diff --git a/.github/workflows/code-checker.yaml b/.github/workflows/code-checker.yaml
index 938af919..e2cece44 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/code-checker.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/code-checker.yaml
@@ -88,6 +88,31 @@ jobs       :
     - name: Run Python unit tests
       run: uv run pytest
 
+  codecov:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 2
+
+    - name: Restore Caches
+      uses: ./.github/actions/cache-restore
+
+    - name: Install uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: pip install pytest pytest-cov
+
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: uv run pytest --cov --cov-branch --cov-report=xml
+
+    - name: Upload results to Codecov
+      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+      with:
+        token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+
   cpp-lint-check:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 180
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 4bf1d668..9d420726 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -35,3 +35,7 @@ venv*/**
 
 # data
 data/*
+
+# codecov
+.coverage
+coverage.xml
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 891f8c37..0bb82f50 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ dependencies = ["pandas>=1.3.3"]
 [project.urls]
 "Homepage" = "https://github.com/AlayaDB-AI/AlayaLite"
 
-[project.optional-dependencies]
-dev = ["pytest", "ruff"]
+[tool.uv]
+dev-dependencies = ["pytest", "pytest-cov", "ruff"]
 
 # ----------------- build whl begin ------------------
 [tool.scikit-build]
@@ -52,9 +52,6 @@ archs = ["x86_64"]
 before-build = "yum -y install perl-IPC-Cmd perl-Digest-SHA"
 # ----------------- build whl end ------------------
 
-[tool.uv]
-dev-dependencies = ["pytest", "ruff"]
-
 [[tool.uv.index]]
 # url = "https://mirrors.sustech.edu.cn/pypi/web/simple" # SUSTech mirror
 # url = "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/simple" # Tsinghua mirror
diff --git a/python/src/alayalite/client.py b/python/src/alayalite/client.py
index 80def8bc..6cec1df3 100644
--- a/python/src/alayalite/client.py
+++ b/python/src/alayalite/client.py
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ def __init__(self, url=None):
         self.__collection_map = {}
         self.__index_map = {}
         self.__url = None
-
         if url is not None:
             self.__url = os.path.abspath(url)
             if not os.path.exists(self.__url):
@@ -103,9 +102,13 @@ def get_index(self, name: str = "default") -> Index:
             name (str, optional): The name of the index to retrieve. Defaults to "default".
 
         Returns:
-            Index or None: The index if found, else None.
+            _PyIndexInterface (cpp class): The index if found, else None
         """
-        return self.__index_map.get(name)
+        if name in self.__index_map:
+            return self.__index_map[name]
+        else:
+            print(f"Index {name} does not exist")
+            return None
 
     def create_collection(self, name: str = "default", **_kwargs) -> Collection:
         """
@@ -249,8 +252,6 @@ def save_index(self, index_name: str):
             raise RuntimeError(f"Index '{index_name}' does not exist")
 
         index_url = os.path.join(self.__url, index_name)
-        if not os.path.exists(index_url):
-            os.makedirs(index_url)
         schema_map = self.__index_map[index_name].save(index_url)
         index_schema_url = os.path.join(index_url, "schema.json")
         with open(index_schema_url, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
@@ -273,9 +274,6 @@ def save_collection(self, collection_name: str):
             raise RuntimeError(f"Collection '{collection_name}' does not exist")
 
         collection_url = os.path.join(self.__url, collection_name)
-        if not os.path.exists(collection_url):
-            os.makedirs(collection_url)
-
         schema_map = self.__collection_map[collection_name].save(collection_url)
         collection_schema_url = os.path.join(collection_url, "schema.json")
 
diff --git a/python/src/alayalite/common.py b/python/src/alayalite/common.py
index 27fd116c..b4034140 100644
--- a/python/src/alayalite/common.py
+++ b/python/src/alayalite/common.py
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@
     Type[np.uint32],
 ]
 """ Type alias for one of {`numpy.float32`, `numpy.int8`, `numpy.uint8`} """
-DistanceMetric: TypeAlias = Literal["euclidean", "l2", "ip", "cosine"]
-""" Type alias for one of {"euclidean", "l2", "ip", "cosine"} """
+DistanceMetric: TypeAlias = Literal["euclidean", "l2", "ip", "cosine", "cos"]
+""" Type alias for one of {"euclidean", "l2", "ip", "cosine", "cos"} """
 QuantizationType: TypeAlias = Literal[None, "none", "sq8", "sq4"]
 """ Type alias for one of {None, "none", "sq8", "sq4"} """
-IndexType: TypeAlias = Literal["hnsw", "flat"]
-""" Type alias for one of {"hnsw", "flat"} """
+IndexType: TypeAlias = Literal["hnsw", "nsg", "fusion"]
+""" Type alias for one of {"hnsw", "nsg" ,"fusion"} """
 VectorLike: TypeAlias = npt.NDArray[VectorDType]  # type: ignore
 """ Type alias for something that can be treated as a vector """
 VectorLikeBatch: TypeAlias = npt.NDArray[VectorDType]  # type: ignore
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@
 
 _VALID_IDTYPES = [np.uint64, np.uint32]
 _VALID_DTYPES = [np.float32, np.int8, np.uint8, np.float64, np.int32, np.uint32]
-_VALID_METRIC_TYPES = ["euclidean", "l2", "ip", "cosine"]
-_VALID_INDEX_TYPES = ["hnsw", "flat", "nsg", "fusion"]
+_VALID_METRIC_TYPES = ["euclidean", "l2", "ip", "cosine", "cos"]
+_VALID_INDEX_TYPES = ["hnsw", "nsg", "fusion"]
 _VALID_SQ_TYPES = [None, "none", "sq8", "sq4"]
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -93,25 +93,33 @@ def valid_capacity_type(capacity: np.dtype) -> np.uint32:
     return capacity
 
 
-def valid_metric_type(metric: str) -> _MetricType:
+def assert_valid_metric_type(metric: str) -> None:
     _assert(
         metric.lower() in _VALID_METRIC_TYPES,
         f"Distance metric must be one of {_VALID_METRIC_TYPES}",
     )
+
+
+def valid_metric_type(metric: str) -> _MetricType:
+    assert_valid_metric_type(metric)
     if metric.lower() == "ip":
         return _MetricType.IP
     elif metric.lower() == "l2" or metric.lower() == "euclidean":
         return _MetricType.L2
-    elif metric.lower() == "cosine":
-        return _MetricType.COSINE
+    elif metric.lower() == "cosine" or metric.lower() == "cos":
+        return _MetricType.COS
 
 
-def valid_quantization_type(quantization_type: str) -> _QuantizationType:
+def assert_valid_quantization_type(quantization_type: str) -> None:
     _assert(
-        quantization_type.lower() in _VALID_SQ_TYPES,
+        quantization_type is None or quantization_type.lower() in _VALID_SQ_TYPES,
         f"Quantization type must be one of {_VALID_SQ_TYPES}",
     )
 
+
+def valid_quantization_type(quantization_type: str) -> _QuantizationType:
+    assert_valid_quantization_type(quantization_type)
+
     if quantization_type is None:
         return _QuantizationType.NONE
     elif quantization_type.lower() == "none":
@@ -122,15 +130,18 @@ def valid_quantization_type(quantization_type: str) -> _QuantizationType:
         return _QuantizationType.SQ4
 
 
-def valid_index_type(index: str) -> _IndexType:
+def assert_valid_index_type(index: str) -> None:
     _assert(
         index.lower() in _VALID_INDEX_TYPES,
         f"Index type must be one of {_VALID_INDEX_TYPES}",
     )
+
+
+def valid_index_type(index: str) -> _IndexType:
+    assert_valid_index_type(index)
+
     if index.lower() == "hnsw":
         return _IndexType.HNSW
-    elif index.lower() == "flat":
-        return _IndexType.FLAT
     elif index.lower() == "nsg":
         return _IndexType.NSG
     elif index.lower() == "fusion":
diff --git a/python/src/alayalite/schema.py b/python/src/alayalite/schema.py
index 3b83853c..84373345 100644
--- a/python/src/alayalite/schema.py
+++ b/python/src/alayalite/schema.py
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
 from .common import (
     IDType,
     VectorDType,
+    assert_valid_index_type,
+    assert_valid_metric_type,
+    assert_valid_quantization_type,
     valid_capacity_type,
     valid_dtype,
     valid_id_type,
@@ -42,15 +45,15 @@
 
 @dataclass
 class IndexParams:
-    """Parameters for defining a vector index."""
+    """Parameters for configuring vector index creation and management."""
 
-    index_type: str = "hnsw"
-    data_type: VectorDType = np.float32
-    id_type: IDType = np.uint32
-    quantization_type: str = "none"
-    metric: str = "l2"
-    capacity: np.uint32 = 100000
-    max_nbrs: int = 32
+    index_type: str = None
+    data_type: VectorDType = None
+    id_type: IDType = None
+    quantization_type: str = None
+    metric: str = None
+    capacity: np.uint32 = None
+    max_nbrs: int = None
 
     def index_path(self, folder_uri):
         return os.path.join(folder_uri, f"{self.index_type}_{self.metric}_{self.max_nbrs}.index")
@@ -132,15 +135,21 @@ def from_kwargs(cls, **kwargs) -> "IndexParams":
         max_nbrs = None
 
         if kwargs.get("index_type") is not None:
-            index_type = valid_index_type(kwargs.get("index_type"))
+            ind_type = kwargs.get("index_type")
+            assert_valid_index_type(ind_type)
+            index_type = ind_type
         if kwargs.get("data_type") is not None:
             data_type = valid_dtype(kwargs.get("data_type"))
         if kwargs.get("id_type") is not None:
             id_type = valid_id_type(kwargs.get("id_type"))
         if kwargs.get("quantization_type") is not None:
-            quantization_type = valid_quantization_type(kwargs.get("quantization_type"))
+            qt = kwargs.get("quantization_type")
+            assert_valid_quantization_type(qt)
+            quantization_type = qt
         if kwargs.get("metric") is not None:
-            metric = valid_metric_type(kwargs.get("metric"))
+            mt = kwargs.get("metric")
+            assert_valid_metric_type(mt)
+            metric = mt
         if kwargs.get("capacity") is not None:
             capacity = valid_capacity_type(kwargs.get("capacity"))
         if kwargs.get("max_nbrs") is not None:
diff --git a/python/src/alayalite/utils.py b/python/src/alayalite/utils.py
index 3250ea37..e463bca5 100644
--- a/python/src/alayalite/utils.py
+++ b/python/src/alayalite/utils.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-__all__ = ["load_fvecs", "load_ivecs", "calc_recall", "calc_gt"]
+__all__ = ["load_fvecs", "load_ivecs", "calc_recall", "calc_gt", "md5"]
 
 
 def load_fvecs(file_path):
@@ -77,14 +77,23 @@ def load_ivecs(file_path):
 
 def calc_recall(result, gt_data):
     cnt = 0
-    for i in range(result.shape[0]):
-        for j in range(result.shape[1]):
-            for k in range(result.shape[1]):
-                if result[i][j] == gt_data[i][k]:
-                    cnt += 1
-                    break
-
-    return 1.0 * cnt / (len(result) * result.shape[1])
+    row = result.shape[0]
+    col = result.shape[1]
+    for i in range(row):
+        cnt += len(set(result[i]) & set(gt_data[i]))
+    return 1.0 * cnt / (row * col)
+
+
+# def calc_recall(result, gt_data):
+#     cnt = 0
+#     for i in range(result.shape[0]):
+#         for j in range(result.shape[1]):
+#             for k in range(result.shape[1]):
+#                 if result[i][j] == gt_data[i][k]:
+#                     cnt += 1
+#                     break
+
+#     return 1.0 * cnt / (len(result) * result.shape[1])
 
 
 def calc_gt(data, query, topk):
diff --git a/python/tests/test_client.py b/python/tests/test_client.py
index 8dbeacd2..9068756b 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_client.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_client.py
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ def test_create_collection(self):
         collection = self.client.create_collection("test_collection")
         self.assertIsInstance(collection, Collection)
         self.assertIn("test_collection", self.client.list_collections())
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            self.client.save_collection("test_collection")
 
     def test_create_duplicate_collection(self):
         self.client.create_collection("test_collection")
@@ -43,17 +45,19 @@ def test_get_collection(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(collection, Collection)
 
     def test_create_index(self):
-        index = self.client.create_index("test_index", index_type="flat")
+        index = self.client.create_index("test_index", metric="ip")
         self.assertIsInstance(index, Index)
         self.assertIn("test_index", self.client.list_indices())
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            self.client.save_index("test_index")
 
     def test_create_duplicate_index(self):
-        self.client.create_index("test_index", index_type="flat")
+        self.client.create_index("test_index")
         with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-            self.client.create_index("test_index", index_type="flat")
+            self.client.create_index("test_index")
 
     def test_get_index(self):
-        self.client.create_index("test_index", index_type="flat")
+        self.client.create_index("test_index")
         index = self.client.get_index("test_index")
         self.assertIsInstance(index, Index)
 
@@ -63,27 +67,49 @@ def test_get_or_create_collection(self):
         self.assertIs(collection1, collection2)
 
     def test_get_or_create_index(self):
-        index1 = self.client.get_or_create_index("test_index", index_type="flat")
-        index2 = self.client.get_or_create_index("test_index", index_type="flat")
+        index1 = self.client.get_or_create_index("test_index")
+        index2 = self.client.get_or_create_index("test_index")
         self.assertIs(index1, index2)
 
     def test_delete_collection(self):
         self.client.create_collection("test_collection")
-        self.client.delete_collection("test_collection")
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):  # Without url
+            self.client.delete_collection("test_collection", True)
         self.assertNotIn("test_collection", self.client.list_collections())
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            self.client.delete_collection("non_exist")
 
     def test_delete_index(self):
-        self.client.create_index("test_index", index_type="flat")
-        self.client.delete_index("test_index")
+        self.client.create_index("test_index")
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):  # Without url
+            self.client.delete_index("test_index", True)
         self.assertNotIn("test_index", self.client.list_indices())
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            self.client.delete_index("non_exist")
 
     def test_reset(self):
         self.client.create_collection("test_collection")
-        self.client.create_index("test_index", index_type="flat")
+        self.client.create_index("test_index")
         self.client.reset()
         self.assertEqual(len(self.client.list_collections()), 0)
         self.assertEqual(len(self.client.list_indices()), 0)
 
+    def test_get_non_exist(self):
+        index = self.client.get_index("non_exist")
+        self.assertIsNone(index)
+        coll = self.client.get_collection("non_exist")
+        self.assertIsNone(coll)
+
+    def test_dup_ind_coll(self):
+        _ = self.client.create_index("dup", metric="cosine", quantization_type=None)
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            _ = self.client.create_collection("dup")
+
+    def test_dup_coll_ind(self):
+        _ = self.client.create_collection("dup")
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            _ = self.client.create_index("dup")
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/tests/test_client_with_url.py b/python/tests/test_client_with_url.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..193a1d61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/test_client_with_url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# Copyright 2025 AlayaDB.AI
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Tests for Client class functionality with URL-based operations."""
+
+import os
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+import numpy as np
+from alayalite import Client
+
+
+class TestClientWithURL(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test cases for Client class operations with URL-based storage."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.ind_vectors = np.random.rand(1000, 128).astype(np.float32)
+        self.coll_items = [
+            (1, "Document 1", np.array([0.1, 0.2, 0.3]), {"category": "A"}),
+            (2, "Document 2", np.array([0.4, 0.5, 0.6]), {"category": "B"}),
+        ]
+
+    def test_save_and_delete_ind(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
+            client = Client(temp_dir)
+            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                client.save_index("non-exist")
+            index_name = "ind"
+            index = client.create_index(index_name)
+            index.fit(self.ind_vectors)
+            self.assertIn(index_name, client.list_indices())
+
+            client.save_index(index_name)
+            index_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, index_name)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(index_path))
+            schema_path = os.path.join(index_path, "schema.json")
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(schema_path))
+
+            client.delete_index(index_name, True)
+            self.assertNotIn(index_name, client.list_indices())
+            self.assertFalse(os.path.isdir(index_path))
+            self.assertFalse(os.path.isfile(schema_path))
+
+    def test_save_and_delete_coll(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
+            client = Client(temp_dir)
+            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                client.save_collection("non-exist")
+            coll_name = "coll"
+            coll = client.create_collection(coll_name)
+            coll.insert(self.coll_items)
+            self.assertIn(coll_name, client.list_collections())
+
+            client.save_collection(coll_name)
+            coll_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, coll_name)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(coll_path))
+            schema_path = os.path.join(coll_path, "schema.json")
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(schema_path))
+
+            client.delete_collection(coll_name, True)
+            self.assertNotIn(coll_name, client.list_collections())
+            self.assertFalse(os.path.isdir(coll_path))
+            self.assertFalse(os.path.isfile(schema_path))
+
+    def test_init_load(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
+            client = Client(temp_dir)
+            index_name = "ind"
+            index = client.create_index(
+                index_name, metric="ip", quantization_type="sq8", index_type="nsg", max_nbrs=100
+            )
+            index.fit(self.ind_vectors)
+            client.save_index(index_name)
+            coll_name = "coll"
+            coll = client.create_collection(coll_name)
+            coll.insert(self.coll_items)
+            client.save_collection(coll_name)
+            _ = Client(temp_dir)  # load
+
+    def test_load_different(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
+            client = Client(temp_dir)
+            index_name = "ind1"
+            index1 = client.create_index(
+                index_name, metric="cos", quantization_type="sq4", index_type="fusion", id_type=np.uint32
+            )
+            index1.fit(self.ind_vectors)
+            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):  # double fit
+                index1.fit(self.ind_vectors)
+            client.save_index(index_name)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                _ = client.create_index("illegal_nbr_ind", max_nbrs=1000)
+            _ = Client(temp_dir)  # load
+
+    def test_data_type_mismatch(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
+            client = Client(temp_dir)
+            index_name = "ind"
+            index = client.create_index(index_name, data_type=np.int8)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                index.fit(self.ind_vectors)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/tests/test_collection.py b/python/tests/test_collection.py
index 7d6612da..f62c54a3 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_collection.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_collection.py
@@ -41,9 +41,24 @@ def test_insert(self):
         result = self.collection.filter_query({})
         self.assertEqual(len(result["id"]), 2)
 
-    def test_batch_query_single_result(self):
-        """Test a batch query that returns a single nearest neighbor."""
-        items = [(1, "Doc 1", np.array([0.1, 0.2, 0.3]), {}), (2, "Doc 2", np.array([0.4, 0.5, 0.6]), {})]
+    def test_upsert_fit_and_concat(self):
+        items = [
+            (1, "Document 1", np.array([0.1, 0.2, 0.3]), {"category": "A"}),
+            (2, "Document 2", np.array([0.4, 0.5, 0.6]), {"category": "B"}),
+        ]
+        self.collection.upsert(items)
+        result = self.collection.filter_query({})
+        self.assertEqual(len(result["id"]), 2)
+        new_items = [
+            (3, "Document 3", np.array([0.1, 0.2, 0.3]), {"category": "A"}),
+            (4, "Document 4", np.array([0.4, 0.5, 0.6]), {"category": "B"}),
+        ]
+        self.collection.upsert(new_items)
+        result = self.collection.filter_query({})
+        self.assertEqual(len(result["id"]), 4)
+
+    def test_batch_query(self):
+        items = [(1, "Document 1", np.array([0.1, 0.2, 0.3]), {}), (2, "Document 2", np.array([0.4, 0.5, 0.6]), {})]
         self.collection.insert(items)
         result = self.collection.batch_query([[0.1, 0.2, 0.3]], limit=1, ef_search=10)
         self.assertEqual(len(result["id"]), 1)
diff --git a/python/tests/test_md5.py b/python/tests/test_md5.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe978e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/test_md5.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# Copyright 2025 AlayaDB.AI
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Tests for MD5 hash functionality."""
+
+import hashlib
+import unittest
+
+import numpy as np
+from alayalite.utils import md5
+
+
+class TestMD5Function(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test cases for MD5 hash function implementation."""
+
+    def test_same_array_same_hash(self):
+        arr = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int32)
+        hash1 = md5(arr)
+        hash2 = md5(arr)
+        self.assertEqual(hash1, hash2)
+
+    def test_different_array_different_hash(self):
+        arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int32)
+        arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6], dtype=np.int32)
+        hash1 = md5(arr1)
+        hash2 = md5(arr2)
+        self.assertNotEqual(hash1, hash2)
+
+    def test_large_array(self):
+        arr = np.random.rand(10_000_000).astype(np.float32)  # 10 million float32
+        expected_hash = hashlib.md5(arr.tobytes()).hexdigest()
+        computed_hash = md5(arr)
+        self.assertEqual(computed_hash, expected_hash)
+
+    def test_dtype_independence(self):
+        arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int32)
+        arr2 = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.float32)
+        hash1 = md5(arr1)
+        hash2 = md5(arr2)
+        self.assertNotEqual(hash1, hash2)
+
+    def test_chunk_size_effect(self):
+        arr = np.random.rand(10000).astype(np.float32)
+        hash1 = md5(arr, chunk_size=1024)
+        hash2 = md5(arr, chunk_size=1024 * 1024)
+        self.assertEqual(hash1, hash2)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/tests/test_vec_loader.py b/python/tests/test_vec_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a556acc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/test_vec_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Copyright 2025 AlayaDB.AI
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Tests for vector loader utilities."""
+
+import os
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+import numpy as np
+from alayalite.utils import load_fvecs, load_ivecs
+
+
+class TestVectorLoaders(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test cases for fvecs and ivecs loader functions."""
+
+    def test_load_fvecs(self):
+        expected = np.array([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]], dtype=np.float32)
+
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as tmpfile:
+            for vec in expected:
+                dim = len(vec)
+                tmpfile.write(dim.to_bytes(4, byteorder="little"))
+                tmpfile.write(vec.tobytes())
+
+        result = load_fvecs(tmpfile.name)
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)
+        os.unlink(tmpfile.name)
+
+    def test_load_ivecs(self):
+        expected = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=np.int32)
+
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as tmpfile:
+            for vec in expected:
+                dim = len(vec)
+                tmpfile.write(dim.to_bytes(4, byteorder="little"))
+                tmpfile.write(vec.tobytes())
+
+        result = load_ivecs(tmpfile.name)
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)
+        os.unlink(tmpfile.name)
+
+    def test_empty_file(self):
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as tmpfile:
+            pass
+
+        result_f = load_fvecs(tmpfile.name)
+        self.assertEqual(result_f.shape, (0,))
+
+        result_i = load_ivecs(tmpfile.name)
+        self.assertEqual(result_i.shape, (0,))
+
+        os.unlink(tmpfile.name)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 1c9a9fa0..0fc463da 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -18,29 +18,21 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "pandas", version = "2.2.3", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version >= '3.9'" },
 ]
 
-[package.optional-dependencies]
-dev = [
-    { name = "pytest" },
-    { name = "ruff" },
-]
-
 [package.dev-dependencies]
 dev = [
     { name = "pytest" },
+    { name = "pytest-cov", version = "5.0.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version < '3.9'" },
+    { name = "pytest-cov", version = "6.2.1", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version >= '3.9'" },
     { name = "ruff" },
 ]
 
 [package.metadata]
-requires-dist = [
-    { name = "pandas", specifier = ">=1.3.3" },
-    { name = "pytest", marker = "extra == 'dev'" },
-    { name = "ruff", marker = "extra == 'dev'" },
-]
-provides-extras = ["dev"]
+requires-dist = [{ name = "pandas", specifier = ">=1.3.3" }]
 
 [package.metadata.requires-dev]
 dev = [
     { name = "pytest" },
+    { name = "pytest-cov" },
     { name = "ruff" },
 ]
 
@@ -53,6 +45,199 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d1/d6/3965ed04c63042e047cb6a3e6ed1a63a35087b6a609aa3a15ed8ac56c221/colorama-0.4.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4f1d9991f5acc0ca119f9d443620b77f9d6b33703e51011c16baf57afb285fc6", size = 25335 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "coverage"
+version = "7.6.1"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+resolution-markers = [
+    "python_full_version < '3.9'",
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f7/08/7e37f82e4d1aead42a7443ff06a1e406aabf7302c4f00a546e4b320b994c/coverage-7.6.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:953510dfb7b12ab69d20135a0662397f077c59b1e6379a768e97c59d852ee51d", size = 798791 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7e/61/eb7ce5ed62bacf21beca4937a90fe32545c91a3c8a42a30c6616d48fc70d/coverage-7.6.1-cp310-cp310-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:b06079abebbc0e89e6163b8e8f0e16270124c154dc6e4a47b413dd538859af16", size = 206690 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7d/73/041928e434442bd3afde5584bdc3f932fb4562b1597629f537387cec6f3d/coverage-7.6.1-cp310-cp310-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:cf4b19715bccd7ee27b6b120e7e9dd56037b9c0681dcc1adc9ba9db3d417fa36", size = 207127 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c7/c8/6ca52b5147828e45ad0242388477fdb90df2c6cbb9a441701a12b3c71bc8/coverage-7.6.1-cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:e61c0abb4c85b095a784ef23fdd4aede7a2628478e7baba7c5e3deba61070a02", size = 235654 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d5/da/9ac2b62557f4340270942011d6efeab9833648380109e897d48ab7c1035d/coverage-7.6.1-cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_5_i686.manylinux1_i686.manylinux_2_17_i686.manylinux2014_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:fd21f6ae3f08b41004dfb433fa895d858f3f5979e7762d052b12aef444e29afc", size = 233598 },
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