diff --git a/api/docs/adr/000-vertical-slice-architecture.md b/api/docs/adr/000-vertical-slice-architecture.md
index 43981105..5f6e7547 100644
--- a/api/docs/adr/000-vertical-slice-architecture.md
+++ b/api/docs/adr/000-vertical-slice-architecture.md
@@ -66,14 +66,14 @@ damnit_api/
 │
 ├── core/            # framework-free, imports nothing app-specific:
 │   ├── errors.py    #   Shared error classes; see ADR-001
-│   ├── types.py     #   `ProposalNumber`, pure value types (no I/O)
+│   ├── types.py     #   `ProposalNumber`, pure value types (no I/O); see ADR-004
 │   ├── const.py     #   DamnitType etc.
 │   └── conversions.py  # b64image, blob2numpy, type mapping
 │
 ├── proposals/       # proposal identity, metadata, discovery
 │   ├── models.py    #   `ProposalMeta` + domain models
 │   ├── services.py  #   fetch/cache/upsert proposal metadata (auth-free)
-│   ├── locator.py   #   `ProposalPathLocator` implementations
+│   ├── locator.py   #   `ProposalPathLocator` implementations; see ADR-004
 │   ├── routers.py
 │   └── gql.py
 │
diff --git a/api/docs/adr/004-proposal-path-locator.md b/api/docs/adr/004-proposal-path-locator.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7687014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/docs/adr/004-proposal-path-locator.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+date: 2026-07-07
+---
+
+# ADR-004 - Proposal path resolution: pure value type, injectable locator
+
+## Context and Problem Statement
+
+A proposal number arrives as an untyped string or integer and is used in three ways: as a GraphQL input, as a filesystem path to the proposal's DAMNIT directory, and as a persistence key. Turning a number into a directory requires filesystem probing on GPFS - globbing under the proposal root, checking candidate directories, stat-ing for read-only status. GPFS is a network filesystem, so those calls can stall for seconds, and a hung mount can stall them indefinitely.
+
+Two questions follow. Where does a proposal number get validated and formatted? Where does number-to-directory resolution live?
+
+## Considered Options
+
+- One `ProposalNumber` type that both validates and resolves its own path, reading configuration directly (the reference tree's approach: a blocking `find_damnit_path_sync` method).
+- A pure `ProposalNumber` value type plus a separate injectable `ProposalPathLocator` that owns resolution.
+
+## Decision Outcome
+
+Chosen option: a pure value type plus a separate locator, because it keeps the value type free of I/O and settings, and isolates slow GPFS access behind a swappable, testable seam.
+
+### Consequences
+
+- Good: `ProposalNumber` validation and formatting are pure and trivially unit-testable, with no settings coupling.
+- Good: path heuristics live in one place behind a protocol, swappable for local mode and for tests.
+- Bad: resolution becomes asynchronous once fully adopted, which will ripple into repository acquisition and the resolvers that call it.
+
+## Details
+
+### The rules
+
+1. `ProposalNumber` (target `core/types.py`, today `shared/models.py`) is a pure value type. It validates (1-999999, rejects floats), formats to the canonical `p{n:06d}` form, and carries a pydantic schema. It does no I/O and reads no settings.
+2. Number-to-directory resolution belongs in a `ProposalPathLocator` (target `proposals/locator.py`), built by a factory, held on `AppState`, and injected where resolution is needed. Implementations are a GPFS locator (production glob heuristics) and a fixed locator (local mode and tests).
+3. Filesystem calls in request paths run off the event loop with timeouts. A hung GPFS mount degrades one request, not the whole server.
+4. A failed resolution raises `ProposalNotFoundError` (see [ADR-001](001-error-classes.md)) at the edge, not a bare error from a constructor.
diff --git a/api/docs/architecture.md b/api/docs/architecture.md
index 18a87b12..32d44162 100644
--- a/api/docs/architecture.md
+++ b/api/docs/architecture.md
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ For more information, see [ADR-000](adr/000-vertical-slice-architecture.md).
 | Package                           | Capability                              | What belongs there                                                                                                        | Status  | Today                                                                     |
 | --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
 | `runs/`                           | Run/variable data - the core domain     | Domain models, repository interface + implementations, serialisation, preview extraction, its GraphQL types and resolvers | Planned | `db.py` + `data.py`; resolvers in `graphql/queries.py`/`subscriptions.py` |
-| `proposals/`                      | Proposal metadata and lookup            | Proposal models, MyMdC-backed metadata services, path locator                                                             | Planned | `metadata/`                                                               |
+| `proposals/`                      | Proposal metadata and lookup            | Proposal models, MyMdC-backed metadata services, path locator (see [ADR-004](adr/004-proposal-path-locator.md))            | Planned | `metadata/`                                                               |
 | `auth/`                           | Authentication and authorisation        | OAuth flow, sessions, token store, `User`, permission classes, the membership policy                                      | Partial | Policy still in `metadata/services.py`                                    |
 | `contextfile/`                    | Context-file viewing                    | File reading, watching, its routes                                                                                        | Done    | As-is                                                                     |
 | `graphql/`                        | GraphQL transport only                  | Schema assembly, context, directives, controller binding - no resolvers, no domain logic                                  | Partial | Assembly still in `shared/gql.py`; resolvers still here                   |
 | `appdb/`                          | The app's own database (infrastructure) | Models, engine/session plumbing for `dw_api.sqlite`                                                                       | Planned | `_db/`                                                                    |
 | `mymdc/`                          | MyMdC client (infrastructure)           | Ports, clients, vendored models                                                                                           | Planned | `_mymdc/`                                                                 |
-| `core/`                           | Cross-cutting, framework-free           | Shared error classes (see [ADR-001](adr/001-error-classes.md)), `DamnitType`, value types, converters                     | Planned | `shared/` + `utils.py`                                                    |
+| `core/`                           | Cross-cutting, framework-free           | Shared error classes (see [ADR-001](adr/001-error-classes.md)), `DamnitType`, value types (see [ADR-004](adr/004-proposal-path-locator.md)), converters | Planned | `shared/` + `utils.py`                                                    |
 | `main.py` / `app.py` / `state.py` | Composition root                        | `AppState`, `create_*` factories (see [ADR-002](adr/002-no-global-mutable-state.md)), `create_app()` - the only place that may import everything and read settings | Partial | `main.py` + `state.py`                                                            |
 
 Where new code goes:
diff --git a/api/pyproject.toml b/api/pyproject.toml
index b6f26779..ff1f62df 100644
--- a/api/pyproject.toml
+++ b/api/pyproject.toml
@@ -51,7 +51,11 @@ test = [
     "pytest-recording>=0.13.4",
     "syrupy>=5.5.2",
 ]
-lint = ["pyright>=1.1.406", "ruff>=0.7"]
+lint = [
+    "pyright>=1.1.406",
+    "ruff>=0.7",
+    "ty>=0.0.42",
+]
 docs = [
     "zensical>=0.0.47",
     "mkdocstrings-python>=2.0.3",
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/_mymdc/clients.py b/api/src/damnit_api/_mymdc/clients.py
index d625a0b5..5324c10e 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/_mymdc/clients.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/_mymdc/clients.py
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def __init__(self, auth: MyMdCAuth) -> None:
         super().__init__(auth=auth, base_url=api_url)
 
     async def _get_proposal_by_number(self, no: models.ProposalNumber):
-        response = await self.get(f"proposals/by_number/{no}")
+        response = await self.get(f"proposals/by_number/{no:d}")
         response.raise_for_status()
         return response.json()
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ async def _replay(self, path: str) -> dict:
         return orjson.loads(body)
 
     async def _get_proposal_by_number(self, no: models.ProposalNumber):
-        return await self._replay(f"proposals/by_number/{no}")
+        return await self._replay(f"proposals/by_number/{no:d}")
 
     async def _get_user_by_id(self, id: models.UserId):
         return await self._replay(f"users/{id}")
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/auth/gql.py b/api/src/damnit_api/auth/gql.py
index aff3ad38..7faa1e75 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/auth/gql.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/auth/gql.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 from ..metadata.gql import ProposalMeta
 from ..metadata.services import _get_proposal_meta_many
+from ..shared.models import ProposalNumber
 from .models import OAuthUserInfo
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -43,7 +44,9 @@ async def proposals(
 
         proposals = await mymdc.get_user_proposals(self.preferred_username)
         proposal_numbers = [
-            p.proposal_number for p in proposals.root if p.proposal_number is not None
+            ProposalNumber(p.proposal_number)
+            for p in proposals.root
+            if p.proposal_number is not None
         ]
 
         proposals_meta = await _get_proposal_meta_many(
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/auth/models.py b/api/src/damnit_api/auth/models.py
index a2769b36..2cfc226e 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/auth/models.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/auth/models.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 from .. import get_logger
 from .._db.dependencies import DBSession
 from .._mymdc.dependencies import MyMdCClient
+from ..shared.models import ProposalNumber
 
 logger = get_logger()
 
@@ -64,17 +65,17 @@ def from_connection(cls, connection: HTTPConnection) -> Self:
 class ProposalsByYearHalf(RootModel):
     """Mapping of year half (e.g. 202401, 202402) to list of proposal numbers."""
 
-    root: dict[int, list[int]]
+    root: dict[int, list[ProposalNumber]]
 
 
 class User(BaseUserInfo):
     """Full user information including list of proposals."""
 
-    _member_proposals: list[int] = PrivateAttr(default_factory=list)
+    _member_proposals: list[ProposalNumber] = PrivateAttr(default_factory=list)
     proposals_by_year_half: ProposalsByYearHalf
 
     @property
-    def proposals(self) -> list[int]:
+    def proposals(self) -> list[ProposalNumber]:
         """Proposals the user is a member of (raw MyMdC membership)."""
         return self._member_proposals
 
@@ -113,7 +114,9 @@ async def from_oauth_user(
 
         proposals = await mymdc.get_user_proposals(oauth.preferred_username)
         member_proposals = [
-            p.proposal_number for p in proposals.root if p.proposal_number is not None
+            ProposalNumber(p.proposal_number)
+            for p in proposals.root
+            if p.proposal_number is not None
         ]
 
         proposals_meta = await _get_proposal_meta_many(
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/auth/permissions.py b/api/src/damnit_api/auth/permissions.py
index e8998b9b..8938ae46 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/auth/permissions.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/auth/permissions.py
@@ -32,26 +32,17 @@ async def has_permission(self, source, info: Info, **kwargs) -> bool:
             msg = "Field is misconfigured for proposal authorization."
             raise StrawberryGraphQLError(msg)
 
-        proposal_str = getattr(kwargs["database"], "proposal", None)
-        if not proposal_str:
+        proposal = getattr(kwargs["database"], "proposal", None)
+        if not proposal:
             return False
 
-        try:
-            proposal = int(proposal_str.strip("p"))
-        except (ValueError, TypeError):
-            logger.info("Invalid proposal identifier", proposal=proposal_str)
-            # NOTE: Strawberry shares one permission instance across all requests, so a
-            # per-call message must be raised, not stored on `self`.
-            msg = "Invalid proposal identifier."
-            raise StrawberryGraphQLError(msg) from None
-
         try:
             user = await info.context.get_user()
         except Exception as exc:
             # Do not respond with upstream errors directly, might contain internal
             # info that shouldn't be sent to client.
             msg = "Could not verify proposal access"
-            logger.exception(msg, proposal=proposal_str)
+            logger.exception(msg, proposal=proposal)
             raise StrawberryGraphQLError(msg) from exc
 
         try:
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/graphql/queries.py b/api/src/damnit_api/graphql/queries.py
index faa6aad7..8692fda0 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/graphql/queries.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/graphql/queries.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from ..runs.preview import get_preview_data
 from ..runs.sqlite import async_table, get_session
 from ..runs.types import KNOWN_DTYPES, DamnitRun
+from ..shared.models import ProposalNumber
 from .metadata import fetch_metadata
 from .utils import DatabaseInput, fetch_info
 
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
 RUN_INFO_NAMES = frozenset(KNOWN_DTYPES) - {"proposal", "run"}
 
 
-async def _ensure_damnit_path(info: Info, proposal: str) -> None:
+async def _ensure_damnit_path(info: Info, proposal: ProposalNumber) -> None:
     """Ensure the proposal has a DAMNIT path, refreshing from MyMdC if needed.
 
     Authorization is handled separately by IsProposalMember before this runs.
@@ -31,12 +32,12 @@ async def _ensure_damnit_path(info: Info, proposal: str) -> None:
         return
 
     meta = await _get_proposal_meta(
-        info.context.mymdc, int(proposal), info.context.session
+        info.context.mymdc, proposal, info.context.session
     )
     if not meta.damnit_path:
         logger.info("No damnit path found, updating proposal metadata")
         meta = await _update_proposal_meta(
-            info.context.mymdc, int(proposal), info.context.session
+            info.context.mymdc, proposal, info.context.session
         )
         if not meta.damnit_path:
             msg = "No damnit path found after updating proposal metadata."
@@ -210,11 +211,6 @@ async def metadata(
         database: DatabaseInput,
     ) -> JSON:  # FIX: # pyright: ignore[reportInvalidTypeForm]
         proposal = database.proposal
-        if not proposal:
-            msg = "Proposal number is required."
-            # TODO: custom exceptions
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-
         await _ensure_damnit_path(info, proposal)
 
         snapshot = await fetch_metadata(info.context.damnit_registry, proposal)
@@ -235,7 +231,7 @@ async def extracted_data(
         # TODO: Convert to Strawberry type
         # and make it analogous to DamitVariable; e.g. `data`
         return get_preview_data(  # FIX: # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
-            proposal=database.proposal,
+            proposal_number=database.proposal,
             run=run,
             variable=variable,
         )
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/graphql/utils.py b/api/src/damnit_api/graphql/utils.py
index 6f3738bc..71d6c99b 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/graphql/utils.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/graphql/utils.py
@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@
 
 from ..runs.sqlite import DamnitDBRegistry, async_table, get_session
 from ..shared.const import DEFAULT_PROPOSAL
+from ..shared.models import ProposalNumber
 
 
 @strawberry.input
 class DatabaseInput:
-    proposal: str | None = strawberry.field(default=DEFAULT_PROPOSAL)
+    proposal: ProposalNumber = strawberry.field(
+        default=ProposalNumber(DEFAULT_PROPOSAL)
+    )
     path: str | None = strawberry.field(default=strawberry.UNSET)
 
 
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/metadata/gql.py b/api/src/damnit_api/metadata/gql.py
index 3bc1cb7f..a17b1880 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/metadata/gql.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/metadata/gql.py
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
 
 from .. import get_logger
 from ..auth.permissions import IsAuthenticated
+from ..shared.models import (
+    ProposalNumber,  # noqa: TC001  (Strawberry resolves at runtime)
+)
 from . import models, services
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ class Query:
     async def proposal_metadata(
         self,
         info: strawberry.Info[Context],
-        proposal_numbers: list[int],
+        proposal_numbers: list[ProposalNumber],
     ) -> list[ProposalMeta] | None:
         """Fetch metadata for the given proposal numbers.
 
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/metadata/services.py b/api/src/damnit_api/metadata/services.py
index 3610886d..f8798dd1 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/metadata/services.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/metadata/services.py
@@ -43,23 +43,24 @@ def _local_proposal_meta(proposal_number: ProposalNumber) -> ProposalMeta:
     )
 
 
-async def _local_proposal_number(registry: "DamnitDBRegistry") -> int | None:
+async def _local_proposal_number(registry: "DamnitDBRegistry") -> ProposalNumber | None:
     from sqlalchemy import select
 
     from ..runs.sqlite import async_table, get_session
     from ..shared.const import DEFAULT_PROPOSAL
 
-    table = await async_table(registry, DEFAULT_PROPOSAL, name="metameta")
+    proposal = ProposalNumber(DEFAULT_PROPOSAL)
+    table = await async_table(registry, proposal, name="metameta")
     if table is None:
         return None
 
-    async with get_session(registry, DEFAULT_PROPOSAL) as session:
+    async with get_session(registry, proposal) as session:
         result = await session.execute(
             select(table.c.value).where(table.c.key == "proposal")
         )
         value = result.scalar()
 
-    return int(value) if value else None
+    return ProposalNumber(int(value)) if value else None
 
 
 async def _fetch_proposal_meta(
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/runs/preview.py b/api/src/damnit_api/runs/preview.py
index 71041e33..90e9ad8f 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/runs/preview.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/runs/preview.py
@@ -6,14 +6,15 @@
 from PIL import Image
 
 from ..shared.const import DamnitType
+from ..shared.models import ProposalNumber
 from ..utils import b64image
 from .sqlite import get_damnit_path
 
 NOT_SUPPORTED_MESSAGE = "Not supported."
 
 
-def get_preview_data(proposal, run, variable):
-    path = get_damnit_path(str(proposal))
+def get_preview_data(proposal_number: ProposalNumber, run, variable):
+    path = get_damnit_path(proposal_number)
     try:
         var_data = Damnit(path)[run, variable]
     except KeyError:
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/runs/sqlite/session.py b/api/src/damnit_api/runs/sqlite/session.py
index e690cae3..18cee099 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/runs/sqlite/session.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/runs/sqlite/session.py
@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@
 from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
 
 from ...shared.const import DEFAULT_PROPOSAL
+from ...shared.errors import ProposalNotFoundError
+from ...shared.models import ProposalNumber
 from ...utils import find_proposal
 
 DAMNIT_PATH = "usr/Shared/amore/"
+_DEFAULT_PROPOSAL = ProposalNumber(DEFAULT_PROPOSAL)
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -24,7 +27,7 @@
 
 
 class DatabaseSessionManager:
-    def __init__(self, proposal: str = DEFAULT_PROPOSAL):
+    def __init__(self, proposal: ProposalNumber = _DEFAULT_PROPOSAL):
         self.proposal = proposal
         self.root_path = get_damnit_path(proposal)
         self._engine = create_async_engine(
@@ -97,16 +100,16 @@ class DamnitDBRegistry:
     """Per-proposal DAMNIT database registry."""
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self._managers: dict[str, DatabaseSessionManager] = {}
+        self._managers: dict[ProposalNumber, DatabaseSessionManager] = {}
 
-    def get(self, proposal: str) -> DatabaseSessionManager:
+    def get(self, proposal: ProposalNumber) -> DatabaseSessionManager:
         if proposal not in self._managers:
             self._managers[proposal] = DatabaseSessionManager(proposal)
         return self._managers[proposal]
 
 
 def get_session(
-    registry: DamnitDBRegistry, proposal: str
+    registry: DamnitDBRegistry, proposal: ProposalNumber
 ) -> AbstractAsyncContextManager[AsyncSession]:
     return registry.get(proposal).session()
 
@@ -115,15 +118,15 @@ def get_session(
 # Etc.
 
 
-def get_damnit_path(proposal_number: str = DEFAULT_PROPOSAL) -> str:
+def get_damnit_path(proposal: ProposalNumber = _DEFAULT_PROPOSAL) -> str:
     """Returns the directory of the given proposal."""
     from ...shared.settings import settings
 
     if settings.is_local:
         return str(settings.damnit_path)
 
-    path = find_proposal(proposal_number)
+    path = find_proposal(proposal)
     if not path:
-        msg = f"Proposal '{proposal_number}' is not found."
-        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+        msg = f"Proposal '{proposal}' is not found."
+        raise ProposalNotFoundError(msg)
     return str(Path(path) / DAMNIT_PATH)
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/runs/types.py b/api/src/damnit_api/runs/types.py
index 8e4c44b9..21381d36 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/runs/types.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/runs/types.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 from .. import get_logger
 from ..shared.const import DamnitType
+from ..shared.models import ProposalNumber
 from ..utils import (
     create_map,
     python_type_to_damnit_type,
@@ -42,6 +43,12 @@ class KnownVariable:
         name="Timestamp",
         parse_value=lambda value: value / 1000,
     ),
+    ProposalNumber: strawberry.scalar(
+        name="ProposalNo",
+        serialize=int,
+        parse_value=ProposalNumber,
+        description="Proposal number (positive integer, 1-999999)",
+    ),
 }
 
 strawberry.enum(DamnitType, graphql_name_from="value")
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/shared/models.py b/api/src/damnit_api/shared/models.py
index 44a8aaa8..bb509970 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/shared/models.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/shared/models.py
@@ -1,11 +1,50 @@
 """Shared Models for Damnit API."""
 
-from typing import Annotated
+import re
+from typing import Annotated, Self
 
 from pydantic import Field
 
-ProposalNumber = Annotated[int, Field(gt=0, lt=999_9999)]
+_PROPOSAL_STR_PATTERN = re.compile(r"^p?(\d{1,6})$")
+
+
+class ProposalNumber(int):
+    """Validated proposal number (1-999999).
+
+    ``str(pn)`` returns the canonical ``p{n:06d}`` form (e.g. ``"p001234"``).
+    Format specs (``f"{pn:d}"``, ``"%d" % pn``) bypass ``__str__`` and produce
+    plain integer output.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, value: int | str) -> Self:
+        if isinstance(value, float):
+            msg = f"Expected int or str, got float: {value!r}"
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            m = _PROPOSAL_STR_PATTERN.fullmatch(value)
+            if not m:
+                msg = f"Invalid proposal number: {value!r}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            value = int(m.group(1))
+        if not (0 < value < 1_000_000):
+            msg = f"Proposal number out of range: {value}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return super().__new__(cls, value)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"p{self:06d}"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ProposalNumber({int(self)!r})"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source_type, handler):
+        from pydantic_core import core_schema
+
+        return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+            cls,
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(int),
+        )
 
-ProposalId = Annotated[int, Field(gt=0, lt=999_9999)]
 
 ProposalCycle = Annotated[str, Field(pattern=r"^\d{6}$")]
diff --git a/api/src/damnit_api/utils.py b/api/src/damnit_api/utils.py
index 39bf0235..ede15b38 100644
--- a/api/src/damnit_api/utils.py
+++ b/api/src/damnit_api/utils.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 from .shared.const import DamnitType
+from .shared.models import ProposalNumber
 
 DEFAULT_ARRAY_NAME = "__xarray_dataarray_variable__"
 
@@ -57,31 +58,13 @@ def blob2numpy(data: bytes) -> np.ndarray:
 DATA_ROOT_DIR = "/gpfs/exfel/exp"
 
 
-def format_proposal_number(proposal):
-    """Format a given unformatted proposal number."
-
-    Lifted and modified from extra_data.reader.py
-    https://github.com/European-XFEL/EXtra-data/blob/master/extra_data/reader.py
-    """
-    if not proposal.startswith("p"):
-        proposal = "p" + proposal.rjust(6, "0")
-
-    return proposal
-
-
-def find_proposal(propno):
-    """Find the proposal directory for a given proposal on Maxwell
+def find_proposal(proposal: ProposalNumber) -> str:
+    """Find the proposal directory for a given proposal on Maxwell.
 
     Lifted and modified from extra_data.read_machinery.py
     https://github.com/European-XFEL/EXtra-data/blob/master/extra_data/read_machinery.py
     """
-
-    if "/" in propno:
-        # Already passed a proposal directory
-        return propno
-
-    propno = format_proposal_number(propno)
-    for d in iglob(osp.join(DATA_ROOT_DIR, f"*/*/{propno}")):  # noqa: PTH118, PTH207
+    for d in iglob(osp.join(DATA_ROOT_DIR, f"*/*/{proposal}")):  # noqa: PTH118, PTH207
         return d
 
     return ""
diff --git a/api/tests/graphql/test_permissions.py b/api/tests/graphql/test_permissions.py
index af53849f..c309dad4 100644
--- a/api/tests/graphql/test_permissions.py
+++ b/api/tests/graphql/test_permissions.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 from damnit_api.auth.permissions import IsAuthenticated, IsProposalMember
 from damnit_api.shared.errors import ForbiddenError
+from damnit_api.shared.models import ProposalNumber
 
 
 def _info(context: Any) -> Any:
@@ -68,18 +69,6 @@ async def test_is_proposal_member_none_proposal():
     assert result is False
 
 
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_is_proposal_member_malformed_proposal():
-    # Parsing fails before any user resolution / network call, so no mocks needed.
-    perm = IsProposalMember()
-    info = _info(_context())
-    database = SimpleNamespace(proposal="not-a-number")
-
-    with pytest.raises(StrawberryGraphQLError, match=r"Invalid proposal identifier\."):
-        await perm.has_permission(None, info, database=database)
-    assert perm.message == "Access to this proposal is forbidden."
-
-
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_is_proposal_member_allowed(mocker):
     check = mocker.patch(
@@ -87,14 +76,14 @@ async def test_is_proposal_member_allowed(mocker):
         new_callable=mocker.AsyncMock,
     )
     ctx = _context(user="resolved-user")
-    database = SimpleNamespace(proposal="p1234")
+    database = SimpleNamespace(proposal=ProposalNumber(1234))
 
     result = await IsProposalMember().has_permission(
         None, _info(ctx), database=database
     )
     assert result is True
     ctx.get_user.assert_awaited_once()
-    check.assert_awaited_once_with(1234, "resolved-user")
+    check.assert_awaited_once_with(ProposalNumber(1234), "resolved-user")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -104,7 +93,7 @@ async def test_is_proposal_member_safe_upstream_error():
     ctx.get_user.side_effect = RuntimeError(
         "https://in.xfel.eu/metadata/api/ sensitive error beep boop"
     )
-    database = SimpleNamespace(proposal="p1234")
+    database = SimpleNamespace(proposal=ProposalNumber(1234))
 
     with pytest.raises(StrawberryGraphQLError) as excinfo:
         await IsProposalMember().has_permission(None, _info(ctx), database=database)
@@ -118,7 +107,7 @@ async def test_is_proposal_member_forbidden(mocker):
         new_callable=mocker.AsyncMock,
         side_effect=ForbiddenError("nope"),
     )
-    database = SimpleNamespace(proposal="1234")
+    database = SimpleNamespace(proposal=ProposalNumber(1234))
 
     result = await IsProposalMember().has_permission(
         None, _info(_context()), database=database
diff --git a/api/tests/graphql/test_queries.py b/api/tests/graphql/test_queries.py
index c8a827bb..adc7431e 100644
--- a/api/tests/graphql/test_queries.py
+++ b/api/tests/graphql/test_queries.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 from damnit_api.runs.sqlite import DAMNIT_PATH, DatabaseSessionManager
 from damnit_api.runs.types import DamnitRun
+from damnit_api.shared.models import ProposalNumber
 
 from .const import (
     EXAMPLE_DATA,
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ async def real_damnit_db(mocker, tmp_path):
     """Real on-disk sqlite with a populated `run_variables` table, wired
     via `find_proposal`. Yields the proposal id.
     """
-    proposal = "999999"
+    proposal = ProposalNumber(999999)
     proposal_root = tmp_path / "proposal"
     (proposal_root / DAMNIT_PATH).mkdir(parents=True)
 
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ async def test_runs_query_fetches_run_info_when_metadata_requested(
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_metadata_query(graphql_schema):
     query = """
-        query TableMetadataQuery($proposal: String) {
+        query TableMetadataQuery($proposal: ProposalNo!) {
           metadata(database: { proposal: $proposal })
         }
     """
@@ -331,3 +332,36 @@ async def test_extracted_data_unauthorized(graphql_schema_no_auth):
 
     assert result.errors is not None
     assert result.errors[0].message == "Authentication required."
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ProposalNo scalar boundary: out-of-range proposals are rejected at input
+# coercion, before any resolver or permission runs.
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_runs_rejects_out_of_range_proposal(graphql_schema):
+    query = """
+        query {
+          runs(database: {proposal: 1000000}) {
+            variables { name }
+          }
+        }
+    """
+    result = await graphql_schema.execute(query)
+
+    assert result.errors is not None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_runs_rejects_negative_proposal(graphql_schema):
+    query = """
+        query {
+          runs(database: {proposal: -1}) {
+            variables { name }
+          }
+        }
+    """
+    result = await graphql_schema.execute(query)
+
+    assert result.errors is not None
diff --git a/api/tests/graphql/test_subscriptions.py b/api/tests/graphql/test_subscriptions.py
index 9afaad03..5e271ec9 100644
--- a/api/tests/graphql/test_subscriptions.py
+++ b/api/tests/graphql/test_subscriptions.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ async def test_latest_data(
     subscription = await graphql_schema.subscribe(
         """
         subscription LatestDataSubscription(
-          $proposal: String,
+          $proposal: ProposalNo!,
           $timestamp: Timestamp!) {
           latest_data(database: { proposal: $proposal }, timestamp: $timestamp)
         }
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ async def test_latest_data_with_concurrent_subscriptions(
 ):
     query = """
         subscription LatestDataSubscription(
-          $proposal: String,
+          $proposal: ProposalNo!,
           $timestamp: Timestamp!) {
           latest_data(database: { proposal: $proposal }, timestamp: $timestamp)
         }
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ async def test_latest_data_with_nonconcurrent_subscriptions(
 ):
     query = """
         subscription LatestDataSubscription(
-          $proposal: String,
+          $proposal: ProposalNo!,
           $timestamp: Timestamp!) {
           latest_data(database: { proposal: $proposal }, timestamp: $timestamp)
         }
diff --git a/api/tests/refactor/snapshots/schema.graphql b/api/tests/refactor/snapshots/schema.graphql
index ace766d8..7045a94c 100644
--- a/api/tests/refactor/snapshots/schema.graphql
+++ b/api/tests/refactor/snapshots/schema.graphql
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type DamnitVariableError {
 }
 
 input DatabaseInput {
-  proposal: String = "2956"
+  proposal: ProposalNo! = 2956
   path: String
 }
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ type ProposalMeta {
   updated_at: DateTime
   created_at: DateTime!
   id: Int!
-  number: Int!
+  number: ProposalNo!
   cycle: String!
   instrument: String!
   path: String!
@@ -66,12 +66,15 @@ type ProposalMeta {
   damnit_path_last_check: DateTime
 }
 
+"""Proposal number (positive integer, 1-999999)"""
+scalar ProposalNo
+
 type Query {
   get_user: User!
   runs(database: DatabaseInput!, page: Int! = 1, per_page: Int! = 10): [DamnitRun!]!
   metadata(database: DatabaseInput!): JSON!
   extracted_data(database: DatabaseInput!, run: Int!, variable: String!): JSON!
-  proposal_metadata(proposal_numbers: [Int!]!): [ProposalMeta!]
+  proposal_metadata(proposal_numbers: [ProposalNo!]!): [ProposalMeta!]
 }
 
 type Subscription {
diff --git a/api/tests/refactor/test_gql_parity.py b/api/tests/refactor/test_gql_parity.py
index a6a13489..a46537f9 100644
--- a/api/tests/refactor/test_gql_parity.py
+++ b/api/tests/refactor/test_gql_parity.py
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ async def test_runs_query_wire_shape_unchanged(
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_metadata_query_wire_shape_unchanged(graphql_schema):
     query = """
-        query($proposal: String) {
+        query($proposal: ProposalNo!) {
           metadata(database: { proposal: $proposal })
         }
     """
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ async def test_latest_data_subscription_wire_shape_unchanged(
     subscription = await graphql_schema.subscribe(
         """
         subscription(
-          $proposal: String,
+          $proposal: ProposalNo!,
           $timestamp: Timestamp!) {
           latest_data(
             database: { proposal: $proposal },
diff --git a/api/tests/test_data.py b/api/tests/test_data.py
index a8bbd740..50e02f30 100644
--- a/api/tests/test_data.py
+++ b/api/tests/test_data.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
     to_dataarray,
 )
 from damnit_api.shared.const import DamnitType
+from damnit_api.shared.models import ProposalNumber
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # get_damnit_type
@@ -243,7 +244,9 @@ def test_get_preview_data_ndarray(mocker):
     data = np.random.rand(4)
 
     mock_damnit_class(mocker, data=data, type_hint=None)
-    actual = get_preview_data(proposal=1234, run=1, variable=name)
+    actual = get_preview_data(
+        proposal_number=ProposalNumber(1234), run=1, variable=name
+    )
 
     assert actual == {
         "name": name,
@@ -265,7 +268,9 @@ def test_get_preview_data_dataarray(mocker):
     )
 
     mock_damnit_class(mocker, data=data, type_hint=DataType.DataArray)
-    actual = get_preview_data(proposal=1234, run=1, variable=name)
+    actual = get_preview_data(
+        proposal_number=ProposalNumber(1234), run=1, variable=name
+    )
 
     assert actual["name"] == name
     assert actual["dtype"] == dtype.value
@@ -282,7 +287,9 @@ def test_get_preview_data_png(mocker):
     data = np.random.randint(0, 256, (2, 3, 4), dtype=np.uint8)
 
     mock_damnit_class(mocker, data=data, type_hint=DataType.Image)
-    actual = get_preview_data(proposal=1234, run=1, variable=name)
+    actual = get_preview_data(
+        proposal_number=ProposalNumber(1234), run=1, variable=name
+    )
 
     assert actual["name"] == name
     assert actual["dtype"] == dtype.value
diff --git a/api/tests/test_db.py b/api/tests/test_db.py
index f0b49069..601b307b 100644
--- a/api/tests/test_db.py
+++ b/api/tests/test_db.py
@@ -19,8 +19,13 @@
     DAMNIT_PATH,
     DatabaseSessionManager,
     async_table,
+    get_damnit_path,
     get_session,
 )
+from damnit_api.shared.errors import ProposalNotFoundError
+from damnit_api.shared.models import ProposalNumber
+
+_TEST_PROPOSAL = ProposalNumber(999999)
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Fixtures
@@ -35,7 +40,7 @@
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def damnit_db(tmp_path):
+def damnit_db(mocker, tmp_path):
     root = tmp_path / DAMNIT_PATH
     root.mkdir(parents=True)
     db_file = root / "runs.sqlite"
@@ -45,7 +50,13 @@ def damnit_db(tmp_path):
         conn.commit()
     finally:
         conn.close()
-    return str(tmp_path)
+    # Path resolution is exercised in its own tests; here the manager just
+    # needs to point at the tmp DAMNIT directory holding runs.sqlite.
+    mocker.patch(
+        "damnit_api.runs.sqlite.session.get_damnit_path",
+        return_value=str(root),
+    )
+    return _TEST_PROPOSAL
 
 
 def _open_file_descriptors_to(db_file: Path):
@@ -81,8 +92,18 @@ def test_engine_uses_nullpool_and_autocommit(damnit_db):
 # this test verifies (no file descriptors leak after the loop dies).
 # alru_cached async_table sees that loop change; warning is intrinsic.
 @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::async_lru.AlruCacheLoopResetWarning")
-def test_no_lingering_file_descriptor_after_read(damnit_db, damnit_registry):
-    db_file = Path(damnit_db) / DAMNIT_PATH / "runs.sqlite"
+def test_get_damnit_path_raises_when_proposal_not_found(mocker):
+    """A proposal with no resolvable directory raises ProposalNotFoundError."""
+    mocker.patch("damnit_api.runs.sqlite.session.find_proposal", return_value="")
+    # Force non-local mode so resolution falls through to find_proposal.
+    mocker.patch("damnit_api.shared.settings.settings.damnit_path", new=None)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ProposalNotFoundError):
+        get_damnit_path(_TEST_PROPOSAL)
+
+
+def test_no_lingering_file_descriptor_after_read(damnit_db, damnit_registry, tmp_path):
+    db_file = tmp_path / DAMNIT_PATH / "runs.sqlite"
 
     async def do_read():
         table = await async_table(damnit_registry, damnit_db, name="runs")
diff --git a/api/tests/test_models.py b/api/tests/test_models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3b2f2fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/tests/test_models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+"""Unit tests for shared models, particularly ProposalNumber."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from damnit_api.shared.models import ProposalNumber
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Valid int inputs
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_min_boundary():
+    assert int(ProposalNumber(1)) == 1
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_typical_int():
+    assert int(ProposalNumber(900485)) == 900485
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_max_boundary():
+    assert int(ProposalNumber(999999)) == 999999
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Invalid int inputs
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_zero_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="out of range"):
+        ProposalNumber(0)
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_too_large_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="out of range"):
+        ProposalNumber(1_000_000)
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_negative_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="out of range"):
+        ProposalNumber(-1)
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Float rejection: floats must raise, never be silently truncated.
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_float_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        ProposalNumber(1.9)  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_float_in_range_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        ProposalNumber(999999.0)  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Valid string inputs
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_with_p_prefix():
+    assert int(ProposalNumber("p001234")) == 1234
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_no_prefix():
+    assert int(ProposalNumber("1234")) == 1234
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_leading_zeros():
+    assert int(ProposalNumber("p000001")) == 1
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_short():
+    assert int(ProposalNumber("p1")) == 1
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Invalid string inputs
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_too_many_digits_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid proposal number"):
+        ProposalNumber("p1234567")
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_double_p_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid proposal number"):
+        ProposalNumber("pp1234")
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_not_a_number_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid proposal number"):
+        ProposalNumber("not-a-number")
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_empty_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid proposal number"):
+        ProposalNumber("")
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_zero_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="out of range"):
+        ProposalNumber("p000000")
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_too_large_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid proposal number"):
+        ProposalNumber("p1000000")
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Canonical str / repr
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_min():
+    assert str(ProposalNumber(1)) == "p000001"
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_max():
+    assert str(ProposalNumber(999999)) == "p999999"
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_str_typical():
+    assert str(ProposalNumber(1234)) == "p001234"
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_repr():
+    assert repr(ProposalNumber(1234)) == "ProposalNumber(1234)"
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Hash / dict-key interchangeability with plain int
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_as_dict_key_interchangeable():
+    d: dict[int, str] = {ProposalNumber(900485): "proposal-data"}
+    assert d[900485] == "proposal-data"
+
+
+def test_proposal_number_hash_equals_int_hash():
+    assert hash(ProposalNumber(42)) == hash(42)
diff --git a/api/tests/test_state.py b/api/tests/test_state.py
index 8e43dcb8..a0b7386f 100644
--- a/api/tests/test_state.py
+++ b/api/tests/test_state.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 from damnit_api.auth.token_store import InMemoryTokenStore
 from damnit_api.runs.sqlite import DamnitDBRegistry
+from damnit_api.shared.models import ProposalNumber
 from damnit_api.shared.settings import Settings
 from damnit_api.state import create_oauth_client
 
@@ -51,10 +52,10 @@ def __init__(self, proposal):
     )
 
     registry = DamnitDBRegistry()
-    first = registry.get("1234")
-    assert registry.get("1234") is first
-    assert registry.get("5678") is not first
-    assert created == ["1234", "5678"]
+    first = registry.get(ProposalNumber(1234))
+    assert registry.get(ProposalNumber(1234)) is first
+    assert registry.get(ProposalNumber(5678)) is not first
+    assert created == [ProposalNumber(1234), ProposalNumber(5678)]
 
 
 def test_token_store_stores_and_pops_fields():
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 76248107..1f981486 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -434,6 +434,7 @@ dev = [
     { name = "ruff" },
     { name = "strawberry-graphql" },
     { name = "syrupy" },
+    { name = "ty" },
     { name = "zensical" },
 ]
 develop = [
@@ -449,6 +450,7 @@ docs = [
 lint = [
     { name = "pyright" },
     { name = "ruff" },
+    { name = "ty" },
 ]
 test = [
     { name = "asgi-lifespan" },
@@ -509,6 +511,7 @@ dev = [
     { name = "ruff", specifier = ">=0.7" },
     { name = "strawberry-graphql", extras = ["debug-server"], specifier = ">=0.283.3" },
     { name = "syrupy", specifier = ">=5.5.2" },
+    { name = "ty", specifier = ">=0.0.42" },
     { name = "zensical", specifier = ">=0.0.47" },
 ]
 develop = [
@@ -524,6 +527,7 @@ docs = [
 lint = [
     { name = "pyright", specifier = ">=1.1.406" },
     { name = "ruff", specifier = ">=0.7" },
+    { name = "ty", specifier = ">=0.0.42" },
 ]
 test = [
     { name = "asgi-lifespan", specifier = ">=2.1.0" },
@@ -1926,6 +1930,31 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7b/61/cceae43728b7de99d9b847560c262873a1f6c98202171fd5ed62640b494b/tomli-2.4.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0d85819802132122da43cb86656f8d1f8c6587d54ae7dcaf30e90533028b49fe", size = 14583, upload-time = "2026-03-25T20:22:03.012Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ty"
+version = "0.0.56"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/55/07/fb29aea5235b0aa8ecfc4d1cc6ddf9fba8b863d67d96c6d345694d644c43/ty-0.0.56.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:84d114dc3796361c0fc72945016eabd74d46b9ee64f198cb0e485719704681e5", size = 6050123, upload-time = "2026-07-01T16:44:56.036Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/dc/48/bce79e7ca5c1cc529d3e0d37ddd1121aea4b68a4f749974ad1cc77161871/ty-0.0.56-py3-none-linux_armv6l.whl", hash = "sha256:186d4a53e15747c947e1ec3d7eec8e345d8e40a1ca10e634c585db52497e87dd", size = 11643066, upload-time = "2026-07-01T16:44:18.374Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/80/d1/22555d8a1d719661f10050f3865d877bbf497da908961c75fe22217dd18a/ty-0.0.56-py3-none-macosx_10_12_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:aae1a980fd9535da0469b7ba2b2e1b54a907743a5e0f442dd57eee9f5bfd034c", size = 11407487, upload-time = "2026-07-01T16:44:20.956Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cf/2d/b3b7a74ce8bc59ef48843ad80179bb0d9598bbd6cfc0d11d519bdf6b1352/ty-0.0.56-py3-none-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:afd3058c0a6c5f241e814734f133008c93ee805f61c9cf4ce7412b8822b5d9ad", size = 10962270, upload-time = "2026-07-01T16:44:22.959Z" },
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