diff --git a/frontend/app/notifications/page.tsx b/frontend/app/notifications/page.tsx
index cf5bcc87..441a5e46 100644
--- a/frontend/app/notifications/page.tsx
+++ b/frontend/app/notifications/page.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-"use client";
+"use client"; // Next.js: render on the client (uses state and React Query hooks)
 
 import { useState } from "react";
 import DashboardLayout from "@/components/dashboard/DashboardLayout";
+// Data hooks (React Query): fetch a page of notifications and mutate read state
 import { useGetNotifications } from "@/lib/react-query/hooks/notifications/useGetNotifications";
 import { useMarkNotificationRead } from "@/lib/react-query/hooks/notifications/useMarkNotificationRead";
 import { useMarkAllRead } from "@/lib/react-query/hooks/notifications/useMarkAllRead";
@@ -15,8 +16,9 @@ import {
   Info,
 } from "lucide-react";
 
+// Picks an icon and colour based on the notification type
 function NotificationIcon({ type }: { type: Notification["type"] }) {
-  const cls = "w-4 h-4";
+  const cls = "w-4 h-4"; // shared size classes for every icon
   switch (type) {
     case "PAYMENT_SUCCESS":
       return <CreditCard className={`${cls} text-emerald-600`} />;
@@ -26,33 +28,41 @@ function NotificationIcon({ type }: { type: Notification["type"] }) {
       return <BookOpen className={`${cls} text-blue-500`} />;
     case "BOOKING_CANCELLED":
       return <BookOpen className={`${cls} text-orange-500`} />;
+    // Any other/unknown type falls back to a neutral info icon
     default:
       return <Info className={`${cls} text-gray-400`} />;
   }
 }
 
+// Converts an ISO timestamp into a short relative label ("5m ago", "3h ago", "2d ago")
 function timeAgo(iso: string): string {
-  const diff = Date.now() - new Date(iso).getTime();
+  const diff = Date.now() - new Date(iso).getTime(); // elapsed milliseconds
   const mins = Math.floor(diff / 60_000);
   if (mins < 1) return "just now";
   if (mins < 60) return `${mins}m ago`;
   const hours = Math.floor(mins / 60);
   if (hours < 24) return `${hours}h ago`;
   const days = Math.floor(hours / 24);
-  return `${days}d ago`;
+  return `${days}d ago`; // no week/month rollup: old items show e.g. "45d ago"
 }
 
 export default function NotificationsPage() {
+  // Current page number (1-based); changing it triggers a new fetch
   const [page, setPage] = useState(1);
+  // Fetch `page` with 20 items per page
   const { data, isLoading, isError, refetch } = useGetNotifications(page, 20);
+  // Mutations for marking a single notification / all notifications as read
   const markRead = useMarkNotificationRead();
   const markAll = useMarkAllRead();
 
+  // Fall back to an empty list while data is undefined
   const notifications = data?.data ?? [];
+  // Pagination info plus the total unread count
   const meta = data?.meta;
 
   return (
     <DashboardLayout>
+      {/* Page header: title, unread summary, and "Mark all read" action */}
       <div className="mb-8 flex items-center justify-between">
         <div>
           <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-900">Notifications</h1>
@@ -62,11 +72,12 @@ export default function NotificationsPage() {
               : "All caught up"}
           </p>
         </div>
+        {/* Only show the button when there is something to mark as read */}
         {(meta?.unreadCount ?? 0) > 0 && (
           <button
             type="button"
             onClick={() => markAll.mutate()}
-            disabled={markAll.isPending}
+            disabled={markAll.isPending} // prevent double-submits while the request is in flight
             className="flex items-center gap-2 px-4 py-2 text-sm font-medium rounded-lg border border-gray-200 text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-50 transition-colors disabled:opacity-50"
           >
             <CheckCheck className="w-4 h-4" />
@@ -75,7 +86,9 @@ export default function NotificationsPage() {
         )}
       </div>
 
+      {/* Body has four mutually exclusive states: loading, error, empty, list */}
       {isLoading ? (
+        // Loading: four pulsing placeholder cards (skeleton UI)
         <div className="space-y-3">
           {[1, 2, 3, 4].map((i) => (
             <div
@@ -85,6 +98,7 @@ export default function NotificationsPage() {
           ))}
         </div>
       ) : isError ? (
+        // Error: message with a retry button that refetches the query
         <div className="text-center py-16 text-gray-500">
           <Bell className="w-10 h-10 mx-auto mb-3 text-gray-300" />
           <p className="font-medium">Failed to load notifications</p>
@@ -98,6 +112,7 @@ export default function NotificationsPage() {
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : notifications.length === 0 ? (
+        // Empty state: the user has no notifications at all
         <div className="text-center py-16 text-gray-500">
           <Bell className="w-10 h-10 mx-auto mb-3 text-gray-300" />
           <p className="font-medium">No notifications yet</p>
@@ -106,19 +121,23 @@ export default function NotificationsPage() {
           </p>
         </div>
       ) : (
+        // Populated list of notification cards
         <div className="space-y-2 max-w-2xl">
           {notifications.map((n) => (
             <div
               key={n.id}
+              // Unread items get a slightly darker border and tinted background
               className={`bg-white rounded-xl border p-4 flex items-start gap-3 transition-colors ${
                 n.isRead
                   ? "border-gray-100"
                   : "border-gray-200 bg-gray-50/50"
               }`}
             >
+              {/* Type icon in a small rounded badge */}
               <span className="w-8 h-8 rounded-lg bg-white border border-gray-100 flex items-center justify-center shrink-0 mt-0.5">
                 <NotificationIcon type={n.type} />
               </span>
+              {/* Text content; min-w-0 lets long messages wrap instead of overflowing */}
               <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
                 <p className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-900">{n.title}</p>
                 <p className="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-0.5">{n.message}</p>
@@ -126,6 +145,7 @@ export default function NotificationsPage() {
                   {timeAgo(n.createdAt)}
                 </p>
               </div>
+              {/* Unread indicator dot, doubling as a "mark as read" button */}
               {!n.isRead && (
                 <button
                   type="button"
@@ -140,10 +160,12 @@ export default function NotificationsPage() {
           ))}
 
           {/* Pagination */}
+          {/* Hidden when everything fits on one page */}
           {meta && meta.totalPages > 1 && (
             <div className="flex items-center justify-between pt-4">
               <button
                 type="button"
+                // Math.max/min keep the page within [1, totalPages]
                 onClick={() => setPage((p) => Math.max(1, p - 1))}
                 disabled={page === 1}
                 className="px-4 py-2 text-sm border border-gray-200 rounded-lg disabled:opacity-40 hover:bg-gray-50 transition-colors"
@@ -167,4 +189,4 @@ export default function NotificationsPage() {
       )}
     </DashboardLayout>
   );
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/frontend/app/privacy-policy/layout.tsx b/frontend/app/privacy-policy/layout.tsx
index 8383d135..c38d618b 100644
--- a/frontend/app/privacy-policy/layout.tsx
+++ b/frontend/app/privacy-policy/layout.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+// Shared helper that builds a Next.js Metadata object (SEO tags, Open Graph, etc.)
 import { buildMetadata } from "@/lib/seo";
 
+// Next.js reads this exported `metadata` constant to set the page <head> tags
+// (title, description, keywords) for every route under this layout.
 export const metadata = buildMetadata({
   title: "Privacy Policy",
   description:
@@ -7,10 +10,13 @@ export const metadata = buildMetadata({
   keywords: ["privacy policy", "data protection", "Oraculum", "privacy"],
 });
 
+// Pass-through layout: adds no markup of its own. It exists only so the
+// segment can export `metadata` (a page marked "use client" can't export it).
 export default function PrivacyPolicyLayout({
   children,
 }: {
   children: React.ReactNode;
 }) {
+  // Render the page content unchanged
   return children;
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/frontend/app/profile/layout.tsx b/frontend/app/profile/layout.tsx
index 292466f8..11ff379a 100644
--- a/frontend/app/profile/layout.tsx
+++ b/frontend/app/profile/layout.tsx
@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
+// Shared helper that builds a Next.js Metadata object (SEO tags, Open Graph, etc.)
 import { buildMetadata } from "@/lib/seo";
 
+// Next.js reads this exported `metadata` constant to set the page <head> tags
+// for every route under this layout.
 export const metadata = buildMetadata({
   title: "Profile",
   description:
     "View and edit your Oraculum profile, update your personal information, and manage your account.",
+  // Keep this private, user-specific page out of search engine results
   noindex: true,
 });
 
+// Pass-through layout: adds no markup of its own. It exists only so the
+// segment can export `metadata` (a page marked "use client" can't export it).
 export default function ProfileLayout({
   children,
 }: {
   children: React.ReactNode;
 }) {
+  // Render the page content unchanged
   return children;
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file