mostly mild and there's usually no risk to you or your baby. + +But a GP should arrange for a specialist to advise on whether you need treatment. + +## Causes of shingles + +You cannot get shingles from someone with shingles or chickenpox. + +But you can get chickenpox from someone with shingles if you have not had chickenpox before. + +When people get chickenpox, the virus stays in the body. It can be reactivated later and cause shingles if someone's immune system is weakened. + +This can be because of stress, certain conditions, or treatments like chemotherapy. + +## Shingles vaccine + +A [shingles vaccine](/vaccinations/shingles-vaccine/) is available on the NHS for: + +- people who turned 65 on or after 1 September 2023 +- people aged 70 to 79 who have not yet been vaccinated +- people aged 18 and over with a severely weakened immune system + +The vaccine helps reduce your risk of getting shingles. + +If you get shingles after being vaccinated, the symptoms can be much milder. + +You can get shingles more than once, so it's important to get vaccinated even if you've had shingles before. + +Ask your GP surgery if you can get the vaccine on the NHS. + +Page last reviewed: 23 November 2023 +Next review due: 23 November 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/sinusitis-sinus-infection/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/sinusitis-sinus-infection/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..023860b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/sinusitis-sinus-infection/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# Sinusitis (sinus infection) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sinusitis-sinus-infection/ + +## Symptoms of sinusitis + +Sinusitis is common after a [cold](/conditions/common-cold/) or [flu](/conditions/flu/). + +The main symptoms of sinusitis include: + +- pain, swelling and tenderness around your cheeks, eyes or forehead +- a blocked or runny nose +- a reduced sense of smell +- green or yellow mucus from your nose +- a high temperature + +Other symptoms include: + +- a headache +- toothache +- bad breath +- a cough +- a feeling of pressure in the ears + +You may also snore at night and sound nasal when you speak. + +Young children may also be irritable, have difficulty feeding and breathe through their mouth. + +What are the sinuses? + +The sinuses are small, empty spaces behind your cheekbones and forehead that connect to the inside of the nose. + +Sinusitis causes the lining of the sinuses to swell up. + +This stops mucus draining into your nose and throat properly, making you feel blocked up. + +## How you can treat sinusitis yourself + +You can usually treat mild sinusitis yourself by: + +- getting plenty of rest +- drinking plenty of fluids +- taking painkillers, such as [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) (do not give aspirin to children under 16) +- avoiding things that trigger your allergies +- not smoking +- cleaning your nose with a salt water solution + +How to clean your nose with a homemade salt water solution + +1. Boil around 570ml (1 pint) of water, then leave it to cool. +2. Mix 1 teaspoon of salt and 1 teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda into the water. +3. Wash your hands. +4. Stand over a sink, cup the palm of 1 hand and pour a small amount of the solution into it. +5. Sniff the water into 1 nostril at a time. Breathe through your mouth and allow the water to pour back into the sink. Try not to let the water go down the back of your throat. +6. Repeat the first 5 steps up to 3 times a day (making a new solution each time) until your nose feels more comfortable. + +If you have a high temperature or you do not feel well enough to do your normal activities, try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people until you feel better. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you have sinusitis +> - your child is aged 12 years or older and you think they have sinusitis +> +> A pharmacist can give the same treatments as a GP for sinusitis. They can also give advice or direct you to other medical help if needed. +> +> [Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You, or a child, have sinusitis symptoms and: +> +> - you do not get better after 7 days of treatment from a pharmacy or GP +> - you do not get better after 3 weeks of treating symptoms yourself +> - you keep getting sinusitis +> - your child is aged 11 years or younger + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You, or a child, has sinusitis symptoms and: +> +> - you are very unwell +> - painkillers do not help or symptoms get worse +> - you have a weakened immune system – for example, because you're having chemotherapy +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). Call 111 if you need advice for a child under 5 years old. + +## Treatment for sinusitis + +If your sinusitis needs treatment, a pharmacist or GP may prescribe medicines such as: + +- [steroid nasal sprays or drops](/medicines/steroids/) to reduce the swelling in your sinuses – you might need to take these for a few months +- [antihistamines](/medicines/antihistamines/) if an allergy is causing your symptoms + +Rarely, you may need antibiotics. This is not common as sinusitis is usually caused by a virus, not bacteria. + +A GP may refer you to see an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist if you: + +- still have sinusitis after 3 months of treatment +- keep getting sinusitis +- only have symptoms on 1 side of your face + +An ENT specialist may recommend surgery for some people. + +### Surgery for sinusitis + +Surgery to treat chronic sinusitis is called functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). + +FESS is carried out under [general anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/general-anaesthesia/) (where you're asleep). + +The surgeon can widen your sinuses by either: + +- removing some of the blocked tissue +- inflating a tiny balloon in the blocked sinuses, then removing it + +Page last reviewed: 31 January 2024 +Next review due: 31 January 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/slapped-cheek-syndrome/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/slapped-cheek-syndrome/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0432093 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/slapped-cheek-syndrome/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +# Slapped cheek syndrome + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/slapped-cheek-syndrome/ + +## Symptoms of slapped cheek syndrome + +The first sign of slapped cheek syndrome is usually feeling unwell for a few days. + +Symptoms may include: + +- a high temperature +- a runny nose and sore throat +- a headache + +![A child's face with a red rash on both cheeks. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_slapped-cheel-syndrome_C0181015.origina.width-320.jpg) + +A red rash may appear on 1 or both cheeks. Adults do not usually get the rash on their face. + +![A purple-red rash on the face and nose of a child with medium brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Slapped_Cheek_Syndrome_472.width-320.jpg) + +The rash may be less obvious on brown and black skin. + +![A blotchy, pink rash all over the chest and upper arm of a child with white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0220893-Fifth_Disease-SPL.width-320.jpg) + +A few days later, a spotty rash may appear on the chest, back, arms and legs. The rash can be raised. It may be harder to see on brown and black skin. + +### How long it lasts + +The rash usually fades within 1 to 3 weeks, but it can sometimes last for longer, especially if you're hot or stressed. + +Adults might also have joint pain and stiffness. This can happen in children too, but it's rare. Joint pain can continue for many weeks, even after the other symptoms have gone. + +> **💡 Information:** If you're not sure your child has slapped cheek syndrome Look at other rashes in babies and children . + +## How to treat slapped cheek syndrome yourself + +You do not usually need to see a GP for slapped cheek syndrome. + +There are some things you can do to ease the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ rest +- ✅ drink plenty of fluids to avoiddehydration– babies should continue their normal feeds +- ✅ takeparacetamoloribuprofenif uncomfortable + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under 16 + +## Important + +Tell your midwife or a GP if you're pregnant or have a weakened immune system or blood disorder and have been near someone with slapped cheek syndrome. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You think you have slapped cheek syndrome and: +> +> - you're pregnant – there's a very small risk of [miscarriage](/conditions/miscarriage/) or other complications +> - you have a blood disorder, such as [sickle cell disease](/conditions/sickle-cell-disease/) or [thalassaemia](/conditions/thalassaemia/) – there's a risk of severe anaemia +> - you have a weakened immune system – for example, because of chemotherapy, leukaemia, HIV or diabetes + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You think you have slapped cheek syndrome and you have: +> +> - very pale skin +> - shortness of breath +> - extreme tiredness +> - fainted +> +> These can be signs of severe anaemia and you might be sent to hospital for a [blood transfusion](/tests-and-treatments/blood-transfusion/). +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## How slapped cheek syndrome is spread + +Slapped cheek syndrome is caused by a virus (parvovirus B19). The virus spreads by coughs and sneezes or by touching contaminated objects. + +It's hard to avoid spreading slapped cheek syndrome because most people do not know they have it until they get the rash. + +You can only spread it to other people before the rash appears. + +To reduce the risk of spreading the virus: + +- wash your hands often with water and soap +- use tissues to trap germs when you cough or sneeze +- bin used tissues as quickly as possible + +> **💡 Information:** You do not have to stay off work or school after the rash appears. Let the school or teacher know if your child has slapped cheek syndrome. + +Page last reviewed: 18 April 2024 +Next review due: 18 April 2027 + +Image provided by Indian Pediatrics: [Slapped cheek syndrome (Indian Pediatrics; PDF only, 36KB)](https://www.indianpediatrics.net/apr2011/338.pdf) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/sleep-apnoea/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/sleep-apnoea/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26d2883 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/sleep-apnoea/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +# Sleep apnoea + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sleep-apnoea/ + +## Symptoms of sleep apnoea + +Symptoms of sleep apnoea mainly happen while you sleep. + +They include: + +- your breathing stopping and starting +- making gasping, snorting or choking noises +- waking up a lot +- loud snoring + +During the day, you may also: + +- feel very tired +- find it hard to concentrate +- have mood swings +- have a headache when you wake up + +> **💡 Information:** It can be hard to tell if you have sleep apnoea. It may help to ask someone to stay with you while you sleep so they can check for the symptoms. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have any of the main symptoms of sleep apnoea, such as: +> +> - your breathing stops and starts while you sleep +> - you make gasping, snorting or choking noises while you sleep +> - you always feel very tired during the day +> +> If someone else has seen you have the symptoms, it can help to bring them with you to the GP. +> +> Sleep apnoea can be serious if it's not diagnosed and treated. + +## Getting tested for sleep apnoea + +If a GP thinks you might have sleep apnoea, they may refer you to a specialist sleep clinic for tests. + +At the clinic, you may be given devices that check things like your breathing and heartbeat while you sleep. + +You'll be asked to wear these overnight so doctors can check for signs of sleep apnoea. + +You can usually do this at home, but sometimes you may need to stay in the clinic overnight. + +These tests can show if you have sleep apnoea and how severe it is. This is based on how often your breathing stops while you sleep (AHI score). + +Understanding your AHI score + +Your AHI (apnoea–hypopnoea index) score shows how severe your sleep apnoea is: + +- AHI of 5 to 14 = mild +- AHI of 15 to 30 = moderate +- AHI over 30 = severe + +## Treatments for sleep apnoea + +Sleep apnoea can sometimes be treated by making lifestyle changes like losing weight, giving up smoking and reducing how much alcohol you drink. + +But many people need to use a device called a CPAP machine. You'll be given this for free on the NHS if you need it. + +### CPAP machine + +A CPAP machine gently pumps air into a mask you wear over your nose, or nose and mouth, while you sleep. + +It can help: + +- improve your breathing while you sleep by stopping your airways getting too narrow +- improve the quality of your sleep and help you feel less tired +- reduce the risk of problems linked to sleep apnoea, such as high blood pressure + +Using a CPAP machine may feel strange or awkward at first, but try to keep using it. It works best if you use it every night. + +Tell your doctor if you find it uncomfortable or hard to use. + +### Other treatments + +Other treatments sometimes used for sleep apnoea include: + +- a device like a gum shield that holds your airways open while you sleep (mandibular advancement device) +- surgery to help your breathing, such as removing large tonsils +- exercises for your mouth and facial muscles +- a device that sends small electrical signals to the nerve that controls your tongue (hypoglossal nerve stimulation) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Asthma + Lung UK: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Asthma + Lung UK: treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea + +## Things you can do to help with sleep apnoea + +If you've been diagnosed with sleep apnoea, there are some things you can do to help. + +These may be all you need to do if your sleep apnoea is mild. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try to lose weight if you're overweight +- ✅ exercise regularly– being active can improve your symptoms and help you keep to a healthy weight +- ✅ have good sleep habits like making sure your bedroom is dark and quiet, and going to bed and waking up at the same time each day +- ✅ sleep on your side – try taping a tennis ball to the back of your sleepwear, or buy a special pillow or bed wedge to help keep you on your side + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not smoke +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol – especially shortly before going to sleep +- ❌ do not take sleeping pills unless recommended by a doctor – they can make sleep apnoea worse + +## Sleep apnoea can cause other problems + +Without treatment, sleep apnoea can lead to other problems including: + +- [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) +- a higher chance of having a [stroke](/conditions/stroke/) +- [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/) +- [heart disease](/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/) +- [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/) or mood changes +- a higher chance of having a serious accident caused by tiredness, such as a car accident +- difficulty concentrating at work or school + +Sleep apnoea can also be difficult for your partner and put a strain on your relationship with them. + +### Driving and sleep apnoea + +You may need to tell the DVLA about your sleep apnoea. + +If sleep apnoea with excessive sleepiness has been confirmed, you must not drive until symptoms like feeling very tired are under control. + +[Check the rules for driving if you have sleep apnoea on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-and-driving) + +## Causes of sleep apnoea + +Sleep apnoea happens if your airways become too narrow while you sleep. This stops you breathing properly. + +Sleep apnoea has been linked to: + +- [obesity](/conditions/obesity-old/) +- having a large neck +- getting older – although children and young adults can also get it +- having other family members with sleep apnoea +- drinking alcohol +- smoking +- having large tonsils or adenoids +- sleeping on your back +- a condition called [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)](/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Sleep Apnoea Trust + +Page last reviewed: 11 May 2026 +Next review due: 11 May 2029 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/stomach-ulcer/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/stomach-ulcer/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b5de11 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/stomach-ulcer/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +# Stomach ulcer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-ulcer/ + +This page also covers sores in the intestine (duodenal ulcers). + +## Symptoms of a stomach ulcer + +The main symptom of a stomach ulcer is tummy (abdominal) pain. + +The pain: + +- is usually in the upper part of your tummy +- may feel like burning +- is often worse at night + +Other symptoms of a stomach ulcer include indigestion, heartburn (a burning sensation in your chest), bloating and feeling or being sick. + +> **💡 Information:** Tummy pain is common and can be caused by lots of different things. Find out about possible causes of tummy pain and stomach ache + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have indigestion that does not go away with treatment +> - your tummy pain keeps coming back + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have symptoms of a stomach ulcer and: +> +> - your tummy pain is getting worse or does not go away +> - you've lost your appetite +> - you feel full after a very small amount of food +> - you've lost weight without trying to +> - it feels like you have a lump in your tummy +> - it's painful or difficult to swallow +> - you keep being sick (vomiting) +> - you feel tired all the time +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you're vomiting bright red blood or your vomit looks like ground coffee +> - your poo has blood in it, or is black, sticky and very smelly +> - you have severe tummy pain +> - it's painful to touch your tummy +> - you have chest pain that started suddenly +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Causes of a stomach ulcer + +The main causes of stomach ulcers are: + +- infection with helicobacter pylori (H pylori) bacteria +- regular use of anti-inflammatory painkillers ([NSAIDs](/medicines/nsaids/)), such as ibuprofen + +Stomach ulcers are also more common in people who smoke, and the risk of getting one increases as you get older. + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +If a GP thinks you might have a stomach ulcer, they may arrange some tests to check what's causing your symptoms. + +These tests may include: + +- a breath test to check for H pylori bacteria, where you take a tablet or a special drink and breathe into a tube +- a test of a sample of your poo +- a blood test + +The GP may also ask to weigh you and feel your tummy. + +You may also be referred for a [gastroscopy](/tests-and-treatments/gastroscopy/) (where a long, thin, flexible tube with a small camera inside is passed into your mouth and down into your stomach). + +## Treatment for a stomach ulcer + +Treatment for a stomach ulcer depends on what's causing it. + +You may be offered: + +- antibiotics to treat H pylori infection +- medicines to reduce the amount of acid in your stomach, such as proton pump inhibitors + +Treatment usually lasts from 1 week to 2 months, depending on what's causing your ulcer. You may need tests after treatment to make sure it's worked. + +If your symptoms come back after treatment, speak to a GP. You may need to try a different medicine or keep taking medicine for longer. + +A doctor may also recommend: + +- lifestyle changes, such as stopping smoking +- stopping or changing medicines that may be making your symptoms worse +- getting help with stress, anxiety and depression, as these things can make your symptoms worse + +## Things you can do to help with stomach ulcer symptoms + +After you've seen a GP, there are things you can do to help ease your stomach ulcer symptoms and reduce the risk of a stomach ulcer coming back. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ eat smaller meals +- ✅ eat your evening meal 3 to 4 hours before going to bed +- ✅ try to keep to a healthy weight +- ✅ take steps to managestress + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not take anti-inflammatory painkillers (such as ibuprofen) without speaking to a doctor first +- ❌ do not have food or drink that triggers your symptoms, which can include fatty or spicy foods, coffee and chocolate +- ❌ do not smoke +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol + +> **💡 Information:** NHS help to get healthy NHS Better Health has free tools and support to help you lose weight, get active, quit smoking and drink less. Visit the NHS Better Health website + +## Complications of a stomach ulcer + +It's important to get treatment for a stomach ulcer. If not treated, a stomach ulcer can lead to serious problems that may be life-threatening. + +These include: + +- bleeding from your stomach or intestine +- a lack of iron ([iron deficiency anaemia](/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/)) caused by bleeding +- a hole in your stomach that can cause [peritonitis](/conditions/peritonitis/), a serious infection of the inner lining of your tummy +- increased risk of [stomach cancer](/conditions/stomach-cancer/) from an untreated H pylori infection \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/causes.md b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/causes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7bd9aae --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/causes.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# Causes of a stroke + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/causes/ + +## What causes a stroke + +A stroke can happen to anyone at any age, but your risk may increase if: + +- you're over 50 years old +- you're from a Black or South Asian background +- you have [sickle cell disease (SCD)](/conditions/sickle-cell-disease/) +- you have an unhealthy lifestyle +- you have [migraines](/conditions/migraine/) +- you take the combined contraceptive pill +- you're pregnant and have [pre-eclampsia](/conditions/pre-eclampsia/) +- you've just had a baby + +Certain conditions also increase the risk of stroke. These include: + +- [high blood pressure (hypertension)](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) +- [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) +- [irregular and fast heartbeats (atrial fibrillation)](/conditions/atrial-fibrillation/) +- [high cholesterol](/conditions/high-cholesterol/) +- a [transient ischaemic attack (TIA or mini stroke)](/conditions/transient-ischaemic-attack-tia/) + +## Reducing the risk of a stroke + +If you have a stroke, or a [transient ischaemic stroke (TIA, or mini-stroke)](/conditions/transient-ischaemic-attack-tia/), you're more at risk of having another stroke. But there are things you can do to lower the risk. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ quit smoking +- ✅ eat a balanced diet +- ✅ exercise +- ✅ cut down on alcohol + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not forget to take medicines for any underlying conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes – talk to a GP if you have any problems with your medicine + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more about your diet, eating well, exercise and drinking less . + +## Video: what is a stroke? + +This is an animated video explaining what happens when you have a stroke. + +Media last reviewed: 3 August 2024 +Media review due: 3 August 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/diagnosis.md b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/diagnosis.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2bad1a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/diagnosis.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Diagnosing a stroke + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/diagnosis/ + +## Important + +If you're with someone who's had a stroke and they cannot speak, you may be asked for information about their symptoms. This helps to diagnose what type of stroke they've had. + +## How a stroke is diagnosed + +If a doctor thinks you've had a stroke, they'll do tests such as: + +- [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) +- [CT](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/), [MRI](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) and [ultrasound](/tests-and-treatments/ultrasound-scan/) scans to check in and around your brain +- an [electrocardiogram (ECG)](/tests-and-treatments/electrocardiogram/) to check your heart + +These tests can show what type of stroke you've had. The different types of stroke include: + +- an ischaemic stroke – this happens when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain. It's the most common type of stroke +- a haemorrhagic stroke – this happens when a blood vessel bursts +- a [transient ischaemic attack (TIA or mini stroke)](/conditions/transient-ischaemic-attack-tia/) – this is when the symptoms of a stroke do not last very long (less than 24 hours) + +A TIA should be treated as urgent. If you do not get immediate medical attention, you could be at risk of having a full stroke. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/help-and-support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/help-and-support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73510a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/help-and-support.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# Support after a stroke + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/help-and-support/ + +## Getting help after a stroke + +Having a stroke can affect your mental health. It can help to talk about how you're feeling. + +You can get talking therapies for free on the NHS. These services can help you find ways to cope. + +Help is available in person, by video, over the phone or as an online course. + +[Find an NHS talking therapies service](/nhs-services/mental-health-services/find-nhs-talking-therapies-for-anxiety-and-depression/) + +### Support from charities + +You can get advice from charities such as: + +- [Different Strokes](https://differentstrokes.co.uk/what-we-do/) +- [Stroke Association](https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/support) +- [Brain and Spine Foundation: join a support group](https://www.brainandspine.org.uk/support-for-you/peer-support-groups/) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/recovery.md b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/recovery.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28fdb03 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/recovery.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +# Recovering from a stroke + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/recovery/ + +## How a stroke can affect your life + +Strokes affect people in different ways. For some, it may take days or weeks to recover and there will be little impact on their life. + +For others, recovery can take months or years and may mean making life changes. This can include things such as adapting your home to make it easier to move around. You may have to stop work for a while or long term. + +Your recovery will depend on how much a stroke has affected you physically and mentally, and your rehabilitation plan. The exercises, activities and therapy sessions you do as part of your rehabilitation are often difficult, but it will help you make progress. + +The plan given to you by your healthcare team will help you set goals. Getting family and friends involved can also help you get better. + +## Supporting your recovery after a stroke + +When you're discharged from hospital, your healthcare team will continue to support you. They do this by creating a home recovery plan. + +Your plan may include: + +- [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) and exercises to help with movement – this may also help if you have problems such as numbness down 1 side of the body +- [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) to help with anxiety, depression and tiredness +- activities to improve your memory, concentration, thinking and mood (cognitive rehabilitation) +- exercises to help improve problems with your speech, swallowing, and vision +- advice, exercises and medicines to help with bowel or bladder problems + +You can choose how you want to do your rehabilitation. It can be done in person or, if it's easier, online (telerehabilitation). + +Your healthcare team will make sure you have the right equipment to do this at home. They should also offer you the training or technical support you need to use it. + +After about 6 months, you should get a review of your progress. If you do not get this, speak to your team about it. + +## Support for carers + +If you're caring for someone who has had a stroke, you'll be a big part of their recovery. + +Looking after someone who has had a stroke can be difficult, frustrating and lonely. Try to make sure you get all the support and help you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Stroke Association charity: understanding recovery Stroke Association charity: caring for someone close to you after a stroke Different Strokes charity: life after stroke (PDF only, 25 MB) Different Strokes charity: caring for somebody after a stroke (PDF only, 1.7 MB) + +## Jim's story + +In this video, Jim talks about his experience with a stroke and proves that life does go on. + +Media last reviewed: 16 April 2024 +Media review due: 16 April 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..339b099 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# Symptoms of a stroke + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/symptoms/ + +## Check for signs of a stroke + +The main symptoms of a stroke can happen suddenly. They may include: + +- face weakness – one side of your face may droop (fall) and it might be hard to smile +- arm weakness – you may not be able to fully lift both arms and keep them there because of weakness or numbness in 1 arm +- speech problems – you may slur your words or sound confused + +The easiest way to remember these symptoms is the word FAST. This stands for: face, arms, speech and time to call 999. + +### Other symptoms of a stroke + +There are other signs that you or someone else is having a stroke. These include: + +- weakness or numbness down 1 side of your body +- blurred vision or loss of sight in 1 or both eyes +- finding it difficult to speak or think of words +- confusion and memory loss +- feeling dizzy or falling over +- a severe headache +- feeling or being sick (nausea or vomiting) + +Symptoms of a stroke can sometimes stop after a short time, so you may think you're OK. Even if this happens, get medical help straight away. + +A stroke is more likely to happen if you're older, but it can happen at any age. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Stroke Association: signs and symptoms + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you think you're having, or have had a stroke +> - you've had signs of a stroke within the last 24 hours even if they've now stopped + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive yourself to A&E. The person you speak to at 999 will give you advice about what to do. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/treatment.md b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/treatment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..991027c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/stroke/treatment.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +# Treatment for a stroke + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/treatment/ + +## Getting treatment for a stroke + +If you have a stroke, your treatment will depend on what type of stroke you've had. + +In the first 24 hours after a stroke, your treatment may include: + +- medicine to get rid of blood clots in the brain (thrombolysis) +- surgery to remove a blood clot (thrombectomy) or drain fluid from the brain +- a procedure to stop pressure building up inside the skull or brain + +While you're in hospital, a healthcare team of doctors, specialists and therapists will help you start your recovery. + +### Medicines for a stroke + +Treatments you may be given, often long term, include: + +- [anticoagulants](/medicines/anticoagulants/) to stop blood clots forming +- [medicines to lower your blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure/) +- [statins](/medicines/statins/) to lower your cholesterol + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Stroke Association charity: treatments \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/temporomandibular-disorder-tmd/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/temporomandibular-disorder-tmd/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02e2544 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/temporomandibular-disorder-tmd/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +# Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/temporomandibular-disorder-tmd/ + +**Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a condition affecting the movement of the jaw. It's not usually serious and generally gets better on its own.** + +## Symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) + +Symptoms of TMD include: + +- pain around your jaw, ear and temple +- clicking, popping or grinding noises when you move your jaw +- a headache around your temples +- difficulty opening your mouth fully +- your jaw locking when you open your mouth + +The pain may be worse when chewing and when you feel stressed. + +TMD can also stop you getting a good night's sleep. + +## How to ease temporomandibular disorder (TMD) yourself + +Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) usually gets better without treatment. But there are things you can do to ease the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ eat soft food, like pasta, omelettes and soup +- ✅ takeparacetamoloribuprofen +- ✅ hold an ice pack or heat pack wrapped in a tea towel to the jaw, whichever feels better +- ✅ massage the painful jaw muscles +- ✅ try to find ways to relax + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not chew gum or pen tops +- ❌ do not bite food with your front teeth +- ❌ do not yawn too wide +- ❌ do not bite your nails +- ❌ do not clench your teeth – apart from when eating, your teeth should be apart + +How to make your own ice packs and heat packs + +Try either: + +- a pack of frozen peas, wrapped in a tea towel, for no more than 5 minutes at a time +- a hot water bottle, wrapped in a tea towel, twice a day for 15 to 20 minutes + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you're unable to eat or drink +> - you have clicking, popping or grinding noises when you move your jaw +> - you have difficulty opening your mouth fully or your jaw is locking +> - you have pain around your jaw, ear or at the side of your head +> - you have frequent, severe headaches +> - you have pain or tenderness at the side of your head or on the scalp +> - you have vision problems, such as double vision or loss of vision in one or both eyes +> +> These can be signs of a serious problem that needs urgent treatment. +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Treatments for temporomandibular disorder (TMD) from a GP + +The GP may suggest: + +- stronger painkillers +- relaxation techniques to reduce stress +- ways to improve your sleep + +They might suggest you see: + +- a dentist, if teeth grinding might be an issue +- a psychologist, if stress and anxiety are making your pain worse +- a physiotherapist, for advice about jaw exercises and massage + +If these treatments do not help, you may be referred to a specialist in joint problems to discuss other options, such as painkilling injections or surgery. + +## Causes of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) + +Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) can be caused by: + +- [teeth grinding](/symptoms/teeth-grinding/) +- wear and tear of the joint +- a blow to the head or face +- stress +- an uneven bite + +Page last reviewed: 20 June 2023 +Next review due: 20 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/tendonitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/tendonitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..032eff2 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/tendonitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +# Tendonitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tendonitis/ + +## How to treat tendonitis yourself + +Follow these steps for 2 to 3 days to help manage pain and support the tendon. + +- Rest: try to avoid moving the tendon for 2 to 3 days. +- Ice: put an ice pack (or try a bag of frozen peas) wrapped in a tea towel on the tendon for up to 20 minutes every 2 to 3 hours. +- Support: wrap an elastic bandage around the area, use a tube bandage, or use a soft brace. You can buy these from pharmacies. It should be snug, not tight. + +It's important to take a bandage or brace off before going to bed. + +When you're able to move the injured area without pain stopping you, try to keep moving it so the joint does not become stiff. + +To help prevent further injury or pain, try to avoid: + +- heavy lifting, strong gripping or twisting actions that make the symptoms worse +- playing any sport until the tendon has recovered + +### A pharmacist may be able to help with tendonitis + +A pharmacist can recommend the best painkiller for you. [Paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/) and [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) can help to ease pain. + +They may also recommend an ibuprofen gel to rub on your skin. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +## Symptoms of tendonitis + +There are tendons all over your body. They connect your muscles to bones in your joints, for example, in your knees, elbows and shoulders. + +The main symptoms of tendonitis are: + +- pain in a tendon that gets worse when you move +- difficulty moving the joint +- feeling a grating or crackling sensation when you move the tendon +- swelling, sometimes with heat or redness + +If the pain is sudden and severe, and happened during an accident or activity, you may have torn (ruptured) a tendon. + +You might have heard a popping or snapping sound when the pain started. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have injured a joint and your symptoms do not improve within a few weeks +> +> > **💡 Information:** Refer yourself for back or joint help In many areas you may be able to get help, such as physiotherapy, from NHS community musculoskeletal (MSK) services without needing a referral from a GP. Get NHS help for back or joint problems + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you're in a lot of pain +> - you think you have ruptured a tendon +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Treatment for tendonitis + +If you need treatment for tendonitis you may be prescribed a stronger painkiller or recommended to try an ibuprofen gel on your skin to ease the pain. + +If the pain is severe, lasts a long time, or your movement is limited, you may be offered physiotherapy. + +Some people with severe tendonitis may be offered steroid injections, which may provide short-term pain relief. + +If physiotherapy does not help, you may be referred to a doctor who specialises in muscles and bones (orthopaedic specialist). They may recommend surgery to remove damaged tissue or repair a ruptured tendon. + +## Preventing tendon problems + +Tendonitis is usually caused by sudden, sharp movements or repetitive exercise, such as running, jumping or throwing. + +It can also be caused by repetitive movements, or having poor posture or technique while at work or when playing a sport. This is known as [repetitive strain injury (RSI)](/conditions/repetitive-strain-injury-rsi/). + +You cannot always prevent tendonitis. But there are things you can do to help reduce the chance of a tendon injury. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ warm up before exercising and gently stretch afterwards +- ✅ wear supportive shoes or insoles for exercise +- ✅ take regular breaks from repetitive exercises + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not overexercise tired muscles +- ❌ do not start a new sport without some training or practice +- ❌ do not do the same repetitive exercises + +## Video: What is tendonitis? + +This animation explains what tendonitis is and what causes it. + +Media last reviewed: 1 April 2024 +Media review due: 1 April 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 09 June 2023 +Next review due: 09 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/threadworms/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/threadworms/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9704c58 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/threadworms/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +# Threadworms + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/threadworms/ + +**Threadworms (pinworms) are tiny worms in your poo. They're common in children and spread easily. You can treat them without seeing a GP.** + +## Signs of threadworms + +You can spot threadworms in your poo. They look like pieces of white thread. + +You might also see them around your child's bottom (anus). The worms usually come out at night while your child is sleeping. + +See what threadworms look like in poo + +![Brown lump of poo with small, thin, white worms in it, on white tissue paper.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/Threadworms.width-320.jpg) + +### Other symptoms can include: + +- extreme itching around the anus or vagina, particularly at night +- irritability and waking up during the night + +### Less common signs of worms include: + +- weight loss +- wetting the bed +- irritated skin around the anus + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you or your child have threadworms +> +> [Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy/) + +## Treatment for threadworms from a pharmacy + +You can buy a medicine called [mebendazole](/medicines/mebendazole/) for threadworms from pharmacies. This is usually a chewable tablet or liquid you swallow. + +Treat everyone over 2 years old in your household, even if they do not have symptoms. + +Tell the pharmacist if you need to treat a child under 2 years old, or if you're pregnant or breastfeeding. Treatment might not be suitable and you may need to speak to a GP. + +If you cannot take medicine you can treat threadworms by using hygiene methods for 6 weeks. + +## Things you should do at home for threadworms + +Medicine kills the threadworms, but it does not kill the eggs. Eggs can live for up to 2 weeks outside the body. + +There are things you can do to stop becoming infected again. Do these for 2 weeks if you’re taking medicine, or for 6 weeks if you’re not taking medicine. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wash hands and scrub under fingernails – particularly before eating, after using the toilet or changing nappies +- ✅ encourage children to wash hands regularly +- ✅ shower every morning +- ✅ rinse toothbrushes before using them +- ✅ keep fingernails short +- ✅ wash sleepwear, sheets, towels and soft toys (at a hot temperature) every day for several days after treatment +- ✅ disinfect kitchen and bathroom surfaces, using hot water +- ✅ vacuum and dust with a damp cloth +- ✅ make sure everyone in the household wears underwear at night and changes it in the morning + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not shake clothing or bedding, to prevent eggs landing on other surfaces +- ❌ do not share towels or flannels +- ❌ do not bite nails or suck thumbs and fingers + +### Nursery, school and work + +If you or your child has threadworms there's no need to stay off nursery, school or work. + +## How threadworms spread + +Threadworms spread when their eggs are swallowed. They lay eggs around your bottom (anus), which make it itchy. The eggs get stuck on your fingers when you scratch. They can then pass on to anything you touch, including: + +- clothes +- toys +- toothbrushes +- kitchen or bathroom surfaces +- bedding +- food + +Eggs can pass to other people when they touch these surfaces and then touch their mouth. The eggs can survive up to 2 weeks. The larvae hatch from the eggs in your gut after you swallow them, and take 1 to 2 months to mature into threadworms. + +Children can get threadworms again after they've been treated for them if they get the eggs in their mouth. This is why it's important to encourage children to wash their hands regularly. + +Page last reviewed: 01 December 2023 +Next review due: 01 December 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/thrush-in-men-and-women/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/thrush-in-men-and-women/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0f9713 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/thrush-in-men-and-women/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +# Thrush in men and women + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/thrush-in-men-and-women/ + +**Thrush is a common yeast infection that affects men and women. It's usually harmless but it can be uncomfortable and keep coming back. It is not classed as a sexually transmitted infection (STI).** + +## Symptoms of thrush + +### Thrush symptoms in women + +Symptoms of thrush in women include: + +- white [vaginal discharge](/symptoms/vaginal-discharge/) (often like cottage cheese), which does not usually smell +- itching and irritation around the vulva and vagina +- soreness and stinging during sex or when you pee + +### Thrush symptoms in men + +Symptoms of thrush in men include: + +- irritation, burning and redness around the head of the penis and under the foreskin +- a white discharge (like cottage cheese) +- an unpleasant smell +- difficulty pulling back the foreskin + +### Thrush in other areas + +Thrush can affect other areas of skin, such as the armpits, groin and between the fingers. + +This usually causes a red, itchy or painful rash that scales over with white or yellow discharge. The rash may not be so obvious on darker skin. + +Sometimes thrush causes no symptoms at all. + +See what thrush looks like on the vagina, penis and skin + +![A penis with red, irritated skin caused by thrush. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0215614-Thrush_infection_of_the_penis-SPL.ori.width-320.jpg) + +On white skin, thrush on the penis usually causes redness around the head of the penis. This can be harder to see on brown and black skin. + +![A vagina with white discharge caused by thrush. Shown on brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M8620046-Vaginal_thrush-SPL_copy.original.width-320.jpg) + +Thrush in the vagina usually causes a white discharge. + +![A red patch of skin with a white discharge caused by thrush. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0222117-Yeast_Infection_on_Groin-SPL.original.width-320.jpg) + +On white skin, thrush usually causes a red rash that scales over with white or yellow discharge. This can be harder to see on brown and black skin. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of thrush for the first time +> - you have thrush and are under 16 or over 60 +> - thrush keeps coming back (more than 4 times in 12 months) +> - treatment for thrush has not worked +> - you have thrush and are pregnant or breastfeeding +> - you have thrush and a weakened immune system – for example, because of diabetes, HIV or chemotherapy +> +> You may also be able to get help from a sexual health clinic if you think you have thrush. +> +> [Find a sexual health clinic](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-sexual-health-clinic) + +## What happens at your appointment + +The GP will want to confirm it's thrush and rule out other infections. + +You'll be asked about your symptoms. + +If it's not clear it's thrush or if you have thrush that keeps coming back: + +- a doctor or nurse may look at your vagina, penis or skin +- a cotton bud may be wiped over the discharge to check what's causing your symptoms and to test for other infections + +## Thrush treatment + +You'll usually need antifungal medicine to get rid of thrush. This can be a tablet you take, a tablet you insert into your vagina (pessary) or a cream to relieve the irritation. + +Thrush should clear up within 7 to 14 days of starting treatment. + +You do not need to treat partners unless they have symptoms. + +### Recurring thrush + +You might need to take treatment for longer (up to 6 months) if you keep getting thrush (you get it more than 4 times in 12 months). + +Before you begin treatment, a GP can help identify if something is causing your thrush, such as your period or sex. + +They'll recommend how often you should use treatment. + +## Things you can do yourself to ease discomfort and prevent thrush returning + +There are things you can do to ease thrush and stop it coming back. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ use water and an emollient (like E45 cream) instead of soap to wash the affected area +- ✅ dry properly after washing +- ✅ wear cotton underwear +- ✅ avoid sex until thrush has cleared up if sex is uncomfortable + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not use soaps or shower gels +- ❌ do not use douches or deodorants on your vagina or penis +- ❌ do not wear tight underwear or tights + +### Important + +If you have sex during treatment, be aware that antifungal creams can damage condoms and diaphragms. This means your contraception might not work. + +### A pharmacist can help with thrush + +You can buy antifungal medicine from pharmacies if you've had thrush diagnosed in the past and you know the symptoms. + +A pharmacist can recommend the best treatment for you. Ask if they have a private area to talk if you're embarrassed. + +You should not use antifungal medicine more than twice in 6 months without speaking to a pharmacist or doctor. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy/) + +## What causes thrush + +Thrush is not classed as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but it can be triggered by sex or, less often, passed on during sex. + +Thrush is caused by a fungus called candida that is normally harmless. + +Thrush tends to grow in warm, moist conditions and develops if the balance of bacteria changes. + +This can happen if: + +- your skin is irritated or damaged +- you're taking antibiotics +- you have poorly controlled diabetes +- you have a weakened immune system (for example, because of HIV or chemotherapy) +- you're having hormone replacement therapy (HRT) +- you're pregnant + +Page last reviewed: 28 July 2023 +Next review due: 28 July 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/tinnitus/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/tinnitus/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfe688d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/tinnitus/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +# Tinnitus + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tinnitus/ + +**Tinnitus is the name for hearing noises that do not come from an outside source. It's not usually a sign of anything serious and may get better by itself.** + +## Symptoms of tinnitus + +Tinnitus can sound like: + +- ringing +- buzzing +- whooshing +- humming +- hissing +- throbbing +- music or singing + +You may hear these sounds in 1 or both ears, or in your head. They may come and go, or you might hear them all the time. + +## Causes of tinnitus + +It's not always clear what causes tinnitus, but it's often linked to: + +- some form of [hearing loss](/conditions/hearing-loss/) +- [Ménière's disease](/conditions/menieres-disease/) +- conditions such as diabetes, thyroid disorders or multiple sclerosis +- anxiety or depression +- taking certain medicines – tinnitus can be a side effect of some chemotherapy medicines, antibiotics, [non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)](/medicines/nsaids/) and aspirin + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have tinnitus regularly or constantly +> - your tinnitus is getting worse +> - your tinnitus is bothering you – for example, it's affecting your sleep or concentration, or is making you feel anxious and depressed + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you have tinnitus that beats in time with your pulse + +## What happens at your appointment + +The GP will look in your ears to see if your tinnitus is caused by something they can treat, like an [ear infection](/conditions/ear-infections/) or a build-up of [earwax](/conditions/earwax-build-up/). + +They might also check for any hearing loss. + +You may be referred to a specialist for further tests and treatment. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you have tinnitus after a head injury +> - you have tinnitus with sudden hearing loss, weakness in the muscles of your face, or a spinning sensation (vertigo) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Things you can try to help cope with tinnitus + +If you have tinnitus there are things you can do to help cope. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try to relax – deep breathing or yoga may help +- ✅ try to find ways to improve your sleep, such as sticking to a bedtime routine or cutting down on caffeine +- ✅ try to avoid things that can make tinnitus worse, such as stress or loud background noises +- ✅ join a support group – talking to other people with tinnitus may help you cope + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not have total silence – listening to soft music or sounds (called sound therapy) may distract you from the tinnitus +- ❌ do not focus on it, as this can make it worse – hobbies and activities may take your mind off it + +> **💡 Information:** The Tinnitus UK website has more information about self-help for tinnitus . Their free helpline number is 0800 018 0527. You can also find a tinnitus support group near you on the Tinnitus UK website . + +## Treatments for tinnitus + +If the cause of your tinnitus is unknown or cannot be treated, your GP or specialist may refer you for a type of talking therapy. + +This could be: + +- [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) – to change the way you think about your tinnitus and reduce anxiety +- tinnitus counselling – to help you learn about your tinnitus and find ways of coping with it +- tinnitus retraining therapy – using sound therapy to retrain your brain to tune out and be less aware of the tinnitus + +You'll usually be offered digital CBT first, which is a type of CBT that's delivered through an online programme or app on your computer, tablet or smartphone. + +Tinnitus retraining therapy may be available on the NHS for people with severe or persistent tinnitus. It's unclear if tinnitus retraining therapy works for everyone. It's widely available privately. + +If you have hearing loss, hearing aids may be recommended. + +## Video: Tinnitus + +In this video, learn about tinnitus, its possible causes and the effects and how to deal with it. + +Media last reviewed: 1 June 2024 +Media review due: 1 June 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 12 January 2024 +Next review due: 12 January 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/tonsillitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/tonsillitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5e96e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/tonsillitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +# Tonsillitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tonsillitis/ + +## Symptoms of tonsillitis + +Tonsillitis can feel like a bad cold or flu. The tonsils at the sides of your throat will be red and swollen. + +Symptoms in children and adults can include: + +- a sore throat +- problems swallowing +- a high temperature +- coughing +- a headache +- feeling and being sick +- earache +- feeling tired + +Sometimes the symptoms can be more severe and include: + +- swollen, painful glands in your neck (feels like a lump on the side of your neck) +- pus-filled spots or white patches on your tonsils +- bad breath + +What your tonsils may look like if you have more severe symptoms of tonsillitis + +![White patches on swollen tonsils at the sides of the throat.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2700195-Tonsillitis-SPL.original.width-320.jpg) + +Tonsillitis can appear as white patches on swollen tonsils at the sides of the throat. + +> **💡 Information:** If you're not sure it's tonsillitis These symptoms are common and can be caused by other conditions. Find out about other causes and treatments for sore throat symptoms. + +## How long tonsillitis lasts + +Symptoms of tonsillitis usually go away after 3 to 4 days but can last longer. + +Tonsillitis is not contagious but most of the infections that cause it are contagious, for example colds and flu. + +To stop these infections spreading: + +- if you or your child have a high temperature or you do not feel well enough to do your usual activities, try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people until you feel better +- use tissues when you cough or sneeze and throw them away +- wash your hands after coughing or sneezing + +## How to treat tonsillitis yourself + +Tonsillitis usually gets better on its own after a few days but it can last longer. + +To help treat the symptoms: + +- get plenty of rest +- drink cool drinks to soothe the throat +- take [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) (do not give aspirin to children under 16) +- gargle with warm salty water (children should not do this) + +How to gargle with salty water + +1. Mix half a teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water and stir until it has dissolved. +2. Gargle with the salty water (do not swallow it), then spit it out. +3. Repeat as often as you like. + +Young children should not gargle with salty water. + +### A pharmacist can help with tonsillitis + +Speak to a pharmacist about tonsillitis. + +They can give advice and suggest treatments, like: + +- lozenges containing a local anaesthetic, antiseptic, or anti-inflammatory medicine +- throat sprays (although there's little proof they help) +- antiseptic solutions + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - the symptoms of tonsillitis do not go away within 1 week +> - you keep getting throat infections + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you have pus-filled spots on your tonsils +> - you have a sore throat so painful it's difficult to eat or drink +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## What happens at your GP appointment + +A doctor can usually tell if it's tonsillitis by asking about your symptoms and looking in your throat. + +You may also need: + +- a swab test to see if bacteria are causing your tonsillitis (a cotton bud is used to wipe the back of your throat) +- a blood test for [glandular fever](/conditions/glandular-fever/) if symptoms are severe or will not go away + +## Treatment from a GP for tonsillitis + +Treatment for tonsillitis will depend on what's causing it: + +- most children and adults get viral tonsillitis (caused by a virus), which clears up on its own +- for bacterial tonsillitis (caused by bacteria), a GP may prescribe antibiotics + +A GP will usually wait for the test results to tell which type you have. + +### Surgery to remove your tonsils + +It's very rare that someone needs to have their tonsils taken out. + +This is usually only done if you have severe tonsillitis that keeps coming back. + +## Causes of tonsillitis + +Tonsillitis is usually caused by a virus, such as a cold, but it can also be due to a bacterial infection such as strep throat. + +## Complications of tonsillitis (quinsy) + +Complications of tonsillitis are very rare. + +Sometimes you can get an area filled with pus (abscess) between your tonsils and the wall of your throat. This is called quinsy. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you have a severe sore throat that quickly gets worse +> - you have swelling inside the mouth and throat +> - you have difficulty speaking +> - you cannot swallow +> - you have difficulty breathing +> - you have difficulty opening your mouth +> +> These are signs of quinsy. +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +Page last reviewed: 08 March 2024 +Next review due: 08 March 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/transient-ischaemic-attack-tia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/transient-ischaemic-attack-tia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6be4b3c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/transient-ischaemic-attack-tia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +# Overview-Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/transient-ischaemic-attack-tia/ + +**A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or "mini stroke" is caused by a temporary disruption in the blood supply to part of the brain.** + +The disruption in blood supply results in a lack of oxygen to the brain. + +This can cause sudden symptoms similar to a [stroke](/conditions/stroke/), such as speech and visual disturbance, and numbness or weakness in the face, arms and legs. + +But a TIA does not last as long as a stroke. The effects last a few minutes to a few hours and fully resolve within 24 hours. + +## Symptoms of a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) + +The main symptoms of a TIA can be remembered with the word FAST: + +- **Face** – the face may have dropped on 1 side, the person may not be able to smile, or their mouth or eye may have dropped. +- **Arms** – the person may not be able to lift both arms and keep them raised because of weakness or numbness in 1 arm. +- **Speech** – their speech may be slurred or garbled, or the person may not be able to talk at all, despite appearing to be awake; they may also have problems understanding what you're saying to them. +- **Time** – it's time to call 999 immediately if you see any of these signs or symptoms. + +## When to get medical advice + +In the early stages of a TIA, it's not possible to tell whether you're having a TIA or a full stroke. + +It's important to call 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance if you or someone else has symptoms of a TIA or stroke. + +Even if the symptoms disappear while you're waiting for an ambulance to arrive, you still need to be assessed in hospital. + +You should be referred to see a specialist within 24 hours of the onset of your symptoms. + +A TIA is a warning sign that you may be at risk of having a full stroke in the near future, and an assessment can help doctors determine the best way to reduce the chances of that happening. + +If you think you may have had a TIA previously, but the symptoms have passed and you did not seek medical advice at the time, make an urgent appointment with a GP. + +They can determine whether to refer you for a hospital assessment. + +## Causes of a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) + +During a transient ischaemic attack (TIA), 1 of the blood vessels that supply your brain with oxygen-rich blood becomes blocked. + +This blockage is usually caused by a [blood clot](/conditions/blood-clots/) that's formed elsewhere in your body and travelled to the blood vessels supplying the brain, although it can also be caused by pieces of fatty material or air bubbles. + +Certain things can increase your chances of having a TIA, including: + +- smoking +- [high blood pressure (hypertension)](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) +- [obesity](/conditions/obesity-old/) +- [high cholesterol levels](/conditions/high-cholesterol/) +- regularly drinking an excessive amount of alcohol +- having a type of irregular heartbeat called [atrial fibrillation](/conditions/atrial-fibrillation/) +- having [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) + +People over 55 years of age and people of Asian, African or Caribbean descent are also at a higher risk of having a TIA. + +## Treating a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) + +Although the symptoms of a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) resolve in a few minutes or hours, you'll need treatment to help prevent another TIA or a full stroke happening in the future. + +Treatment will depend on your individual circumstances, such as your age and medical history. + +You're likely to be given advice about lifestyle changes you can make to reduce your stroke risk, and be offered medicine to treat the cause of the TIA. + +In some cases, a surgery called a [carotid endarterectomy](/tests-and-treatments/carotid-endarterectomy/) may be needed to unblock your carotid arteries, which are the main blood vessels that supply your brain with blood. + +## Preventing a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) + +A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is often a sign that another one may follow and you're at a high risk of having a full, life-threatening stroke in the near future. + +Regardless of whether you have had a TIA or stroke in the past, there are several ways you can lower your risk of having either in the future. + +These include: + +- [maintaining a healthy weight](/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/) +- [eating a healthy, balanced diet](/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/) +- doing [regular exercise](/live-well/exercise/exercise-health-benefits/) +- [limiting alcohol](/live-well/alcohol-advice/alcohol-support/) +- not [smoking](/live-well/quit-smoking/nhs-stop-smoking-services-help-you-quit/) + +## Video: transient ischaemic attack (TIA) + +This video explains the causes of TIA, or mini-stroke, and how to spot the symptoms. + +Media last reviewed: 28 November 2024 +Media review due: 28 November 2027 + +Page last reviewed: 28 June 2023 +Next review due: 28 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/trigeminal-neuralgia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/trigeminal-neuralgia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1871336 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/trigeminal-neuralgia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +# Overview-Trigeminal neuralgia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/ + +**Trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, severe facial pain. It's often described** **as a sharp shooting pain or like having an electric shock in the jaw, teeth or gums.** + +It usually happens in short, unpredictable attacks that can last from a few seconds to about 2 minutes. The attacks stop as suddenly as they start. + +In most cases, trigeminal neuralgia affects just one side of the face, with the pain usually felt in the lower part of the face. Very occasionally the pain can affect both sides of the face, although not usually at the same time. + +![A medical diagram of the trigeminal nerve showing how it runs from the side of the skull, close to the ear, to the front of the face](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/CTE7HK.original.width-320.jpg) + +People with the condition may experience attacks of pain regularly for days, weeks or months at a time. In severe cases attacks may happen hundreds of times a day. + +It's possible for the pain to improve or even disappear altogether for several months or years at a time (remission), although these periods tend to get shorter with time. + +Some people may then develop a more continuous aching, throbbing or burning sensation, sometimes accompanied by the sharp attacks. + +Living with trigeminal neuralgia can be very difficult. It can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, resulting in problems such as weight loss, isolation and [depression](/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/). + +Read more about the [symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia](/conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/symptoms/). + +## When to seek medical advice + +See a GP if you experience frequent or persistent facial pain, particularly if standard painkillers, such as [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/) and [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/), do not help and a dentist has ruled out any dental causes. + +The GP will try to identify the problem by asking about your symptoms and ruling out conditions that could be responsible for your pain. + +However, diagnosing trigeminal neuralgia can be difficult and it can take a few years for a diagnosis to be confirmed. + +Read more about [diagnosing trigeminal neuralgia](/conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/diagnosis/). + +## What causes trigeminal neuralgia? + +Trigeminal neuralgia is usually caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve. This is the nerve inside the skull that transmits sensations of pain and touch from your face, teeth and mouth to your brain. + +The compression of the trigeminal nerve is usually caused by a nearby blood vessel pressing on part of the nerve inside the skull. + +Trigeminal neuralgia can also happen when the trigeminal nerve is damaged by another medical condition, such as [multiple sclerosis (MS)](/conditions/multiple-sclerosis/) or a tumour. + +The attacks of pain are usually brought on by activities that involve lightly touching the face, such as washing, eating and brushing the teeth, but they can also be triggered by wind – even a slight breeze or air conditioning – or movement of the face or head. Sometimes the pain can happen without a trigger. + +Read more about the [causes of trigeminal neuralgia](/conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/causes/). + +## Who's affected + +It's not clear how many people are affected by trigeminal neuralgia, but it's thought to be rare. + +Trigeminal neuralgia affects more women than men, and it usually starts between the ages of 50 and 60. It's rare in adults younger than 40. + +## Treating trigeminal neuralgia + +Trigeminal neuralgia is usually a long-term condition and the periods of remission often get shorter over time. However, the treatments available do help most cases to some degree. + +An anticonvulsant medicine called [carbamazepine](/medicines/carbamazepine/), which is often used to treat [epilepsy](/conditions/epilepsy/), is the first treatment usually recommended to treat trigeminal neuralgia. Carbamazepine can relieve nerve pain by slowing down electrical impulses in the nerves and reducing their ability to transmit pain messages. + +Carbamazepine needs to be taken several times a day to be effective, with the dose gradually increased over the course of a few days or weeks so high enough levels of the medicine can build up in your bloodstream. + +Unless your pain becomes much better, or disappears, the medicine is usually continued for as long as necessary, which could be for many years. + +If you're entering a period of remission, where your pain goes away, stopping carbamazepine should always be done slowly, over days or weeks, unless a doctor tells you otherwise. + +If this medicine does not help you, causes too many side effects, or you're unable to take it, you may be referred to a specialist to discuss alternative medicines or surgical procedures that may help. + +There are a number of minor surgical procedures that can be used to treat trigeminal neuralgia – usually by damaging the nerve to stop it sending pain signals – but these are generally only effective for a few years. + +Alternatively, your specialist may recommend having surgery to open your skull and move any blood vessels that are compressing the trigeminal nerve. Research suggests this operation offers the best results for long-term pain relief, but it's a major operation and carries a risk of potentially serious complications, such as [hearing loss](/conditions/hearing-loss/), facial numbness or, very rarely, a [stroke](/conditions/stroke/). + +Read more about [treating trigeminal neuralgia](/conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/treatment/). + +## Post-herpetic neuralgia + +[Post-herpetic neuralgia](/conditions/post-herpetic-neuralgia/) is a more common type of nerve pain that usually develops in an area previously affected by [shingles](/conditions/shingles/). + +Page last reviewed: 27 January 2023 +Next review due: 27 January 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/complications.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/complications.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb26a32 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/complications.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +# Complications of type 1 diabetes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/complications/ + +## Long-term complications of type 1 diabetes + +Having type 1 diabetes can increase your chance of getting other health problems. These can develop over time and are linked to high blood glucose (sugar). + +You can lower your chances of complications by managing your blood glucose as well as you can and making healthy lifestyle changes, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising and not smoking. + +Your diabetes team will work with you to keep you as well as possible. + +### Important + +It's important to go to all of your diabetes appointments and make sure you do not miss any tests, as these can help find and treat any complications as soon as possible. + +### Heart disease and stroke + +Type 1 diabetes can damage your blood vessels, which can lead to [coronary heart disease](/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/) and [stroke](/conditions/stroke/). + +As well as managing your blood glucose, you can reduce the risk by looking after your cholesterol level and blood pressure. + +Adults will have tests every year to check for [high cholesterol](/conditions/high-cholesterol/), and both adults and children will have tests for [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure/). + +### Foot problems + +Diabetes can damage your nerves (called neuropathy) and reduce the blood supply to your feet, causing a loss of feeling. This means injuries do not heal well and you may not notice if you've hurt your foot. + +This can lead to problems such as ulcers and infections. If these get worse, you could need surgery. + +You can help to avoid problems by: + +- checking your feet every day +- keeping your feet clean and dry +- wearing shoes that fit well +- having a foot check-up at least once a year +- getting medical help quickly if you injure your feet + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have any pain, tingling, numbness or blisters in or on your feet + +### Sight problems + +Diabetes can damage the blood vessels in your eyes. This can cause sight problems ([diabetic retinopathy](/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/)) and in severe cases can lead to blindness, although this is uncommon. + +People with type 1 diabetes are also more likely to get [cataracts](/conditions/cataracts/) and [glaucoma](/conditions/glaucoma/). + +Adults and children aged 12 or over will be offered [diabetic eye screening](/tests-and-treatments/diabetic-eye-screening/) every year. + +Changes to your eyes usually have no symptoms at first, so it's important to have this check to help find and treat any damage before it affects your sight. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You notice changes to your sight, including: +> +> - your vision getting worse +> - finding it more difficult to see in low light +> - shapes floating in your vision (floaters) + +### Nerve damage + +Diabetes can cause damage to nerves, called diabetic neuropathy. + +This can lead to problems such as: + +- numbness +- pain or tingling +- problems with sex +- constipation or diarrhoea + +Speak to your GP or diabetes team if you get any of these symptoms. + +There's no cure for nerve damage, but treatments can help with the symptoms and help stop it getting worse. + +### Kidney problems + +Over time, high blood glucose can damage your kidneys, leading to [kidney disease](/conditions/kidney-disease/). + +Kidney disease usually has no symptoms at first, so it's important to have a test every year to check for kidney problems. + +There are treatments that can help with symptoms and may help stop it getting worse. + +### Gum disease + +High blood glucose can increase your chance of [gum disease](/conditions/gum-disease/) and infections. + +It's important to keep your mouth healthy by brushing your teeth twice a day and having regular dental check-ups. + +See a dentist as soon as possible if you notice problems in your mouth, including soreness, bleeding gums or bad breath. + +> **💡 Information:** NHS help to get healthy NHS Better Health has free tools and support to help you eat a healthy diet, get active, quit smoking and drink less. Visit the NHS Better Health website + +## Complications of high or low blood glucose + +If your blood glucose gets too high or too low, this can also cause problems that get worse quickly. These can be emergencies, so it's important to recognise the symptoms and know what to do. + +Find out more about: + +- [hypoglycaemia (hypos)](/conditions/low-blood-sugar-hypoglycaemia/) – when your blood glucose is too low +- [hyperglycaemia (hypers)](/conditions/high-blood-sugar-hyperglycaemia/) – when your blood glucose is too high +- [diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)](/conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/) – a serious condition caused by lack of insulin and very high blood glucose \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/living-with.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/living-with.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc5b597 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/living-with.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +# Living with type 1 diabetes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/living-with/ + +## Managing your blood glucose + +If you have type 1 diabetes, you'll need to: + +- check your blood glucose (sugar) regularly +- check how much carbohydrate is in your food and drink (called carb counting) +- take insulin several times a day +- watch out for signs of hypoglycaemia (hypos) and know how to treat it + +### Checking your blood glucose + +Checking your blood glucose is quick and easy for most people. + +You'll be offered a blood glucose meter, small needles (lancets) and test strips to do finger-prick tests. + +You should also be given a [continuous glucose monitor (CGM)](/tests-and-treatments/cgm-and-hcl-for-diabetes/). This gives you readings at any time and reduces the number of finger-prick tests you need to do. + +It's recommended that you check your blood glucose at least 4 times a day (or at least 5 times for children), including before meals and before bed. + +Check it more often when you're doing things that can affect it, such as exercise or drinking alcohol, or when you're unwell. + +Blood glucose targets + +Your diabetes team will discuss with you what blood glucose levels to aim for. + +As a guide, the ideal range is: + +- when you wake up, before you've eaten: 5 to 7mmol/L for adults, or 4 to 7mmol/L for children +- before meals at other times of the day: 4 to 7mmol/L +- at least 90 minutes after meals: 5 to 9mmol/L + +It's not possible to achieve these recommended ranges all the time. But if you can keep your blood glucose levels within these ranges for around 70% of the time, this will reduce your chance of getting complications in the future. + +#### Video: How to check your blood glucose level + +This video shows you how to check your blood glucose level. + +Media last reviewed: 16 April 2024 +Media review due: 16 April 2027 + +### Diabetes and driving + +If you drive, you'll need to tell the DVLA you have diabetes and take insulin. The DVLA will not usually stop you driving, but you'll need to show you can manage hypos safely. Most people with diabetes can continue to drive. + +You must also follow the DVLA's rules about checking your blood glucose before driving and during your journey, and stopping straight away if you get signs of a hypo. + +[GOV.UK: diabetes and driving](https://www.gov.uk/diabetes-driving) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Breakthrough T1D: managing blood glucose levels + +### Carb counting + +Knowing how many carbohydrates (carbs) you're eating and drinking helps you manage your blood glucose levels by matching your insulin dose to your food. This means you can be more flexible in what you eat. + +You can learn about carb counting by doing a type 1 diabetes course, such as DAFNE (Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating). There are also apps that can help. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Breakthrough T1D: carb counting + +### Taking insulin + +You'll take insulin using an insulin pen or an insulin pump. It does not usually hurt, as the needles are very small. + +You'll need to adjust your dose depending on your food and drink, your blood glucose and things like how much exercise you do. + +Your diabetes nurse will show you how to use your pen or pump. It's important to change where you inject or put your pump each time, and use the right technique, to help prevent problems. + +#### Video: How to inject insulin + +This video shows you how to inject insulin. + +Media last reviewed: 16 April 2024 +Media review due: 16 April 2027 + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Insulin Diabetes UK: injecting insulin + +### Recognising and treating hypoglycaemia (hypos) + +Hypoglycaemia (a hypo) happens when your blood glucose level is too low. It usually needs to be treated if it's below 4mmol/L. + +Mild hypos are common and do not usually cause any lasting problems. + +They can happen when you have not had enough carbohydrates or you've taken too much insulin. + +You'll need to be aware of the symptoms, such as feeling hungry or dizzy, sweating and shaking. + +It's important to treat a hypo quickly, before it gets worse, by having a sugary drink or snack. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) – including steps to treat a hypo Diabetes UK: hypos + +## Things you can do to help manage type 1 diabetes + +If you have type 1 diabetes, there are things you can do to help manage your blood glucose levels and avoid any problems. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ always carry something with you that will raise your blood glucose quickly, such as sugary drinks, sweets or glucose tablets +- ✅ make sure your family and friends know how to recognise ahypoand what to do +- ✅ carry medical ID, such as a bracelet or a card that lets people know you have type 1 diabetes +- ✅ be aware of when you may need to check your blood glucose more often, such as in hot weather or during your period +- ✅ check your blood glucose before, during and after exercise – you may also need to eat more carbohydrate and reduce your insulin dose to prevent hypos +- ✅ ask your care team about getting acontinuous glucose monitorif you do not already have one +- ✅ follow guidelines from your care team about what to do when you're ill and how to adjust your insulin dose (sick day rules) +- ✅ if you need to go to hospital, or have any surgery or procedures, tell the staff treating you that you have type 1 diabetes and you take insulin +- ✅ if you're going abroad, take a letter about your diabetes from your GP or diabetes team, and follow advice about travelling with insulin +- ✅ contact your diabetes team if you have any questions or concerns + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not drink too much alcohol – keep to the recommended guidelines of no more than 14units of alcohola week, spread over 3 days or more +- ❌ do not drink alcohol on an empty stomach + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Diabetes UK: living with diabetes Diabetes UK: travelling with diabetes + +## How type 1 diabetes affects your life + +Managing type 1 diabetes can be a challenge and take time to get used to. Constantly trying to meet blood glucose targets can lead to a feeling of burnout. + +You'll need to do more planning for things like school or work, travel, eating out and exercise. + +But with the right treatment and support, you can eat normally, continue with your usual work and still do all the things you enjoy. + +Type 1 diabetes can increase your chance of getting other health problems (long-term [complications](/conditions/type-1-diabetes/complications/)), such as heart disease, nerve damage and problems with your eyesight. But you'll be given care to help prevent these. + +You can also lower your chance of getting complications by managing your blood glucose levels as well as you can. + +People with type 1 diabetes also have a higher chance of getting other conditions caused by problems with your immune system (autoimmune conditions), such as thyroid disease, coeliac disease and Addison's disease. + +Diabetes treatments and technologies are improving, so people diagnosed with type 1 diabetes today should be able to expect a better quality of life than was possible before. + +Many people with type 1 diabetes are able to avoid complications and have long, healthy lives. + +> **💡 Information:** Pregnancy and type 1 diabetes You can have a healthy pregnancy if you have type 1 diabetes. But managing diabetes might be harder while you're pregnant. Planning a pregnancy can reduce the chance of problems for you and your baby. It's important to manage your blood glucose levels as well as you can before and during your pregnancy to keep you and your baby well. Speak to your diabetes team if you're planning to get pregnant. You'll be offered extra appointments and tests, and help with your diabetes treatment. Find out more about diabetes and pregnancy \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6c9ba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/support.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +# Help and support for type 1 diabetes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/support/ + +## Where to find help and support for type 1 diabetes + +Type 1 diabetes can be a difficult condition to deal with, both physically and emotionally. + +As well as support from your diabetes team, you may find it helpful to get support from other people with type 1 diabetes, either at a local support group or online. + +There are also national diabetes charities that can offer support. + +### Get help from NHS talking therapies + +Having type 1 diabetes can affect your mental health. It might help to talk about how you're feeling. + +There may be a mental health specialist on your diabetes team, or your team or GP may be able to refer you. + +You can get talking therapies for free on the NHS. These services can help you find ways to cope. + +Help is available in person, by video, over the phone or as an online course. + +[Find an NHS talking therapies service](/nhs-services/mental-health-services/find-nhs-talking-therapies-for-anxiety-and-depression/) + +### Support from charities + +#### Diabetes UK + +Information and support for anyone with diabetes, including support groups, online communities, and courses and tools for managing diabetes. + +- Website: [www.diabetes.org.uk](https://www.diabetes.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0345 123 2399 +- Email: [helpline@diabetes.org.uk](mailto:helpline@diabetes.org.uk) +- [Diabetes UK: local support groups](https://www.diabetes.org.uk/support-for-you/community-support-and-forums/local-support-groups) +- [Diabetes UK: forum](https://forum.diabetes.org.uk/) + +#### Breakthrough T1D + +Information and support for people with type 1 diabetes. + +- Website: [www.breakthrought1d.org.uk](https://breakthrought1d.org.uk) +- Phone: 020 7713 2030 +- [Breakthrough T1D: guide for newly diagnosed adults](https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/guide-to-new-diagnosis/guide-for-newly-diagnosed-adults/) +- [Breakthrough T1D: guide for parents and carers](https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/guide-for-parents/) + +### DigiBete + +Videos and app for children and young people with type 1 diabetes. + +- Website: [www.digibete.org](https://www.digibete.org/) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..778582b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# Symptoms of type 1 diabetes and how it's diagnosed + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms/ + +## Symptoms of type 1 diabetes + +The most common symptoms of type 1 diabetes are: + +- peeing more than usual, especially at night +- feeling very thirsty and drinking more than usual +- feeling very tired +- losing weight without trying to or looking thinner + +Children may have heavier nappies or they may start wetting the bed because they're peeing more. + +The easiest way to remember these symptoms is the 4 Ts: toilet, thirsty, tired, thinner. + +Other symptoms can include: + +- blurred vision +- breath that smells sweet or fruity (like nail polish remover or pear drop sweets) +- cuts and wounds taking longer to heal +- getting frequent infections or infections that do not get better, such as thrush or nappy rash + +The symptoms develop quickly, over a few days or weeks. + +If it's not treated, it can lead to a serious condition called [diabetic ketoacidosis](/conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/). + +Type 1 diabetes usually starts in children and young adults, but it can happen at any age. + +You're more likely to get it if you have other problems with your immune system (autoimmune conditions), or if others in your family have type 1 diabetes or other autoimmune conditions. + +The symptoms are similar to [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/), but type 2 diabetes usually develops more slowly and is more common in older people. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you or your child has type 1 diabetes +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You or your child have been peeing more, feeling very thirsty and tired, and: +> +> - your symptoms are getting worse quickly +> - you have stomach pain, diarrhoea, or you're feeling or being sick +> - you're feeling sleepy or confused +> - you're breathing faster and more deeply than usual +> +> These could be signs of diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life threatening if not treated quickly. +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## How type 1 diabetes is diagnosed + +If a GP thinks you or your child could have type 1 diabetes, they'll do a finger-prick test to check for high blood glucose. They may also test a sample of pee. + +If tests show you or your child might have type 1 diabetes, you'll need to see a specialist in hospital to start treatment and have more tests. This is usually on the same day. + +A diabetes specialist will usually confirm whether you have type 1 diabetes or another type of diabetes based on your age, weight and symptoms. + +If it's not clear which type you have, or the tests do not show you have diabetes, you may need extra blood tests. + +Children may also be unwell with things like a cold, tonsilitis, tummy pain or nappy rash when they first get diabetes symptoms. This can make it harder to diagnose. + +If you think your child might have diabetes, you can ask a GP to do a finger-prick glucose test. It can help to bring a sample of your child's pee to the GP appointment. + +## If you're told you have type 1 diabetes + +If you or your child are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, it can feel overwhelming. You may be feeling anxious about how it will affect you. + +A team of specialists will help you get the right treatment and support. You can ask them any questions you may have. + +A diabetes nurse in hospital or at a clinic will show you the things you need to do to start managing the condition. + +> **💡 Information:** Get support Diabetes UK has a free helpline that's open from 9am to 6pm, Monday to Friday. Their trained advisors can help anyone with diabetes and their family and friends. Call: 0345 123 2399 Email: helpline@diabetes.org.uk \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/treatment.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/treatment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40d8817 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/treatment.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +# Treatment for type 1 diabetes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/treatment/ + +## Main treatments for type 1 diabetes + +When you're first diagnosed with type 1 diabetes you'll be treated in hospital by a specialist diabetes team. They'll show you how to treat your condition once you leave hospital. + +The main treatment for type 1 diabetes is taking a medicine called insulin to manage your blood glucose (sugar) levels. + +To stay well, you'll need to try to keep your blood glucose levels within a target range. You'll be taught how to do this by checking your blood glucose regularly and adjusting your insulin doses. + +Your diabetes care team will work with you to develop a care plan. + +This will include: + +- advice and courses to help you learn about type 1 diabetes, including how to match your insulin dose to what you eat and drink (counting carbohydrates, or carb counting) +- what type of insulin is best for you, and how and when to take it +- how and when to check your blood glucose and what your targets are +- reviews 2 to 4 times a year of your HbA1c level, which is your average blood glucose level for the last 2 to 3 months +- how to recognise and treat low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia, or hypos) and high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) +- advice about things like diet, alcohol, driving, exercise and what to do when you're ill (called sick day rules) +- checking for and treating any complications +- support for your wellbeing and mental health + +You'll be given the equipment you need to treat your diabetes, such as a blood glucose meter and equipment for taking insulin. + +You'll have regular tests and check-ups with your diabetes team. + +## Insulin + +Insulin is a medicine that reduces your blood glucose (sugar). + +There are different types of insulin, taken at different times. You'll need to calculate how much you need and inject it several times a day using an insulin pen, or use an insulin pump. + +Too much insulin causes [hypoglycaemia](/conditions/low-blood-sugar-hypoglycaemia/), or hypos. You'll be taught how to recognise the symptoms and how to treat a hypo. + +Your diabetes care team will help you find the insulin routine that's best for you. + +If you have type 1 diabetes, you're entitled to free prescriptions for all your medicines. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Insulin Living with type 1 diabetes + +### Insulin pumps + +An insulin pump is a small device you attach to your skin and wear all the time. It gives you tiny amounts of insulin throughout the day and night. This can reduce hypos and improve your blood glucose levels, compared to insulin injections. + +You may be able to get an insulin pump on the NHS if: + +- you cannot reach your target average blood glucose level (HbA1c level) without having serious problems with hypos +- your HbA1c levels are too high despite carefully trying to manage your diabetes + +Pumps are also recommended for children under 12 years old who cannot easily have injections several times a day. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Diabetes UK: insulin pumps + +### Hybrid closed loop systems + +Some types of insulin pump work with a [continuous glucose monitor](/tests-and-treatments/cgm-and-hcl-for-diabetes/) to automatically give you the right amount of insulin based on your blood glucose levels. This is called a hybrid closed loop system. + +A hybrid closed loop system can reduce hypos, improve your blood glucose levels and reduce the burden of managing diabetes. + +Hybrid closed loop systems are gradually being made available on the NHS. + +You may be able to have one if: + +- you're under 18 years old +- you're pregnant or planning to get pregnant +- an insulin pump or continuous glucose monitor on its own is not working well enough to reduce your blood glucose or prevent serious problems with hypos + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed loop for diabetes Diabetes UK: closed loop systems + +## Appointments and tests + +You'll have a diabetes check-up at least once a year, and more often when you're first diagnosed. + +This will include checking: + +- your blood glucose levels for the past 8 to 12 weeks (HbA1c test) +- your weight, BMI, cholesterol, blood pressure, kidneys and thyroid +- your wellbeing and mental health + +You'll also be offered: + +- an HbA1c test every 3 to 6 months +- [diabetic eye screening](/tests-and-treatments/diabetic-eye-screening/) every 1 or 2 years to check for problems with your sight ([diabetic retinopathy](/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/)) +- a foot check-up every year by your diabetes nurse or a foot specialist – this is sometimes done at your yearly diabetes check-up + +Children under 12 years old will not need all of these tests. + +## Diabetes courses + +Diabetes courses are recommended for everyone with type 1 diabetes. They're designed to give you the confidence and skills you need to manage diabetes. + +You should be offered a free group course within 1 year of being diagnosed. There are also online courses that you can do at your own pace. + +Diabetes courses include: + +- [DAFNE](https://dafne.nhs.uk/) (Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating) – face-to-face or remote group courses +- [BERTIE Diabetes](https://bertiediabetes.com/) – online courses \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/what-is-type-1-diabetes.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/what-is-type-1-diabetes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3759d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-1-diabetes/what-is-type-1-diabetes.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# What is type 1 diabetes? + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/what-is-type-1-diabetes/ + +- Type 1 diabetes is a condition where your body cannot make a hormone called insulin. +- Insulin helps your body use glucose (sugar) for energy. Without insulin the level of glucose in your blood becomes too high. +- If you have type 1 diabetes, you'll need to take insulin every day to manage your blood glucose levels. +- Type 1 diabetes often starts in children and young adults, but it can happen at any age. +- There's currently no cure for type 1 diabetes, but it can be managed by checking your blood glucose regularly, tracking what you eat and drink, and adjusting how much insulin you take. +- It's not possible to prevent type 1 diabetes. It's caused by a problem with your immune system (autoimmune condition). +- Type 1 diabetes is different from [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/), which is more common in older people and people who are overweight. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/complications.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/complications.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d97ebd --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/complications.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +# Complications of type 2 diabetes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/complications/ + +## Long-term complications of type 2 diabetes + +Having type 2 diabetes increases your chance of getting other long-term health problems, so it's important to get it treated and manage it well. + +Other health problems include: + +- damage to your blood vessels, which can cause [coronary heart disease](/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/) and [stroke](/conditions/stroke/) +- foot problems such as ulcers and infections, which can sometimes result in you needing surgery to remove your foot or leg (an amputation) +- sight problems such as [diabetic retinopathy](/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/) and blindness +- kidney problems +- gum disease + +You can lower your chances of complications by managing your blood glucose (sugar) as well as you can, and by making healthy lifestyle changes such as eating a balanced diet, exercising and not smoking. + +### Important + +It's important to go to all of your diabetes appointments, and make sure you do not miss any tests. Doing this can help find and treat any complications as soon as possible. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have blisters or cracked skin on your feet +> - you have any pain, tingling or numbness in your body, problems having sex, constipation or diarrhoea – these could be signs of nerve damage +> - your vision gets worse + +## Complications of high blood glucose + +Although it's rare in type 2 diabetes, high blood glucose levels can cause a condition called hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS). This can happen over a few weeks and is usually caused by an infection and being dehydrated. + +If you have high blood glucose levels, a lack of insulin can cause harmful substances called ketones to build up in the blood. This can cause a condition called [diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)](/conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/). + +Both HHS and DKA can be life threatening. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You have type 2 diabetes and: +> +> - are peeing a lot +> - feel very thirsty +> - feel sick (nauseous) +> - feel confused or very sleepy +> - feel drowsy +> - get short of breath +> +> These could be signs of HHS or DKA, which can be life threatening if not treated quickly. +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](/nhs-services/urgent-and-emergency-care-services/find-urgent-and-emergency-care-services/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6133a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/support.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +# Help and support for type 2 diabetes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/support/ + +## Support from charities and organisations + +### Diabetes UK + +Information and support for anyone with diabetes, including support groups, online communities and courses and tools for managing diabetes. + +- Website: [www.diabetes.org.uk](https://www.diabetes.org.uk/) +- Helpline: 0345 123 2399, open 9am to 6pm, Monday to Friday +- Email: [helpline@diabetes.org.uk](mailto:helpline@diabetes.org.uk) +- [Diabetes UK: local support groups](https://www.diabetes.org.uk/support-for-you/community-support-and-forums/local-support-groups) +- [Diabetes UK: forum](https://forum.diabetes.org.uk/) + +### Diabetes.co.uk + +- [Diabetes.co.uk: diabetes apps](https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes_care/diabetes-iphone-and-android-apps.html) +- [Diabetes.co.uk: diabetes chat](https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-chat/index.html) + +### Social care and support + +Our [social care and support guide](/social-care-and-support/) explains your options and where you can get support if you: + +- need help with day-to-day living because of illness or disability +- care for someone regularly because they're ill, disabled or because of their age – including family members \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b36bc2d --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +# Symptoms of type 2 diabetes and how it's diagnosed + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms/ + +## Symptoms of type 2 diabetes + +The most common symptoms of type 2 diabetes are: + +- feeling very tired +- peeing more than usual +- feeling thirsty all the time +- losing weight without trying to + +Other symptoms can include: + +- blurred vision +- cuts or wounds taking longer to heal +- itching around your penis or vagina, or you keep getting thrush + +These symptoms are the same for both adults and children. + +If you get symptoms (not everyone gets them), they may develop gradually. + +The symptoms can be similar to [type 1 diabetes](/conditions/type-1-diabetes/), but type 1 diabetes usually develops more quickly and is more common in younger people. + +## Who is more likely to get type 2 diabetes + +Some people have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. You may be more at risk if: + +- you're white and over 40 years old or over 25 years old and from a South Asian, Chinese, Black African or Black Caribbean ethnic background +- a parent, or your brother or sister has it +- you're overweight and not very physically active +- you have a condition that increases your risk, such as high blood pressure + +Although type 2 diabetes is less common in children, ethnic background, weight, activity and family history can also increase the risk. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you or your child may have type 2 diabetes +> - you or your child have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes +> +> Not everyone with type 2 diabetes has symptoms, so it's important to get checked out. + +> **💡 Information:** Check your risk Use Diabetes UK's Know Your Risk tool to help you find out your risk and get advice on next steps. Get a free NHS health check . If you're between 40 and 74 years old, and do not have an existing health condition, ask your GP surgery or local pharmacy for a check. This is an overall check that may tell you if you're at higher risk of health problems such as diabetes. + +## How type 2 diabetes is diagnosed + +Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed with a blood test that checks how high your blood glucose (sugar) levels are. The results usually take a few days. + +Tests will confirm if you have [type 1](/conditions/type-1-diabetes/) or type 2 diabetes. + +[Get advice about what to ask your doctor or other healthcare professional](/nhs-services/gps/what-to-ask-your-doctor/). + +## If you're told you have type 2 diabetes + +If you're diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, it can feel overwhelming. You may feel anxious about how it will affect you. But there'll be doctors, nurses and other health professionals in your diabetes care team you can talk to. They'll be able to help with any questions about treatment and what happens next. + +## If you're diagnosed with prediabetes + +Prediabetes means that your blood glucose (sugar) levels are higher than normal but not high enough for you to be diagnosed with diabetes. This also means you'll be at higher risk of getting diabetes in the future. + +Most people do not have symptoms of type 2 diabetes, such as peeing more, feeling tired and losing weight without trying. + +Talk to your care team about how eating more healthily, exercise and other lifestyle changes can help prevent you getting type 2 diabetes. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Courses are available to help you learn more about type 2 diabetes and support you, your family or carers: DESMOND (Diabetes Education for Self-Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed) X-PERT Health \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/treatment.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/treatment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c634ca --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/treatment.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +# Treatment for type 2 diabetes + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/treatment/ + +## Lifestyle changes to help with type 2 diabetes + +If you have type 2 diabetes or have been told that you may get it in the future (prediabetes), lifestyle changes can help lower your blood glucose (sugar) levels. This can help to manage diabetes and possibly avoid having to take medicine. + +Lifestyle changes can sometimes lower your blood glucose to a normal level and stop diabetes (remission). + +What you can do to make lifestyle changes: + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try toeat a healthy dietincluding fruit, vegetables, wholegrain foods such as wholemeal bread and oats, and pulses such as chickpeas and lentils +- ✅ improve your diet slowly if you're finding it difficult – a small change every week can make it easier +- ✅ talk to a GP or diabetes nurse if you're finding it hard to change your diet as they may be able to find support in your local area +- ✅ try to spend at least 2.5 hours (across the whole week) either walking or doing another activity that leaves you out of breath +- ✅ try to lose weightif you've been told you're overweight +- ✅ stop smoking– having diabetes increases the harmful effects of smoking +- ✅ try to limit how much alcohol you drink +- ✅ have regular dental check-ups to help prevent gum disease + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not eat too much processed foods with lots of salt and sugar – this may include things like bacon, chips, cheese, sweets and biscuits +- ❌ do not change to a very strict, low-calorie diet without talking to a health professional first – this type of diet may not be suitable if you're taking insulin or other diabetes medicine + +Children with type 2 diabetes will be under specialist care. + +### Diabetes courses + +Diabetes courses are recommended for everyone with type 2 diabetes. They’re designed to give you the confidence and skills you need to manage diabetes. + +You should be offered a free course within 1 year of being diagnosed. There are also online courses that you can do at your own pace. + +For example: + +- [Healthy living for people with type 2 diabetes – a free, online course for people aged 18 and over who live in the UK, or carers of someone living with type 2 diabetes](https://healthyliving.nhs.uk/?utm_source=NHSUK&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=1&utm_id=conditionspage) + +### NHS services to help change your lifestyle + +If you have type 2 diabetes or have prediabetes and are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, you may be eligible for an NHS programme that can help you. + +Speak to your doctor or nurse about the NHS: + +- [Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS DPP)](https://www.england.nhs.uk/diabetes/diabetes-prevention/) +- [Digital Weight Management Programme](https://www.england.nhs.uk/digital-weight-management/) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Diabetes UK: Living with diabetes Diabetes UK: Children and type 2 diabetes about a healthy diet , exercise and losing weight about checking your ideal weight using the BMI healthy weight calculator Better Health + +## Medicine for type 2 diabetes + +If you need medicine to treat your type 2 diabetes, and you do not have any other serious health conditions you'll usually be offered a combination of 2 medicines: + +- [metformin](/medicines/metformin/) – lowers your blood sugar levels by improving the way your body handles insulin +- a type of medicine called an SGLT2 inhibitor – these help lower your blood sugar levels by allowing extra sugar to pass out of your body in your pee + +If you have side effects from taking metformin, you may be recommended to only take an SGLT2 inhibitor. + +If you have a history of heart disease, you may also be offered a type of medicine called a GLP1-agonist. This is given by injection, usually once a week. + +If you're also living with obesity, you may also be offered a GLP1-agonist, if other treatments cannot lower your blood sugar levels. + +If metformin, or any other diabetes medicines do not help, you may need to take [insulin](/medicines/insulin/). It's usually used to treat type 1 diabetes, but it can be used to treat type 2 diabetes, as well. + +You may need to take insulin a few times a day, either by injection or through a pump. This will help keep your blood glucose levels within a normal range. + +You'll be told how much to take and when to take it. Taking too much insulin can cause your blood glucose levels to go too low. This is known as [hypoglycaemia](/conditions/low-blood-sugar-hypoglycaemia/) or having a "hypo". + +If you feel ill, such as vomiting, diarrhoea or a very high temperature, while you're taking diabetes medicine, speak to a doctor or a member of your healthcare team. They may tell you to stop taking your medicine temporarily, until you feel better. Do not stop taking your medicine unless your healthcare professional or doctor tells you to. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you're taking diabetes medicine and have vomiting, diarrhoea or a very high temperature +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Appointments and tests + +If you have type 2 diabetes, you'll need check-ups to make sure your treatment is working, and your condition is being managed. + +These include: + +- checking your average blood glucose levels (an HbA1c test) every 3 to 6 months +- a foot check-up once every 2 years if your last check was OK, or once a year if you need it +- checking your weight, body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, blood pressure and kidneys at least once a year + +You or your child (aged 12 years and over) will also be offered [diabetic eye screening](/tests-and-treatments/diabetic-eye-screening/) when you're diagnosed, and reviewed every 1 or 2 years as part of the NHS diabetic retinopathy screening programme. + +## Other changes you may need to make + +Managing type 2 diabetes may also involve making other changes, such as: + +- wearing a medical ID wristband, in case of emergency +- remembering to pack medicines in your hand luggage when you go on holiday so you have it with you +- getting a letter from your GP to take with you when you go on holiday + +If you have health problems caused by type 2 diabetes or you get hypos (a drop in blood glucose levels that can cause dizziness), you may need to contact the Driving and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA). + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Diabetes UK: Diabetes and your driving licence GOV.UK: Diabetes and driving Diabetes UK: Travelling with diabetes Diabetes UK shop: Wristbands + +## Contraception, pregnancy and type 2 diabetes + +If you're thinking of having a baby, and have type 2 diabetes, it's important to plan your pregnancy as soon as possible. This usually means: + +- asking to be referred to a pre-conception clinic (if there's one available), or to a diabetes care team +- changing your medicines to ones that are safe to take in pregnancy + +If you have type 2 diabetes, talk to a doctor about the best contraception to use and how to take or use it. These may include the combined pill, progestogen-only pill or contraception inserted into the womb (uterus). + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Methods of contraception Diabetes and pregnancy \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/what-is-type-2-diabetes.md b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/what-is-type-2-diabetes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a1a4893 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/type-2-diabetes/what-is-type-2-diabetes.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# What is type 2 diabetes? + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/what-is-type-2-diabetes/ + +- Type 2 diabetes is a common condition where your body cannot make enough of a hormone called insulin, or the insulin it makes does not work properly (insulin resistance). +- Insulin helps your body use glucose (sugar) for energy. Without enough insulin, the level of glucose in your blood becomes too high. +- Type 2 diabetes is different to [type 1 diabetes](/conditions/type-1-diabetes/), which is caused by a problem with your immune system. Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes may be prevented. +- You can manage type 2 diabetes with diet and exercise, or medicines. +- Having high blood glucose levels can cause complications such as heart disease, kidney disease, stroke or nerve problems. +- It may be possible to prevent type 2 diabetes or stop it (remission) by losing weight and improving your diet. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/ulcerative-colitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/ulcerative-colitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72c37a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/ulcerative-colitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +# Overview-Ulcerative colitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/ + +**Ulcerative colitis is a long-term condition where the colon and rectum become inflamed.** + +The colon is the large intestine (bowel) and the rectum is the end of the bowel where poo is stored. + +Small ulcers can develop on the colon's lining, and can bleed and produce pus. + +## Symptoms of ulcerative colitis + +The main symptoms of ulcerative colitis are: + +- recurring [diarrhoea](/symptoms/diarrhoea-and-vomiting/), which may contain blood, mucus or pus +- [tummy pain](/symptoms/stomach-ache/) +- needing to poo frequently + +You may also experience extreme tiredness (fatigue), loss of appetite and weight loss. + +The severity of the symptoms varies, depending on how much of the rectum and colon is inflamed and how severe the inflammation is. + +For some people, the condition has a significant impact on their everyday lives. + +### Symptoms of a flare-up + +Some people may go for weeks or months with very mild symptoms, or none at all (remission), followed by periods where the symptoms are particularly troublesome (flare-ups or relapses). + +During a flare-up, some people with ulcerative colitis also experience symptoms elsewhere in their body; which are known as extra-intestinal symptoms. + +These can include: + +- painful and swollen joints (arthritis) +- mouth ulcers +- swollen fat under the skin causing bumps and patches – this is known as [erythema nodosum](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/erythema-nodosum/) +- irritated and red eyes +- problems with bones, such as osteoporosis + +In many people, no specific trigger for flare-ups is identified, although a gut infection can occasionally be the cause. + +Stress is also thought to be a potential factor. + +## When to get medical advice + +You should see a GP as soon as possible if you have symptoms of ulcerative colitis and you have not been diagnosed with the condition. + +They can arrange blood or poo sample tests to help determine what may be causing your symptoms. + +If necessary, they can refer you to hospital for further tests. + +[Find out more about diagnosing ulcerative colitis](/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/diagnosis/) + +If you have been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis and think you may be having a severe flare-up, contact a GP or your care team for advice. + +You may need to be urgently admitted to hospital for immediate care. + +If you cannot contact your GP or care team, call [NHS 111](/using-the-nhs/nhs-services/urgent-and-emergency-care/nhs-111/) or contact your [local out-of-hours service](/nhs-services/urgent-and-emergency-care-services/nhs-out-of-hours-services/). + +## What causes ulcerative colitis? + +Ulcerative colitis is thought to be an autoimmune condition. + +This means the immune system, the body's defence against infection, goes wrong and attacks healthy tissue. + +The most popular theory is that the immune system mistakes harmless bacteria inside the colon as a threat and attacks the tissues of the colon, causing it to become inflamed. + +Exactly what causes the immune system to behave in this way is unclear. + +Many experts think it's a combination of genetic and environmental factors. + +## Who's affected + +The UK Crohn's & Colitis UK charity reports at least 1 in every 227 people in the UK has been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. This amounts to around 296,000 people. + +The condition can develop at any age, but is most often diagnosed in people between 15 and 25 years old. + +It's more common in white people of European descent, especially those descended from Ashkenazi Jewish communities, and black people. + +The condition is rarer in people from Asian backgrounds, although the reasons for this are unclear. + +Both men and women seem to be equally affected by ulcerative colitis. + +## How ulcerative colitis is treated + +Treatment for ulcerative colitis aims to relieve symptoms during a flare-up and prevent symptoms from returning (maintaining remission). + +In most people, this is achieved by taking medicine, such as: + +- aminosalicylates (ASAs) +- [corticosteroids (steroid medicines)](/medicines/steroids/) +- immunosuppressants + +Mild to moderate flare-ups can usually be treated at home. But more severe flare-ups need to be treated in hospital. + +If medicines are not effective at controlling your symptoms or your quality of life is significantly affected by your condition, surgery to remove some or all of your bowel (colon) may be an option. + +During surgery, your small intestine can be diverted out of an opening in your abdomen known as a stoma. This type of surgery is known as an ileostomy. + +In some cases, the stoma is only temporary and can be closed up once your bowel has healed. + +An alternative option is to create an internal pouch that's connected to your anus called an ileoanal pouch. + +[Read more about treating ulcerative colitis](/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/treatment/) + +## Complications of ulcerative colitis + +Complications of ulcerative colitis include: + +- an increased risk of developing bowel cancer +- poor growth and development in children and young people + +Also, the steroid medicines used to treat ulcerative colitis can cause weakening of the bones (osteoporosis) as a side effect. + +[Read more about the complications of ulcerative colitis](/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/complications/) + +### IBD or IBS? + +Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term mainly used to describe 2 conditions that cause inflammation of the gut (gastrointestinal tract). + +They are: + +- ulcerative colitis +- [Crohn's disease](/conditions/crohns-disease/) + +IBD should not be confused with [irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)](/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/), which is a different condition and requires different treatment. + +> **💡 Information:** Social care and support guide If you: need help with day-to-day living because of illness or disability care for someone regularly because they're ill, elderly or disabled (including family members) Our guide to care and support explains your options and where you can get support. + +Page last reviewed: 01 November 2022 +Next review due: 01 November 2025 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0cb0c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +# Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/ + +## Symptoms of an underactive thyroid + +Symptoms of an underactive thyroid may be mild and may not be easy to notice. + +Common symptoms include: + +- feeling extremely tired (fatigue) +- feeling cold more than usual +- putting on weight +- constipation +- difficulty concentrating or thinking clearly +- low mood or depression +- dry skin, dry hair or hair loss +- a croaky (hoarse) voice +- irregular or heavy periods if you have them + +Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you might have an underactive thyroid +> +> Some of the symptoms are common and can be caused by other conditions. But it's important to get them checked by a GP. + +## How an underactive thyroid is diagnosed + +If a GP thinks you might have an underactive thyroid, they'll ask about your symptoms. + +They'll also ask if someone else in your family has had a thyroid condition or an autoimmune condition, or if you've recently been pregnant. + +The GP may examine your neck to find out if your thyroid gland is swollen. + +You may have [blood tests](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) to check how much thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) is in your blood. + +The GP may also refer you to a specialist for more tests. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more British Thyroid Foundation: Thyroid function tests Thyroid UK: Getting a diagnosis + +## Treatment for an underactive thyroid + +An underactive thyroid is usually treated with medicine to replace the thyroid hormone that your body cannot produce. This medicine is usually [levothyroxine](/medicines/levothyroxine/) tablets. + +You'll usually need to take them for the rest of your life to prevent your symptoms returning. You should be able to live a normal life. + +### Important + +You'll have regular blood tests to check you're on the right dose of levothyroxine. Being on the wrong dose can cause side effects, such as feeling or being sick, diarrhoea, headaches or problems sleeping. + +If you have any side effects, talk to your GP or a pharmacist. + +## Causes of an underactive thyroid + +In the UK, the main cause of an underactive thyroid is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto's disease. + +If you have Hashimoto's disease, your immune system attacks your thyroid gland meaning it cannot make enough thyroid hormone. + +Hashimoto's disease is most common in women, and usually starts between the ages of 30 and 50. But anyone can get an underactive thyroid. + +An underactive thyroid can also be caused by: + +- having another thyroid condition, such as thyroiditis +- surgery or radiotherapy around your neck or thyroid +- treatment for an overactive thyroid +- not getting enough [iodine](/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/iodine/) in your diet – this is rare in the UK +- treatment with certain medicines + +You're also more likely to have an underactive thyroid if others in your family have had a thyroid condition. + +## Risks of an underactive thyroid + +An underactive thyroid is not usually serious if you're having the right treatment. + +If your underactive thyroid is not treated, or you're on the wrong dose of medicine, you may have an increased risk of getting: + +- problems with your heart (including [coronary heart disease](/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/) and [heart failure](/conditions/heart-failure/)) +- problems with your bones (including [osteoporosis](/conditions/osteoporosis/)) + +In very rare cases, a severe underactive thyroid may lead to a life-threatening condition called myxoedema coma. It's more common in older people. This is an emergency and requires treatment in hospital. + +### An underactive thyroid and pregnancy + +If you have an underactive thyroid and are pregnant or planning to get pregnant, tell your GP. + +You'll need further tests and it's likely your dose of levothyroxine will need to change while you're pregnant. + +If it's not treated, an underactive thyroid can increase your chance or having serious complications in pregnancy, including high blood pressure ([pre-eclampsia](/conditions/pre-eclampsia/)), birth defects, premature birth or miscarriage. + +Treatment usually helps prevent these complications, and the GP will talk to you about any risks. + +## Help and support for an underactive thyroid + +As well as support from your doctor, you may find it helpful to get support from other people with an underactive thyroid. + +There are national charities that offer support and information for people with thyroid conditions including underactive thyroid. + +### British Thyroid Foundation + +The British Thyroid Foundation offers information and support including patient stories, online forums and telephone support. + +- [British Thyroid Foundation: patient stories](https://www.btf-thyroid.org/Pages/Category/patient-stories) +- [British Thyroid Foundation: patient forums](https://www.btf-thyroid.org/patient-forums) +- [British Thyroid Foundation: telephone support](https://www.btf-thyroid.org/telephone-support) +- [British Thyroid Foundation: living with a thyroid condition](https://www.btf-thyroid.org/listing/category/living-with-a-thyroid-disorder) + +### Thyroid UK + +Thyroid UK offers information and support including online forums, local support groups and telephone support. + +- [Thyroid UK: online community](https://thyroiduk.org/get-support/thyroid-uk-support/online-thyroid-community/) +- [Thyroid UK: support network](https://thyroiduk.org/get-support/thyroid-uk-support/thyroid-uk-support-network/) +- [Thyroid UK: if you are hypothyroid](https://thyroiduk.org/if-you-are-hypothyroid/) + +Page last reviewed: 28 April 2025 +Next review due: 28 April 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/undescended-testicles/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/undescended-testicles/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f1e799 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/undescended-testicles/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +# Undescended testicles + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/ + +## Symptoms of undescended testicles + +The main symptom of undescended testicles is not being able to feel 2 round glands (testicles) inside your child's scrotum. You may only be able to feel 1 testicle, or neither. + +Undescended testicles are usually found when your child has their [newborn physical examination](/baby/newborn-screening/physical-examination/). This examination usually happens in the first few days after they're born. + +It's rare for adult men to have undescended testicles. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you or your child may have undescended testicles +> - you notice any changes in your or your child's testicles that are not usual + +## Treatment for undescended testicles + +Undescended testicles often move into their usual place in the scrotum in the first 12 weeks after your child is born. + +During this time, your child's testicles will usually be checked at their regular health visitor appointments ([health and development reviews)](/baby/babys-development/height-weight-and-reviews/baby-reviews/) + +If only 1 testicle is affected, and it has not moved into the scrotum within 4 to 5 months, your child will usually be referred to a specialist. + +If both testicles are affected, your child may be referred to a specialist sooner, usually after 8 weeks. + +Your child may need surgery to move their testicles to the correct place (orchidopexy). Surgery will usually be done when your child is around 1 year old. It’s safe and effective, and your child’s surgeon will explain what happens and what to expect. + +If undescended testicles are not treated, they can cause your child health problems. + +## Causes of undescended testicles + +It's not always known what causes undescended testicles. + +When a baby boy is developing inside the womb, their testicles grow inside their tummy and later move down into the scrotum before they’re born. But sometimes the testicles do not move into the usual place. + +Your baby may be at higher risk of undescended testicles if they: + +- are born prematurely (before the 37th week of pregnancy) +- have a low birth weight +- have relatives who had undescended testicles + +Sometimes it can be caused by another condition, but this is rare. + +Page last reviewed: 12 June 2025 +Next review due: 12 June 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/urethritis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/urethritis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46ece7e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/urethritis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +# Urethritis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/urethritis/ + +**Urethritis is when the tube that carries pee from the bladder out of the body (urethra) becomes swollen and sore. It's** **often caused by a** **sexually** **transmitted** **infection (STI) which needs treatment with antibiotics.** + +Gonococcal urethritis is when the infection is caused by gonorrhoea. + +Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) or non-specific urethritis is more common. This is when the infection is caused by something other than gonorrhoea, such as chlamydia. + +## Symptoms of urethritis + +Symptoms of urethritis include: + +- pain or a burning feeling when you pee +- white or cloudy discharge from the vagina or penis +- an irritated or sore tip of the penis + +If urethritis is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), it can take a few days or weeks for symptoms to appear after having sex. + +Urethritis does not always have symptoms. If you have sex without a condom, a person with urethritis and no symptoms can pass on the infection without realising it. + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you might have urethritis or a sexually transmitted infection (STI) +> +> It's important to get it treated to avoid it spreading to other people. +> +> [Find a sexual health clinic](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/sexual-health/find-a-sexual-health-clinic) + +## What happens at your appointment + +If you have symptoms of urethritis, you may have: + +- a swab test – a cotton bud takes a sample from the urethra (this can feel uncomfortable for a few seconds) +- a urine test – you'll be asked not to pee for at least 2 hours before giving a urine sample as this can help make the results more reliable + +You may also be offered tests for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). + +Healthcare professionals at the clinic or GP surgery will tell you when you'll get your test results. + +If the test shows that you have urethritis, anyone you've had sex with recently should be contacted and asked to get tested and treated if needed. The sexual health clinic can advise you about this. + +Find out more about [visiting a sexual health clinic](/live-well/sexual-health/visiting-an-sti-clinic/). + +## Treatment for urethritis + +Urethritis is usually treated with antibiotics. It may take a week or two for your symptoms to disappear completely. + +Any current sexual partners may also need treatment. + +Avoid having sex (including oral sex) until you and any sexual partners have finished treatment and the symptoms have gone. + +You may be asked to come back for another appointment in 1 to 2 weeks to check the treatment has worked. + +## Causes of urethritis + +Urethritis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as chlamydia. + +You can get an STI if you have unprotected sex (without a condom) with someone who is infected. + +Urethritis can also be caused by damage or irritation to the urethra (for example, from a urinary catheter). + +Sometimes no cause for the urethritis can be found. + +## How to avoid getting urethritis + +You can reduce your chances of getting urethritis by: + +- using a condom every time you have vaginal sex or anal sex +- using a condom to cover the penis or a latex or plastic square (dam) to cover the vagina if you have oral sex +- not sharing sex toys, or washing them and covering them with a new condom before anyone else uses them + +You can get tested for urethritis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) even if you do not have symptoms. This can help you avoid passing on infections without realising it. + +## Complications of urethritis + +Although complications are rare, sometimes urethritis can cause further problems such as: + +- [reactive arthritis](/conditions/reactive-arthritis/)  – where the immune system attacks the joints or eyes, which can cause joint pain and [conjunctivitis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/conjunctivitis/) +- [epididymitis](/conditions/epididymitis/) – where the infection spreads to the testicles +- [pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)](/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/) – where the infection spreads to the womb or fallopian tubes (if untreated this can cause infertility) + +Page last reviewed: 10 May 2023 +Next review due: 10 May 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/urinary-incontinence/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/urinary-incontinence/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d201e29 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/urinary-incontinence/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +# Overview-Urinary incontinence + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/urinary-incontinence/ + +**Urinary incontinence is the unintentional passing of urine. It's a common problem thought to affect millions of people.** + +There are several types of urinary incontinence, including: + +- stress incontinence – when urine leaks out at times when your bladder is under pressure; for example, when you cough or laugh +- urge (urgency) incontinence – when urine leaks as you feel a sudden, intense urge to pee, or soon afterwards +- overflow incontinence (chronic urinary retention) – when you're unable to fully empty your bladder, which causes frequent leaking +- total incontinence – when your bladder cannot store any urine at all, which causes you to pass urine constantly or have frequent leaking + +It's also possible to have a mixture of both stress and urge urinary incontinence. + +Find out more about the [symptoms of urinary incontinence](/conditions/urinary-incontinence/symptoms/). + +## When to seek medical advice + +See a GP if you have any type of urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence is a common problem and you should not feel embarrassed talking to them about your symptoms. + +This can also be the first step towards finding a way to effectively manage the problem. + +Urinary incontinence can usually be diagnosed after a consultation with a GP, who will ask about your symptoms and may do a pelvic examination (if you have a vagina) or a rectal examination (if you have a penis). + +The GP may also suggest you keep a diary in which you note how much fluid you drink and how often you have to urinate. + +You may also be referred to a specialist for more tests. + +Find out about [diagnosing urinary incontinence](/conditions/urinary-incontinence/diagnosis/). + +## Causes of urinary incontinence + +Stress incontinence is usually the result of the weakening of or damage to the muscles used to prevent urination, such as the pelvic floor muscles and the urethral sphincter. + +Urge incontinence is usually the result of overactivity of the detrusor muscles, which control the bladder. + +Overflow incontinence is often caused by an obstruction or blockage in your bladder, which prevents it from emptying fully. + +Total incontinence may be caused by a problem with the bladder from birth, a spinal injury, or a small, tunnel like hole that can form between the bladder and a nearby area (fistula). + +Certain things can increase the chances of urinary incontinence, including: + +- pregnancy and vaginal birth +- obesity +- a family history of incontinence +- increasing age – although incontinence is not an inevitable part of ageing + +Find out more about the [causes of urinary incontinence](/conditions/urinary-incontinence/causes/). + +## Treating urinary incontinence + +### Non-surgical treatments + +Initially, a GP may suggest some simple measures to see if they help improve your symptoms. + +These may include: + +- lifestyle changes such as losing weight and cutting down on caffeine and alcohol +- [pelvic floor exercises](/common-health-questions/lifestyle/what-are-pelvic-floor-exercises/), where you strengthen your pelvic floor muscles by squeezing them +- bladder training, where you learn ways to wait longer between needing to urinate and passing urine + +You may also benefit from the use of [incontinence products](/conditions/urinary-incontinence/incontinence-products/), such as absorbent pads and handheld urinals. + +Medicine may be recommended if you're still unable to manage your symptoms. + +Find out more about [non-surgical treatments for urinary incontinence](/conditions/urinary-incontinence/treatment/). + +### Surgical treatments + +Surgery may also be considered. The procedures that are suitable for you will depend on the type of incontinence you have. + +Surgical treatment for stress incontinence, such as a sling procedure, is used to reduce pressure on the bladder or strengthen the muscles that control urination. + +Surgery to treat urge incontinence includes enlarging the bladder or implanting a device that stimulates the nerve that controls the detrusor muscles. + +Find out more about [surgery and procedures for urinary incontinence](/conditions/urinary-incontinence/surgery/). + +## Preventing urinary incontinence + +It's not always possible to prevent urinary incontinence, but there are some steps you can take that may help reduce the chance of it happening. + +These include: + +- maintaining a healthy weight +- changing your drinking habits, including cutting down on alcohol +- doing [pelvic floor muscle exercises](/common-health-questions/lifestyle/what-are-pelvic-floor-exercises/) + +### Healthy weight + +Being obese can increase your risk of urinary incontinence. You may be able to lower your risk by maintaining a healthy weight through regular [exercise](/live-well/exercise/) and [healthy eating](/live-well/eat-well/). + +Use the [healthy weight calculator](/live-well/healthy-weight/bmi-calculator/) to see if you are a healthy weight for your height. + +Get more information and advice about [managing your weight.](/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/) + +### Drinking habits + +Depending on your particular bladder problem, a GP can advise you about the amount of fluids you should drink. + +If you have urinary incontinence, cut down on alcohol and drinks containing caffeine, such as tea, coffee and cola. These can cause your kidneys to produce more urine and irritate your bladder. + +The recommended weekly limit for alcohol consumption is 14 units. + +A unit of alcohol is roughly half a pint of normal strength lager or a single measure (25ml) of spirits. + +Find out more about [alcohol units](/live-well/alcohol-advice/calculating-alcohol-units/). + +If you have to urinate frequently during the night (nocturia), try drinking less in the hours before you go to bed. However, make sure you still drink enough fluids during the day. + +### Pelvic floor exercises + +Being pregnant and giving birth can weaken the muscles that control the flow of urine from your bladder. If you're pregnant, strengthening your pelvic floor muscles may help prevent urinary incontinence. + +Find out more about [pelvic floor muscle exercises during pregnancy.](/pregnancy/keeping-well/exercise/) + +Everyone may benefit from strengthening their pelvic floor muscles with pelvic floor exercises. + +Find out more about [pelvic floor exercises](/common-health-questions/lifestyle/what-are-pelvic-floor-exercises/). + +> **💡 Information:** Social care and support guide If you: need help with day to day living because of illness or disability care for someone regularly because they're ill, elderly or disabled (including family members) Our guide to social care and support explains your options and where you can get support. + +Page last reviewed: 15 June 2023 +Next review due: 15 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/urinary-tract-infections-utis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/urinary-tract-infections-utis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eacbf18 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/urinary-tract-infections-utis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ +# Urinary tract infections (UTIs) + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/urinary-tract-infections-utis/ + +## Symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) + +Symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) may include: + +- pain or a burning sensation when peeing (dysuria) +- needing to pee more often than usual +- needing to pee more often than usual during the night (nocturia) +- needing to pee suddenly or more urgently than usual +- pee that looks cloudy +- [blood in your pee](/symptoms/blood-in-urine/) +- lower tummy pain or pain in your back, just under the ribs +- a high temperature, or feeling hot or cold, and shivery +- a very low temperature below 36C +- feeling tired or weak + +Your pee may also be dark or smell. If this is your only symptom, it might be because you've not been drinking enough water. + +### Symptoms in children + +Children with UTIs may also: + +- have a high temperature – your child is feeling hotter than usual if you touch their neck, back or tummy +- appear generally unwell – babies and young children may be irritable and not feed, eat or drink properly +- wet the bed or wet themselves +- be sick + +### Symptoms in older, frail people or people with a urinary catheter + +In older, frail people who have problems with memory, learning and concentration (such as dementia), and people with a [urinary catheter](/tests-and-treatments/urinary-catheters/), symptoms of a UTI may also include: + +- changes in behaviour, such as acting agitated or confused (delirium) +- leaking pee (wetting themselves or incontinence) that is worse than usual +- new shivering or shaking (rigors) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you have a urinary tract infection (UTI) and you are a woman or girl aged between 16 and 64 and are not pregnant or breastfeeding +> +> A pharmacist can give the same medicines as a GP to treat a UTI. They can also give advice or direct you to other medical help. +> +> [Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/pharmacy/find-a-pharmacy/) + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You think you, your child or someone you care for may have a urinary tract infection (UTI) and: +> +> - you're aged 65 or older +> - your child is aged 15 or younger +> - you have a very high or low temperature, feel hot or cold, or are shivering +> - you're a man, or are trans or non-binary and were assigned male at birth +> - you have diabetes +> - your symptoms get worse quickly, or do not improve within 48 hours (2 days) of starting treatment or treating it yourself +> - you keep getting UTIs (2 within 6 months, or 3 within 12 months) +> - you use a catheter +> - you're pregnant +> - you have pain in the lower tummy or in the back, just under the ribs +> - you have blood in your pee – your pee may look bright pink, red or dark brown +> - you have a weakened immune system +> +> Some of these could be symptoms of a [kidney infection](/conditions/kidney-infection/), which can be serious if it's not treated as it could cause [sepsis](/conditions/sepsis/). +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you or your child are confused, drowsy, or have difficulty speaking + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Treatment for a urinary tract infection (UTI) + +If a pharmacist or GP thinks you may have a urinary tract infection (UTI), they may do a urine test, although this is not always needed. + +A GP may also: + +- offer self-care advice and recommend taking a painkiller +- give you a prescription for a short course of antibiotics +- ask you to wait for 48 hours before getting antibiotics in case your symptoms go away on their own + +It's important to take all the medicine you are prescribed, even if you start to feel better. + +### Treatment for UTIs that keep coming back (recurrent UTIs) + +If your UTI comes back after treatment, or you have 2 UTIs in 6 months (or 3 within 12 months), you'll need to see a GP. They may: + +- prescribe a different antibiotic or prescribe a low-dose antibiotic to take for up to 6 months +- prescribe a vaginal cream, gel, tablet, pessary or ring containing oestrogen, if you are in perimenopause or have gone through the menopause +- prescribe tablets that treat the infection and stop it from coming back +- refer you to a specialist for further tests and treatments + +### Long-term (chronic) UTIs + +Sometimes UTI symptoms do not go away. Short-term antibiotics may not work and urine tests may not show an infection. + +This might mean you have a long-term (chronic) UTI. This can be caused by bacteria entering the lining of your bladder. + +Chronic UTIs can be difficult to diagnose because urine tests do not always pick up the infection and the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. + +Chronic UTIs might be treated with antibiotics you take for a long time. + +Chronic UTIs can have a big impact on your quality of life. If you have been treated for a UTI but you still have symptoms, speak to your GP and ask to be referred to a specialist. + +## Things you can do yourself + +To help ease symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI): + +- take [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/) up to 4 times a day to reduce pain and a high temperature +- you can give children [liquid paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-children/) +- rest and drink enough fluids so you pass pale urine regularly during the day +- avoid drinks that may irritate your bladder, like fruit juices, coffee and alcohol + +Some people who are not pregnant take cystitis sachets or cranberry drinks and products to prevent UTIs from happening, which may help. But there's no evidence they help ease symptoms or treat a UTI if the infection has already started. + +## Causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs) + +Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually caused by bacteria from poo entering the urinary tract. + +The bacteria enter through the tube that carries pee out of the body (urethra). + +Women have a shorter urethra than men. This means bacteria are more likely to reach the bladder or kidneys and cause an infection. + +Things that increase the risk of bacteria getting into the bladder include: + +- pregnancy +- wiping your bottom from back to front after going to the toilet +- conditions that block the urinary tract, such as [kidney stones](/conditions/kidney-stones/) +- conditions that make it difficult to fully empty the bladder, such as an  [enlarged prostate](/conditions/enlarged-prostate/) in men and [constipation in children](/baby/health/constipation-in-children/) +- [urinary catheters](/tests-and-treatments/urinary-catheters/) (a tube in your bladder used to drain urine) +- having a weakened immune system – for example, if you have poorly controlled diabetes or you are having chemotherapy +- having been through the menopause +- using spermicide with contraception +- not drinking enough fluids + +## How to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) + +There are some things you can try to help prevent a urinary tract infection (UTI) happening or prevent it returning. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wipe from front to back when you go to the toilet +- ✅ keep the genital area clean and dry +- ✅ drink plenty of fluids, particularly water, so that you regularly pee during the day and do not feel thirsty +- ✅ wash the skin around the vagina with water before and after sex +- ✅ pee as soon as possible after sex +- ✅ promptly change nappies or incontinence pads if they are soiled +- ✅ wear cotton underwear + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not use scented soap around the genital area +- ❌ do not hold your pee in if you feel the urge to go +- ❌ do not rush when going for a pee – try to fully empty your bladder +- ❌ do not wear tight underwear +- ❌ do not drink lots of alcoholic drinks, as they may irritate your bladder +- ❌ do not have lots of sugary food or drinks, as they may encourage bacteria to grow +- ❌ do not usecondomsor adiaphragm or capwith spermicidal lube on them – try non-spermicidal lube or a different type ofcontraception + +### Other ways to prevent some UTIs coming back + +If you keep getting a bladder infection (cystitis), there's some evidence it may be helpful to take: + +- D-mannose – a sugar you can buy as a powder or tablets to take every day +- cranberry products – available as juice, tablets or capsules to take every day + +Speak to your doctor before taking any of these during pregnancy. + +Be aware that D-mannose and cranberry products can contain a lot of sugar. + +If you're taking warfarin, you should avoid cranberry products. + +Page last reviewed: 11 July 2025 +Next review due: 11 July 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/uveitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/uveitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1c18fc --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/uveitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# Uveitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/uveitis/ + +It's important to get it treated early to avoid long-term complications such as [vision loss and blindness](/conditions/vision-loss/). It usually gets better quickly with treatment but can come back over time. + +## Symptoms of uveitis + +Uveitis usually only affects one eye but can affect both. + +Symptoms of uveitis can include: + +- eye pain, which may feel worse when you're reading +- red or watery eyes +- reduced or blurred vision +- sensitivity to light +- lights in the corner of your eyes or dark spots (flashes and floaters) + +You may get some or all of these symptoms. + +Symptoms can develop quickly, in hours and days, or more gradually over weeks and months. Sometimes uveitis does not cause any symptoms. + +Other conditions that cause similar symptoms include: + +- [glaucoma](/conditions/glaucoma/) +- another type of infection or inflammation, such as [conjunctivitis](/conditions/conjunctivitis/), keratitis or scleritis +- an [eye injury](/conditions/eye-injuries/) + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - pain in your eyes +> - sensitivity to light +> - changes in your vision, like flashing or blurring +> - very red eyes (1 eye or both eyes) +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - you cannot see (loss of vision) +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service) + +## Causes of uveitis + +In most cases the cause of uveitis is unknown. + +However, there are some things that can cause uveitis. These include: + +- some conditions that affect your immune system (autoimmune conditions) such as [multiple sclerosis](/conditions/multiple-sclerosis/) and [ankylosing spondylitis](/conditions/ankylosing-spondylitis/) +- some infections including the [herpes simplex](/conditions/herpes-simplex-eye-infections/) virus, the herpes zoster virus (which causes shingles) and toxoplasmosis +- an injury to your eye +- a growth in your eye (neoplasia) – but this is rare + +## Treatments for uveitis + +If a GP thinks you have uveitis they'll refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). You'll usually be seen within 24 hours, so you can start treatment quickly. + +Depending on what is causing your uveitis and how severe it is, you'll usually be prescribed a combination of medicines to: + +- get rid of any infection +- reduce inflammation +- relax the eye and reduce pain + +If your uveitis is very severe or keeps coming back, you may also be offered other treatments such as: + +- medicines to reduce the activity of your immune system (immunosuppressants) and to reduce inflammation (tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors) +- light treatment (laser phototherapy) +- temporarily freezing part of the eye (cryotherapy) +- surgery on part of your eye + +After you've started treatment, you'll be seen again by an ophthalmologist to: + +- see how your treatment is working +- check for any side effects of treatment +- check for complications of uveitis, such as [vision loss](/conditions/vision-loss/) + +Page last reviewed: 20 March 2024 +Next review due: 20 March 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vaginismus/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vaginismus/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e31876a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vaginismus/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +# Vaginismus + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaginismus/ + +Vaginismus is more common in women in their late teens to early 30s. Anyone with a vagina can get it. + +## Symptoms of vaginismus + +The main symptom of vaginismus is your vaginal muscles tightening up on their own when you try to put something in your vagina. This can cause a burning or stinging pain. + +It can happen when: + +- you put a tampon into your vagina +- you try to have vaginal penetration during sex, including with a finger, sex toy or penis +- you have cervical screening (a smear test) +- something is put near your vagina (due to fear of penetration) + +Vaginismus is an automatic reaction, which you do not have control over. + +Occasionally, you can get vaginismus even if you have previously enjoyed painless penetrative sex. + +Vaginismus does not necessarily affect your ability to get aroused and enjoy other types of sexual contact. + +Other things that can cause vaginal pain during sex include: + +- [thrush](/conditions/thrush-in-men-and-women/) +- [sexually transmitted infections (STIs)](/conditions/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/) +- [menopause](/conditions/menopause/) +- a bad reaction to condoms, soap or shampoo +- [pelvic inflammatory disease](/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/) +- [endometriosis](/conditions/endometriosis/) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you think you have vaginismus +> +> [Find a sexual health clinic](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/sexual-health/find-a-sexual-health-clinic) + +## What happens at your appointment + +If you see a GP about vaginismus, they will ask you about your symptoms and may ask to examine your vagina. + +You can ask to be seen by a female doctor, and you can bring someone you trust along for support. + +Before the examination, you can discuss ways to make it as comfortable as possible for you. + +The examination is usually very quick. Your doctor will take a quick look to rule out other conditions, like an infection. + +If your doctor thinks you have vaginismus, you may be referred to a specialist, such as a sex therapist. + +## Treatment for vaginismus + +Treatment for vaginismus usually focuses on: + +- managing your feelings around vaginal penetration +- exercises to gradually get you used to vaginal penetration + +Different treatments for vaginismus + +| Possible treatment | What treatment covers | +| --- | --- | +| Psychosexual therapy | A type of talking therapy that aims to help you understand and change your feelings about your body and sex | +| Relaxation techniques | [Mindfulness](/mental-health/self-help/tips-and-support/mindfulness/), breathing and gentle touching exercises to help you learn to relax the vaginal muscles | +| Pelvic floor exercises | Squeezing and releasing exercises to gain control of the vaginal muscles | +| Sensate focus | Exercises to help with your relaxation during sex and increase your [sex drive (libido)](/symptoms/loss-of-libido/) | +| Vaginal trainers | Tampon-shaped objects in different sizes to help you gradually get used to having something put into your vagina | + +Treatment is initially done under the guidance of specialised therapists. You'll then usually be expected to practise some of the exercises at home. + +If you're in a relationship, you can choose to involve your partner. + +## Causes of vaginismus + +The reasons for vaginismus are not always clear. Some things thought to cause it include: + +- anxiety or fears about having sex +- a painful sexual experience +- sexual assault or abuse +- an unpleasant medical examination or difficult experience giving birth +- believing sex is shameful or wrong +- a painful medical condition, like thrush + +Page last reviewed: 13 May 2024 +Next review due: 13 May 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vaginitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vaginitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e46e5e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vaginitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +# Vaginitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaginitis/ + +**Vaginitis is soreness and swelling in and around the vagina. It's common and usually treatable.** + +## Symptoms of vaginitis + +Symptoms of vaginitis include: + +- an itchy or sore vagina +- [vaginal discharge](/symptoms/vaginal-discharge/) that's a different colour, smell or thickness to usual +- [vaginal dryness](/symptoms/vaginal-dryness/) +- pain when peeing or having sex +- light vaginal bleeding or spotting +- sore, swollen or cracked skin around your vagina + +You might not have all these symptoms. + +## Causes of vaginitis + +Vaginitis has lots of possible causes. + +Your symptoms might give you an idea what's causing it. But do not self diagnose, get medical help if you're worried. + +Common causes of vaginitis + +| Symptoms | Possible cause | +| --- | --- | +| White and lumpy discharge (like cottage cheese), itching and soreness | [Thrush](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/thrush-in-men-and-women/) | +| Yellow, green or smelly discharge, pain when peeing or having sex | A sexually transmitted infection like [trichomoniasis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/trichomoniasis/) or [chlamydia](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chlamydia/) | +| A dry, itchy vagina and pain when having sex | Hormone changes from the [menopause](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/menopause/), breastfeeding or some types of contraception | +| Itchy, sore patches around your vagina and on other parts of your body | A skin condition like [eczema](/conditions/atopic-eczema/) or [lichen planus](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lichen-planus/) | + +Vaginitis can also be caused by irritation (for example, from soap), an injury to your vagina or something in your vagina (like a tampon). + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have symptoms of vaginitis for the first time +> - you've had vaginitis before, but the symptoms are bothering you a lot, are different to usual or are not getting better +> - you have vaginal discharge that's unusual for you +> - you have symptoms of vaginitis after having sex with a new partner +> - you have other symptoms, like feeling hot, cold or shivery, or pain in your lower tummy (pelvic pain) +> +> Do not have sex until you've seen a doctor or nurse. You could have a sexually transmitted infection. + +> **💡 Information:** Sexual health clinics can help with vaginitis Sexual health clinics treat problems with the genitals and urine system. Many sexual health clinics offer a walk-in service, where you do not need an appointment. They'll often get test results quicker than GP surgeries. Find a sexual health clinic + +## What happens at your appointment + +To find out what's causing your vaginitis, a doctor or nurse may: + +- ask about any sexual partners you have +- look at the skin around your vagina +- look inside your vagina (pelvic examination) + +### Having a pelvic examination + +1. You'll be asked to remove your underwear and lie on your back. +2. The doctor or nurse will gently put a smooth, tube-shaped tool (speculum) into your vagina to hold it open so they can see inside. +3. A small cotton bud (swab) may be wiped inside your vagina to check for infections. + +You can ask the doctor or nurse to stop at any point if you find it too uncomfortable. + +## Treatments for vaginitis from a doctor + +Treatment for vaginitis depends on the cause. + +For example, you may need: + +- antifungal medicine for thrush +- antibiotics for a sexually transmitted infection +- vaginal moisturiser, lubricant or hormone treatment for menopause symptoms +- steroid medicine for a skin condition + +## Things you can do to help vaginitis + +There are things you can do to ease symptoms of vaginitis and reduce your chances of getting it again. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wash around your vagina with water and dry thoroughly +- ✅ wear loose, cotton underwear +- ✅ use pads instead of tampons when you're on your period +- ✅ use condoms and lubrication when having sex + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not clean inside your vagina (douching) +- ❌ do not have hot baths +- ❌ do not use scented hygiene products in or around your vagina, such as soaps and deodorants + +Page last reviewed: 27 February 2023 +Next review due: 27 February 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/varicose-eczema/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/varicose-eczema/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..840ec73 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/varicose-eczema/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +# Overview-Varicose eczema + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/varicose-eczema/ + +**Varicose eczema, also known as venous, gravitational or stasis eczema, is a long-term skin condition that affects the lower legs. It's common in people with varicose veins.** + +Varicose eczema tends to be a long-term problem. However, treatments are available to help keep it under control. + +## Symptoms of varicose eczema + +![Varicose eczema on white skin. A red, crusty rash covering part of the lower leg.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0130854.original.width-320.jpg) + +![Varicose eczema on medium brown skin. A dark brown and purple scaly rash covering part of the lower leg.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0235716-Chronic_venous_disease_copy_Jg1jTW0.o.width-320.jpg) + +![Varicose eczema on dark brown skin. A silvery-grey and purple scaly rash covering part of the lower leg.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0501010-Varicose_eczema_copy_PYZvISC.original.width-320.jpg) + +The affected skin can change colour and become: + +- itchy and swollen +- dry and flaky +- scaly, crusty or blistered + +On white skin it looks red or brown. On black or brown skin it tends to look dark brown, purple or grey and can sometimes be more difficult to see. + +There may be periods when these symptoms improve and periods when they are more severe. + +Your legs may become swollen, especially at the end of the day or after long periods of standing. [Varicose veins](/conditions/varicose-veins/) (swollen and enlarged veins) are often visible on the legs. + +Some people also have other symptoms, such as: + +- tender and tight skin that can eventually become hardened (lipodermatosclerosis) +- small, white scars (atrophie blanche) +- pain +- eczema affecting other parts of the body + +If varicose eczema is not treated, [leg ulcers](/conditions/leg-ulcer/) can develop. These are wounds that form where the skin has become damaged. + +## When to get medical advice + +See a GP if you have symptoms of varicose eczema. Your doctor will often be able to make a diagnosis simply by looking at your skin. + +A GP will also ask you questions to determine whether you have a problem with the flow of blood in your leg veins, as this is the main cause of varicose eczema. + +To help make a diagnosis, a GP may want to know if you have ever had health conditions such as: + +- varicose veins – swollen and enlarged veins +- [DVT (deep vein thrombosis)](/conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt/) – a blood clot in the veins of your legs +- [leg ulcers](/conditions/leg-ulcer/) – areas of damaged skin that take several weeks to heal +- [cellulitis](/conditions/cellulitis/) – an infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue +- surgery or injury to your legs + +A GP may also check the pulse in your feet and may do an ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) test to see if compression stockings are suitable for you. + +The ABPI test involves comparing blood pressure readings taken from your ankles and upper arms. A significant difference in the readings suggests a problem with the flow of blood in your arteries – in which case, compression stockings may not be safe to use. + +### Referral to a specialist + +You may be referred to a hospital specialist for further tests. You might see a doctor or surgeon who specialises in conditions affecting blood vessels (vascular specialist), or a doctor who specialises in skin conditions (dermatologist). + +## Causes of varicose eczema + +Varicose eczema is usually caused by increased pressure in the leg veins. + +When small valves in the veins stop working properly, it's difficult for blood to be pushed upwards against gravity and it can leak backwards. + +This increases the pressure in the veins, which can cause fluid to leak into the surrounding tissue. It's thought that varicose eczema may develop as a result of the immune system reacting to this fluid. + +Varicose eczema is more common in people with varicose veins, as these are also often a sign that the leg veins are not working properly. + +Some people develop the condition for no obvious reason, although there are some factors that increase the chance of this happening, including: + +- sex – varicose eczema is more common in women +- [obesity](/conditions/obesity-old/) – this can increase the pressure in your leg veins +- pregnancy – this can also increase the pressure in your leg veins +- a family history of venous insufficiency (where the veins in your legs have trouble sending blood back to your heart) +- not being able to move for a long period of time – this can affect the circulation of blood in your leg veins +- having previously had [DVT (deep vein thrombosis)](/conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt/) – blood clots that develop in leg veins which can damage the valves in your veins +- increasing age – people generally find it harder to move about as they get older, which can affect their circulation + +## Treating varicose eczema + +For most people, treatment involves a combination of: + +- self-help measures – including ways to improve your circulation, such as keeping active and frequently raising your legs +- [emollients](/tests-and-treatments/emollients/) – moisturisers applied to the skin to stop it from becoming dry +- topical corticosteroids – ointments or creams applied to the skin to help treat the eczema and relieve symptoms +- compression stockings – specially designed stockings, usually worn every day, that squeeze your legs tightly at the foot and ankle and become looser further up your leg, helping to improve your circulation + +If these treatments do not help, a GP may refer you to a skin specialist (dermatologist) in case there's another cause for your symptoms, or if they're concerned you may also have [contact dermatitis](/conditions/contact-dermatitis/). + +If you have varicose veins, you may be referred to a doctor or surgeon specialising in conditions affecting the blood vessels (vascular specialist) who can talk to you about the [treatment options for varicose veins](/conditions/varicose-veins/treatment/). + +Find out more about [treating varicose eczema](/conditions/varicose-eczema/treatment/). + +## Other types of eczema + +Eczema is the name for a group of skin conditions that cause dry, irritated skin. Other types of eczema include: + +- [atopic eczema](/conditions/atopic-eczema/) (also called atopic dermatitis) – the most common type of eczema +- [contact dermatitis](/conditions/contact-dermatitis/) – a type of eczema that happens when you come into contact with a particular substance +- [discoid eczema](/conditions/discoid-eczema/) – a long-term type of eczema that appears as circular or oval patches on the skin + +Page last reviewed: 20 April 2023 +Next review due: 20 April 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/varicose-veins/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/varicose-veins/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1573eeb --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/varicose-veins/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +# Varicose veins + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/varicose-veins/ + +## Check if you have varicose veins + +Varicose veins are widened veins that look swollen and twisted under the skin. They may feel lumpy and bulge out. + +They're most common on the legs, but you can get them on other parts of your body. + +![The lower legs of a person with white skin. The inner side of their left leg has varicose veins which look like raised lumps under the skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0370877-Varicose_veins.width-320.jpg) + +![The lower legs of a person with brown skin. Both legs have varicose veins which look like raised, twisted cords and lumps under the skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/M2900055-Varicose_veins_on_a_woman_s_legs_belo.width-320.jpg) + +They sometimes cause other symptoms that affect your legs, such as: + +- pain, aching or a feeling of heaviness +- skin changes, such as itching, colour changes or dry, scaly skin +- swollen ankles or legs + +The symptoms may be worse after standing for a long time, and may get better when you rest with your legs up. + +Varicose veins may get worse without treatment, but this usually happens very slowly over several years. + +They are different from spider veins or thread veins – small red, blue or purple veins that are usually harmless. + +## Things you can do to help with varicose veins + +If you have varicose veins, there are things you can do to help with the symptoms. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ try to keep to ahealthy weight +- ✅ put your legs up when possible – for example, lie down with your legs on cushions +- ✅ exerciseregularly, such as running or walking, to improve blood flow +- ✅ use a moisturising cream or lotion if you have dry, flaky or itchy skin +- ✅ try not to injure your legs, to help prevent bleeding + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not stand for long periods +- ❌ do not sit for long periods, unless your feet are raised +- ❌ do not smoke, as it damages your veins – get help toquit smoking + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> You have varicose veins and: +> +> - you have symptoms such as pain, itching or swelling in your legs +> - you get a sore on your leg that has not healed after 2 weeks + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you have varicose veins that are bleeding +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +## Treatment for varicose veins + +Varicose veins do not always need treatment. A GP may refer you to a specialist for tests and treatment if you have: + +- symptoms such as pain, heaviness, swollen legs, itching or skin changes +- any complications, such as ulcers on your legs + +Treatment to improve how varicose veins look is not usually available on the NHS if they're not causing any other problems. You may be able to pay for it privately. + +### Assessment and treatment from a specialist + +If you're referred to a specialist they'll usually do a test called duplex ultrasound to confirm if you have varicose veins and plan your treatment. This is a type of scan to check your blood flow. + +There are several types of treatment that may be offered, including: + +- procedures to block blood flow in the veins, such as endothermal ablation and foam sclerotherapy +- surgery to remove varicose veins +- compression stockings + +The specialist will explain which treatment may be best for you, and the benefits and risks. + +Endothermal ablation + +This is usually the first choice of treatment for varicose veins. It works by blocking blood flow in the veins, so they become less swollen. + +The main steps are: + +1. You'll usually be awake during the procedure. You'll have a [local anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/local-anaesthesia/), so you will not feel any pain. +2. A thin tube called a catheter is passed up your vein, from a small cut at your ankle or knee. An ultrasound scan is used to place the catheter. +3. A device is put through the catheter and energy from radio waves (radiofrequency ablation) or a laser (endovenous laser treatment) is used to heat the vein that's causing your symptoms. This closes it off, so that blood stops flowing through it. +4. The catheter is slowly removed. + +You'll have the procedure in a hospital or clinic. You'll be able to go home the same day. + +You may need to wear compression stockings for about a week. You may have some pain and bruising, but you should be able to go back to most of your usual activities straight away. + +Foam sclerotherapy + +You'll usually be offered foam sclerotherapy if endothermal ablation is not suitable for you. + +The main steps are: + +1. You'll be awake during the procedure. You'll have a [local anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/local-anaesthesia/), so you will not feel any pain. +2. You'll have injections into your vein of a chemical mixed with air (foam). An ultrasound scan is used to make sure the injections are in the right place. +3. The chemical blocks the vein, so that blood stops flowing through it. + +You'll have the procedure in a hospital or clinic. You'll be able to go home the same day. + +You may need to wear compression stockings for about a week. You may have some pain and bruising, but you should be able to go back to most of your usual activities straight away. + +Surgery to remove varicose veins (ligation and stripping) + +You may be offered surgery to remove varicose veins, called ligation and stripping, if simpler procedures are not suitable for you. + +The main steps are: + +1. The surgeon will mark your legs to show where the vein needs to be removed. +2. You'll usually be asleep during the operation. You'll have a [general anaesthetic](/tests-and-treatments/general-anaesthesia/), so you will not feel any pain. +3. The surgeon makes 1 cut in your upper leg (groin) and a 2nd cut lower down your leg, at your knee or ankle. +4. The surgeon finds the vein through the 1st cut and ties it, to stop blood flowing. +5. A thin, flexible wire is passed down the vein to the 2nd cut. The surgeon uses the wire to pull the vein out. +6. The cuts are closed using stitches that dissolve so they do not need to be removed. + +You can usually go home the same day. Moving around may be uncomfortable for a few days, and you may have some pain and bruising for a few weeks. You may need to take 1 to 2 weeks off work. + +Your leg will be tightly bandaged or you'll need to wear compression stockings for about a week. + +Compression stockings + +Compression stockings work by putting pressure on your lower legs. This improves your blood flow and can help with swelling and pain. + +You'll only be offered compression stockings for varicose veins if procedures or surgery are not suitable for you, or if you do not need other treatments. + +They're not suitable if you have problems with blood flow in your arteries. A specialist can check for this. + +There are different types of stockings, and it's important to talk to a doctor or pharmacist to make sure you get the right type for you. + +It's best to wear them during the day and remove them at bedtime. + +> **💡 Information:** Treating varicose veins in pregnancy If you get varicose veins during pregnancy, you may be able to use compression stockings, but procedures or surgery to treat them are not usually recommended while you're pregnant. Varicose veins often get better or go away after your baby's born. + +## Causes of varicose veins + +Varicose veins happen when the valves that control the flow of blood in your vein do not work properly. This causes blood to build up and put pressure on the vein, which makes it swell and twist. + +Varicose veins are very common and anyone can get them, but it's more likely to happen if you: + +- are a woman +- are older +- are overweight +- are pregnant +- spend a lot of time standing or sitting +- have other family members with varicose veins +- have had [deep vein thrombosis (DVT)](/conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt/) + +## Complications of varicose veins + +Varicose veins do not usually cause any serious problems. But they can sometimes cause complications including: + +- bleeding +- itchy, flaky, dry skin over your veins ([varicose eczema](/conditions/varicose-eczema/)) +- sores that take a long time to heal ([venous leg ulcers](/conditions/leg-ulcer/)) +- blood clots under your skin that cause hard, painful veins ([superficial vein thrombosis](/conditions/phlebitis/)) +- blood clots deeper inside your leg ([deep vein thrombosis – DVT](/conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt/)) + +Page last reviewed: 01 July 2024 +Next review due: 01 July 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vascular-dementia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vascular-dementia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3785e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vascular-dementia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +# Overview-Vascular dementia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vascular-dementia/ + +**Vascular dementia is a common type of dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. It's estimated to affect around 180,000 people in the UK.** + +Dementia is the name for problems with mental abilities caused by gradual changes and damage in the brain. It's rare in people under 65. + +Vascular dementia tends to get worse over time, although it's sometimes possible to slow it down. + +## Symptoms of vascular dementia + +Vascular dementia can start suddenly or begin slowly over time. + +Symptoms include: + +- slowness of thought +- difficulty with planning and understanding +- problems with concentration +- changes to your mood, personality or behaviour +- feeling disoriented and confused +- difficulty walking and keeping balance +- [symptoms of Alzheimer's disease](/conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms/), such as problems with memory and language (many people with vascular dementia also have Alzheimer's disease) + +These problems can make daily activities increasingly difficult and someone with the condition may eventually be unable to look after themselves. + +## Getting medical advice + +See a GP if you think you have early symptoms of dementia, especially if you're over 65 years of age. + +If it's found at an early stage, treatment may be able to stop vascular dementia getting worse, or at least slow it down. + +If you're worried about someone else, encourage them to make an appointment with a GP and perhaps suggest that you go with them. + +Your GP can do some simple checks to try to find the cause of your symptoms. They can refer you to a memory clinic or another specialist for further tests if needed. + +Find out more about [how to get a dementia diagnosis](/conditions/dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/diagnosis/). + +## Tests for vascular dementia + +There's no single test for vascular dementia. + +The tests that are needed to make a diagnosis include: + +- an assessment of symptoms – for example, whether these are typical symptoms of vascular dementia +- a full medical history, including asking about a history of conditions related to vascular dementia, such as [strokes](/conditions/stroke/) or [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) +- an assessment of mental abilities – this will usually involve several tasks and questions +- a brain scan, such as an [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) or [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/), to look for any changes that have happened in your brain + +Find out more about [the tests used to diagnose dementia](/conditions/dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/tests/). + +## Treatments for vascular dementia + +There's currently no cure for vascular dementia and there's no way to reverse any loss of brain cells that happened before the condition was diagnosed. + +But treatment can sometimes help slow down vascular dementia. + +Treatment aims to tackle the underlying cause, which may reduce the speed at which brain cells are lost. + +This will often involve: + +- [eating a healthy, balanced diet](/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/) +- [losing weight](https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/lose-weight/) if you're overweight +- [stopping smoking](/live-well/quit-smoking/) +- getting fit +- [cutting down on alcohol](/live-well/alcohol-advice/tips-on-cutting-down-alcohol/) +- taking medicines, such as those used to [treat high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/treatment/), [lower cholesterol](/conditions/high-cholesterol/medicines-for-high-cholesterol/) or prevent [blood clots](/conditions/blood-clots/) + +Other treatments, including [physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/), [occupational therapy](/tests-and-treatments/occupational-therapy/), [dementia activities](/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/activities/) (such as memory cafes) and [psychological therapies](/conditions/dementia/about-dementia/treatment/), can help reduce the impact of any existing problems. + +## Outlook for vascular dementia + +Vascular dementia will usually get worse over time. This can happen in sudden steps, with periods in between where the symptoms do not change much, but it's difficult to predict when this will happen. + +[Home-based help](/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/help-and-support/) will usually be needed, and some people will eventually need care in a [nursing home](/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/care-homes/). + +Although treatment can help, vascular dementia can significantly shorten life expectancy. + +But this is highly variable, and many people live for several years with the condition, or die from some other cause. + +If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with dementia, remember that you're not alone. The [NHS and social services](/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/social-services-and-the-nhs/), as well as voluntary organisations, can provide advice and support for you and your family. + +## Causes of vascular dementia + +Vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which damages and eventually kills brain cells. + +This can happen as a result of: + +- narrowing and blockage of the small blood vessels inside the brain +- a single [stroke](/conditions/stroke/), where the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly cut off +- lots of ["mini strokes" (also called transient ischaemic attacks, or TIAs)](/conditions/transient-ischaemic-attack-tia/) that cause tiny but widespread damage to the brain + +In many cases, these problems are linked to underlying conditions, such as [high blood pressure](/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) and [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/), and lifestyle factors, such as smoking and being overweight. + +Tackling these might reduce your risk of vascular dementia in later life, although it's not yet clear exactly how much your risk of dementia can be reduced. + +## More information + +### Living with dementia + +- [Living well with dementia](/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/living-well/) +- [Staying independent with dementia](/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/staying-independent/) +- [Dementia activities](/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/activities/) +- [Looking after someone with dementia](/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/looking-after-someone/) +- [Dementia and your relationships](/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/relationships/) +- [Communicating with someone with dementia](/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/communication/) +- [Coping with dementia behaviour changes](/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/behaviour/) + +### Care and support + +- [Sources of help and support](/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/help-and-support/) +- [Dementia UK: nurse helpline](https://www.dementiauk.org/get-support/dementia-helpline-alzheimers-helpline/) +- [Dementia and care homes](/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/care-homes/) +- [Dementia, social services and the NHS](/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/social-services-and-the-nhs/) +- [Dementia and managing money](/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/finances/) +- [Managing legal affairs for someone with dementia](/conditions/dementia/care-and-support/legal-issues/) +- [End of life planning](/conditions/dementia/living-with-dementia/palliative-care/) + +### How you can help + +- [Dementia Friends](https://www.dementiafriends.org.uk/) +- [Alzheimer's Society: Dementia forum](https://forum.alzheimers.org.uk) + +> **💡 Information:** Social care and support guide If you: need help with day-to-day living because of illness or disability care for someone regularly because they're ill, elderly or disabled, including family members Our guide to care and support explains your options and where you can get support. + +Page last reviewed: 08 June 2023 +Next review due: 08 June 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vasculitis/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vasculitis/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcf4a8a --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vasculitis/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +# Vasculitis + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vasculitis/ + +**Vasculitis is the name of a group of conditions that cause inflammation of the blood vessels.** + +Inflammation is your immune system's natural response to injury or infection. It causes swelling and can help the body deal with invading germs. + +But in vasculitis, for some reason the immune system attacks healthy blood vessels, causing them to become swollen and narrow. + +This may be triggered by an infection, another underlying condition, or a medicine, although often the cause is unknown. + +Vasculitis can range from a minor problem that just affects the skin, to a more serious illness that causes problems with organs like the heart or kidneys. + +There are many types of vasculitis. The rest of this page discusses a range of potential causes. + +## Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome) + +Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, also called Churg-Strauss syndrome, is a type of vasculitis that mainly affects adults around 38 to 54. + +It can cause: + +- [asthma](/conditions/asthma/) +- cold-like symptoms caused by allergies [(allergic rhinitis)](/conditions/allergic-rhinitis/) +- a high temperature +- muscle and [joint pain](/symptoms/joint-pain/) +- tiredness +- loss of appetite and [weight loss](/symptoms/unintentional-weight-loss/) + +It can also affect the nerves, causing weakness, [pins and needles](/symptoms/pins-and-needles/) or numbness, and sometimes damages the kidneys or heart muscle. + +It's usually treated with [steroid medicine](/medicines/steroids/). + +[The Vasculitis UK website has more information about eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis](http://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/churg-strauss-syndrome) + +## Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis) + +Temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis, is a type of vasculitis where the arteries at the side of the head (the temples) become inflamed. + +It mostly affects adults over the age of 50 and can cause: + +- aching and soreness around the temples +- jaw muscle pain while eating +- [headaches](/symptoms/headaches/) +- [double vision](/symptoms/double-vision/) or vision loss + +Some people with temporal arteritis also get polymyalgia rheumatica (muscle pain and stiffness in the shoulders, neck and hips). + +The main treatment for temporal arteritis is [steroid medicine](/medicines/steroids/). + +[Find out more about temporal arteritis](/conditions/temporal-arteritis/) + +### When to get medical help + +Get advice from 111 now if you think you might have temporal arteritis. + +It can lead to serious problems like stroke and blindness if not treated quickly. + +111 will tell you what to do. They can arrange a phone call from a nurse or doctor if you need one. + +Go to [111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/) or call 111. + +## Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) + +Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, also called Wegener's granulomatosis, is a type of vasculitis that affects blood vessels in the nose, sinuses, ears, lungs and kidneys. + +It mainly affects middle-aged or older people and can cause: + +- a high temperature +- [night sweats](/symptoms/night-sweats/) +- inflammation of the sinuses [(sinusitis)](/conditions/sinusitis-sinus-infection/) +- [nosebleeds](/conditions/nosebleed/) and crusting of the nose +- [shortness of breath](/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/) and [coughing up blood](/symptoms/coughing-up-blood/) +- kidney problems + +Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a serious condition that can be fatal if left untreated, as it can lead to organ failure. + +It's usually treated with [steroid medicine](/medicines/steroids/) or other medicines that reduce the activity of the immune system. + +[Find out more about granulomatosis with polyangiitis](/conditions/granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis/) + +## Henoch-Schönlein purpura + +Henoch-Schönlein purpura is a type of vasculitis that can affect the skin, kidneys or bowel. + +It's more common in children, and it's thought to be triggered by the body reacting to an infection. + +It can cause: + +- a rash that looks like small bruises or reddish-purple spots (this may be less obvious on brown or black skin) +- [joint pain](/symptoms/joint-pain/) +- [tummy (abdominal) pain](/symptoms/stomach-ache/) +- [diarrhoea](/conditions/diarrhoea/) +- being sick +- [blood in urine](/symptoms/blood-in-urine/) or poo + +Henoch-Schönlein purpura is not usually serious and often gets better without treatment. + +[Find out more about Henoch-Schönlein purpura](/conditions/henoch-schonlein-purpura-hsp/) + +## Kawasaki disease + +Kawasaki disease is a condition that mainly affects children under the age of 5. + +The characteristic symptoms are a high temperature that lasts for 5 days or more, and possibly 1 or more of the following symptoms: + +- a rash +- swollen glands in the neck +- dry, cracked lips +- red fingers or toes +- red eyes + +Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), a solution of antibodies, and aspirin are the 2 main medicines used to treat Kawasaki disease. + +Aspirin is not usually recommended for children under 16, so do not give aspirin to your child unless advised to by their doctor. + +[Find out more about Kawasaki disease](/conditions/kawasaki-disease/) + +## Microscopic polyangiitis + +Microscopic polyangiitis is a rare and potentially serious long-term type of vasculitis that most often develops in middle-aged people. + +It can affect any organ, but often affects the lungs, kidneys and nerves. + +It can cause: + +- a rash +- [shortness of breath](/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/) and [coughing up blood](/symptoms/coughing-up-blood/) +- red and sore eyes +- [pins and needles](/symptoms/pins-and-needles/) or numbness +- joint stiffness +- muscle aches +- loss of appetite +- losing weight without trying +- feeling tired +- flu-like symptoms, such as a high temperature and an aching body +- kidney problems + +Microscopic polyangiitis is usually treated with [steroid medicine](/medicines/steroids/) or other medicines that reduce the activity of the immune system. + +[The Vasculitis UK website has more information about microscopic polyangiitis](http://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/microscopic-polyangiitis) + +## Polyarteritis nodosa + +Polyarteritis nodosa is a rare type of vasculitis that particularly affects the arteries supplying the gut, kidneys and nerves. + +It tends to develop in middle-aged people. + +It can sometimes be triggered by an infection, such as [hepatitis B](/conditions/hepatitis-b/), but the exact cause is uncertain. + +It can cause: + +- muscle and [joint pain](/symptoms/joint-pain/) +- [tummy (abdominal) pain](/symptoms/stomach-ache/), particularly after eating +- a rash +- [pins and needles](/symptoms/pins-and-needles/) or numbness +- bleeding and ulcers in the gut + +Polyarteritis nodosa can be very serious if it's not treated. The main treatment is [steroid medicine](/medicines/steroids/), and sometimes other medicines that reduce the activity of the immune system. + +[The Vasculitis UK website has more information about polyarteritis nodosa](http://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/polyarteritis-nodosa) + +## Polymyalgia rheumatica + +Polymyalgia rheumatica is a type of vasculitis that's closely related to temporal arteritis. + +It mostly affects adults over 50 and is more common in women than men. + +It can cause: + +- pain and stiffness in the shoulders, neck and hips, which is often worse after waking up +- a high temperature +- extreme tiredness +- loss of appetite and [weight loss](/symptoms/unintentional-weight-loss/) +- [depression](/conditions/clinical-depression/) + +The main treatment is [steroid medicine](/medicines/steroids/), which is usually used in lower doses than for temporal arteritis. + +[Find out more about polymyalgia rheumatica](/conditions/polymyalgia-rheumatica/) + +## Takayasu arteritis + +Takayasu arteritis is a type of vasculitis that mainly affects young women. It's very rare in the UK. + +It affects the main artery from the heart, as well as the major arteries branching off it. + +It can cause: + +- extreme tiredness +- a high temperature +- [weight loss](/symptoms/unintentional-weight-loss/) +- muscle and [joint pain](/symptoms/joint-pain/) +- painful, numb or cold limbs + +Takayasu arteritis is usually treated with [steroid medicine](/medicines/steroids/). + +[The Vasculitis UK website has more information about Takayasu arteritis](http://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/takayasu-arteritis) + +## Other types of vasculitis + +### Behçet's disease + +[Behçet's disease](/conditions/behcets-disease/) typically causes [mouth ulcers](/conditions/mouth-ulcers/) and genital ulcers, and is more common in people from Greece, Turkey, the Middle East, China and Japan. + +### Buerger's disease + +Buerger's disease affects blood vessels in the legs and arms, leading to reduced blood flow to the hands and feet. It's closely linked to smoking. + +[The Vasculitis UK website has more information about Buerger's disease](https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/buergers-disease) + +### Cogan's syndrome + +Cogan's syndrome is inflammation of the blood vessels in the inner ears and eyes. + +[The Vasculitis UK website had more information about Cogan's syndrome](https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/cogans-syndrome) + +### Cryoglobulin-associated vasculitis + +Cryoglobulin-associated vasculitis is caused by abnormal proteins in the blood called cryoglobulins. + +It can sometimes happen after a [hepatitis C](/conditions/hepatitis-c/) infection and causes a rash on the lower limbs, [joint pain](/symptoms/joint-pain/), nerve damage, [tummy (abdominal) pain](/symptoms/stomach-ache/) and kidney problems. + +[The Vasculitis UK website has more information about cryoglobulin-associated vasculitis](https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/cryoglobulinemia-and-cryoglobulinaemic-vasculitis) + +### Hypersensitivity vasculitis + +Hypersensitivity vasculitis is usually caused by a reaction to a medicine, such as [NSAIDs](/medicines/nsaids/) or certain [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/), and results in a temporary rash. + +[The Vasculitis UK website has more information about hypersensitivity vasculitis](https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/hypersensitivity-vasculitis) + +### Primary angiitis of the central nervous system + +Primary angiitis of the central nervous system is inflammation of the blood vessels in the brain. + +[The Vasculitis UK website has more information about primary angiitis of the central nervous system](https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/central-nervous-system-vasculitis) + +### Rheumatoid vasculitis + +Rheumatoid vasculitis is vasculitis associated with [rheumatoid arthritis](/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/). + +[The Vasculitis UK website has more information about rheumatoid vasculitis](https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/rheumatoid-vasculitis) + +Page last reviewed: 17 February 2023 +Next review due: 17 February 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vertigo/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vertigo/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b07ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vertigo/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +# Vertigo + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vertigo/ + +**Vertigo often gets better without treatment. See a GP if it keeps coming back or is affecting your daily life.** + +## Symptoms of vertigo + +Vertigo feels like you or everything around you is spinning – enough to affect your balance. It's more than just feeling [dizzy](/symptoms/dizziness/). + +A vertigo attack can last from a few seconds to hours. If you have severe vertigo, it can last for many days or months. + +## Things you can do to help ease vertigo + +There are things you can do to ease vertigo symptoms when they're happening, and to reduce how often it happens. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ lie still in a quiet, dark room to reduce the spinning feeling +- ✅ move your head carefully and slowly during daily activities +- ✅ sit down straight away when you feel dizzy +- ✅ turn on the lights if you get up at night +- ✅ use a walking stick if you're at risk of falling +- ✅ sleep with your head slightly raised on 2 or more pillows +- ✅ get out of bed slowly and sit on the edge of the bed for a while before standing up +- ✅ try to relax – anxiety can make vertigo worse + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not bend over to pick things up – squat to lower yourself instead +- ❌ do not stretch your neck – for example, while reaching up to a high shelf + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have vertigo that will not go away or keeps coming back + +## What happens at your appointment + +If you have vertigo, a GP will ask about your symptoms to try to find out what could be causing them. + +A simple test that involves you moving quickly from a sitting to a lying position might be done to check your balance. This could bring on symptoms. + +You might also be referred to a specialist for further tests. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have vertigo and: +> +> - have a severe headache +> - are being sick or feel very sick +> - have a very high temperature, or feel hot, cold or shivery +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You have vertigo and: +> +> - double vision or loss of vision +> - hearing loss +> - trouble speaking +> - leg or arm weakness, numbness or tingling +> +> Always take someone who cannot be woken up to A&E or call 999. +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Treatment for vertigo + +Most people with vertigo get better without treatment. + +Treatment will depend on the cause. A GP might prescribe [antibiotics](/medicines/antibiotics/) if it's caused by an infection. + +You could also be given exercises to do to try to correct your balance. + +[Antihistamines](/medicines/antihistamines/) can sometimes help with vertigo symptoms. + +### Driving and vertigo + +If you drive, you must tell the DVLA about your vertigo. + +[Get more information on driving with vertigo on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/dizziness-and-driving) + +## What causes vertigo + +Inner ear problems, which affect balance, are the most common causes of vertigo. + +These include: + +- benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) – where specific head movements cause vertigo +- [labyrinthitis](/conditions/labyrinthitis/) – an inner ear infection caused by a cold or flu virus +- [vestibular neuritis](/conditions/labyrinthitis/) – inflammation of the vestibular nerve +- [Ménière's disease](/conditions/menieres-disease/) – a rare inner ear condition, which sometimes involves ringing in the ear ([tinnitus](/conditions/tinnitus/)) or loss of hearing + +Other things that can cause vertigo include: + +- [migraine](/conditions/migraine/) +- some types of medicine – check the leaflet to see if it's listed as a side effect + +Sometimes the cause is unknown. + +[Find out more about BPPV on the Ménière’s Society website](https://www.menieres.org.uk/information-and-support/symptoms-and-conditions/bppv) + +Page last reviewed: 02 May 2023 +Next review due: 02 May 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..025c4ee --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +# Overview-Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/ + +**Vitamin B12 or B9 (commonly called folate) deficiency anaemia occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 or folate causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells that cannot function properly.** + +Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body using a substance called haemoglobin. + +Anaemia is the general term for having either fewer red blood cells than normal or having an abnormally low amount of haemoglobin in each red blood cell. + +## Symptoms of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency + +Vitamin B12 and folate perform several important functions in the body, including keeping the nervous system healthy. + +A deficiency in either of these vitamins can cause a wide range of problems, including: + +- extreme tiredness +- a lack of energy +- [pins and needles](/symptoms/pins-and-needles/) +- a sore and red tongue +- mouth ulcers +- muscle weakness +- problems with your vision +- psychological problems, which can range from mild [depression](/conditions/clinical-depression/) or anxiety to confusion and dementia +- problems with memory, understanding and judgement + +Some of these problems can also happen if you have a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate but do not have anaemia. + +## When to see a GP + +See a GP if you think you may have a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. + +These conditions can often be diagnosed based on your symptoms and the results of a blood test. + +It's important for vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia to be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. + +This is because although many of the symptoms improve with treatment, some problems caused by the condition can be irreversible. + +## Causes of a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency + +There are a number of problems that can lead to a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. + +These include: + +- pernicious anaemia – where your immune system attacks healthy cells in your stomach, preventing your body absorbing vitamin B12 from the food you eat; this is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in the UK +- a lack of these vitamins in your diet – this is uncommon, but can happen if you have a [vegan diet](/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/the-vegan-diet/) and do not take vitamin B12 supplements or eat foods fortified with vitamin B12 , follow a restrictive diet or have a generally poor diet for a long time +- medicine – certain medicines, including anticonvulsants and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), can affect how much of these vitamins your body absorbs + +Both vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency are more common in older people, affecting around 1 in 10 people aged 75 or over and 1 in 20 people aged 65 to 74. + +## Treating vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia + +Most cases of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can be easily treated with injections or tablets to replace the missing vitamins. + +Vitamin B12 supplements are usually given by injection at first. + +Then, depending on whether your B12 deficiency is related to your diet, you'll either require B12 tablets between meals or regular injections. + +Treatments may last until your vitamin B12 levels have improved or you may need treatment for the rest of your life. + +Folic acid tablets are used to restore folate levels. These usually need to be taken for 4 months. + +In some cases, improving your diet can help treat the condition and prevent it coming back. + +Vitamin B12 is found in meat, fish, eggs, dairy products and specially fortified foods. + +Good sources of folate include green vegetables, such as broccoli, brussels sprouts and peas. + +## Complications of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia + +Although it's uncommon, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency (with or without anaemia) can lead to [complications](/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/complications/), particularly if you have been deficient in vitamin B12 or folate for some time. + +Potential complications can include: + +- problems with the nervous system +- temporary [infertility](/conditions/infertility/) +- heart conditions +- pregnancy complications and birth defects + +Adults with severe anaemia are also at risk of developing heart failure. + +Some complications improve with appropriate treatment, but others, such as problems with the nervous system, can sometimes be permanent. + +Page last reviewed: 20 February 2023 +Next review due: 20 February 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vitiligo/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vitiligo/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8d1f6b --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vitiligo/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +# Overview-Vitiligo + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitiligo/ + +**Vitiligo is a long-term condition where pale white patches develop on the skin. It's caused by the lack of melanin, which is the pigment in skin.** + +Vitiligo can affect any area of skin, but it commonly happens on the face, neck and hands, and in skin creases. + +The pale areas of skin are more vulnerable to sunburn, so it's important to take extra care when in the sun and use a sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF). + +## Symptoms of vitiligo + +The areas of skin most commonly affected by vitiligo include: + +- mouth and eyes +- fingers and wrists +- armpits +- groin +- genitals +- inside your mouth + +It can also sometimes develop where there are hair roots, such as on your scalp. The lack of melanin in your skin can turn the hair in the affected area white or grey. + +Vitiligo often starts as a pale patch of skin that gradually turns completely white. The centre of a patch may be white, with paler skin around it. If there are blood vessels under the skin, the patch may be slightly pink, rather than white. + +The edges of the patch may be smooth or irregular. They're sometimes red and inflamed, or there's brownish discolouration (hyperpigmentation). + +Vitiligo does not cause discomfort to your skin, such as dryness, but the patches may occasionally be itchy. + +The condition varies from person to person. Some people only get a few small, white patches, but others get bigger white patches that join up across large areas of their skin. + +There's no way of predicting how much skin will be affected. The white patches are usually permanent. + +### Types of vitiligo + +There are 2 main types of vitiligo: + +- non-segmental vitiligo +- segmental vitiligo + +In rare cases, it's possible for vitiligo to affect your whole body. This is known as universal vitiligo. + +### Non-segmental vitiligo + +![Picture of non-segmental vitiligo on brown skin](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_vitiligo_M2900105.original.width-320.jpg) + +In non-segmental vitiligo (also called bilateral or generalised vitiligo), the symptoms often appear on both sides of your body as symmetrical white patches. + +Symmetrical patches can appear on the: + +- backs of your hands +- arms +- skin around body openings, such as the eyes +- knees +- elbows +- feet + +Non-segmental vitiligo is the most common type of vitiligo, affecting around 9 in 10 people with the condition. + +### Segmental vitiligo + +![Picture of a woman with segmental vitiligo affecting the face](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/S_1017_Vitiligo_M2900160.original.width-320.jpg) + +In segmental vitiligo (also known as unilateral or localised vitiligo), the white patches only affect one area of your body. + +Segmental vitiligo is less common than non-segmental vitiligo, although it's more common in children. It usually starts earlier and affects around 3 in 10 children with vitiligo. + +## What causes vitiligo? + +Vitiligo is caused by the lack of a pigment called melanin in the skin. Melanin is produced by skin cells called melanocytes, and it gives your skin its colour. + +In vitiligo, there are not enough working melanocytes to produce enough melanin in your skin. This causes white patches to develop on your skin or hair. + +### Autoimmune conditions + +Non-segmental vitiligo (the most common type) is thought to be an autoimmune condition. + +In autoimmune conditions, the immune system does not work properly. Instead of attacking foreign cells, such as viruses, your immune system attacks your body's healthy cells and tissue. + +If you have non-segmental vitiligo, your immune system destroys the melanocyte skin cells that make melanin. + +Vitiligo is also associated with other autoimmune conditions, such as [hyperthyroidism](/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/) (an overactive thyroid gland), but not everyone with vitiligo will develop these conditions. + +### Risk factors + +You may be at increased risk of developing non-segmental vitiligo if: + +- other members of your family have it +- there's a family history of other autoimmune conditions – for example, if one of your parents has pernicious anaemia (an autoimmune condition that affects the stomach) +- you have another autoimmune condition +- you have [melanoma](/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/) (a type of skin cancer) or [non-Hodgkin lymphoma](/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/) (cancer of the lymphatic system) +- you have particular changes in your genes that are known to be linked to non-segmental vitiligo + +### Neurochemicals + +Segmental vitiligo (the less common type) is thought to be caused by chemicals released from the nerve endings in your skin. These chemicals are poisonous to the melanocyte skin cells. + +### Triggers + +It's possible that vitiligo may be triggered by particular events, such as: + +- stressful events, such as childbirth +- skin damage, such as severe sunburn or cuts (this is known as the Koebner response) +- hormonal changes to the body, such as puberty +- problems with the liver or kidneys +- exposure to certain chemicals + +Vitiligo is not caused by an infection and you cannot catch it from someone else who has it. + +## Diagnosing vitiligo + +A GP will be able to diagnose vitiligo after examining the affected areas of skin. + +They may ask you if: + +- there's a history of vitiligo in your family +- there's a history of other autoimmune conditions in your family +- you've injured the affected areas of skin – for example, whether you've had sunburn or a severe rash there +- you tan easily in the sun, or whether you burn +- any areas of skin have got better without treatment, or whether they're getting worse +- you think your vitiligo is triggered by something +- you've tried any treatments already + +A GP may also ask you about the spread of vitiligo and the impact it has on your life. For example, how much it affects your confidence and self-esteem, and whether it affects your job. + +### Wood's lamp + +If available, the GP may use an ultraviolet (UV) lamp called a Wood's lamp to look at your skin in more detail. You'll need to be in a dark room and the lamp will be held 10 to 13cm away from your skin. + +The patches of vitiligo will be easier to see under UV light, which will help the GP distinguish vitiligo from other skin conditions, such as [pityriasis versicolor](/conditions/pityriasis-versicolor/) (where there's a loss of pigment due to a fungal infection). + +### Other autoimmune conditions + +As non-segmental vitiligo is closely associated with other autoimmune conditions, you may be assessed to see whether you have any symptoms that could suggest an autoimmune condition, such as: + +- being tired and lacking energy, which may be a sign of [Addison's disease](/conditions/addisons-disease/) +- being thirsty and needing to urinate often, which may be a sign of [diabetes](/conditions/diabetes/) + +A [blood test](/tests-and-treatments/blood-tests/) may also be needed to check how well your thyroid gland is working. + +## Treating vitiligo + +If vitiligo is severe or making you unhappy, you may want to consider treatment. + +The white patches caused by vitiligo are usually permanent, although treatment options are available to reduce their appearance. + +If the patches are relatively small, skin camouflage cream can be used to cover them up. + +[Steroid creams](/medicines/steroids/) can also be used on the skin to restore some pigment, however long-term use can cause stretch marks and thinning of the skin + +If steroid creams do not work, other treatments may be used. + +Although treatment may help restore colour to your skin, the effect does not usually last. Treatment cannot stop the condition spreading. + +Find out more about [treating vitiligo](/conditions/vitiligo/treatment/). + +## Complications of vitiligo + +Vitiligo can sometimes cause other problems. + +Because of a lack of melanin, your skin will be more vulnerable to the effects of the sun. Make sure you use a strong sunscreen to avoid [sunburn](/conditions/sunburn/). + +Vitiligo may also be associated with eye problems, such as inflammation of the iris, inflammation of the middle layer of the eye [(uveitis)](/conditions/uveitis/), and a partial loss of hearing (hypoacusis). + +Problems with confidence and self-esteem are common in people with vitiligo, particularly if it affects areas of skin that are frequently exposed. + +## Help and support + +Support groups can provide help and advice and may be able to put you in contact with other people with vitiligo. A GP may suggest a group in your local area. + +The charity [The Vitiligo Society](https://vitiligosociety.org/) is also offers advice and support. + +Page last reviewed: 22 March 2023 +Next review due: 22 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/causes.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/causes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b0cf8f --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/causes.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +# Causes of vulval cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/causes/ + +## Main causes of vulval cancer + +It's not always known what causes vulval cancer. + +But many vulval cancers are caused by an infection with certain types of [human papillomavirus (HPV)](/conditions/human-papilloma-virus-hpv/). + +You can get HPV from: + +- any skin-to-skin contact of the genital area +- vaginal, anal or oral sex +- sharing sex toys + +Some skin conditions that affect your vulva can also lead to vulval cancer. These include: + +- abnormal changes in the skin cells of your vulva, called vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) +- [lichen sclerosus](/conditions/lichen-sclerosus/) +- [lichen planus](/conditions/lichen-planus/) + +### Who is more likely to get vulval cancer + +Vulval cancer mostly affects women over 65 years old, but you can get it at any age. Anyone with a vulva can get vulval cancer. + +You might also be more likely to get vulval cancer if you: + +- smoke +- have a weakened immune system, for example if you have a health condition such as HIV or you're having treatments that affect your immune system +- have had [cervical cancer](/conditions/cervical-cancer/) + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: risks and causes of vulval cancer Cancer Research UK: vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) + +## How to lower your chance of getting vulval cancer + +You cannot always prevent vulval cancer. But there are things you can do to lower your chances of getting it. + +These include: + +- getting treatment for any skin conditions that affect your vulva +- using [condoms](/contraception/methods-of-contraception/condoms/), which lower your chance of getting HPV – but they do not cover all the skin around your genitals so you're not fully protected +- [quitting smoking](/live-well/quit-smoking/) – smoking can weaken your immune system and the chemicals in cigarettes can also cause cancer +- eating a [balanced diet](/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/eating-a-balanced-diet/) to help support your immune system + +For younger people, HPV vaccination is the best way to protect yourself from vulval cancer. + +All children aged 12 to 13 are offered the [HPV vaccine](/vaccinations/hpv-vaccine/). It helps protect against all cancers caused by HPV, as well as genital warts. + +> **💡 Information:** It's important to get any symptoms of vulval cancer checked by a GP. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/help-and-support.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/help-and-support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c1f0c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/help-and-support.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# Help and support for vulval cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/help-and-support/ + +## Where to find help and support for vulval cancer + +You and your loved ones will be supported through your treatment by a group of specialists. + +The clinical nurse specialist, or another member of your specialist team, will be able to give you information on local support services that you may find helpful. + +There are also national cancer charities that offer support and information about vulval cancer. + +### Macmillan Cancer Support + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [macmillan.org.uk](http://www.macmillan.org.uk/) +- Helpline: [0808 808 0000](tel:08088080000) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: support line service](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/forms/contact-us/ask-macmillan-form.html) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: online community](https://community.macmillan.org.uk/) +- [Macmillan Cancer Support: find local support services](https://www.macmillan.org.uk/in-your-area/choose-location.html) + +### Cancer Research UK + +Information and support for anyone affected by cancer. + +- Website: [cancerresearchuk.org](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/) +- Nurse helpline: [0808 800 4040](tel:08088004040) +- [Cancer Research UK: ask a nurse service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/contact-us/talk-to-our-nurses?secure=true) +- [Cancer Research UK: online cancer chat forum](https://cancerchat.cancerresearchuk.org/f/) +- [Cancer Research UK: find a clinical trial service](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/find-a-clinical-trial) + +### Marie Curie + +Care and support for anyone affected by a terminal illness. + +- Website: [mariecurie.org.uk](https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/) +- Helpline: [0800 090 2309](tel:08000902309) +- [Marie Curie: information and support](https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/information) +- [Marie Curie: online community](https://community.mariecurie.org.uk/) +- [Marie Curie: services](https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/services) + +### The Eve Appeal + +Information and support for anyone affected by cervical, ovarian, vaginal, vulval and womb cancers. + +- Website: [eveappeal.org.uk](https://eveappeal.org.uk/) +- Helpline: [0808 802 0019](tel:08088020019) +- [Ask Eve Nurse Information Service](https://eveappeal.org.uk/supporting-you/ask-eve/) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/symptoms.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/symptoms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f14b00 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/symptoms.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +# Symptoms of vulval cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/symptoms/ + +## Main symptoms of vulval cancer + +Symptoms of vulval cancer can affect any part of your vulva, but they're most common on the inner and outer lips (labia) around the opening of your vagina. + +Symptoms can include: + +- a lump +- a sore, growth (this may look and feel like a wart) or ulcer +- bleeding from your vulva, or blood-stained vaginal discharge, that is not related to your periods +- itching that does not get better +- changes to your skin, such as red, white or dark patches (these may be harder to see on brown or black skin), or an area of thickened or raised skin +- a mole that changes shape or colour +- burning pain when you pee + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you have any symptoms of vulval cancer +> +> Try not to be embarrassed – the GP will be used to talking about these symptoms. + +## Important + +These symptoms are very common and can be caused by many different conditions. + +Having them does not definitely mean you have vulval cancer. But it's important to get them checked by a GP. + +This is because if they're caused by cancer, finding it early means treatment is more likely to be successful. + +## What happens at the GP appointment + +The GP may ask to examine you. + +You can ask for a female doctor when you book your appointment. You can have a friend, family member or other member of staff in the room with you during your exam if you want. + +You'll be asked to undress from the waist down, behind a screen. You'll be given a sheet to put over you. + +The GP may: + +- look at the area around the opening of your vagina (vulva) +- feel for any lumps on your vulva (they'll be wearing gloves) +- feel inside your vagina with 2 fingers while pressing on your tummy +- gently put a smooth, tube-shaped tool (a speculum) into your vagina so they can see your cervix (the opening between your vagina and your womb) + +It should not be painful, but you may find it uncomfortable. Talk to the GP if you're feeling uncomfortable. + +### Important + +You are in control and can ask the doctor to stop at any time. + +### Referral to a specialist + +You may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if the GP thinks you have symptoms which could be cancer. This does not definitely mean you have cancer. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: seeing your GP about vulval cancer symptoms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a9cf5e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/tests-and-next-steps.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +# Tests and next steps for vulval cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/tests-and-next-steps/ + +## Main tests for vulval cancer + +If you have symptoms of vulval cancer, you'll usually be referred for a test to have a closer look at the area around the opening of your vagina (your vulva). This is called a vulvoscopy. + +You'll be asked to undress from the waist down, behind a screen. You'll be given a sheet to put over you. + +You can have a friend, family member or other member of staff in the room with you during your vulvoscopy if you want. + +During a vulvoscopy: + +1. The specialist nurse or doctor will ask you to lie back on a bed, usually with your legs bent, knees up and legs apart. You may be asked to rest your legs on supports. +2. They'll use a magnifier called a colposcope (similar to a microscope) to look closely at your vulva from the outside. This will help them find any small changes that may be difficult to see. +3. They may also need to look inside your vagina and womb. If they do, they'll gently put a smooth, tube-shaped tool (a speculum) into your vagina so they can see your cervix with the colposcope. +4. If the nurse or doctor sees anything unusual, they'll usually collect a small sample of cells (biopsy) to send to a laboratory. They'll give you an injection of local anaesthetic first, to numb your vulva. + +It should not be painful, but you may find it uncomfortable. Talk to the nurse or doctor if you're feeling uncomfortable. + +If you had a biopsy, you may have a small amount of bleeding or soreness afterwards. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: tests for vulval cancer + +## Getting your results + +It can take several weeks to get the results of your vulvoscopy and biopsy. + +You may be asked to go to the hospital to get your results, or they may be sent to you in the post. + +Try not to worry if your results are taking a long time to get to you. It does not mean anything is wrong. + +You can call the hospital or GP if you're worried and they may be able to update you if your results are ready. + +A specialist will explain what the results mean and what will happen next. You may want to bring someone with you for support. + +### If you're told you have vulval cancer + +Being told you have vulval cancer can feel overwhelming. You may be feeling anxious about what will happen next. + +It can help to bring someone with you to any appointments you have. + +A group of specialists will look after you throughout your diagnosis, treatment and beyond. + +This will include a clinical nurse specialist, who will be your main point of contact during and after treatment. + +You can ask them any questions you have. + +> **💡 Information:** Get support Macmillan Cancer Support has a free helpline that's open every day from 8am to 8pm. They're there to listen if you have anything you want to talk about. Call 0808 808 0000. + +## Next steps + +If you've been told you have vulval cancer, you'll usually need more tests. + +These, along with the vulvoscopy and biopsy, will help the specialists find out the type of vulval cancer, the size of the cancer, and how far it's spread (called the stage). + +You may need: + +- blood tests +- scans, such as a [CT scan](/tests-and-treatments/ct-scan/), [MRI scan](/tests-and-treatments/mri-scan/) or [PET scan](/tests-and-treatments/pet-scan/) + +You may not have all these tests. + +The specialists will use the results of these tests and work with you to decide on what treatment is best for you. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: stages and grades of vulval cancer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/treatment.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/treatment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5defddb --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/treatment.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +# Treatment for vulval cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/treatment/ + +## Main treatments for vulval cancer + +Vulval cancer is often treatable. + +The treatment you have will depend on: + +- the size and type of vulval cancer you have +- where the cancer is +- if it has spread +- your general health + +The main treatment for vulval cancer is usually surgery. You may also have radiotherapy or chemotherapy. + +The specialist care team looking after you will: + +- explain the treatments, benefits and side effects +- work with you to create a treatment plan that's best for you +- help you to manage the side effects of treatment + +If you have any questions or worries, you can talk to your specialist team. You do not have to wait for your next appointment. + +## Surgery + +Surgery is usually the main treatment for vulval cancer, especially if the cancer is found early. + +Surgery may involve removing: + +- the cancer and an area of tissue around it +- part of your vulva +- the whole of your vulva, including the labia and sometimes the clitoris + +You may also need to have some lymph nodes in your groin removed. These are part of the body's drainage system. + +After removing the cancer, the surgeon will repair your vulva using the remaining skin. In some cases a specialist doctor (plastic surgeon) will need to reconstruct your vulva. They'll do this by using skin or muscle from other parts of your body. + +You'll be supported through surgery and recovery by your specialist team. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Cancer Research UK: types of surgery for vulval cancer + +## Radiotherapy + +[Radiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/radiotherapy/) uses high-energy rays of radiation to kill cancer cells. + +You may have radiotherapy for vulval cancer: + +- before surgery, to shrink the cancer +- after surgery, to help stop the cancer coming back +- if you cannot have surgery +- if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: radiotherapy for vulval cancer + +## Chemotherapy + +[Chemotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/chemotherapy/) uses medicines to kill cancer cells. + +You may have chemotherapy for vulval cancer: + +- before surgery, to shrink the cancer +- after surgery, to help stop the cancer coming back +- if you cannot have surgery +- to treat your symptoms if the cancer has spread + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: chemotherapy for vulval cancer + +## What happens if you've been told your cancer cannot be cured + +If you've been diagnosed with advanced vulval cancer, it may be hard to treat and not possible to cure. + +The aim of treatment will be to slow down the growth and spread of the cancer, to help with the symptoms, and help you live longer. + +Finding out cancer cannot be cured can be very hard news to take in. + +You'll be referred to a team of doctors and nurses called a symptom control team or palliative care team. + +They will help you to manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable. + +The palliative care team can also help you and your loved ones get any other support you need. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more Macmillan Cancer Support: end of life care \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/what-is-vulval-cancer.md b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/what-is-vulval-cancer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c60f43 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/vulval-cancer/what-is-vulval-cancer.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# What is vulval cancer? + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vulval-cancer/what-is-vulval-cancer/ + +![Diagram of the genitals with labels showing parts of the vulva: the clitoris, openings to the vagina and urethra, and inner and outer labia.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID_1857_-_Vulval_Cancer_E5F2zso.width-320.jpg) + +- Vulval cancer (also called vulvar cancer) is cancer that's found anywhere in the vulva. +- The vulva is the area around the opening of the vagina, including the inner and outer lips around the vagina (labia) and the clitoris. +- Vulval cancer is rare and mostly affects women over 65 years old. +- It can affect anyone who has a vulva. +- Vulval cancer may be caused by certain types of [human papillomavirus (HPV)](/conditions/human-papilloma-virus-hpv/), or by skin conditions that affect your vulva. +- How serious it is depends on how big it is, if it has spread and your general health. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/warts-and-verrucas/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/warts-and-verrucas/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e403c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/warts-and-verrucas/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +# Warts and verrucas + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/warts-and-verrucas/ + +**Warts and verrucas are small lumps on the skin that most people have at some point in their life. They usually go away on their own but may take months or even years.** + +## Symptoms of a wart or verruca + +![Two brown, raised, rough lumps (warts) on a person's finger. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/A8JE7M.original.width-320.jpg) + +Warts feel firm and rough. They can appear on palms, knuckles, knees and fingers. + +![A dark brown, circular wart on the back of a person's hand. Shown on brown skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C0497988-Common_wart.width-320.jpg) + +Warts are usually skin coloured but may appear darker on black or brown skin. + +![Two verrucas on the sole of a person's foot. One is on the ball of their foot and has a yellow circular patch with a brown centre. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/C4Y7HY.original.width-320.jpg) + +You can get verrucas on your feet. They have tiny black dots under the hard skin. + +![Lots of brown, flat warts on a person's forehead. Shown on white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/m2900129.original.width-320.jpg) + +Some warts are round, flat and can be yellow (plane warts). You can have many of them. + +![Close-up of white, raised, crusty-looking patches of skin (mosaic warts) on a person with white skin.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/APW5KT.original.width-320.jpg) + +Clusters of warts spread over an area of skin (mosaic warts) are common on feet and hands. + +Warts are not harmful, but some people find them itchy, painful or embarrassing. Verrucas are more likely to be painful – like standing on a needle. + +You can treat warts if they bother you, keep coming back or are painful. + +## A pharmacist can help with warts and verrucas + +You can buy creams, plasters and sprays from pharmacies to treat warts and verrucas. + +These treatments can take up to 3 months to complete, may irritate your skin and do not always work. You should not use these treatments on your face. + +Your pharmacist can give you advice about the best treatment for you. + +[Find a pharmacy](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-pharmacy) + +> **📋 Non-urgent advice:** +> +> - you're worried about a growth on your skin +> - you have a wart or verruca that keeps coming back +> - you have a very large or painful wart or verruca +> - you have a wart that bleeds or changes in how it looks +> - you have a wart on your face or genitals + +> **💡 Information:** Genital warts Genital warts can be treated at a sexual health or GUM clinic. Find your nearest sexual health service + +## Treatments for warts and verrucas + +A GP may be able to freeze a wart or verruca so it falls off a few weeks later. Sometimes it takes a few sessions. + +Check with the GP if the NHS pays for this treatment in your area. + +If treatment has not worked or you have a wart on your face, the GP might refer you to a skin specialist (dermatologist). + +If you have a large or very painful verruca, you may be referred to a foot specialist (podiatrist). + +A podiatrist can provide a number of treatments including: + +- stronger medicines than you can get from a pharmacist +- freezing the verruca using liquid nitrogen (cryotherapy) +- surgery to remove the verruca using a scalpel or laser + +You can also pay to see a podiatrist privately. + +[Find a podiatrist](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/other-health-services/podiatrists-and-chiropodists) + +## How to stop warts and verrucas spreading + +Warts and verrucas are caused by a virus. They can be spread to other people from contaminated surfaces or through close skin contact. + +You're more likely to spread a wart or verruca if your skin is wet or damaged. + +It can take months for a wart or verruca to appear after contact with the virus. + +There are things you can do to help stop warts or verrucas spreading to other people. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wash your hands after touching a wart or verruca +- ✅ change your socks daily if you have a verruca +- ✅ cover warts and verrucas with a plaster when swimming +- ✅ take care not to cut a wart when shaving + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not share towels, flannels, socks or shoes if you have a wart or verruca +- ❌ do not bite your nails or suck fingers with warts on +- ❌ do not walk barefoot in public places if you have a verruca +- ❌ do not scratch or pick a wart + +Page last reviewed: 25 July 2023 +Next review due: 25 July 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/whiplash/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/whiplash/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e8fe46 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/whiplash/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# Whiplash + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/whiplash/ + +**Whiplash is a neck injury caused by sudden movement of the head. It usually gets better within 2 to 3 months.** + +## Symptoms of whiplash + +Whiplash most often happens after a traffic accident or a slip or fall. + +Common symptoms of whiplash include: + +- [neck pain](/symptoms/neck-pain-and-stiff-neck/) +- neck stiffness and difficulty moving your head +- [headaches](/symptoms/headaches/) +- pain and muscle spasms in the shoulders and arms + +It can take several hours for the symptoms to start after you injure your neck. + +## Things you can do to treat whiplash + +There are some things you can do to treat whiplash. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ take painkillers, such asparacetamoloribuprofen, to help with pain +- ✅ try to continue doing everyday activities – it might hurt a little but it will speed up your recovery + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not use a neck brace or collar to support your neck – this does not help +- ❌ do not rest your neck for long periods of time + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You have injured your neck and: +> +> - you have severe pain despite taking paracetamol or ibuprofen +> - you have tingling or pins and needles on 1 or both sides of your body +> - you have problems with walking or sitting upright +> - you have a sudden "electric shock" feeling in your neck and back which may also go into your arms and legs +> - your arms or legs feel weak +> +> These symptoms could be caused by damage to the nerves in your neck or back. +> +> You can call 111 or [check your symptoms on 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). +> +> What we mean by severe pain +> +> Severe pain: +> : - always there and so bad it's hard to think or talk +> - you cannot sleep +> - it's very hard to move, get out of bed, go to the bathroom, wash or dress +> +> Moderate pain: +> : - always there +> - makes it hard to concentrate or sleep +> - you can manage to get up, wash or dress +> +> Mild pain: +> : - comes and goes +> - is annoying but does not stop you doing daily activities + +## Treatment for whiplash + +A GP may prescribe a stronger painkiller such as [codeine](/medicines/codeine-old/) for whiplash. + +If your symptoms do not get any better after a few weeks, a GP may refer you: + +- to a physiotherapist +- to a pain specialist +- for psychological support + +Physiotherapy from the NHS may not be available in your area and waiting times can be long. You can also get physiotherapy privately. + +[Find out more about physiotherapy](/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) + +Page last reviewed: 03 January 2023 +Next review due: 03 January 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/whooping-cough/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/whooping-cough/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b307fd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/whooping-cough/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +# Whooping cough + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/whooping-cough/ + +## Symptoms of whooping cough + +The first signs of whooping cough are similar to a [cold](/conditions/common-cold/), such as a runny nose and sore throat (a high temperature is uncommon). + +After about a week, you or your child: + +- will get coughing bouts that last for a few minutes and are worse at night +- may make a "whoop" sound – a gasp for breath between coughs (young babies and some adults may not "whoop") +- may have difficulty breathing after a coughing bout and may turn blue or grey (young infants) +- may bring up a thick mucus, which can make you vomit +- may become very red in the face (more common in adults) + +The cough may last for several weeks or months. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - your baby is under 6 months old and has symptoms of whooping cough +> - you or your child have a very bad cough that is getting worse +> - you've been in contact with someone with whooping cough and you're pregnant +> +> [Check symptoms on 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms) (for children aged 5 and over) or call 111 (for children under 5). + +## Whooping cough can be dangerous + +Babies under 12 months old with whooping cough have an increased chance of having problems such as: + +- [dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/) +- breathing difficulties +- [pneumonia](/conditions/pneumonia/) +- [seizures (fits)](/conditions/febrile-seizures/) + +Whooping cough is less severe in older children and adults but coughing may cause problems including: + +- sore ribs +- [hernia](/conditions/hernia/) +- [middle ear infections](/conditions/ear-infections/) +- pee leaking out when you cough ([urinary incontinence](/conditions/urinary-incontinence/)) + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> - your or your child's lips, tongue, face or skin suddenly turn blue or grey (on black or brown skin this may be easier to see on the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet) +> - you or your child are finding it hard to breathe properly (shallow breathing) +> - you or your child have chest pain that's worse when breathing or coughing – this could be a sign of pneumonia +> - your child is having seizures (fits) +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Treatment for whooping cough + +Treatment for whooping cough depends on your age and how long you've had the infection. + +Hospital treatment is usually needed if you have severe whooping cough, or your baby is under 6 months old and has whooping cough. + +If whooping cough is diagnosed within 3 weeks of your cough starting, you'll be given antibiotics to help stop it spreading to others. + +Antibiotics may not reduce symptoms. + +### Important + +Keep taking the antibiotics until you've completed the course, even if you feel better. Stopping treatment too soon could lead to the infection coming back. + +## How to ease the symptoms of whooping cough + +There are some things you can do to help ease the symptoms of whooping cough. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ get plenty of rest +- ✅ drink lots of fluids +- ✅ takeparacetamoloribuprofenif you or your child are uncomfortable – check the leaflet if you're not sure it's suitable for you or your child + +**Don't:** + +- ❌ do not give aspirin to children under the age of 16 years + +## How long whooping cough is contagious + +If you have whooping cough, you're contagious for up to 3 weeks after the coughing starts. + +If you start antibiotics within 2 weeks of starting to cough, it will reduce the time you're contagious for. + +### Important + +Stay off school, work or nursery until 48 hours after starting antibiotics, or 3 weeks after your cough started if you've not had antibiotics. + +## The whooping cough vaccine + +The whooping cough vaccine protects babies and children from getting whooping cough. That's why it's important to have all the [routine NHS vaccinations](/vaccinations/nhs-vaccinations-and-when-to-have-them/). + +The whooping cough vaccine is routinely given as part of the: + +- [6-in-1 vaccine](/vaccinations/6-in-1-vaccine/) – for children at 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks and 18 months +- [4-in-1 pre-school booster](/vaccinations/4-in-1-preschool-booster-vaccine/) – for children aged 3 years 4 months + +If you're pregnant you should also have the whooping cough vaccine. You usually have it when you're around 20 weeks pregnant. This helps protect your baby for the first few weeks of their life. + +Speak to your GP surgery or midwife if you're 20 weeks pregnant and have not been offered the whooping cough vaccine. + +[Find out more about the whooping cough vaccination in pregnancy](/pregnancy/keeping-well/whooping-cough-vaccination/) + +## What is whooping cough? + +In this video, a doctor explains the symptoms of whooping cough and when to seek medical help. + +Media last reviewed: 23 September 2025 +Media review due: 23 September 2028 + +Page last reviewed: 21 March 2023 +Next review due: 21 March 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62dea5c --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +# Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/ + +## Symptoms of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome + +The main symptom of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is suddenly getting a very fast heartbeat. This can last from a few seconds to several hours, and usually stops by itself. + +How often you get a fast heartbeat varies between people, and can range from every day to a few times a year or less. + +When this happens you may get symptoms such as: + +- a fluttering feeling in your chest or your heartbeat pounding, racing or going too slowly (heart palpitations) +- feeling dizzy or faint +- shortness of breath +- chest pain or discomfort + +Symptoms usually start in adults aged between 30 and 50, but it can happen at any age. + +Some people with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome do not have any symptoms. Sometimes it's found when you have tests for another reason. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You or someone else gets a fast heartbeat and: +> +> - you have a fast heartbeat or heart palpitations that keeps happening or is getting worse +> - it does not go back to normal after a few minutes +> - you also have other symptoms such as feeling dizzy, sick or faint, shortness of breath or chest pain +> - someone faints and cannot be woken up +> - you've been diagnosed with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and techniques you've been shown to stop a fast heartbeat are not working +> +> [Find your nearest A&E](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service/) + +> **💡 Information:** Do not drive to A&E. Ask someone to drive you or call 999 and ask for an ambulance. Bring any medicines you take with you. + +## Tests for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome + +If a GP thinks you could have a heart problem such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, they'll refer you to a heart specialist (cardiologist) for tests. + +Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is usually diagnosed using an [electrocardiogram (ECG)](/tests-and-treatments/electrocardiogram/), where sensors are put on your chest to check your heart while you're having symptoms. + +Other tests you might need include: + +- an exercise ECG, where your heart is checked while you use a treadmill or exercise bike +- wearing a small heart monitor for 24 hours or longer +- an ultrasound scan of your heart ([echocardiogram](/tests-and-treatments/echocardiogram/)) +- a test to look at how your heart works in more detail, by passing thin tubes (catheters) through a vein to your heart (an electrophysiological (EP) study) + +Sometimes the condition is found in people who have no symptoms. This is called Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. + +## Risks of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome + +Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is not usually serious. Many people only have mild symptoms. Sometimes symptoms improve or stop as you get older. + +In rare cases, it causes a fast heartbeat that can be life-threatening. But if doctors think you're at risk then you'll be offered treatment to prevent this. + +## Treatments for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome + +Treatment for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome depends on your symptoms and if your heart specialist (cardiologist) thinks you're at high risk of serious problems. + +You might not need any treatment if you have no symptoms, or mild symptoms that only happen rarely. + +### Treatment to stop a fast heartbeat + +There are some treatments that can help when you’re having symptoms. + +Doctors may teach you techniques that can stop your heart from beating too fast (vagal manoeuvres). These include things like coughing, breathing techniques or putting very cold water on your face. + +If these techniques do not work, you may need: + +- an injection of medicine into a vein to reset your heart rhythm +- a procedure that uses electricity to reset your heart rhythm (electrical cardioversion) + +### Treatment to prevent symptoms + +If you keep getting symptoms or if you’re at risk of having a very fast heartbeat that becomes life-threatening, you may be offered treatment to prevent symptoms. + +The main treatment is a procedure to burn or freeze a small section of your heart (cardiac ablation). This usually works well to stop you having symptoms. + +Your doctor may advise you to avoid things that could trigger your symptoms, such as alcohol, caffeine or intense exercise. + +Other treatments you might be offered include medicines to help control your heart rate. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more British Heart Foundation: cardioversion British Heart Foundation: ablation + +## Causes of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome + +Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome happens when you're born with a problem with the electrical connections in your heart. + +Usually this happens by chance. In rare cases it's passed on from a parent to a child (inherited). + +It's more common in men and in people with other heart conditions. + +## Help and support for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome + +If you or someone in your family lives with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, you can get support from charities: + +- [British Heart Foundation: Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome](https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome) +- [British Heart Foundation: support](https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support) + +Page last reviewed: 03 October 2025 +Next review due: 03 October 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/womb-cancer/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/womb-cancer/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d2e9e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/womb-cancer/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# Overview-Womb (uterus) cancer + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/womb-cancer/ + +![Diagram of the pelvic area with labels showing the vagina, cervix, womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries. The womb is above the vagina and cervix.](https://assets.nhs.uk/nhsuk-cms/images/VID-1404_-_Womb_Cancer_Illustration_copy.width-320.jpg) + +- Womb cancer is cancer that affects the womb (uterus). It's most common in women who've been through menopause. +- Anyone with a womb can get womb cancer. +- The womb is where a baby grows during pregnancy. +- Most womb cancer usually starts in the lining of the womb (endometrium), this is also known as endometrial cancer. +- How serious the womb cancer is depends on how big it is, if it has spread and your general health. + +## Get your symptoms checked + +It's important to get any [symptoms of womb cancer](/conditions/womb-cancer/symptoms/) checked as soon as possible. Finding it earlier makes it easier to treat. + +Page last reviewed: 29 October 2024 +Next review due: 29 October 2027 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/yellow-fever/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/yellow-fever/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0218f38 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/yellow-fever/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# Overview-Yellow fever + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/yellow-fever/ + +**Yellow fever is a serious infection spread by mosquitoes. It's found in certain areas of Africa and South and Central America. You should have a yellow fever vaccination if you're travelling to an area where there's a risk of getting it.** + +## Check if you're at risk of yellow fever + +You can get yellow fever if you're bitten by an infected mosquito. The mosquitoes that carry the yellow fever virus bite during the day. + +Yellow fever is very common in certain parts of the world, including: + +- parts of sub-Saharan Africa (the area below the Sahara desert) +- parts of South America, including Trinidad and Tobago +- parts of Central America + +Yellow fever is not found in the UK, Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand or the Pacific Islands. + +> **💡 Information:** Check before you travel You can get health advice for a country you're travelling to on the TravelHealthPro website + +## How to lower your risk of yellow fever + +If you're travelling to an area where yellow fever is found, there are some things you can do to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ wear long-sleeved clothing and trousers to cover your arms and legs, particularly during early morning and early evening +- ✅ use insect repellent on your skin (ideally one that contains the ingredient DEET) +- ✅ close windows and doors whenever possible, or use blinds or screens +- ✅ sleep under a mosquito net treated with insecticide, including during the day + +### Yellow fever vaccination + +The yellow fever vaccine is recommended if: + +- you're travelling to an area where yellow fever is found +- you need a yellow fever certificate to prove you've been vaccinated + +Some people at risk of yellow fever through their work should also get vaccinated. + +The yellow fever vaccine is safe for most people who are 9 months old or over. + +You have to pay for the yellow fever vaccine for travel, and you can only get it from registered yellow fever vaccination centres. + +[Find out more about the yellow fever vaccine](/conditions/yellow-fever/vaccination/) + +> **💡 Information:** Yellow fever vaccination centres Find your nearest yellow fever vaccination centre on the National Travel Health Network and Centre website + +## Symptoms of yellow fever + +Yellow fever symptoms usually start 3 to 6 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito, but sometimes they can take longer to appear. + +Some yellow fever symptoms are similar to flu, such as: + +- high temperature +- headache +- feeling or being sick +- aches and pains +- loss of appetite +- feeling generally unwell + +These symptoms often last 3 or 4 days. But a small number of people get more serious symptoms within 24 hours of feeling better. + +More serious symptoms include: + +- yellowing of your skin and eyes ([jaundice](/conditions/jaundice/)) +- dark pee +- stomach pain +- bleeding from your eyes, nose, mouth or stomach – you may have blood in your vomit or poo + +These more serious symptoms can be fatal. + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> - you feel unwell after travelling to a country where yellow fever is found +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). +> +> Tell anyone you speak to about your recent travel, and if you were bitten by a mosquito or might have been. +> +> If you become unwell while you're abroad, get medical help as soon as possible. Do not wait until you get back to the UK. + +## Treatment for yellow fever + +There's no specific treatment for yellow fever. + +Most people make a full recovery after 3 or 4 days. + +Things you can do to help ease your symptoms include: + +- taking painkillers, such as [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/about-paracetamol-for-adults/) or [ibuprofen](/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/), which can help lower your temperature and relieve muscle pain or backache +- drinking plenty of fluids to avoid [dehydration](/conditions/dehydration/) + +If you have more serious symptoms of yellow fever, you'll need to go into hospital immediately to be treated. + +Page last reviewed: 25 July 2023 +Next review due: 25 July 2026 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/data/zika/index.md b/nhs-crawler/data/zika/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0145e48 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/data/zika/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +# Zika virus + +> Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/zika/ + +## Check if you're at risk of Zika virus + +Zika virus is usually caught by being bitten by an infected mosquito. + +Very rarely, you can get the virus by having sex with someone who has it. + +Zika virus is found in parts of: + +- South and Central America +- the Caribbean +- the Pacific islands +- Africa +- Asia + +The type of mosquitoes that carry Zika virus are not found in the UK. + +> **💡 Information:** Check before you travel It's important to check the risk for the country you're going to before you travel. Find out more about the Zika virus risk in specific countries on the Travel Health Pro website + +## How to avoid Zika virus + +If you're travelling to an area where Zika virus is found, get advice from your GP surgery, a pharmacy or travel clinic before you go. + +It's best to do this at least 4 to 6 weeks before you travel, but you can still get advice at the last minute if you need to. + +There are things you can do to avoid getting Zika virus while you're travelling. + +**Do:** + +- ✅ use insect repellent on your skin – make sure it's 50% DEET-based +- ✅ sleep under mosquito nets treated with insecticide +- ✅ wear loose clothing that covers your arms and legs – the mosquitoes that carry Zika virus are most active during the day + +### Important + +You should consider avoiding travelling to a country with a risk of Zika virus if you're pregnant or planning a pregnancy in the near future. + +Zika virus can seriously harm your baby if you have the virus while you're pregnant. + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more GOV.UK: avoiding mosquito bites when travelling + +## Symptoms of Zika virus + +Most people have few or no symptoms if they get Zika virus. + +If you do have symptoms, they're usually mild and last around 2 to 7 days. + +The most common symptoms include: + +- a high temperature +- a headache +- sore, red eyes +- swollen joints and joint and muscle pain +- lower back pain +- a rash and itching all over the body + +> **⚠️ Urgent advice:** +> +> You've recently travelled to a country with a Zika virus risk and: +> +> - you have symptoms of Zika virus +> - you or your partner are pregnant +> - you or your partner get pregnant within 3 months of coming back to the UK +> +> You can call 111 or [get help from 111 online](https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms). +> +> Get medical advice quickly if you have Zika virus symptoms while you're travelling. + +## Treatments for Zika virus + +There are no specific treatments for Zika virus. + +If you have symptoms, you should: + +- get plenty of rest +- drink lots of fluids +- take pain relief, such as [paracetamol](/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults-old/about-paracetamol-for-adults/) + +If you're pregnant and have Zika virus, your midwife or hospital doctor (obstetrician) will talk about the risk with you. + +They may arrange a blood test and an [ultrasound scan](/pregnancy/your-pregnancy-care/ultrasound-scans/) to check your baby's growth and development. + +You may also be referred to a specialist for more monitoring. + +## Complications of Zika virus + +### Problems during and after pregnancy + +Zika virus can cause serious problems during and after pregnancy, such as: + +- loss of the baby before birth +- [premature birth](/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/premature-labour-and-birth/) +- stillbirth +- problems with the baby’s brain, hearing and eyesight +- the baby having an unusually small head (microcephaly) + +If there's a chance you or your partner could get pregnant, you should: + +- use condoms when having sex in an area where Zika virus is found +- continue to use condoms for 3 months if both you and your male partner have returned from a country with a Zika virus risk, or if your male partner has returned after travelling alone +- continue to use condoms for 2 months if you're female and you've returned from a country with a Zika virus risk after travelling alone + +If you or your partner are already pregnant, use condoms during and after your visit to a country with a Zika virus risk and for the rest of your pregnancy. + +Speak to your midwife or doctor for advice if you're worried your unborn baby may be affected by Zika virus. + +### **Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)** + +Rarely, Zika virus can cause [Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)](/conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/), a serious condition that affects the nervous system. + +Anyone can get Guillain-Barré syndrome, but it mainly affects adults and older children. + +> **🚨 Immediate action required:** +> +> You've recently travelled to a country with a Zika virus risk and: +> +> - you have numbness, pins and needles, muscle weakness or pain in your feet and hands that spreads to your arms and legs + +> **💡 Information:** Find out more GOV.UK: preventing Zika virus infection by sexual transmission Bumps (Best Use of Medicines in Pregnancy): Zika virus TravelHealthPro: assessing your Zika virus risk when travelling + +Page last reviewed: 31 July 2025 +Next review due: 31 July 2028 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nhs-crawler/pyproject.toml b/nhs-crawler/pyproject.toml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57cc133 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/pyproject.toml @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +[project] +name = "nhs-crawler" +version = "0.1.0" +description = "Scraper for all NHS Health A to Z condition pages — fetches and saves as clean Markdown" +readme = "README.md" +requires-python = ">=3.11" +dependencies = [ + "beautifulsoup4>=4.12", + "lxml>=5.0", + "markdownify>=0.13", + "requests>=2.31", +] + +[project.optional-dependencies] +dev = [ + "pyright>=1.1.350", + "ruff>=0.5", + "types-requests>=2.31", + "types-beautifulsoup4>=4.12", +] + +[project.scripts] +nhs-crawler = "src.cli:main" + +[build-system] +requires = ["hatchling"] +build-backend = "hatchling.build" + +[tool.hatch.build.targets.wheel] +packages = ["src"] + +[tool.ruff] +target-version = "py311" +line-length = 100 + +[tool.ruff.lint] +select = ["E", "F", "W", "I", "UP", "B", "C4", "SIM", "TCH"] + +[tool.ruff.lint.isort] +known-first-party = ["src"] + +[tool.pyright] +pythonVersion = "3.11" +typeCheckingMode = "strict" diff --git a/nhs-crawler/src/__init__.py b/nhs-crawler/src/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07ca4c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/src/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +"""NHS Conditions Scraper — fetch and convert all Health A to Z condition pages to Markdown.""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +__version__ = "0.1.0" diff --git a/nhs-crawler/src/cli.py b/nhs-crawler/src/cli.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93becd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/src/cli.py @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +"""Command-line entry point for the NHS Conditions scraper.""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +import argparse +import sys + +from src.constants import CONDITIONS_INDEX_URL +from src.crawler import discover_subpage_urls, parse_page_to_markdown +from src.pipeline import run_pipeline, save_markdown +from src.utils import slug_from_url + + +def main() -> int: + """Run the NHS Conditions scraper from the command line.""" + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="NHS Conditions scraper") + parser.add_argument( + "--url", + type=str, + default=None, + help="Scrape a single condition URL (including subpages). " + "If omitted, scrapes all conditions from the A-to-Z index.", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--page", + type=str, + default=None, + help="Scrape a single specific page URL (no subpage discovery).", + ) + args = parser.parse_args() + + if args.page: + print(f"Scraping single page: {args.page}") + result = parse_page_to_markdown(args.page) + if result["errors"]: + print(f"Errors: {result['errors']}") + else: + save_markdown(result) + print(f"Saved: {slug_from_url(args.page)} ({len(result['markdown'])} chars)") + return 0 + + if args.url: + print(f"Scraping condition: {args.url}") + subpages = discover_subpage_urls(args.url) + print(f"Found {len(subpages)} page(s)") + for url in subpages: + result = parse_page_to_markdown(url) + if result["errors"]: + print(f" ERROR: {url} — {result['errors']}") + else: + save_markdown(result) + print(f" Saved: {slug_from_url(url)} ({len(result['markdown'])} chars)") + return 0 + + print(f"Starting NHS Conditions scraper\nIndex: {CONDITIONS_INDEX_URL}\n") + summary = run_pipeline() + if "error" in summary: + print(f"\nPipeline failed: {summary['error']}") + return 1 + print( + f"\nPipeline complete: {summary['pages_scraped']} pages scraped, " + f"{summary['error_count']} errors." + ) + return 0 + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + sys.exit(main()) diff --git a/nhs-crawler/src/constants.py b/nhs-crawler/src/constants.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5180dfa --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/src/constants.py @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +"""Path and URL constants for the NHS Conditions scraper.""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +from pathlib import Path + +BASE_DIR: Path = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent +DATA_DIR: Path = BASE_DIR / "data" +LOG_DIR: Path = BASE_DIR / "logs" +REPORT_DIR: Path = BASE_DIR / "reports" + +for _directory in (DATA_DIR, LOG_DIR, REPORT_DIR): + _directory.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) + +LOG_FILE: Path = LOG_DIR / "crawl.log" +SUMMARY_FILE: Path = REPORT_DIR / "summary.json" + +SITE_ORIGIN: str = "https://www.nhs.uk" +CONDITIONS_INDEX_URL: str = "https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/conditions/" + +DELAY: float = 0.5 +TIMEOUT: int = 30 +MAX_WORKERS: int = 4 diff --git a/nhs-crawler/src/converter.py b/nhs-crawler/src/converter.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a0a838 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/src/converter.py @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +"""Convert NHS HTML content elements to clean Markdown. + +Pre-processes the BeautifulSoup tree to transform NHS design-system +components (care cards, do/don't lists, inset text) into plain HTML that +``markdownify`` handles natively. +""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, Tag +from markdownify import markdownify + +_CARE_CARD_PREFIXES: dict[str, str] = { + "nhsuk-card--care--emergency": "🚨 Immediate action required:", + "nhsuk-card--care--urgent": "⚠️ Urgent advice:", + "nhsuk-card--care--non-urgent": "📋 Non-urgent advice:", + "nhsuk-card--care": "📋 Advice:", +} + +_CLUTTER_TAGS = ["button", "form", "input", "svg"] + + +def html_to_markdown(element: Tag) -> str: + """Convert a BeautifulSoup Tag to clean Markdown.""" + clone = BeautifulSoup(str(element), "lxml") + + _transform_care_cards(clone) + _transform_inset_text(clone) + _transform_do_dont_lists(clone) + + md = markdownify( + str(clone), + heading_style="ATX", + bullets="-", + strip=_CLUTTER_TAGS, + ) + return _collapse_blank_lines(md).strip() + + +def _transform_care_cards(soup: BeautifulSoup) -> None: + """Convert NHS care cards into ``
    `` elements.""" + for css_class, prefix in _CARE_CARD_PREFIXES.items(): + for card in soup.find_all("div", class_=css_class): + content_div = card.find("div", class_="nhsuk-card__content") + inner_html = str(content_div) if content_div else "" + new_tag = BeautifulSoup( + f"

    {prefix}

    {inner_html}
    ", + "lxml", + ) + card.replace_with(new_tag) + + +def _transform_inset_text(soup: BeautifulSoup) -> None: + """Convert NHS inset-text boxes into ``
    `` elements.""" + for inset in soup.find_all("div", class_="nhsuk-inset-text"): + text = inset.get_text(separator=" ", strip=True) + new_tag = BeautifulSoup( + f"

    💡 Information: {text}

    ", + "lxml", + ) + inset.replace_with(new_tag) + + +def _transform_do_dont_lists(soup: BeautifulSoup) -> None: + """Convert NHS do/don't lists into clean HTML ``
      `` elements.""" + for container in soup.find_all("div", class_="nhsuk-do-dont-list"): + parts: list[str] = [] + + label_tag = container.find(class_="nhsuk-do-dont-list__label") + label_text = label_tag.get_text(strip=True) if label_tag else "" + + tick_list = container.find("ul", class_="nhsuk-list--tick") + cross_list = container.find("ul", class_="nhsuk-list--cross") + + if tick_list: + parts.append(f"

      {label_text or 'Do'}:

        ") + for li in tick_list.find_all("li", recursive=False): + _strip_svgs(li) + parts.append(f"
      • ✅ {li.get_text(strip=True)}
        • ") + parts.append("
      ") + + if cross_list: + parts.append("

      Don't:

        ") + for li in cross_list.find_all("li", recursive=False): + _strip_svgs(li) + parts.append(f"
      • ❌ {li.get_text(strip=True)}
        • ") + parts.append("
      ") + + container.replace_with(BeautifulSoup("".join(parts), "lxml")) + + +def _strip_svgs(element: Tag) -> None: + """Remove all ```` children from an element.""" + for svg in element.find_all("svg"): + svg.decompose() + + +def _collapse_blank_lines(text: str, max_blanks: int = 2) -> str: + """Reduce runs of more than *max_blanks* consecutive blank lines.""" + pattern = "\n" * (max_blanks + 1) + replacement = "\n" * max_blanks + while pattern in text: + text = text.replace(pattern, replacement) + return text diff --git a/nhs-crawler/src/crawler.py b/nhs-crawler/src/crawler.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90cb508 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/src/crawler.py @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +"""Crawling and parsing of NHS Health A to Z condition pages. + +The NHS conditions site has two page types: + +1. **Hub pages** — the top-level landing page for a condition (e.g. + ``/conditions/type-2-diabetes/``). Some hub pages consolidate all + content inline (like asthma); others provide a sidebar of subpage + links (like type-2-diabetes with Symptoms, Treatment, etc.). + +2. **Subpages** — individual topic pages under a condition + (e.g. ``/conditions/type-2-diabetes/treatment/``). +""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +import re +from typing import Any +from urllib.parse import urlparse + +from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, Tag + +from src.constants import CONDITIONS_INDEX_URL +from src.logging_config import get_logger +from src.utils import build_absolute_url, is_nhs_conditions, safe_request, slug_from_url + +logger = get_logger() + +_CONDITION_RE = re.compile(r"^/conditions/([a-z0-9][a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])/?$", re.IGNORECASE) + +_CLUTTER_SELECTORS = [ + "nav", + ".nhsuk-breadcrumb", + ".nhsuk-feedback-banner", + ".nhsuk-page-banner", + ".nhsuk-u-visually-hidden", + ".nhsuk-card__link-container", + ".nhsuk-back-to-top", + "script", + "style", + "svg", + ".nhsuk-skip-link", + ".nhsuk-header", + ".nhsuk-footer", +] + + +def discover_condition_urls() -> list[str]: + """Fetch the A-to-Z index and return an ordered list of unique condition URLs.""" + logger.info(f"Fetching conditions index: {CONDITIONS_INDEX_URL}") + response = safe_request(CONDITIONS_INDEX_URL) + if response is None or response.status_code != 200: + status = response.status_code if response else "None" + logger.error(f"Failed to fetch index page (status={status})") + return [] + + soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, "lxml") + urls: list[str] = [] + seen: set[str] = set() + + for a in soup.find_all("a", href=True): + href = a["href"].split("?")[0].split("#")[0] + abs_url = build_absolute_url(href) + if not _CONDITION_RE.match(urlparse(abs_url).path): + continue + clean_url = abs_url.rstrip("/") + "/" + if clean_url not in seen: + seen.add(clean_url) + urls.append(clean_url) + + logger.info(f"Discovered {len(urls)} condition URLs from index") + return urls + + +def discover_subpage_urls(hub_url: str) -> list[str]: + """Fetch a condition hub page and discover all subpage URLs. + + NHS hub pages list subpages in a ``
        `` + element. Hub pages without subpages return ``[hub_url]``. + + Returns: + List of absolute URLs. If the hub has subpages, the hub itself is + excluded (subpages contain all the content). + """ + response = safe_request(hub_url) + if response is None or response.status_code != 200: + status = response.status_code if response else "None" + logger.warning(f" Failed to fetch hub page {hub_url} (status={status})") + return [hub_url] + + soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, "lxml") + hub_links = soup.find("ul", class_="nhsuk-hub-key-links") + if hub_links and isinstance(hub_links, Tag): + subpages: list[str] = [] + for a in hub_links.find_all("a", href=True): + abs_url = build_absolute_url(a["href"]).split("?")[0].split("#")[0].rstrip("/") + "/" + if ( + is_nhs_conditions(abs_url) + and abs_url.startswith(hub_url.rstrip("/") + "/") + and abs_url != hub_url + ): + subpages.append(abs_url) + + if subpages: + logger.info(f" [{slug_from_url(hub_url)}] Found {len(subpages)} subpages") + return subpages + + return [hub_url] + + +def parse_page_to_markdown(url: str) -> dict[str, Any]: + """Fetch a single condition page and convert it to clean Markdown.""" + from src.converter import html_to_markdown + + result: dict[str, Any] = { + "url": url, + "title": "", + "markdown": "", + "status": None, + "errors": [], + } + + response = safe_request(url) + if response is None: + result["errors"].append("request failed (no response)") + return result + result["status"] = response.status_code + if response.status_code != 200: + result["errors"].append(f"HTTP {response.status_code}") + return result + + soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, "lxml") + result["title"] = _extract_title(soup) + + content_element = _find_main_content(soup) + if content_element is None: + result["errors"].append("could not locate main content element") + return result + + _remove_clutter(content_element) + result["markdown"] = html_to_markdown(content_element).strip() + + return result + + +def _extract_title(soup: BeautifulSoup) -> str: + """Extract the page title from ``

        `` or ````.""" + h1 = soup.find("h1") + if h1: + return h1.get_text(strip=True) + title_tag = soup.find("title") + if title_tag: + return title_tag.get_text(strip=True).split("|")[0].strip() + return "" + + +def _find_main_content(soup: BeautifulSoup) -> Tag | None: + """Locate the main content element on an NHS conditions page. + + Strategy (ordered by specificity): + 1. ``<div class="nhsuk-grid-column-two-thirds">`` inside ``<article>`` + 2. ``<article>`` tag + 3. ``<main>`` tag + 4. ``<body>`` as fallback + """ + article = soup.find("article") + if article and isinstance(article, Tag): + content = article.find("div", class_="nhsuk-grid-column-two-thirds") + if content and isinstance(content, Tag): + return content + return article + + main = soup.find("main") + if main and isinstance(main, Tag): + return main + + body = soup.find("body") + return body if isinstance(body, Tag) else None + + +def _remove_clutter(element: Tag) -> None: + """Remove navigation, breadcrumbs, feedback forms, and other non-content elements.""" + for selector in _CLUTTER_SELECTORS: + for tag in element.select(selector): # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownMemberType] + tag.decompose() diff --git a/nhs-crawler/src/http_client.py b/nhs-crawler/src/http_client.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6470e6e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/src/http_client.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +"""HTTP session management with retry logic.""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +from requests import Session +from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter +from urllib3.util.retry import Retry + +from src.constants import SITE_ORIGIN + + +def make_session() -> Session: + """Create a requests Session configured with retries and NHS-friendly headers.""" + retry = Retry( + total=4, + backoff_factor=1.2, + status_forcelist=[429, 500, 502, 503, 504], + allowed_methods=["GET", "HEAD"], + ) + adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retry, pool_connections=10, pool_maxsize=20) + + session = Session() + session.mount("http://", adapter) + session.mount("https://", adapter) + session.headers.update( + { + "User-Agent": f"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; NHSConditionsScraper/1.0; +{SITE_ORIGIN})", + "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8", + } + ) + return session diff --git a/nhs-crawler/src/logging_config.py b/nhs-crawler/src/logging_config.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b81b02e --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/src/logging_config.py @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +"""Shared logger for the NHS Conditions scraper.""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +import logging + +from src.constants import LOG_FILE + +_logger: logging.Logger | None = None + + +def get_logger() -> logging.Logger: + """Return the shared package logger, initialising it on first call.""" + global _logger + if _logger is not None: + return _logger + + logger = logging.getLogger("nhs-crawler") + logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + + formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s [%(levelname)s] %(message)s") + + file_handler = logging.FileHandler(LOG_FILE, mode="a", encoding="utf-8") + file_handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + file_handler.setFormatter(formatter) + + stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler() + stream_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO) + stream_handler.setFormatter(formatter) + + logger.addHandler(file_handler) + logger.addHandler(stream_handler) + + _logger = logger + return logger diff --git a/nhs-crawler/src/pipeline.py b/nhs-crawler/src/pipeline.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7be4c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/src/pipeline.py @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +"""Pipeline orchestration for the NHS Conditions scraper. + +Flow: discover conditions → discover subpages → fetch & convert → save → report. +""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +import json +from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed +from typing import Any + +from src.constants import DATA_DIR, MAX_WORKERS, REPORT_DIR, SUMMARY_FILE +from src.crawler import discover_condition_urls, discover_subpage_urls, parse_page_to_markdown +from src.logging_config import get_logger +from src.utils import condition_name_from_url, now_iso, slug_from_url + +logger = get_logger() + + +def run_pipeline() -> dict[str, Any]: + """Execute the full crawl-and-save pipeline and return the summary dict.""" + logger.info("=" * 70) + logger.info("NHS Conditions Scraper — Pipeline started") + logger.info("=" * 70) + + condition_urls = discover_condition_urls() + if not condition_urls: + logger.error("No condition URLs found. Aborting.") + return {"error": "no conditions discovered"} + + (REPORT_DIR / "condition_urls.json").write_text( + json.dumps(condition_urls, indent=2), encoding="utf-8" + ) + + all_pages: list[str] = [] + for i, hub_url in enumerate(condition_urls, 1): + slug = condition_name_from_url(hub_url) + logger.info(f"[{i}/{len(condition_urls)}] Discovering subpages for {slug}") + all_pages.extend(discover_subpage_urls(hub_url)) + + logger.info(f"Total pages to fetch: {len(all_pages)}") + + results: list[dict[str, Any]] = [] + errors: list[dict[str, Any]] = [] + + def process_page(url: str) -> dict[str, Any]: + try: + return parse_page_to_markdown(url) + except Exception: + logger.exception(f"FAILED: {url}") + return { + "url": url, + "title": "", + "markdown": "", + "status": None, + "errors": ["exception"], + } + + with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=MAX_WORKERS) as pool: + futures = {pool.submit(process_page, url): url for url in all_pages} + done_count = 0 + for future in as_completed(futures): + result = future.result() + done_count += 1 + url = result["url"] + + if result["errors"]: + logger.warning(f" [{done_count}/{len(all_pages)}] ERROR: {url}") + errors.append(result) + results.append(result) + continue + + save_markdown(result) + results.append(result) + logger.info( + f" [{done_count}/{len(all_pages)}] Saved: " + f"{slug_from_url(url)} ({len(result['markdown'])} chars)" + ) + + summary = _build_summary(condition_urls, all_pages, results, errors) + SUMMARY_FILE.write_text(json.dumps(summary, indent=2), encoding="utf-8") + logger.info(f"Summary written to {SUMMARY_FILE}") + logger.info( + f"Pages scraped: {summary['pages_scraped']}, " + f"Errors: {summary['error_count']}, " + f"Total markdown: {summary['total_markdown_chars']} chars" + ) + return summary + + +def save_markdown(result: dict[str, Any]) -> None: + """Save a parsed page's Markdown to ``data/<condition>/<subpage>.md``.""" + url = result["url"] + condition_slug = condition_name_from_url(url) + page_slug = slug_from_url(url) + + if page_slug.startswith(f"{condition_slug}__"): + filename = page_slug.removeprefix(f"{condition_slug}__") + elif page_slug == condition_slug: + filename = "index" + else: + filename = page_slug + + out_dir = DATA_DIR / condition_slug + out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) + + header = f"# {result.get('title', '')}\n\n> Source: {url}\n\n" + (out_dir / f"{filename}.md").write_text(header + result["markdown"], encoding="utf-8") + + +def _build_summary( + condition_urls: list[str], + all_pages: list[str], + results: list[dict[str, Any]], + errors: list[dict[str, Any]], +) -> dict[str, Any]: + """Aggregate results into a summary report.""" + total_chars = sum(len(r.get("markdown", "")) for r in results) + empty_pages = [r["url"] for r in results if not r.get("markdown", "").strip()] + + return { + "run_at": now_iso(), + "index_url": "https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/conditions/", + "conditions_discovered": len(condition_urls), + "pages_discovered": len(all_pages), + "pages_scraped": len(results) - len(errors), + "error_count": len(errors), + "total_markdown_chars": total_chars, + "empty_pages": empty_pages, + "errors": [{"url": e["url"], "errors": e["errors"]} for e in errors], + } diff --git a/nhs-crawler/src/utils.py b/nhs-crawler/src/utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0adc868 --- /dev/null +++ b/nhs-crawler/src/utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +"""URL helpers, slug extraction, and rate-limited HTTP requests.""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +import time +from datetime import UTC, datetime +from typing import TYPE_CHECKING +from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse + +from src.constants import DELAY, SITE_ORIGIN, TIMEOUT +from src.http_client import make_session +from src.logging_config import get_logger + +if TYPE_CHECKING: + import requests + +logger = get_logger() + +SESSION = make_session() + + +def now_iso() -> str: + """Return the current UTC timestamp as an ISO 8601 string.""" + return datetime.now(UTC).isoformat() + + +def _path_segments(url: str) -> list[str]: + """Return non-empty path segments, with any leading 'conditions' prefix removed.""" + segments = urlparse(url).path.strip("/").split("/") + if segments and segments[0] == "conditions": + segments = segments[1:] + return [s for s in segments if s] + + +def slug_from_url(url: str) -> str: + """Build a flat slug from a condition (sub)page URL. + + ``https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/treatment/`` → ``asthma__treatment`` + ``https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/`` → ``asthma`` + """ + segments = _path_segments(url) + if len(segments) <= 1: + return segments[0] if segments else "index" + return "__".join(segments) + + +def condition_name_from_url(url: str) -> str: + """Extract the top-level condition slug from a URL. + + ``https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/treatment/`` → ``asthma`` + """ + segments = _path_segments(url) + return segments[0] if segments else "unknown" + + +def build_absolute_url(href: str, base: str = SITE_ORIGIN) -> str: + """Resolve a possibly-relative href against the site origin.""" + return urljoin(base, href) + + +def is_nhs_conditions(url: str) -> bool: + """Return True if *url* belongs to ``nhs.uk/conditions/``.""" + parsed = urlparse(url) + return parsed.netloc == "www.nhs.uk" and parsed.path.startswith("/conditions/") + + +def safe_request(url: str, **kwargs: object) -> requests.Response | None: + """Rate-limited GET. Returns the Response or None on failure.""" + try: + time.sleep(DELAY) + return SESSION.get(url, timeout=TIMEOUT, **kwargs) # type: ignore[arg-type] + except Exception as exc: + logger.warning(f"Request failed {url}: {exc}") + return None From 1764930bf9d5a833c72548ec9421967b1b6d9708 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "copilot-swe-agent[bot]" <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 21 Jun 2026 18:41:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Fix nhs-crawler workflow dependency sync --- .github/workflows/nhs-crawler.yml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/.github/workflows/nhs-crawler.yml b/.github/workflows/nhs-crawler.yml index 2ba8468..28af45b 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/nhs-crawler.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/nhs-crawler.yml @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ jobs: run: uv python install 3.11 - name: Install dependencies - run: uv sync --frozen --extra dev + run: uv sync --extra dev - name: Lint (ruff) run: uv run ruff check .