From 51112d906e9b25c8dcae9b3c55706e2718b2984c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=98=E5=8D=87=E9=BE=99?=
 <liushenglong_8597@outlook.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2026 22:35:11 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] feat(vocabulary): persist selection examples and
 English-anchor related words

Capture the containing sentence with native selections, save it on the
wordbook entry, and store Chinese-to-English pairs as English-led so
Related Words can study from the English term.
---
 src-tauri/src/contracts.rs                    |  23 ++
 src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs                  |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/integration_tests.rs            |   5 +
 src-tauri/src/platform/macos/selection.rs     | 293 +++++++++++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/platform/macos/window.rs        |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/platform/windows/selection.rs   |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/services/translation.rs         |   2 +
 src-tauri/src/services/vocabulary.rs          | 226 +++++++++++++-
 src/components/context/ContextualOverlay.tsx  |   1 +
 .../vocabulary/RelatedWordsView.tsx           |  29 +-
 .../vocabulary/VocabularyWindow.test.tsx      |  26 +-
 src/contracts/fixtures.json                   |   2 +
 src/contracts/ipc.test.ts                     |   4 +
 src/contracts/ipc.ts                          |   9 +
 src/styles/app.css                            |   9 +-
 15 files changed, 562 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/contracts.rs b/src-tauri/src/contracts.rs
index e89d719..6058f8c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/contracts.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/contracts.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,8 @@ pub struct PhysicalRect {
 pub struct SelectionSnapshot {
     pub id: u64,
     pub text: String,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub example_sentence: Option<String>,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub source_application_id: Option<String>,
     pub bounds_physical_px: Vec<PhysicalRect>,
@@ -186,6 +188,8 @@ impl UserSettings {
 pub struct TranslationRequest {
     pub selection_id: u64,
     pub text: String,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub example_sentence: Option<String>,
     pub source_language: LanguageCode,
     pub target_language: LanguageCode,
 }
@@ -211,6 +215,8 @@ pub struct VocabularyEntry {
     pub id: i64,
     pub source_text: String,
     pub translated_text: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub example_sentence: Option<String>,
     pub requested_source_language: LanguageCode,
     pub effective_source_language: LanguageCode,
     pub target_language: LanguageCode,
@@ -502,6 +508,7 @@ impl ValidateContract for SelectionSnapshot {
         if self.id > JS_SAFE_INTEGER_MAX
             || self.captured_at_epoch_ms > JS_SAFE_INTEGER_MAX
             || self.text.trim().is_empty()
+            || !valid_example_sentence(self.example_sentence.as_deref())
         {
             return Err(validation_error("selection violates schema constraints"));
         }
@@ -553,6 +560,7 @@ impl ValidateContract for TranslationRequest {
             || self.text.trim().is_empty()
             || self.source_language.trim().is_empty()
             || self.target_language.trim().is_empty()
+            || !valid_example_sentence(self.example_sentence.as_deref())
         {
             return Err(validation_error(
                 "translation request contains an empty field",
@@ -562,6 +570,10 @@ impl ValidateContract for TranslationRequest {
     }
 }
 
+fn valid_example_sentence(value: Option<&str>) -> bool {
+    value.is_none_or(|value| !value.trim().is_empty() && value.chars().count() <= 5_000)
+}
+
 impl ValidateContract for TranslationResult {
     fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), AppError> {
         if self.selection_id > JS_SAFE_INTEGER_MAX
@@ -696,6 +708,16 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert!(decode_validated::<SelectionSnapshot>(invalid).is_err());
 
+        let invalid_example = r#"{
+          "id": 1,
+          "text": "word",
+          "exampleSentence": "   ",
+          "boundsPhysicalPx": [{"x": 0.0, "y": 0.0, "width": 1.0, "height": 1.0}],
+          "anchorPhysicalPx": {"x": 0.0, "y": 0.0, "width": 1.0, "height": 1.0},
+          "capturedAtEpochMs": 1
+        }"#;
+        assert!(decode_validated::<SelectionSnapshot>(invalid_example).is_err());
+
         let invalid_result = r#"{
           "selectionId": 1,
           "translatedText": "hola",
@@ -724,6 +746,7 @@ mod tests {
         let request = TranslationRequest {
             selection_id: 7,
             text: "persistence".into(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_language: "auto".into(),
             target_language: "en".into(),
         };
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs b/src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs
index e23b10e..340e144 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs
@@ -234,6 +234,7 @@ mod tests {
         SelectionSnapshot {
             id,
             text: "selected".into(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_application_id: None,
             bounds_physical_px: vec![bounds],
             anchor_physical_px: bounds,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/integration_tests.rs b/src-tauri/src/integration_tests.rs
index d10b08e..55c6262 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/integration_tests.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/integration_tests.rs
@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ fn selection() -> SelectionSnapshot {
     SelectionSnapshot {
         id: 7,
         text: "hello".into(),
+        example_sentence: None,
         source_application_id: Some("fixture.app".into()),
         bounds_physical_px: vec![bounds],
         anchor_physical_px: bounds,
@@ -173,6 +174,7 @@ fn request() -> TranslationRequest {
     TranslationRequest {
         selection_id: 7,
         text: "hello".into(),
+        example_sentence: None,
         source_language: "auto".into(),
         target_language: "es".into(),
     }
@@ -287,6 +289,7 @@ async fn typed_input_translates_without_a_native_selection() {
         .translate_input(TranslationRequest {
             selection_id: 0,
             text: "hello".into(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_language: "auto".into(),
             target_language: "es".into(),
         })
@@ -314,6 +317,7 @@ async fn typed_input_rejects_an_empty_request() {
         .translate_input(TranslationRequest {
             selection_id: 0,
             text: "   ".into(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_language: "auto".into(),
             target_language: "es".into(),
         })
@@ -389,6 +393,7 @@ async fn selection_does_not_call_provider_until_explicit_translate() {
     let request = TranslationRequest {
         selection_id: selected.id,
         text: selected.text.clone(),
+        example_sentence: selected.example_sentence.clone(),
         source_language: "auto".into(),
         target_language: "es".into(),
     };
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/platform/macos/selection.rs b/src-tauri/src/platform/macos/selection.rs
index d71ac0f..b9ad626 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/platform/macos/selection.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/platform/macos/selection.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,13 @@
 
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
+    collections::HashSet,
     ffi::{c_char, c_double, c_float, c_int, c_long, c_void, CStr, CString},
     mem,
     ptr::{self, NonNull},
     sync::{
         atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
-        Arc,
+        Arc, Mutex,
     },
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ type Id = *mut c_void;
 type Sel = *mut c_void;
 
 const AX_SUCCESS: AXError = 0;
+const AX_ERROR_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED: AXError = -25205;
 const UTF8_ENCODING: u32 = 0x0800_0100;
 const AX_VALUE_CG_RECT: u32 = 3;
 const AX_VALUE_CF_RANGE: u32 = 4;
@@ -78,10 +80,28 @@ enum CandidateFailure {
 
 struct ResolvedSelection {
     text: String,
+    example_sentence: Option<String>,
     source_application_id: Option<String>,
     bounds_physical_px: Vec<PhysicalRect>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct AccessibilityWakeCache(Mutex<HashSet<c_int>>);
+
+impl AccessibilityWakeCache {
+    fn enable_once(&self, pid: c_int, enable: impl FnOnce() -> bool) -> bool {
+        let mut enabled = self.0.lock().expect("accessibility wake cache");
+        if enabled.contains(&pid) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if !enable() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        enabled.insert(pid);
+        true
+    }
+}
+
 #[link(name = "ApplicationServices", kind = "framework")]
 unsafe extern "C" {
     fn AXIsProcessTrusted() -> Boolean;
@@ -220,6 +240,7 @@ impl DisplaySource {
 pub struct MacSelectionAdapter {
     next_id: Arc<AtomicU64>,
     displays: DisplaySource,
+    accessibility_wakes: Arc<AccessibilityWakeCache>,
 }
 
 impl MacSelectionAdapter {
@@ -228,6 +249,7 @@ impl MacSelectionAdapter {
         Self {
             next_id: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(1)),
             displays: DisplaySource::Live,
+            accessibility_wakes: Arc::new(AccessibilityWakeCache::default()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -235,6 +257,7 @@ impl MacSelectionAdapter {
         Self {
             next_id: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(1)),
             displays: DisplaySource::Fixed(Arc::new(displays)),
+            accessibility_wakes: Arc::new(AccessibilityWakeCache::default()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -299,6 +322,7 @@ impl MacSelectionAdapter {
         Ok(SelectionSnapshot {
             id: self.next_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed),
             text: resolved.text,
+            example_sentence: resolved.example_sentence,
             source_application_id: resolved.source_application_id,
             bounds_physical_px: resolved.bounds_physical_px,
             anchor_physical_px,
@@ -327,7 +351,10 @@ impl MacSelectionAdapter {
         let mut pid: c_int = 0;
         // SAFETY: the element is live and the pid is written only on success.
         if unsafe { AXUIElementGetPid(element.as_raw(), &mut pid) } == 0 {
-            enable_chromium_accessibility(pid);
+            let application_id = bundle_identifier(pid);
+            self.accessibility_wakes.enable_once(pid, || {
+                enable_chromium_accessibility(pid, application_id.as_deref())
+            });
         }
         // Reading a selection attribute is what makes a surface that builds its
         // tree lazily start building it.
@@ -335,19 +362,21 @@ impl MacSelectionAdapter {
     }
 }
 
-fn enable_chromium_accessibility(pid: c_int) {
+fn enable_chromium_accessibility(pid: c_int, application_id: Option<&str>) -> bool {
     // SAFETY: create rule returns an owned AXUIElementRef for the process.
     let Some(application) = (unsafe { OwnedCf::from_create(AXUIElementCreateApplication(pid)) })
     else {
-        return;
-    };
-    let Some(attribute) = CfString::new(CHROMIUM_ACCESSIBILITY_ATTRIBUTE) else {
-        return;
-    };
-    // SAFETY: both references are live and the value is a constant CFBoolean.
-    let _ = unsafe {
-        AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(application.as_raw(), attribute.as_raw(), kCFBooleanTrue)
+        return false;
     };
+    try_accessibility_wake(accessibility_wake_attributes(application_id), |attribute| {
+        let Some(attribute) = CfString::new(attribute) else {
+            return -1;
+        };
+        // SAFETY: both references are live and the value is a constant CFBoolean.
+        unsafe {
+            AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(application.as_raw(), attribute.as_raw(), kCFBooleanTrue)
+        }
+    })
 }
 
 fn selection_from_lineage(
@@ -370,8 +399,10 @@ fn selection_from_lineage(
         if let Some((text, bounds_physical_px)) =
             selection_on_element(element.as_raw(), policy.max_code_points, displays)
         {
+            let example_sentence = example_sentence_on_element(element.as_raw(), &text);
             return Ok(ResolvedSelection {
                 text,
+                example_sentence,
                 source_application_id,
                 bounds_physical_px,
             });
@@ -468,6 +499,86 @@ fn eligible_text(text: &str, max_code_points: usize) -> bool {
     !text.trim().is_empty() && text.chars().count() <= max_code_points
 }
 
+fn example_sentence_on_element(element: AXUIElementRef, selected_text: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let full_text = copy_attribute(element, "AXValue")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|value| cf_string_to_string(value.as_raw()))?;
+    let selected_range = copy_attribute(element, "AXSelectedTextRange")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|value| ax_range(value.as_raw()));
+    sentence_containing_selection(&full_text, selected_text, selected_range)
+}
+
+fn sentence_containing_selection(
+    full_text: &str,
+    selected_text: &str,
+    selected_range: Option<CFRange>,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let selected_text = selected_text.trim();
+    if selected_text.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let (selection_start, selection_end) = selected_range
+        .and_then(|range| utf16_range_to_byte_range(full_text, range))
+        .filter(|(start, end)| {
+            full_text
+                .get(*start..*end)
+                .is_some_and(|value| value.trim() == selected_text)
+        })
+        .or_else(|| {
+            let matches = full_text
+                .match_indices(selected_text)
+                .map(|(start, value)| (start, start + value.len()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            (matches.len() == 1).then_some(matches[0])
+        })?;
+
+    let sentence_start = full_text[..selection_start]
+        .char_indices()
+        .filter(|(_, character)| is_sentence_boundary(*character))
+        .map(|(index, character)| index + character.len_utf8())
+        .next_back()
+        .unwrap_or(0);
+    let sentence_end = full_text[selection_end..]
+        .char_indices()
+        .find(|(_, character)| is_sentence_boundary(*character))
+        .map(|(index, character)| selection_end + index + character.len_utf8())
+        .unwrap_or(full_text.len());
+    let sentence = full_text.get(sentence_start..sentence_end)?.trim();
+    (!sentence.is_empty() && sentence.chars().count() <= 5_000).then(|| sentence.to_owned())
+}
+
+fn utf16_range_to_byte_range(text: &str, range: CFRange) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+    let location = usize::try_from(range.location).ok()?;
+    let length = usize::try_from(range.length).ok()?;
+    let end = location.checked_add(length)?;
+    Some((
+        utf16_offset_to_byte(text, location)?,
+        utf16_offset_to_byte(text, end)?,
+    ))
+}
+
+fn utf16_offset_to_byte(text: &str, target: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let mut units = 0;
+    for (index, character) in text.char_indices() {
+        if units == target {
+            return Some(index);
+        }
+        units += character.len_utf16();
+        if units > target {
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+    (units == target).then_some(text.len())
+}
+
+fn is_sentence_boundary(character: char) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        character,
+        '.' | '!' | '?' | '。' | '！' | '？' | '\n' | '\r'
+    )
+}
+
 #[async_trait]
 impl SelectionAdapter for MacSelectionAdapter {
     async fn resolve_selection(
@@ -491,6 +602,47 @@ impl SelectionAdapter for MacSelectionAdapter {
 /// sets this attribute on the application element. Other applications reject it
 /// harmlessly.
 const CHROMIUM_ACCESSIBILITY_ATTRIBUTE: &str = "AXManualAccessibility";
+const ENHANCED_ACCESSIBILITY_ATTRIBUTE: &str = "AXEnhancedUserInterface";
+const MANUAL_ACCESSIBILITY_ONLY: &[&str] = &[CHROMIUM_ACCESSIBILITY_ATTRIBUTE];
+const ENHANCED_ACCESSIBILITY_ONLY: &[&str] = &[ENHANCED_ACCESSIBILITY_ATTRIBUTE];
+const MANUAL_THEN_ENHANCED_ACCESSIBILITY: &[&str] = &[
+    CHROMIUM_ACCESSIBILITY_ATTRIBUTE,
+    ENHANCED_ACCESSIBILITY_ATTRIBUTE,
+];
+
+/// Electron documents `AXManualAccessibility`, while plain Chromium browsers
+/// observe the screen-reader attribute. Keep the broader attribute limited to
+/// the requested targets and cache successful activation per process.
+fn accessibility_wake_attributes(application_id: Option<&str>) -> &'static [&'static str] {
+    if application_id.is_some_and(|application_id| {
+        application_id == "com.google.Chrome"
+            || application_id.starts_with("com.google.Chrome.")
+            || application_id == "com.microsoft.edgemac"
+            || application_id.starts_with("com.microsoft.edgemac.")
+    }) {
+        ENHANCED_ACCESSIBILITY_ONLY
+    } else if application_id.is_some_and(|application_id| {
+        matches!(application_id, "com.openai.codex" | "com.openai.chat")
+    }) {
+        MANUAL_THEN_ENHANCED_ACCESSIBILITY
+    } else {
+        MANUAL_ACCESSIBILITY_ONLY
+    }
+}
+
+fn try_accessibility_wake(
+    attributes: &[&str],
+    mut set_attribute: impl FnMut(&str) -> AXError,
+) -> bool {
+    for attribute in attributes {
+        match set_attribute(attribute) {
+            AX_SUCCESS => return true,
+            AX_ERROR_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED => continue,
+            _ => return false,
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
 
 pub fn normalize_rect(
     logical: PhysicalRect,
@@ -1097,9 +1249,10 @@ fn create_dictionary(keys: &[CFTypeRef], values: &[CFTypeRef]) -> Option<OwnedCf
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::{
-        accept_selection, first_available_selection, normalize_rect, normalize_rects,
-        prefer_primary_or_fallback, prefer_selection_candidate, AccessibilityPermission,
-        CandidateFailure, DisplayTransform, MacSelectionAdapter,
+        accept_selection, accessibility_wake_attributes, first_available_selection, normalize_rect,
+        normalize_rects, prefer_primary_or_fallback, prefer_selection_candidate,
+        sentence_containing_selection, try_accessibility_wake, AccessibilityPermission,
+        AccessibilityWakeCache, CFRange, CandidateFailure, DisplayTransform, MacSelectionAdapter,
     };
     use crate::{
         contracts::{AppErrorCode, PhysicalRect},
@@ -1240,6 +1393,118 @@ mod tests {
         ));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn requested_chromium_targets_use_their_supported_accessibility_modes() {
+        for application_id in ["com.google.Chrome", "com.microsoft.edgemac"] {
+            assert_eq!(
+                accessibility_wake_attributes(Some(application_id)),
+                &["AXEnhancedUserInterface"],
+                "{application_id} must enable the Chromium screen-reader tree"
+            );
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            accessibility_wake_attributes(Some("com.openai.codex")),
+            &["AXManualAccessibility", "AXEnhancedUserInterface"],
+            "ChatGPT Desktop must fall back when Electron's manual attribute is unsupported"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            accessibility_wake_attributes(Some("com.apple.TextEdit")),
+            &["AXManualAccessibility"]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn extracts_the_sentence_containing_the_selected_utf16_range() {
+        let text = "First thought. She called the claim deceptive! 最后一句。";
+        let prefix = "First thought. She called the claim ";
+        assert_eq!(
+            sentence_containing_selection(
+                text,
+                "deceptive",
+                Some(CFRange {
+                    location: prefix.encode_utf16().count() as _,
+                    length: "deceptive".encode_utf16().count() as _,
+                }),
+            ),
+            Some("She called the claim deceptive!".into())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sentence_extraction_uses_a_unique_match_and_rejects_ambiguity() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            sentence_containing_selection("这是一个欺骗性的说法。下一句。", "欺骗", None),
+            Some("这是一个欺骗性的说法。".into())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            sentence_containing_selection("Word appears here. Word appears again.", "Word", None),
+            None
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn successful_accessibility_wake_is_attempted_once_per_process() {
+        let cache = AccessibilityWakeCache::default();
+        let mut attempts = 0;
+
+        assert!(cache.enable_once(42, || {
+            attempts += 1;
+            true
+        }));
+        assert!(cache.enable_once(42, || {
+            attempts += 1;
+            true
+        }));
+        assert_eq!(attempts, 1);
+
+        assert!(!cache.enable_once(84, || false));
+        assert!(cache.enable_once(84, || true));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accessibility_wake_falls_back_only_after_the_manual_attribute_fails() {
+        let mut attempted = Vec::new();
+        assert!(try_accessibility_wake(
+            &["AXManualAccessibility", "AXEnhancedUserInterface"],
+            |attribute| {
+                attempted.push(attribute.to_owned());
+                if attribute == "AXManualAccessibility" {
+                    -25205
+                } else {
+                    0
+                }
+            },
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(
+            attempted,
+            ["AXManualAccessibility", "AXEnhancedUserInterface"]
+        );
+
+        attempted.clear();
+        assert!(try_accessibility_wake(
+            &["AXManualAccessibility", "AXEnhancedUserInterface"],
+            |attribute| {
+                attempted.push(attribute.to_owned());
+                0
+            },
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(attempted, ["AXManualAccessibility"]);
+
+        attempted.clear();
+        assert!(!try_accessibility_wake(
+            &["AXManualAccessibility", "AXEnhancedUserInterface"],
+            |attribute| {
+                attempted.push(attribute.to_owned());
+                -25211
+            },
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(
+            attempted,
+            ["AXManualAccessibility"],
+            "non-unsupported failures must not escalate accessibility mode"
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn focused_element_lookup_falls_back_to_the_focused_application() {
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/platform/macos/window.rs b/src-tauri/src/platform/macos/window.rs
index cd62c56..cee92b5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/platform/macos/window.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/platform/macos/window.rs
@@ -573,6 +573,7 @@ mod tests {
         let selection = SelectionSnapshot {
             id: 7,
             text: "selected".into(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_application_id: Some("fixture.app".into()),
             bounds_physical_px: vec![PhysicalRect {
                 x: 10.0,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/platform/windows/selection.rs b/src-tauri/src/platform/windows/selection.rs
index 9cfedf3..721a1e8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/platform/windows/selection.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/platform/windows/selection.rs
@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@ fn resolve_focused_selection(
     Ok(SelectionSnapshot {
         id: next_selection_id(),
         text,
+        example_sentence: None,
         source_application_id: Some(source_application_id),
         bounds_physical_px: rectangles,
         anchor_physical_px,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/services/translation.rs b/src-tauri/src/services/translation.rs
index 21bff01..b94f996 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/services/translation.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/services/translation.rs
@@ -533,6 +533,7 @@ impl ProviderRouter {
         let request = TranslationRequest {
             selection_id: 0,
             text: "hello".to_owned(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_language: "en".to_owned(),
             target_language: "zh-CN".to_owned(),
         };
@@ -987,6 +988,7 @@ mod tests {
         TranslationRequest {
             selection_id: 41,
             text: "Fish & chips".to_owned(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_language: source.to_owned(),
             target_language: "fr".to_owned(),
         }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/services/vocabulary.rs b/src-tauri/src/services/vocabulary.rs
index ab566af..beadb7f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/services/vocabulary.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/services/vocabulary.rs
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ impl VocabularyStore {
                last_correct_epoch_ms INTEGER,
                last_wrong_epoch_ms INTEGER,
                part_of_speech TEXT,
+               example_sentence TEXT,
                UNIQUE(normalized_text, requested_source_language, target_language)
              );
              CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS vocabulary_events (
@@ -82,6 +83,14 @@ impl VocabularyStore {
                 )
                 .map_err(storage_error)?;
         }
+        if !table_has_column(&connection, "vocabulary_entries", "example_sentence")? {
+            connection
+                .execute(
+                    "ALTER TABLE vocabulary_entries ADD COLUMN example_sentence TEXT",
+                    [],
+                )
+                .map_err(storage_error)?;
+        }
         Ok(Self {
             connection: Mutex::new(connection),
         })
@@ -98,8 +107,38 @@ impl VocabularyStore {
             .lock()
             .map_err(|_| internal("Vocabulary database lock failed"))?;
         let transaction = connection.transaction().map_err(storage_error)?;
-        let cached = transaction.query_row(
-            "SELECT id, translated_text, detected_source_language, effective_source_language, target_language, part_of_speech
+        let cached = if is_chinese_to_english_request(request) {
+            let mut statement = transaction
+                .prepare(
+                    "SELECT id, source_text, target_language, effective_source_language, part_of_speech
+                     FROM vocabulary_entries
+                     WHERE lower(translated_text) = ?1
+                       AND lower(effective_source_language) = 'en'
+                       AND lower(target_language) LIKE 'zh%'
+                     ORDER BY id
+                     LIMIT 2",
+                )
+                .map_err(storage_error)?;
+            let rows = statement
+                .query_map(params![normalized], |row| {
+                    let source_text = row.get::<_, String>(1)?;
+                    let original_source_language = row.get::<_, String>(2)?;
+                    let english_language = row.get::<_, String>(3)?;
+                    Ok((
+                        row.get::<_, i64>(0)?,
+                        source_text,
+                        Some(original_source_language.clone()),
+                        original_source_language,
+                        english_language,
+                        row.get::<_, Option<String>>(4)?,
+                    ))
+                })
+                .map_err(storage_error)?;
+            let mut matches = rows.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>().map_err(storage_error)?;
+            (matches.len() == 1).then(|| matches.remove(0))
+        } else {
+            transaction.query_row(
+                "SELECT id, translated_text, detected_source_language, effective_source_language, target_language, part_of_speech
              FROM vocabulary_entries
              WHERE normalized_text = ?1 AND target_language = ?3
                AND (
@@ -109,9 +148,10 @@ impl VocabularyStore {
                )
              ORDER BY CASE WHEN requested_source_language = ?2 COLLATE NOCASE THEN 0 ELSE 1 END, id
              LIMIT 1",
-            params![normalized, request.source_language.trim(), request.target_language.trim()],
-            |row| Ok((row.get::<_, i64>(0)?, row.get::<_, String>(1)?, row.get::<_, Option<String>>(2)?, row.get::<_, String>(3)?, row.get::<_, String>(4)?, row.get::<_, Option<String>>(5)?)),
-        ).optional().map_err(storage_error)?;
+                params![normalized, request.source_language.trim(), request.target_language.trim()],
+                |row| Ok((row.get::<_, i64>(0)?, row.get::<_, String>(1)?, row.get::<_, Option<String>>(2)?, row.get::<_, String>(3)?, row.get::<_, String>(4)?, row.get::<_, Option<String>>(5)?)),
+            ).optional().map_err(storage_error)?
+        };
         let Some((
             entry_id,
             translated_text,
@@ -123,10 +163,20 @@ impl VocabularyStore {
         else {
             return Ok(None);
         };
-        transaction.execute(
-            "UPDATE vocabulary_entries SET lookup_count = lookup_count + 1, last_seen_epoch_ms = ?1 WHERE id = ?2",
-            params![to_i64(now_ms), entry_id],
-        ).map_err(storage_error)?;
+        transaction
+            .execute(
+                "UPDATE vocabulary_entries
+             SET lookup_count = lookup_count + 1,
+                 last_seen_epoch_ms = ?1,
+                 example_sentence = coalesce(?3, example_sentence)
+             WHERE id = ?2",
+                params![
+                    to_i64(now_ms),
+                    entry_id,
+                    clean_example_sentence(request.example_sentence.as_deref())
+                ],
+            )
+            .map_err(storage_error)?;
         insert_event(&transaction, entry_id, "lookup-hit", now_ms, None, None)?;
         transaction.commit().map_err(storage_error)?;
         Ok(Some(TranslationResult {
@@ -148,6 +198,39 @@ impl VocabularyStore {
         if normalize_text(&request.text) == normalize_text(&result.translated_text) {
             return Ok(());
         }
+        let reverse_pair = primary_language(&result.effective_source_language)
+            .eq_ignore_ascii_case("zh")
+            && primary_language(&result.target_language).eq_ignore_ascii_case("en");
+        let source_text = if reverse_pair {
+            result.translated_text.trim()
+        } else {
+            request.text.trim()
+        };
+        let translated_text = if reverse_pair {
+            request.text.trim()
+        } else {
+            result.translated_text.trim()
+        };
+        let requested_source_language = if reverse_pair {
+            "en"
+        } else {
+            request.source_language.trim()
+        };
+        let target_language = if reverse_pair {
+            result.effective_source_language.trim()
+        } else {
+            request.target_language.trim()
+        };
+        let effective_source_language = if reverse_pair {
+            "en"
+        } else {
+            result.effective_source_language.trim()
+        };
+        let detected_source_language = if reverse_pair {
+            Some("en")
+        } else {
+            result.detected_source_language.as_deref()
+        };
         let mut connection = self
             .connection
             .lock()
@@ -157,17 +240,18 @@ impl VocabularyStore {
             "INSERT INTO vocabulary_entries (
                normalized_text, source_text, requested_source_language, target_language,
                translated_text, detected_source_language, effective_source_language,
-               first_seen_epoch_ms, last_seen_epoch_ms, part_of_speech
-             ) VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3, ?4, ?5, ?6, ?7, ?8, ?8, ?9)
+               first_seen_epoch_ms, last_seen_epoch_ms, part_of_speech, example_sentence
+             ) VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3, ?4, ?5, ?6, ?7, ?8, ?8, ?9, ?10)
              ON CONFLICT(normalized_text, requested_source_language, target_language)
              DO UPDATE SET lookup_count = lookup_count + 1,
                            last_seen_epoch_ms = excluded.last_seen_epoch_ms,
-                           part_of_speech = coalesce(excluded.part_of_speech, vocabulary_entries.part_of_speech)",
-            params![normalize_text(&request.text), request.text.trim(), request.source_language.trim(), request.target_language.trim(), result.translated_text, result.detected_source_language, result.effective_source_language, to_i64(now_ms), result.part_of_speech.map(PartOfSpeech::as_str)],
+                           part_of_speech = coalesce(excluded.part_of_speech, vocabulary_entries.part_of_speech),
+                           example_sentence = coalesce(excluded.example_sentence, vocabulary_entries.example_sentence)",
+            params![normalize_text(source_text), source_text, requested_source_language, target_language, translated_text, detected_source_language, effective_source_language, to_i64(now_ms), result.part_of_speech.map(PartOfSpeech::as_str), clean_example_sentence(request.example_sentence.as_deref())],
         ).map_err(storage_error)?;
         let entry_id = transaction.query_row(
             "SELECT id FROM vocabulary_entries WHERE normalized_text = ?1 AND requested_source_language = ?2 AND target_language = ?3",
-            params![normalize_text(&request.text), request.source_language.trim(), request.target_language.trim()],
+            params![normalize_text(source_text), requested_source_language, target_language],
             |row| row.get::<_, i64>(0),
         ).map_err(storage_error)?;
         insert_event(&transaction, entry_id, "lookup-miss", now_ms, None, None)?;
@@ -191,7 +275,7 @@ impl VocabularyStore {
             "SELECT id, source_text, translated_text, requested_source_language, effective_source_language,
                     target_language, lookup_count, recall_score, review_count, correct_count, wrong_count,
                     correct_streak, wrong_streak, last_seen_epoch_ms, last_reviewed_epoch_ms
-                    , part_of_speech
+                    , part_of_speech, example_sentence
              FROM vocabulary_entries
              WHERE ?1 IS NULL OR normalized_text LIKE ?1 OR lower(translated_text) LIKE ?1
              ORDER BY last_seen_epoch_ms DESC, id DESC",
@@ -763,6 +847,7 @@ fn row_to_entry(row: &Row<'_>, now_ms: u64) -> rusqlite::Result<VocabularyEntry>
         id: row.get(0)?,
         source_text: row.get(1)?,
         translated_text: row.get(2)?,
+        example_sentence: row.get(16)?,
         requested_source_language: row.get(3)?,
         effective_source_language: row.get(4)?,
         target_language: row.get(5)?,
@@ -797,6 +882,27 @@ fn table_has_column(connection: &Connection, table: &str, column: &str) -> Resul
     Ok(false)
 }
 
+fn clean_example_sentence(value: Option<&str>) -> Option<&str> {
+    value
+        .map(str::trim)
+        .filter(|value| !value.is_empty() && value.chars().count() <= 5_000)
+}
+
+fn primary_language(value: &str) -> &str {
+    value.split('-').next().unwrap_or(value)
+}
+
+fn is_chinese_to_english_request(request: &TranslationRequest) -> bool {
+    primary_language(&request.target_language).eq_ignore_ascii_case("en")
+        && (primary_language(&request.source_language).eq_ignore_ascii_case("zh")
+            || (request.source_language.eq_ignore_ascii_case("auto")
+                && request.text.chars().any(is_han_character)))
+}
+
+fn is_han_character(character: char) -> bool {
+    matches!(character as u32, 0x3400..=0x4DBF | 0x4E00..=0x9FFF | 0xF900..=0xFAFF | 0x20000..=0x2FA1F)
+}
+
 fn conservative_root(text: &str) -> Option<String> {
     let normalized = normalize_text(text);
     if normalized.contains(' ')
@@ -906,6 +1012,7 @@ mod tests {
         TranslationRequest {
             selection_id: id,
             text: text.into(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_language: "auto".into(),
             target_language: target_language.into(),
         }
@@ -997,6 +1104,7 @@ mod tests {
         let explicit_source = TranslationRequest {
             selection_id: 2,
             text: "ephemeral".into(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_language: "en".into(),
             target_language: "zh-CN".into(),
         };
@@ -1111,6 +1219,93 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(entries[0].source_text, "legacy");
         assert_eq!(entries[0].part_of_speech, None);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].example_sentence, None);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn chinese_to_english_entries_are_saved_with_an_english_source_and_example() {
+        struct ChineseProvider {
+            calls: AtomicUsize,
+        }
+        #[async_trait]
+        impl TranslationProvider for ChineseProvider {
+            async fn translate(
+                &self,
+                request: &TranslationRequest,
+            ) -> Result<TranslationResult, AppError> {
+                self.calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                Ok(TranslationResult {
+                    selection_id: request.selection_id,
+                    translated_text: "deception".into(),
+                    detected_source_language: Some("zh-CN".into()),
+                    effective_source_language: "zh-CN".into(),
+                    target_language: "en".into(),
+                    part_of_speech: None,
+                })
+            }
+
+            async fn supported_languages(&self) -> Result<Vec<String>, AppError> {
+                Ok(vec!["en".into(), "zh-CN".into()])
+            }
+        }
+
+        let store = Arc::new(VocabularyStore::in_memory().expect("store"));
+        let upstream = Arc::new(ChineseProvider {
+            calls: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+        });
+        let provider = VocabularyTranslationProvider::new(upstream.clone(), store.clone());
+        let request = TranslationRequest {
+            selection_id: 1,
+            text: "欺骗".into(),
+            example_sentence: Some("这是一个欺骗性的说法。".into()),
+            source_language: "auto".into(),
+            target_language: "en".into(),
+        };
+
+        let result = provider.translate(&request).await.expect("translation");
+        assert_eq!(result.translated_text, "deception");
+        let cached = provider
+            .translate(&TranslationRequest {
+                selection_id: 2,
+                ..request.clone()
+            })
+            .await
+            .expect("cached translation");
+        assert_eq!(cached.translated_text, "deception");
+        assert_eq!(upstream.calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+        let entries = store.list(None, 2).expect("entries");
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].source_text, "deception");
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].effective_source_language, "en");
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].translated_text, "欺骗");
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].target_language, "zh-CN");
+        assert_eq!(
+            entries[0].example_sentence.as_deref(),
+            Some("这是一个欺骗性的说法。")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn later_lookup_refreshes_the_saved_example_without_reorienting_english_pairs() {
+        let store = Arc::new(VocabularyStore::in_memory().expect("store"));
+        let upstream = Arc::new(FakeProvider {
+            calls: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+        });
+        let provider = VocabularyTranslationProvider::new(upstream, store.clone());
+        let mut first = request(1, "hello");
+        first.example_sentence = Some("Hello is used here.".into());
+        provider.translate(&first).await.expect("first");
+        let mut second = request(2, "hello");
+        second.example_sentence = Some("She said hello before leaving.".into());
+        provider.translate(&second).await.expect("hit");
+
+        let entry = store.list(None, 3).expect("entries").remove(0);
+        assert_eq!(entry.source_text, "hello");
+        assert_eq!(entry.effective_source_language, "en");
+        assert_eq!(
+            entry.example_sentence.as_deref(),
+            Some("She said hello before leaving.")
+        );
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -1490,6 +1685,7 @@ mod tests {
         let explicit = TranslationRequest {
             selection_id: 9,
             text: "bonjour".into(),
+            example_sentence: None,
             source_language: "fr".into(),
             target_language: "zh-CN".into(),
         };
diff --git a/src/components/context/ContextualOverlay.tsx b/src/components/context/ContextualOverlay.tsx
index 7fdd692..634af27 100644
--- a/src/components/context/ContextualOverlay.tsx
+++ b/src/components/context/ContextualOverlay.tsx
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ export function ContextualOverlay({
   const request = (correctedSource = sourceLanguage): TranslationRequest => ({
     selectionId: state.selection.id,
     text: state.selection.text,
+    exampleSentence: state.selection.exampleSentence,
     sourceLanguage: correctedSource,
     targetLanguage,
   });
diff --git a/src/components/vocabulary/RelatedWordsView.tsx b/src/components/vocabulary/RelatedWordsView.tsx
index 1a69fd3..fe916d4 100644
--- a/src/components/vocabulary/RelatedWordsView.tsx
+++ b/src/components/vocabulary/RelatedWordsView.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 
-import type { RelatedWord, UiLocale, VocabularyEntry, VocabularyProvenance } from "../../contracts/ipc";
+import type { RelatedWord, UiLocale, VocabularyEntry } from "../../contracts/ipc";
 import { PartOfSpeechBadge } from "./PracticeView";
 import type { StudyApi } from "./VocabularyWindow";
 
@@ -18,19 +18,8 @@ export function RelatedWordsView({ anchor, api, revision, locale = "en", onBack
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string>();
   const [adding, setAdding] = useState<number>();
-  const [provenance, setProvenance] = useState<VocabularyProvenance[]>([]);
   const relatedRequest = useRef(0);
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let current = true;
-    setProvenance([]);
-    if (!anchor) return () => { current = false; };
-    void api.listVocabularyProvenance(anchor.id)
-      .then((items) => { if (current) setProvenance(items); })
-      .catch(() => undefined);
-    return () => { current = false; };
-  }, [anchor, api]);
-
   useEffect(() => {
     const request = ++relatedRequest.current;
     if (!anchor) {
@@ -45,17 +34,11 @@ export function RelatedWordsView({ anchor, api, revision, locale = "en", onBack
       .finally(() => { if (request === relatedRequest.current) setLoading(false); });
   }, [anchor, api, revision, zh]);
 
-  return <section aria-labelledby="related-title">
-    <header className="study-header"><div><button className="text-button textbook-back" type="button" onClick={onBack}>← {zh ? "返回我的词汇本" : "Back to My wordbook"}</button><p className="eyebrow">{zh ? "相关词" : "Related words"}</p><h2 id="related-title">{zh ? `${anchor?.sourceText ?? "下一个词"} 的关联` : `Connections for ${anchor?.sourceText ?? "your next word"}`}</h2><p>{zh ? "关联结果来自你的词汇本和所有兼容的已下载词书。" : "Connections combine your wordbook and every compatible downloaded textbook."}</p></div></header>
-    {provenance.length > 0 && <details className="word-provenance">
-      <summary>{zh ? "词书来源详情" : "Textbook source details"} <span>{provenance.length}</span></summary>
-      <div className="word-provenance__content">{provenance.map((item) => <div key={`${item.textbookId}-${item.sourceText}-${item.translatedText}`}>
-        <strong>{item.textbookTitle}</strong>
-        <span>{zh ? "版本" : "Version"} {item.textbookVersion} · {item.license}</span>
-        <span>{item.attribution}</span>
-        <a href={item.sourceUrl} target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">{zh ? "查看来源" : "View source"}</a>
-      </div>)}</div>
-    </details>}
+  const subtitle = anchor?.exampleSentence
+    ?? (zh ? "关联来自你的词汇本和已下载词书。" : "Connections use your wordbook and downloaded textbooks.");
+
+  return <section className="related-view" aria-labelledby="related-title">
+    <header className="study-header"><div><button className="text-button textbook-back" type="button" onClick={onBack}>← {zh ? "返回我的词汇本" : "Back to My wordbook"}</button><p className="eyebrow">{zh ? "相关词" : "Related words"}</p><h2 id="related-title">{zh ? `${anchor?.sourceText ?? "下一个词"} 的关联` : `Connections for ${anchor?.sourceText ?? "your next word"}`}</h2><p className={anchor?.exampleSentence ? "related-example is-saved" : "related-example"}>{subtitle}</p></div></header>
     {error && <div className="study-notice study-notice--error" role="alert">{error}</div>}
     {!anchor ? <div className="study-empty"><strong>{zh ? "请先选择一个词。" : "Choose a word first."}</strong><span>{zh ? "从“我的词汇本”打开一张卡片作为关联词。" : "Open a card in My wordbook to make it the connection anchor."}</span></div> : loading ? <div className="study-empty" role="status"><strong>{zh ? "正在查找关联…" : "Tracing connections…"}</strong></div> : items.length === 0 ? <div className="study-empty"><strong>{zh ? "暂未找到兼容的关联。" : "No compatible connections yet."}</strong><span>{zh ? "随着本地词汇积累，可以尝试其他词。" : "Try another word as your local collection grows."}</span></div> : <div className="relation-list">{items.map((item) => <article key={`${item.kind}-${item.vocabularyEntryId ?? item.textbookEntryId}-${item.reason}`}>
       <span className={`relation-badge relation-badge--${item.reason}`}>{item.reason === "root" ? (zh ? "同词根" : "shared root") : (zh ? "同义项" : "shared meaning")}</span><span className="relation-lexeme"><strong className="lexical-text">{item.sourceText}</strong><PartOfSpeechBadge value={item.partOfSpeech} /></span><span className="lexical-text">{item.translatedText}</span>
diff --git a/src/components/vocabulary/VocabularyWindow.test.tsx b/src/components/vocabulary/VocabularyWindow.test.tsx
index 9cc6f7c..711509b 100644
--- a/src/components/vocabulary/VocabularyWindow.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/vocabulary/VocabularyWindow.test.tsx
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const entry: VocabularyEntry = {
   id: 1,
   sourceText: "hello",
   translatedText: "hola",
+  exampleSentence: "She said hello before leaving.",
   requestedSourceLanguage: "auto",
   effectiveSourceLanguage: "en",
   targetLanguage: "es",
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ describe("VocabularyWindow", () => {
     expect(open).toHaveBeenCalledWith(1);
   });
 
-  it("shows retained textbook provenance and its source for an opened personal word", async () => {
+  it("uses the saved example as the related subtitle and removes textbook source details", async () => {
     const api = makeStudyApi({
       listVocabularyProvenance: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([{
         textbookId: "wikdict-en-zh",
@@ -263,17 +264,18 @@ describe("VocabularyWindow", () => {
     act(() => cardAction?.click());
     await flushEffects();
 
-    expect(api.listVocabularyProvenance).toHaveBeenCalledWith(1);
-    const disclosure = container.querySelector<HTMLDetailsElement>(".word-provenance");
-    expect(disclosure?.open).toBe(false);
-    expect(disclosure?.querySelector("summary")?.textContent).toContain("Textbook source details");
-    act(() => disclosure?.querySelector("summary")?.click());
-    expect(disclosure?.open).toBe(true);
-    expect(container.textContent).toContain("WikDict English - Chinese");
-    expect(container.textContent).toContain("2_2026-06");
-    expect(container.textContent).toContain("CC BY-SA 4.0");
-    expect(container.textContent).toContain("WikDict, Wiktionary and DBnary contributors");
-    expect(container.querySelector<HTMLAnchorElement>('a[href="https://www.wikdict.com/page/download"]')?.textContent).toBe("View source");
+    expect(container.querySelector(".related-example")?.textContent).toBe("She said hello before leaving.");
+    expect(api.listVocabularyProvenance).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(container.querySelector(".word-provenance")).toBeNull();
+    expect(container.textContent).not.toContain("Textbook source details");
+  });
+
+  it("keeps concise corpus guidance when the related anchor has no saved example", async () => {
+    const api = makeStudyApi();
+    act(() => root.render(<VocabularyWindow entries={[{ ...entry, exampleSentence: undefined }]} loading={false} related={[]} question={undefined} onSearch={vi.fn()} onSelectEntry={vi.fn()} onStartPractice={vi.fn()} onSubmitAnswer={vi.fn()} studyApi={api} />));
+    act(() => container.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('[aria-label="Open related words for hello"]')?.click());
+    await flushEffects();
+    expect(container.querySelector(".related-example")?.textContent).toContain("wordbook and downloaded textbooks");
   });
 
   it("explains unavailable pronunciation states", () => {
diff --git a/src/contracts/fixtures.json b/src/contracts/fixtures.json
index bbc4c58..8b09686 100644
--- a/src/contracts/fixtures.json
+++ b/src/contracts/fixtures.json
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
   "selection": {
     "id": 42,
     "text": "hello",
+    "exampleSentence": "She said hello before leaving.",
     "sourceApplicationId": "fixture.app",
     "boundsPhysicalPx": [
       { "x": 100.0, "y": 200.0, "width": 80.0, "height": 24.0 }
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@
   "translationRequest": {
     "selectionId": 42,
     "text": "hello",
+    "exampleSentence": "She said hello before leaving.",
     "sourceLanguage": "auto",
     "targetLanguage": "zh-CN"
   },
diff --git a/src/contracts/ipc.test.ts b/src/contracts/ipc.test.ts
index 6680bde..381dc50 100644
--- a/src/contracts/ipc.test.ts
+++ b/src/contracts/ipc.test.ts
@@ -118,8 +118,12 @@ describe("IPC contracts", () => {
 
   it("rejects malformed or unsafe values", () => {
     expect(isSelectionSnapshot({ ...fixtures.selection, text: "" })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isSelectionSnapshot({ ...fixtures.selection, exampleSentence: "   " })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isSelectionSnapshot({ ...fixtures.selection, exampleSentence: "x".repeat(5_001) })).toBe(false);
     expect(isUserSettings({ ...fixtures.settings, maxSelectionCodePoints: 0 })).toBe(false);
     expect(isTranslationRequest({ ...fixtures.translationRequest, selectionId: -1 })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isTranslationRequest({ ...fixtures.translationRequest, exampleSentence: "   " })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isTranslationRequest({ ...fixtures.translationRequest, exampleSentence: "x".repeat(5_001) })).toBe(false);
     expect(
       isTranslationRequest({
         ...fixtures.translationRequest,
diff --git a/src/contracts/ipc.ts b/src/contracts/ipc.ts
index d599d6f..7dd8c84 100644
--- a/src/contracts/ipc.ts
+++ b/src/contracts/ipc.ts
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ export interface PhysicalRect {
 export interface SelectionSnapshot {
   id: number;
   text: string;
+  exampleSentence?: string;
   sourceApplicationId?: string;
   boundsPhysicalPx: PhysicalRect[];
   anchorPhysicalPx: PhysicalRect;
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ export interface UserSettings {
 export interface TranslationRequest {
   selectionId: number;
   text: string;
+  exampleSentence?: string;
   sourceLanguage: "auto" | LanguageCode;
   targetLanguage: LanguageCode;
 }
@@ -85,6 +87,7 @@ export interface VocabularyEntry {
   id: number;
   sourceText: string;
   translatedText: string;
+  exampleSentence?: string;
   requestedSourceLanguage: LanguageCode;
   effectiveSourceLanguage: LanguageCode;
   targetLanguage: LanguageCode;
@@ -298,6 +301,10 @@ function isNonEmptyString(value: unknown): value is string {
   return typeof value === "string" && value.trim().length > 0;
 }
 
+function isOptionalExampleSentence(value: unknown): value is string | undefined {
+  return value === undefined || (isNonEmptyString(value) && [...value].length <= 5_000);
+}
+
 export function isPartOfSpeech(value: unknown): value is PartOfSpeech {
   return (
     typeof value === "string" &&
@@ -348,6 +355,7 @@ export function isSelectionSnapshot(value: unknown): value is SelectionSnapshot
     isRecord(value) &&
     isNonNegativeInteger(value.id) &&
     isNonEmptyString(value.text) &&
+    isOptionalExampleSentence(value.exampleSentence) &&
     Array.isArray(value.boundsPhysicalPx) &&
     value.boundsPhysicalPx.length > 0 &&
     value.boundsPhysicalPx.every(isPhysicalRect) &&
@@ -382,6 +390,7 @@ export function isTranslationRequest(value: unknown): value is TranslationReques
     isRecord(value) &&
     isNonNegativeInteger(value.selectionId) &&
     isNonEmptyString(value.text) &&
+    isOptionalExampleSentence(value.exampleSentence) &&
     isNonEmptyString(value.sourceLanguage) &&
     isNonEmptyString(value.targetLanguage)
   );
diff --git a/src/styles/app.css b/src/styles/app.css
index e670d5d..e0aa506 100644
--- a/src/styles/app.css
+++ b/src/styles/app.css
@@ -207,6 +207,8 @@ input:focus-visible,
 .recall-ruler__value { color: var(--study-ink); font-family: var(--font-utility); font-size: 0.72rem; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1; text-align: center; }
 
 .relation-list { display: grid; gap: 10px; }
+.related-view .study-header { margin-bottom: 18px; }
+.related-example.is-saved { max-width: 720px; border-left: 2px solid var(--accent); padding-left: 12px; color: var(--study-ink); font-family: var(--font-lexical); font-size: 0.94rem; font-style: italic; }
 .relation-list article { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 120px minmax(120px, 0.7fr) minmax(0, 1fr) auto; align-items: center; gap: 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--study-rule); padding: 16px 4px; }
 .relation-list article strong { color: var(--study-ink); font-family: var(--font-lexical); font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 500; }
 .relation-lexeme, .textbook-entry__lexeme { display: flex; min-width: 0; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: baseline; gap: 5px 8px; }
@@ -227,12 +229,7 @@ input:focus-visible,
 .word-manage__confirm { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) auto auto; align-items: center; gap: 4px; width: 100%; font-size: 0.68rem; }
 .word-manage__confirm .button, .word-manage__confirm .text-button { min-width: 44px; padding-inline: 9px; font-size: 0.7rem; }
 .word-manage .study-notice { margin: 0; }
-.word-provenance { margin-bottom: 18px; border: 1px solid var(--study-rule); border-radius: 16px; background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--study-accent) 7%, transparent); }
-.word-provenance summary { min-height: 44px; padding: 12px 16px; color: var(--study-ink); cursor: pointer; font-family: var(--font-utility); font-size: 0.72rem; font-weight: 700; }
-.word-provenance summary span { margin-left: 6px; color: var(--accent-strong); }
-.word-provenance__content { display: grid; gap: 9px; border-top: 1px solid var(--study-rule); padding: 14px 18px 16px; }
-.word-provenance__content > div { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: baseline; gap: 6px 12px; }
-.word-provenance a, .textbook-volume__copy a { color: var(--study-accent); text-underline-offset: 3px; }
+.textbook-volume__copy a { color: var(--study-accent); text-underline-offset: 3px; }
 
 .source-selector,
 .direction-selector {

From 39a801f16b94661ff008da626fee5da05ff8b94e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=98=E5=8D=87=E9=BE=99?=
 <liushenglong_8597@outlook.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2026 22:35:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] chore(release): prepare v0.5.0

Bump the application version and document selection examples plus
English-anchored related words.
---
 README.md                 | 8 +++++---
 README.zh-CN.md           | 2 +-
 package.json              | 2 +-
 src-tauri/Cargo.lock      | 2 +-
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml      | 2 +-
 src-tauri/tauri.conf.json | 2 +-
 6 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2c4ddad..6021dd2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ tab.
   directly, without selecting anything.
 - **Local vocabulary study.** Eligible translated words and short phrases build
   a private on-device wordbook with pronunciation, recall tracking, related-word
-  discovery, downloaded textbooks, and bidirectional practice.
+  discovery, downloaded textbooks, and bidirectional practice. When a selection
+  sits in a clear sentence, that sentence is saved as the word's example.
 - **Stays out of the way.** Lives in the menu bar with no Dock icon, and can
   start at login.
 - **English and Simplified Chinese UI.** Switch immediately from Settings or
@@ -72,8 +73,9 @@ The study window brings four tools together:
   including everyday, academic, TOEIC, business, and general-reference
   vocabulary. A textbook hit is copied into your personal wordbook.
 - **Related words** combines roots and shared meanings across your wordbook and
-  compatible downloaded textbooks, shows where every result came from, and lets
-  you add useful connections with one click.
+  compatible downloaded textbooks, shows the saved selection sentence when one
+  exists, and keeps English as the study anchor when Chinese is translated to
+  English.
 - **Practice** tests word-to-meaning, meaning-to-word, or a random mix. Related
   words and the active textbook supply more challenging distractors, while
   mastered words leave the active queue until their recall fades.
diff --git a/README.zh-CN.md b/README.zh-CN.md
index e201554..35ad558 100644
--- a/README.zh-CN.md
+++ b/README.zh-CN.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 - 支持 Google Cloud、百度翻译和微软翻译；微软可选择全球或中国区云环境。
 - API 凭据通过原生安全输入框保存到系统钥匙串，不会进入 WebView 或设置文件。
 - 原文和译文均可使用系统语音朗读。
-- 自动建立本地个人词库，支持词性、发音、相关词、双向测试和记忆分数。
+- 自动建立本地个人词库，支持词性、发音、相关词、双向测试和记忆分数；划词时若能确定所在句子，会把该句保存为例句，中译英词条以英文为相关词锚点。
 - 内置一册离线的英汉入门词书；无需下载、无需配置 API 即可开始学习。
 
 ![个人词库、记忆分数、词性和发音按钮](docs/screenshots/vocabulary-study-wordbook.png)
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 374b8fc..08d4b69 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "desktop-translator",
   "private": true,
-  "version": "0.4.1",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.lock b/src-tauri/Cargo.lock
index 683cda6..4dcb94e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.lock
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.lock
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "desktop-translator"
-version = "0.4.1"
+version = "0.5.0"
 dependencies = [
  "apple-native-keyring-store",
  "async-trait",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 270db8f..fc7baad 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "desktop-translator"
-version = "0.4.1"
+version = "0.5.0"
 description = "Lightweight cross-platform selection translator"
 authors = ["Desktop Translator Contributors"]
 edition = "2021"
diff --git a/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json b/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
index 7b00ce1..ca3db4b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
+++ b/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://schema.tauri.app/config/2",
   "productName": "Desktop Translator",
-  "version": "0.4.1",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
   "identifier": "com.desktoptranslator.desktop",
   "build": {
     "beforeDevCommand": "pnpm dev",