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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="fr">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>IaC — Terraform, Ansible & OpenTofu</title>
<style>
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</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Infrastructure as Code</h1>
<p>Terraform, OpenTofu, Pulumi, Ansible — provisionnement déclaratif</p>
</header>
<nav>
<button class="tab-btn active" onclick="showTab('overview')">Vue d'ensemble</button>
<button class="tab-btn" onclick="showTab('terraform')">Terraform</button>
<button class="tab-btn" onclick="showTab('state')">State & Backends</button>
<button class="tab-btn" onclick="showTab('modules')">Modules</button>
<button class="tab-btn" onclick="showTab('ansible')">Ansible</button>
<button class="tab-btn" onclick="showTab('practices')">Bonnes pratiques</button>
<button class="tab-btn" onclick="showTab('quiz')">Quiz</button>
</nav>
<section id="overview" class="active">
<h2>Vue d'ensemble</h2>
<div class="grid g2">
<div class="card">
<h4>Pourquoi l'IaC ?</h4>
<div class="info-box">
<strong>Infrastructure as Code :</strong> décrire l'infrastructure dans des fichiers versionnés, plutôt que de cliquer dans une console.
</div>
<ul style="font-size:.88rem;padding-left:1.2rem;margin-top:.5rem;line-height:2">
<li><strong>Reproductibilité :</strong> 100 envs identiques en 1 commande</li>
<li><strong>Versioning :</strong> diff, blame, rollback git</li>
<li><strong>Review :</strong> pull request avant déploiement</li>
<li><strong>Documentation vivante :</strong> le code EST la doc</li>
<li><strong>Audit :</strong> qui a changé quoi, quand, pourquoi</li>
<li><strong>Désastre recovery :</strong> tout recréer depuis Git</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h4>Déclaratif vs Impératif</h4>
<div class="info-box blue">
<strong>Déclaratif (Terraform, CloudFormation) :</strong> on décrit l'<em>état final</em> souhaité. L'outil calcule les actions à effectuer pour y arriver.
</div>
<div class="info-box green" style="margin-top:.4rem">
<strong>Impératif (Ansible, scripts shell) :</strong> on décrit les <em>étapes</em> à exécuter. Ordre important.
</div>
<div class="info-box orange" style="margin-top:.4rem;font-size:.82rem">
Ansible peut être considéré comme "mixte" : modules idempotents (déclaratif) mais playbooks séquentiels (impératif).
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card" style="margin-top:1rem">
<h4>Outils principaux</h4>
<table>
<tr><th>Outil</th><th>Type</th><th>Cible</th><th>Notes</th></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Terraform</strong></td><td>Déclaratif HCL</td><td>Cloud + on-prem</td><td>Référence du marché, BSL depuis 1.6</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>OpenTofu</strong></td><td>Déclaratif HCL</td><td>Cloud + on-prem</td><td>Fork OSS de Terraform, MPL 2.0, soutenu Linux Foundation</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Pulumi</strong></td><td>Déclaratif</td><td>Cloud + on-prem</td><td>Code généraliste (TS, Python, Go, C#, Java)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>AWS CDK</strong></td><td>Déclaratif</td><td>AWS</td><td>Génère du CloudFormation depuis TS/Python</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>CloudFormation</strong></td><td>Déclaratif</td><td>AWS</td><td>Natif AWS, YAML/JSON</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Bicep</strong></td><td>Déclaratif</td><td>Azure</td><td>Wrapper ARM</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Ansible</strong></td><td>Quasi-impératif</td><td>Config OS / app</td><td>Agentless via SSH</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Chef / Puppet</strong></td><td>Déclaratif</td><td>Config OS</td><td>Agent-based, en perte de vitesse</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Crossplane</strong></td><td>Déclaratif K8s</td><td>Cloud</td><td>Kubernetes operators pour cloud resources</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</section>
<section id="terraform">
<h2>Terraform / OpenTofu</h2>
<div class="grid g2">
<div class="card">
<h4>Workflow Terraform</h4>
<div class="workflow">
<div class="wf-step">init</div>
<span class="wf-arrow">→</span>
<div class="wf-step">validate</div>
<span class="wf-arrow">→</span>
<div class="wf-step">plan</div>
<span class="wf-arrow">→</span>
<div class="wf-step">apply</div>
<span class="wf-arrow">→</span>
<div class="wf-step">destroy</div>
</div>
<table>
<tr><th>Commande</th><th>Rôle</th></tr>
<tr><td><code>init</code></td><td>Télécharge les providers, initialise le backend</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>fmt</code></td><td>Formate le code HCL (équivalent prettier)</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>validate</code></td><td>Vérifie la syntaxe et la cohérence</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>plan</code></td><td>Affiche le diff entre état actuel et désiré</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>apply</code></td><td>Applique les changements</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>destroy</code></td><td>Détruit toutes les ressources</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>state</code></td><td>Manipulation du state (mv, rm, import)</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>output</code></td><td>Affiche les outputs</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>workspace</code></td><td>Gère plusieurs environnements (dev, prod)</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h4>Exemple HCL complet</h4>
<div class="codeblk"><span class="c-comment"># main.tf</span>
<span class="c-kw">terraform</span> {
<span class="c-kw">required_version</span> = <span class="c-str">">= 1.6"</span>
<span class="c-kw">required_providers</span> {
<span class="c-fn">aws</span> = {
<span class="c-kw">source</span> = <span class="c-str">"hashicorp/aws"</span>
<span class="c-kw">version</span> = <span class="c-str">"~> 5.0"</span>
}
}
<span class="c-kw">backend</span> <span class="c-str">"s3"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">bucket</span> = <span class="c-str">"my-tf-state"</span>
<span class="c-kw">key</span> = <span class="c-str">"prod/terraform.tfstate"</span>
<span class="c-kw">region</span> = <span class="c-str">"eu-west-1"</span>
<span class="c-kw">dynamodb_table</span> = <span class="c-str">"tf-locks"</span>
<span class="c-kw">encrypt</span> = <span class="c-val">true</span>
}
}
<span class="c-kw">provider</span> <span class="c-str">"aws"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">region</span> = <span class="c-kw">var</span>.region
}
<span class="c-kw">variable</span> <span class="c-str">"region"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">type</span> = <span class="c-kw">string</span>
<span class="c-kw">default</span> = <span class="c-str">"eu-west-1"</span>
}
<span class="c-kw">resource</span> <span class="c-str">"aws_instance"</span> <span class="c-str">"web"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">ami</span> = <span class="c-str">"ami-12345678"</span>
<span class="c-kw">instance_type</span> = <span class="c-str">"t3.small"</span>
<span class="c-kw">tags</span> = {
<span class="c-kw">Name</span> = <span class="c-str">"web-prod"</span>
<span class="c-kw">Env</span> = <span class="c-str">"production"</span>
}
}
<span class="c-kw">output</span> <span class="c-str">"web_ip"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">value</span> = aws_instance.web.public_ip
}</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid g2" style="margin-top:1rem">
<div class="card">
<h4>HCL — fonctionnalités</h4>
<div class="codeblk"><span class="c-comment"># Loops avec count</span>
<span class="c-kw">resource</span> <span class="c-str">"aws_instance"</span> <span class="c-str">"workers"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">count</span> = <span class="c-val">3</span>
<span class="c-kw">ami</span> = <span class="c-kw">var</span>.ami
<span class="c-kw">instance_type</span> = <span class="c-str">"t3.medium"</span>
<span class="c-kw">tags</span> = { <span class="c-kw">Name</span> = <span class="c-str">"worker-${count.index}"</span> }
}
<span class="c-comment"># Loops avec for_each (préféré, supprime stable)</span>
<span class="c-kw">resource</span> <span class="c-str">"aws_iam_user"</span> <span class="c-str">"users"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">for_each</span> = <span class="c-fn">toset</span>([<span class="c-str">"alice"</span>, <span class="c-str">"bob"</span>, <span class="c-str">"carol"</span>])
<span class="c-kw">name</span> = each.value
}
<span class="c-comment"># Conditionals</span>
<span class="c-kw">resource</span> <span class="c-str">"aws_eip"</span> <span class="c-str">"web"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">count</span> = <span class="c-kw">var</span>.env == <span class="c-str">"prod"</span> ? <span class="c-val">1</span> : <span class="c-val">0</span>
}
<span class="c-comment"># Locals (variables calculées)</span>
<span class="c-kw">locals</span> {
<span class="c-kw">common_tags</span> = {
<span class="c-kw">Env</span> = <span class="c-kw">var</span>.env
<span class="c-kw">Project</span> = <span class="c-str">"my-app"</span>
<span class="c-kw">ManagedBy</span> = <span class="c-str">"Terraform"</span>
}
}
<span class="c-comment"># Data sources (lecture seule)</span>
<span class="c-kw">data</span> <span class="c-str">"aws_ami"</span> <span class="c-str">"ubuntu"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">most_recent</span> = <span class="c-val">true</span>
<span class="c-kw">owners</span> = [<span class="c-str">"099720109477"</span>]
<span class="c-kw">filter</span> {
<span class="c-kw">name</span> = <span class="c-str">"name"</span>
<span class="c-kw">values</span> = [<span class="c-str">"ubuntu/images/hvm-ssd/ubuntu-22.04-*"</span>]
}
}</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h4>OpenTofu vs Terraform</h4>
<table>
<tr><th>Aspect</th><th>Terraform</th><th>OpenTofu</th></tr>
<tr><td>Licence</td><td>BSL (Business Source) depuis 1.6</td><td>MPL 2.0 (open source)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Gouvernance</td><td>HashiCorp</td><td>Linux Foundation (CNCF sandbox)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Compatibilité</td><td>—</td><td>Drop-in replacement pour TF ≤ 1.5</td></tr>
<tr><td>Providers</td><td>Registry HashiCorp</td><td>Registry compatible + opentofu.org</td></tr>
<tr><td>State encryption</td><td>Non natif</td><td>Natif côté client</td></tr>
<tr><td>Communauté</td><td>HashiCorp + community</td><td>Forké après changement de licence août 2023</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="info-box blue" style="margin-top:.5rem;font-size:.82rem">
<strong>Migration :</strong> <code>brew install opentofu</code> + remplacer <code>terraform</code> par <code>tofu</code>. Tous les .tf existants fonctionnent.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="state">
<h2>State & Backends</h2>
<div class="grid g2">
<div class="card">
<h4>Qu'est-ce que le state ?</h4>
<p style="font-size:.88rem;margin-bottom:.5rem">Fichier JSON (<code>terraform.tfstate</code>) qui mappe la config HCL aux ressources réelles dans le cloud.</p>
<div class="info-box red">
<strong>Critique :</strong> sans le state, Terraform ne sait pas que <code>aws_instance.web</code> dans votre code correspond à <code>i-0abc123</code> dans AWS. Perdre le state → soit on importe à la main, soit on recrée tout (avec downtime).
</div>
<div class="info-box orange" style="margin-top:.4rem">
<strong>Contient des secrets :</strong> mots de passe, clés API, tokens stockés en clair. <strong>Toujours chiffrer.</strong>
</div>
<div class="codeblk" style="margin-top:.5rem"><span class="c-comment"># Voir le state</span>
tofu state list
tofu state show aws_instance.web
<span class="c-comment"># Bouger une ressource (rename sans recréer)</span>
tofu state mv aws_instance.web aws_instance.web_old
<span class="c-comment"># Importer une ressource existante</span>
tofu import aws_instance.web i-0abc123
<span class="c-comment"># Retirer du state (sans détruire dans le cloud)</span>
tofu state rm aws_instance.web</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h4>Backends</h4>
<table>
<tr><th>Backend</th><th>Usage</th><th>Locking</th></tr>
<tr><td><strong>local</strong></td><td>Tests, dev solo</td><td>File lock</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>s3</strong></td><td>AWS — référence</td><td>DynamoDB</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>azurerm</strong></td><td>Azure</td><td>Native lease</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>gcs</strong></td><td>GCP</td><td>Native</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>http</strong></td><td>GitLab managed</td><td>HTTP locking</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>terraform-cloud</strong></td><td>HCP SaaS</td><td>Native</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>postgres</strong></td><td>Self-hosted</td><td>Advisory lock</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>kubernetes</strong></td><td>K8s secret</td><td>Lease</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="codeblk" style="margin-top:.5rem"><span class="c-comment"># Backend S3 + DynamoDB</span>
<span class="c-kw">backend</span> <span class="c-str">"s3"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">bucket</span> = <span class="c-str">"my-tf-state"</span>
<span class="c-kw">key</span> = <span class="c-str">"prod/main.tfstate"</span>
<span class="c-kw">region</span> = <span class="c-str">"eu-west-1"</span>
<span class="c-kw">dynamodb_table</span> = <span class="c-str">"tf-locks"</span>
<span class="c-kw">encrypt</span> = <span class="c-val">true</span>
<span class="c-kw">kms_key_id</span> = <span class="c-str">"alias/tf-state"</span>
}</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card" style="margin-top:1rem">
<h4>Workspaces vs Environments</h4>
<div class="grid g2">
<div class="info-box">
<strong>Workspaces (built-in) :</strong> plusieurs states avec la même config.<br>
<code>tofu workspace new dev</code> → state dev<br>
<code>tofu workspace new prod</code> → state prod<br>
Limites : pas de configs différentes entre workspaces.
</div>
<div class="info-box green">
<strong>Pattern recommandé :</strong> dossiers séparés par environnement<br>
<code>environments/dev/main.tf</code><br>
<code>environments/prod/main.tf</code><br>
Chaque env a son backend, ses variables, sa policy IAM.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="modules">
<h2>Modules</h2>
<div class="grid g2">
<div class="card">
<h4>Structure d'un module</h4>
<div class="codeblk">modules/
└── vpc/
├── main.tf <span class="c-comment"># ressources principales</span>
├── variables.tf <span class="c-comment"># inputs</span>
├── outputs.tf <span class="c-comment"># outputs exposés</span>
├── versions.tf <span class="c-comment"># required_version, providers</span>
└── README.md <span class="c-comment"># documentation</span></div>
<div class="codeblk" style="margin-top:.5rem"><span class="c-comment"># Utilisation</span>
<span class="c-kw">module</span> <span class="c-str">"vpc"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">source</span> = <span class="c-str">"./modules/vpc"</span>
<span class="c-comment"># ou source git</span>
<span class="c-comment"># source = "git::https://github.com/org/tf-modules.git//vpc?ref=v1.2.0"</span>
<span class="c-kw">cidr_block</span> = <span class="c-str">"10.0.0.0/16"</span>
<span class="c-kw">azs</span> = [<span class="c-str">"eu-west-1a"</span>, <span class="c-str">"eu-west-1b"</span>]
<span class="c-kw">enable_nat_gw</span> = <span class="c-val">true</span>
}
<span class="c-comment"># Utiliser les outputs du module</span>
<span class="c-kw">resource</span> <span class="c-str">"aws_instance"</span> <span class="c-str">"web"</span> {
<span class="c-kw">subnet_id</span> = <span class="c-kw">module</span>.vpc.public_subnet_ids[<span class="c-val">0</span>]
}</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h4>Sources de modules</h4>
<table>
<tr><th>Source</th><th>Exemple</th></tr>
<tr><td>Local path</td><td>./modules/vpc</td></tr>
<tr><td>Git HTTPS</td><td>git::https://github.com/org/mod.git</td></tr>
<tr><td>Git SSH</td><td>git::ssh://git@github.com/org/mod.git</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tag/ref</td><td>git::...//vpc?ref=v1.2.0</td></tr>
<tr><td>Registry public</td><td>terraform-aws-modules/vpc/aws</td></tr>
<tr><td>Registry privé</td><td>app.terraform.io/org/vpc/aws</td></tr>
<tr><td>HTTP zip</td><td>https://example.com/module.zip</td></tr>
<tr><td>S3 bucket</td><td>s3::https://s3.amazonaws.com/...</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="info-box blue" style="margin-top:.5rem;font-size:.82rem">
<strong>Toujours pinner une version</strong> en prod : <code>ref=v1.2.0</code> ou <code>version = "1.2.0"</code>. Sinon un push sur main casse votre infra.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card" style="margin-top:1rem">
<h4>Modules publics utiles</h4>
<table>
<tr><th>Module</th><th>Usage</th></tr>
<tr><td><code>terraform-aws-modules/vpc/aws</code></td><td>VPC AWS complet (subnets, NAT, IGW, route tables)</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>terraform-aws-modules/eks/aws</code></td><td>Cluster EKS</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>terraform-aws-modules/rds/aws</code></td><td>Bases RDS</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>cloudposse/label/null</code></td><td>Convention de naming uniforme</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>gruntwork-io/terragrunt</code></td><td>Wrapper DRY autour de Terraform</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</section>
<section id="ansible">
<h2>Ansible</h2>
<div class="grid g2">
<div class="card">
<h4>Architecture Ansible</h4>
<div class="info-box">
<strong>Agentless</strong> — pas d'agent sur les hôtes. Tout passe par SSH (Linux) ou WinRM (Windows). Le control node a Python installé.
</div>
<table style="margin-top:.5rem">
<tr><th>Concept</th><th>Description</th></tr>
<tr><td>Inventory</td><td>Liste des hôtes (INI, YAML, dynamique)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Module</td><td>Unité de travail (apt, copy, shell, template…)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Task</td><td>Appel d'un module avec des paramètres</td></tr>
<tr><td>Playbook</td><td>YAML décrivant les tasks à appliquer</td></tr>
<tr><td>Role</td><td>Tasks + variables + templates groupés réutilisables</td></tr>
<tr><td>Collection</td><td>Package de roles + modules (Ansible Galaxy)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vault</td><td>Chiffrement des secrets dans les fichiers</td></tr>
<tr><td>Handler</td><td>Task déclenchée par <code>notify</code>, ex: restart service</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h4>Playbook exemple</h4>
<div class="codeblk"><span class="c-comment"># site.yml</span>
- <span class="c-kw">name</span>: Configure web servers
<span class="c-kw">hosts</span>: webservers
<span class="c-kw">become</span>: <span class="c-val">true</span>
<span class="c-kw">vars</span>:
<span class="c-kw">nginx_version</span>: <span class="c-str">"latest"</span>
<span class="c-kw">domain</span>: <span class="c-str">example.com</span>
<span class="c-kw">tasks</span>:
- <span class="c-kw">name</span>: Install nginx
<span class="c-fn">ansible.builtin.apt</span>:
<span class="c-kw">name</span>: nginx
<span class="c-kw">state</span>: <span class="c-val">"{{ nginx_version }}"</span>
<span class="c-kw">update_cache</span>: <span class="c-val">true</span>
- <span class="c-kw">name</span>: Deploy vhost config
<span class="c-fn">ansible.builtin.template</span>:
<span class="c-kw">src</span>: nginx.conf.j2
<span class="c-kw">dest</span>: /etc/nginx/sites-available/<span class="c-val">"{{ domain }}"</span>
<span class="c-kw">owner</span>: root
<span class="c-kw">mode</span>: <span class="c-str">"0644"</span>
<span class="c-kw">notify</span>: Restart nginx
- <span class="c-kw">name</span>: Enable site
<span class="c-fn">ansible.builtin.file</span>:
<span class="c-kw">src</span>: /etc/nginx/sites-available/<span class="c-val">"{{ domain }}"</span>
<span class="c-kw">dest</span>: /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/<span class="c-val">"{{ domain }}"</span>
<span class="c-kw">state</span>: link
<span class="c-kw">handlers</span>:
- <span class="c-kw">name</span>: Restart nginx
<span class="c-fn">ansible.builtin.service</span>:
<span class="c-kw">name</span>: nginx
<span class="c-kw">state</span>: restarted</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid g2" style="margin-top:1rem">
<div class="card">
<h4>Inventory</h4>
<div class="codeblk"><span class="c-comment"># inventory.yml</span>
<span class="c-kw">all</span>:
<span class="c-kw">children</span>:
<span class="c-kw">webservers</span>:
<span class="c-kw">hosts</span>:
web1.ex.com: { <span class="c-kw">ansible_host</span>: <span class="c-val">10.0.0.10</span> }
web2.ex.com: { <span class="c-kw">ansible_host</span>: <span class="c-val">10.0.0.11</span> }
<span class="c-kw">vars</span>:
<span class="c-kw">domain</span>: <span class="c-str">example.com</span>
<span class="c-kw">dbservers</span>:
<span class="c-kw">hosts</span>:
db1.ex.com: { <span class="c-kw">ansible_host</span>: <span class="c-val">10.0.0.20</span> }
<span class="c-kw">vars</span>:
<span class="c-kw">ansible_user</span>: deploy
<span class="c-kw">ansible_ssh_private_key_file</span>: ~/.ssh/id_ed25519</div>
<div class="codeblk" style="margin-top:.5rem"><span class="c-comment"># Inventory dynamique AWS</span>
<span class="c-comment"># aws_ec2.yml</span>
<span class="c-kw">plugin</span>: amazon.aws.aws_ec2
<span class="c-kw">regions</span>: [eu-west-1]
<span class="c-kw">filters</span>:
<span class="c-kw">tag:Env</span>: prod
<span class="c-kw">keyed_groups</span>:
- <span class="c-kw">key</span>: tags.Role
<span class="c-kw">prefix</span>: role</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h4>Commandes essentielles</h4>
<div class="codeblk"><span class="c-comment"># Lancer un playbook</span>
ansible-playbook -i inventory.yml site.yml
<span class="c-comment"># Mode dry-run (check)</span>
ansible-playbook site.yml --check --diff
<span class="c-comment"># Cibler des hôtes spécifiques</span>
ansible-playbook site.yml --limit web1.ex.com
<span class="c-comment"># Démarrer à une tâche</span>
ansible-playbook site.yml --start-at-task <span class="c-str">"Deploy vhost"</span>
<span class="c-comment"># Une commande ad-hoc</span>
ansible webservers -m ping
ansible webservers -m shell -a <span class="c-str">"uptime"</span>
<span class="c-comment"># Vault — chiffrer un fichier</span>
ansible-vault encrypt secrets.yml
ansible-vault edit secrets.yml
ansible-playbook --ask-vault-pass site.yml
<span class="c-comment"># Installer un role depuis Galaxy</span>
ansible-galaxy install geerlingguy.nginx</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="practices">
<h2>Bonnes pratiques IaC</h2>
<div class="grid g2">
<div class="card">
<h4>Sécurité</h4>
<div class="info-box red"><strong>Secrets :</strong> jamais en clair dans le code. Utiliser AWS Secrets Manager, Vault, SOPS, Ansible Vault, ou .tfvars chiffrés.</div>
<div class="info-box" style="margin-top:.4rem"><strong>State :</strong> chiffré au repos (S3+KMS, Azure SE), accès restreint, jamais en local pour la prod.</div>
<div class="info-box blue" style="margin-top:.4rem"><strong>IAM :</strong> least privilege pour le rôle qui exécute Terraform. Pas d'AdministratorAccess.</div>
<div class="info-box green" style="margin-top:.4rem"><strong>Scanning :</strong> tfsec, Checkov, terrascan, KICS dans la CI. Détecte les misconfigurations (S3 public, SG ouvert, etc.).</div>
<div class="info-box purple" style="margin-top:.4rem"><strong>Policy as Code :</strong> OPA/Conftest, Sentinel, Terraform Cloud policies — bloquer les changements non conformes.</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h4>Workflow CI/CD pour IaC</h4>
<div class="codeblk"><span class="c-comment"># .github/workflows/terraform.yml</span>
<span class="c-kw">on</span>:
<span class="c-kw">pull_request</span>:
<span class="c-kw">paths</span>: [<span class="c-str">"infra/**"</span>]
<span class="c-kw">jobs</span>:
<span class="c-fn">terraform</span>:
<span class="c-kw">runs-on</span>: ubuntu-latest
<span class="c-kw">permissions</span>:
<span class="c-kw">id-token</span>: write <span class="c-comment"># OIDC pour AWS</span>
<span class="c-kw">contents</span>: read
<span class="c-kw">pull-requests</span>: write
<span class="c-kw">steps</span>:
- <span class="c-kw">uses</span>: actions/checkout@v4
- <span class="c-kw">uses</span>: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
<span class="c-kw">with</span>:
<span class="c-kw">role-to-assume</span>: arn:aws:iam::123:role/tf-ci
<span class="c-kw">aws-region</span>: eu-west-1
- <span class="c-kw">run</span>: tofu fmt -check
- <span class="c-kw">run</span>: tofu init
- <span class="c-kw">run</span>: tofu validate
- <span class="c-kw">run</span>: tofu plan -out=tfplan
- <span class="c-kw">run</span>: tfsec . --soft-fail
- <span class="c-kw">run</span>: checkov -d .
<span class="c-comment"># Apply uniquement sur main, manuellement</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card" style="margin-top:1rem">
<h4>Anti-patterns IaC fréquents</h4>
<table>
<tr><th>Anti-pattern</th><th>Problème</th><th>Solution</th></tr>
<tr><td>Modifications manuelles dans la console</td><td>Drift — state désynchronisé</td><td>Process strict, drift detection, immutable infra</td></tr>
<tr><td>State partagé en local</td><td>Conflits, perte</td><td>Backend distant + locking</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tout dans un seul state</td><td>Apply lent, blast radius énorme</td><td>Découper par couche (network, compute, app)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Secrets dans .tf</td><td>Push accidentel sur Git</td><td>Variables sensibles + Vault/SOPS</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pas de version pinning</td><td>Casse aléatoire</td><td>required_version + versions providers</td></tr>
<tr><td>Apply en direct sans plan</td><td>Surprises destructives</td><td>Plan obligatoire, review en PR</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hard-code des IDs</td><td>Pas portable</td><td>Data sources, outputs, remote state</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</section>
<section id="quiz">
<h2>Quiz — IaC</h2>
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<div id="quiz-score"></div>
</section>
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{q:"Quelle est la différence entre IaC déclaratif et impératif ?",opts:["Aucune","Déclaratif décrit l'état final, impératif décrit les étapes","Déclaratif est plus rapide","Impératif est pour le cloud"],a:1},
{q:"Quel fichier Terraform mappe la config aux ressources réelles ?",opts:["main.tf","terraform.tfstate","provider.tf","outputs.tf"],a:1},
{q:"Quelle commande Terraform montre les changements sans les appliquer ?",opts:["init","validate","plan","apply"],a:2},
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{q:"Qu'est-ce que le 'drift' en IaC ?",opts:["Une migration","Désynchronisation entre le state et la réalité (modifs manuelles dans la console)","Un type d'alerte","Une erreur réseau"],a:1},
{q:"Quel backend Terraform fournit du state locking sur AWS ?",opts:["S3 seul","S3 + DynamoDB","EFS","CloudFront"],a:1},
{q:"Ansible est qualifié d'agentless car...",opts:["Il n'a pas de modules","Il n'utilise pas d'agent sur les hôtes — passe par SSH/WinRM","Il est gratuit","Il fonctionne dans le navigateur"],a:1},
{q:"Ansible Vault sert à...",opts:["Stocker du state","Chiffrer des secrets dans les fichiers Ansible","Connecter à HashiCorp Vault","Sauvegarder les playbooks"],a:1},
{q:"Quel outil scanne le code Terraform à la recherche de mauvaises configurations sécurité ?",opts:["Prettier","tfsec ou Checkov","gofmt","grep"],a:1},
{q:"Pourquoi pinner les versions des providers Terraform ?",opts:["Pour le confort","Pour éviter qu'une nouvelle version casse l'infra en CI","Pour gagner en performance","Pour réduire la taille du state"],a:1},
{q:"Qu'est-ce qu'un module Terraform ?",opts:["Un plugin","Un dossier réutilisable de ressources avec inputs et outputs","Un type de variable","Un environnement"],a:1},
{q:"Pulumi se distingue de Terraform par...",opts:["Il est plus rapide","Il utilise des langages généraux (TS, Python, Go) plutôt que HCL","Il ne supporte qu'AWS","Il est gratuit"],a:1}
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