@@ -280,11 +280,10 @@ The recent decade was 1.6 to 1.8 °C warmer than the pre-warming
280280reference for annual mean, daytime maximum, and overnight minimum,
281281with both window and trend p-values below 0.001. Vapour pressure
282282deficit is up significantly on both tests. Annual precipitation
283- was about 6 to 7 % * lower* in the recent decade — and unlike the
284- FWCP Peace just to the north, the long-term Mann-Kendall trend
285- test does confirm a steady year-on-year decline (trend p ≈ 0.02).
286- Soil moisture is roughly flat. Relative humidity shows a small
287- significant decline.
283+ was about 6 to 7 % * lower* in the recent decade, and the long-term
284+ Mann-Kendall trend test confirms a steady year-on-year decline
285+ (trend p ≈ 0.02). Soil moisture is roughly flat. Relative humidity
286+ shows a small significant decline.
288287
289288``` {r compare-recipe, eval = FALSE}
290289cmp <- cd::cd_compare(ts) # defaults: 2015–2025 vs 1951–1980, Welch t-test
@@ -407,27 +406,19 @@ sets the timing of the spring freshet — the annual flood pulse that
407406shapes channel morphology, mobilizes spawning gravels, and refills
408407off-channel rearing habitat for resident salmonids. Cordillera-wide,
409408snowpack has been declining for decades [ @mote_etal2018Dramaticdeclines;
410- @pederson_etal2011UnusualNature] . For four BC river basins (Fraser,
411- Peace, Columbia, Campbell), Najafi et al. [ -@najafi_etal2017AttributionObserved]
412- attribute observed spring SWE decline to anthropogenic forcing —
413- including the Columbia basin, the parent system of the Kootenays.
414- For the neighbouring Fraser, Kang et al.
415- [ -@kang_etal2016ImpactsRapidly] document a ~ 10-day advance of the
416- spring freshet over 1949-2006.
417-
418- ** For the Kootenay Lake Region the snowpack signal is sharper than
419- in northern BC reporting regions, in line with the Selkirks /
420- Purcells sitting at warmer latitudes than Peace-region snow zones.**
409+ @pederson_etal2011UnusualNature] . Najafi et al. [ -@najafi_etal2017AttributionObserved] attribute
410+ observed spring SWE decline in the Columbia basin — the parent
411+ system of the Kootenays — to anthropogenic forcing.
412+
413+ ** The Kootenay Lake Region snowpack signal is sharp.**
421414Annual snow water equivalent (SWE) is down ** 23%** (206 → 160 mm)
422415since the 1951–1980 reference. Annual snowfall and annual snowmelt
423416both fell about 15%, and the ** snowmelt midpoint (DOY-50) shifted
42441712.6 days earlier** in the year. Annual peak SWE — the seasonal
425- maximum — dropped ** 92 mm** (-16%). And — distinct from the FWCP
426- Peace where total precipitation is roughly stable — ** annual
427- precipitation in the Kootenay Lake Region has declined ~ 7%** since
428- the reference period, with a long-term Mann-Kendall p of 0.02.
429- Together this is a "warmer * and* drier" story rather than a
430- "warmer-only" one.
418+ maximum — dropped ** 92 mm** (-16%). ** Annual precipitation in the
419+ Kootenay Lake Region has declined ~ 7%** since the reference period,
420+ with a long-term Mann-Kendall p of 0.02. Together this is a
421+ "warmer * and* drier" story rather than a "warmer-only" one.
431422
432423A few notes on how to read the snow numbers below.
433424
@@ -447,10 +438,9 @@ simplified snow layer in the underlying atmospheric model).
447438Our QA cross-check for this region used three usable BC ASWS
448439automated snow-pillow records inside the AOI (74 paired
449440station-years 1972-2025). Pooled correlation between ERA5-Land
450- peak SWE and station peak SWE is ** r = 0.90** — meaningfully
451- better than the FWCP Peace's 0.51, meaning the model tracks
452- year-to-year variability well at these high-elevation Kootenay
453- sites. But the absolute bias is large and uniformly negative:
441+ peak SWE and station peak SWE is ** r = 0.90** , meaning the model
442+ tracks year-to-year variability well at these high-elevation
443+ Kootenay sites. But the absolute bias is large and uniformly negative:
454444ERA5-Land is ** 40-63% too low** at Moyie Mountain (1835 m,
455445Purcells alpine) and Redfish Creek (2100 m, Selkirks alpine),
456446consistent with both stations sitting at high-snow microsites
@@ -585,12 +575,10 @@ cd::cd_plot_timeseries(ano, variable = "snowfall_fraction", period = "annual",
585575Three findings carry the snowpack story for the Kootenay Lake Region.
586576
587577** Snow is leaving * and* falling less.** Annual snowfall is down 15%
588- (649 → 554 mm) — distinct from the FWCP Peace pattern just north,
589- where the snowpack decline was almost entirely about earlier melt
590- on roughly stable annual snowfall. The Kootenay Lake region is
591- warm enough at the relevant elevations that the snow-vs-rain
592- threshold is being crossed in the calendar — winter precipitation is
593- falling more often as rain instead of snow. This matches the
578+ (649 → 554 mm). The Kootenay Lake region is warm enough at the
579+ relevant elevations that the snow-vs-rain threshold is being crossed
580+ in the calendar — winter precipitation is falling more often as rain
581+ instead of snow. This matches the
594582threshold finding from Knowles et al.
595583[ -@knowles_etal2006TrendsSnowfall] : the strongest snowfall-fraction
596584declines in the western US occur where winter wet-day minimum
@@ -1039,12 +1027,8 @@ mean temperatures all tell the same story. The whole region moved
10391027together — there is no warming hot-spot at the ecoregion scale.
10401028
10411029** Precipitation is declining and the decline is regionally
1042- consistent.** This is the place where the Kootenay Lake Region
1043- diverges sharpest from the FWCP Peace just north. The Peace
1044- showed mostly-flat annual precipitation with significant
1045- * increases* in two of its five ecoregions; the Kootenays show a
1046- ** ~ 7% decline** in annual precipitation from the 1951-1980
1047- reference to the 2015-2025 recent decade, with a long-term
1030+ consistent.** Annual precipitation dropped ** ~ 7%** from the
1031+ 1951-1980 reference to the 2015-2025 recent decade, with a long-term
10481032Mann-Kendall p of 0.02. Spatially the decline is consistent across
10491033all four ecoregions of the AOI, so the pattern at the regional
10501034average mirrors what each watershed group sees individually. All
@@ -1068,13 +1052,10 @@ keeps the topsoil layer roughly even, but the resulting
10681052late-summer water deficit shows up in stream baseflow rather than
10691053in soil-moisture statistics.
10701054
1071- ** Snow is leaving * and* falling less.** This is the second place
1072- the Kootenays diverge from the FWCP Peace pattern. The Peace's
1073- snowpack decline was almost entirely about earlier melt on
1074- roughly stable annual snowfall. The Kootenays show ** annual
1075- snowfall down 15%** alongside the freshet shift — winter
1076- precipitation is falling more often as rain instead of snow,
1077- matching the threshold finding from Knowles et al.
1055+ ** Snow is leaving * and* falling less.** Annual snowfall is
1056+ ** down 15%** alongside the freshet shift — winter precipitation is
1057+ falling more often as rain instead of snow, matching the threshold
1058+ finding from Knowles et al.
10781059[ -@knowles_etal2006TrendsSnowfall] for sites with winter wet-day
10791060minimum temperatures warmer than -5 °C. Annual snow water
10801061equivalent (SWE) is down 23% (206 → 160 mm); summer SWE has
@@ -1097,19 +1078,13 @@ lose substantially more thermal habitat than warm-water species
10971078under the same forcing. Both findings carry directly into the BC
10981079interior cold-water cohort the Kootenay Lake Region supports. The evapotranspiration
10991080imbalance means low-flow conditions in late summer are not being
1100- relieved (precipitation is falling, not rising as in the Peace);
1101- the cold-water input that high-elevation snowpack provides to
1102- streams during the warmest, most thermally stressful weeks of
1103- summer is dropping in parallel with summer SWE; and the spring
1104- freshet — the dominant high-flow event that shapes channel
1105- morphology, mobilizes spawning gravels, and refills off-channel
1106- rearing habitat — is shifting weeks earlier. The neighbouring
1107- Fraser Basin shows the same shift —
1108- @kang_etal2016ImpactsRapidly documented a ~ 10-day advance in the
1109- spring freshet at Hope between 1949 and 2006, with persistent
1110- declines through autumn recession just when salmon are migrating
1111- up the Fraser. Lower
1112- Columbia River reaches below Hugh Keenleyside Dam are
1081+ relieved by precipitation; the cold-water input that high-elevation
1082+ snowpack provides to streams during the warmest, most thermally
1083+ stressful weeks of summer is dropping in parallel with summer SWE;
1084+ and the spring freshet — the dominant high-flow event that shapes
1085+ channel morphology, mobilizes spawning gravels, and refills
1086+ off-channel rearing habitat — is shifting weeks earlier.
1087+ Lower Columbia River reaches below Hugh Keenleyside Dam are
11131088dam-fragmented and not anadromous, so the ecological framing is
11141089about resident salmonids and their habitat rather than salmon
11151090migrations.
0 commit comments